The grade (US) or gradient (UK) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt". Often slope is calculated as a ratio of "rise" to "run", or as a fraction in which run is the horizontal distance and rise is the vertical distance.
25% ascent warning sign, Wales
30% descent warning sign, over 1500 m. La Route des Crêtes, Cassis, France
A trolleybus climbing an 18% grade in Seattle
Ascent of German Bundesstraße 10
In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes the direction and steepness of the line. Often denoted by the letter m, slope is calculated as the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change between two distinct points on the line, giving the same number for any choice of points. A line descending left-to-right has negative rise and negative slope. The line may be physical – as set by a road surveyor, pictorial as in a diagram of a road or roof, or abstract.
Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1. Click on to enlarge
A 1371-meter distance of a railroad with a 20‰ slope. Czech Republic