1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
Shuttlecock (novel)
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Shuttlecock is Graham Swifts critically acclaimed second novel, a psychological thriller published in 1981 by Allen Lane. It won the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 1983, and is said to be the best of his earlier novels and it was not published in the US until 1985, after the success of Waterland. At home, Prentis is alienated from his wife and children and is obsessed about uncovering the truth about the exploits of his father. His father published his memoirs but is now the inmate of a hospital following a breakdown in which he lost the ability to speak. As the story unfolds, Prentis suspects there may be links between Quinns behaviour and his fathers breakdown, Graham Swifts Shuttlecock on www. victorianweb. org Shuttlecock at the Internet Movie Database Graham Swift discusses Shuttlecock with Hermione Lee - a British Library sound recording
3.
Waterland (novel)
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Waterland is a 1983 novel by Graham Swift. It is considered to be the premier novel and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. In 1992, the book was made into a film, the title of the novel refers to its setting in The Fens in East Anglia. Waterland is concerned with the nature and importance of history as the source of meaning in a narrative. For this reason, it is associated with new historicism, major themes in the novel include storytelling and history, exploring how the past leads to future consequences. This personal narrative is set in the context of a history, of the narrators family, the Fens in general. Tom has been married to Mary for as long as he has been teaching, the students in Toms school have grown increasingly scientifically oriented, and the headmaster, a physicist, has little sympathy for Toms subject. One of Toms students, Price, questions the relevance of learning about historical events, the youths scepticism causes Tom to change his teaching approach to telling tales drawn from his own recollection. By doing so, he himself a part of the history he is teaching, relating his tales to local history. The headmaster, Lewis, tries to entice Tom into taking an early retirement, Tom resists this because his leaving would mean that the History Department would cease to exist and be combined with the broader area of General Studies. Toms wife is arrested for snatching a baby, the publicity that attends her arrest reflects badly on the school, and Tom is told that he now must retire. In response, he uses his impending forced retirement as an excuse to unfold a story to his students, the pivot of Waterland focuses on both the past in 1937, and the present time thirty years after - all related through the eyes of adolescent Tom. A wide part of the novel is formed by the basis of three hundred years of local - including family - history, which relates to the broader historical currents of past centuries. Much of the plot centers on Toms tumultuous relationship with Mary, Mary lives close to his family on a farm close to where Toms father, a lock-keeper, has a home with his two sons in the lock-keepers cottage, beside a tributary of the Great Ouse. Toms mother dies when he is eight years old, Marys own mother having died during her birth, resulting in a rigid religious upbringing from her father throughout her childhood. As she matures, her interest in men grows, and she and Tom slip into a relationship, which is marred by Dicks resentment of them. Dick asks Mary if he is the father, thinking if he is he will be able to have control over his strained friendship with Mary. Mary lies to him, telling him that Freddie Parr is the father, Dick, distraught at this information, struggles with a drunken Freddie, who is unable to swim, and pushes him into the river
4.
Last Orders
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Last Orders is a 1996 Booker Prize-winning novel by British writer Graham Swift. In 2001 it was adapted for the film Last Orders by Australian writer, the plot and style are influenced by William Faulkners As I Lay Dying. Jack Dodds, a butcher, husband of Amy and his death from cancer in St Thomas Hospital brings together four men who take a journey to scatter his ashes. Played by Michael Caine in the movie, Vince Dodds, a used car salesman. Adopted son of Jack and Amy Dodds, when his parents were killed during the London Blitz. Played by Ray Winstone in the movie, Ray Lucky Johnson, an insurance clerk, who has an uncanny ability to wager on the right horses. The main narrator of the book, fought alongside Jack Dodds in the war, who saved his life on one occasion. Was left by his wife Carol, for man, and has a daughter Susie. Ray is attracted to Amy Dodds, wife of Jack, played by Bob Hoskins in the movie. Lenny Gunner Tate, Drinking buddy of Jack Dodds, the odd man in the group, who is the instigator of many conflicts. Lennys daughter Sally had a relationship with Vince Dodds, and became pregnant, played by David Hemmings in the movie. The backbone of the group, who mediates and keeps the peace when conflicts arise, many parallels are drawn between Jacks profession and Vics, in that they both handle bodies. Played by Tom Courtenay in the movie, Amy Dodds, Jacks wife, who declines to join the men when they scatter Jacks ashes. Amy and Jack had a disabled daughter, June. On the day the four men travel to Margate to scatter the ashes, played by Helen Mirren in the movie. Mandy Dodds, Left her home in Blackburn at age 15, at Smithfield Meat Market she met Jack who offered her a job and board and lodgings in his house. She went on to marry Jacks adopted son Vince
5.
Booker Prize
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The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original novel, written in the English language and published in the UK. The winner of the Man Booker Prize is generally assured international renown and success, therefore, from its inception, only Commonwealth, Irish, and South African citizens were eligible to receive the prize, in 2014, however, this eligibility was widened to any English-language novel. A high-profile literary award in British culture, the Booker Prize is greeted with great anticipation and it is also a mark of distinction for authors to be selected for inclusion in the shortlist or even to be nominated for the longlist. The foundation is an independent registered charity funded by the profits of Booker Prize Trading Ltd. In 1970, Bernice Rubens became the first woman to win the Booker Prize, the rules of the Booker changed in 1971, previously, it had been awarded retrospectively to books published prior to the year in which the award was given. In 1971 the year of eligibility was changed to the same as the year of the award, in effect, this meant that books published in 1970 were not considered for the Booker in either year. The Booker Prize Foundation announced in January 2010 the creation of an award called the Lost Man Booker Prize. Alice Munro has a place in Booker Prize history, The Beggar Maid is the only short story collection to have been shortlisted. Before 2001, each years longlist of nominees was not publicly revealed, John Sutherland, who was a judge for the 1999 prize, has said, There is a well-established London literary community. Rushdie doesnt get shortlisted now because he has attacked that community and that is not a good game plan if you want to win the Booker. Norman Mailer has found the thing in the US – you have to be a citizen if you want to win prizes. The real scandal is that Amis has never won the prize, in fact, he has only been shortlisted once and that was for Times Arrow, which was not one of his strongest books. He pissed people off with Dead Babies and that lodged in the culture. There is also the feeling that he has looked towards America. In 1972, the winning writer John Berger, known for his Marxist worldview and he blamed Bookers 130 years of sugar production in the Caribbean for the regions modern poverty. Berger donated half of his £5,000 prize to the British Black Panther movement, because they had a socialist, in 1980, Anthony Burgess, writer of Earthly Powers, refused to attend the ceremony unless it was confirmed to him in advance whether he had won. His was one of two books considered likely to win, the other being Rites of Passage by William Golding, the judges decided only 30 minutes before the ceremony, giving the prize to Golding. Both novels had been seen as favourites to win leading up to the prize, 1983s judging produced a draw between J. M. Coetzees Life & Times of Michael K and Salman Rushdies Shame, leaving chair of judges Fay Weldon to choose between the two
6.
James Tait Black Memorial Prize
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The James Tait Black Memorial Prizes are literary prizes awarded for literature written in the English language. They, along with the Hawthornden Prize, are Britains oldest literary awards, Prizes are awarded in three categories, Fiction, Biography and Drama. From inception, the James Tait Black prize was organised without overt publicity, there was a lack of press and publisher attention, initially at least, because Edinburgh was distant from the literary centres of the country. The decision on the award would be made by the Regius Chair of Rhetoric, the original endowment is now supplemented by the University and, as a consequence, the total prize fund rose from £6,000 to £20,000 for the 2005 awards. This increase made the two prizes, one for fiction and the other for biography, the largest literary prizes on offer in Scotland. The annual prize for drama is worth £10,000, the University is advised in relation to the development and administration of the Prize by a small committee which includes Ian Rankin, Alexander McCall Smith and James Naughtie amongst its members. In August 2007 the prize ceremony was held at the Edinburgh International Book Festival for the first time, only those works of fiction and biographies written in English and first published in Britain in the 12-month period prior to the submission date are eligible for the award. Both prizes may go to the author, but neither prize can be awarded to the same author on more than one occasion. For the drama category, the work should have written in English, Gaelic or Welsh. In 2012, a prize was given called the Best of the James Tait Black. The award celebrated the fiction winners over the past 93 years, a shortlist of six previous winners competed for the title of Best. A judging panel of celebrity alumni and writers decided on the winner announced on 6 December 2012 as Angela Carters Nights at the Circus
7.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
8.
Dulwich College
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Dulwich College is a boarding and day independent school for boys in Dulwich in southeast London, England. It was founded in 1619 by Edward Alleyn, an Elizabethan actor and it currently has about 1,500 boys, of whom 120 are boarders. Admission by examination is mainly into years 3,7,9 and it is a member of both the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference and the Eton Group. The term Dulwich College was used colloquially from that date, such as in 1675 when John Evelyn described his visit to Dulwich College in his Diary, however, for at least 263 years this colloquialism was incorrect as the school was part of the overall charitable Foundation. There is no evidence for the legend that he owned brothels. He was Chief Maister, Ruler and Overseer of games of Beares, Bulls, Mastiff Dogs, rumours that Alleyn turned his attention towards charitable pursuits out of fear for his moral well-being have been traced to the journalist George Sala and questioned. The building on Dulwich Green of a chapel, a schoolhouse and twelve almshouses, on 1 September 1616 the chapel was consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury who became the official Visitor. However, Edward Alleyn faced objections from Francis Bacon, the Lord Chancellor and it was Alleyns persistence that led to the foundation being endowed by James Is signing of the letters patent. The poor brothers and sisters and scholars were to be drawn from the four parishes that were most closely tied to Alleyn, the business of the charity was conducted in the name of these thirty members by the Master, Warden and four Fellows. Alleyn drew upon the experience of similar establishments in order to formulate the statutes and ordinances of the college. Among the many statutes and ordinances signed by Alleyn that pertained to the scheme were provisions that the scholars were entitled to stay until they were eighteen. And to be taught in good and sound learning’…’that they might be prepared for university or for good and sweet trades and occupations. Another stipulation was that the Master and Warden should always be unmarried and of Alleyns blood, and surname, and if the former was impossible then at least of Alleyns surname. Alleyn also made provision that the people of Dulwich should be able to have their men children instructed at the school for a fee as well as children from outside Dulwich for a separate fee. The next two centuries were beset by both external difficulties such as diminishing financial fortunes and failing buildings as well as internal strife between the various Members of the College. The Official Visitor, the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose function was to ensure that the statutes were obeyed, was called in many times, dr John Allen of Holland House was a most learned and influential man, but neglected the education of the Poor Scholars. Immediately after this criticism, the Dulwich College Grammar School was established in 1842 for the education of boys from Dulwich. To this school were transferred the boys of the James Allen Foundation, the Old Grammar School, as it became known, was erected in 1841 opposite the Old College, designed by Sir Charles Barry, the architect of the Palace of Westminster
9.
Queens' College, Cambridge
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Queens College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. Queens is one of the oldest and largest colleges of the university, founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou, the college spans both sides of the river Cam, colloquially referred to as the light side and the dark side, with the world-famous Mathematical Bridge connecting the two. Its most famous matriculant is Desiderius Erasmus, who studied at the college during his trips to England between 1506 and 1515, the college has a financial endowment of £54.9 million The current President of the college is the senior economist and Labour Party adviser, Lord Eatwell. Past Presidents of the college include Saint John Fisher, Queens College was founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou, and refounded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville. In 1446 Andrew Dokett obtained a Charter from King Henry VI to found St Bernards College, a year later the charter was revoked and Dokett obtained a new charter from the king to found St Bernards College on the present site of Old Court and Cloister Court. In 1448 King Henry VI granted Margaret of Anjou the lands of St Bernards College to build a new college to be called Queens College of St Margaret and St Bernard. On 15 April 1448, Sir John Wenlock, Chamberlain to Queen Margaret, by 1460 the library, chapel, gatehouse and the Presidents lodge were completed and the chapel licensed for service. Between that time and the early 1600s many improvements were made and new buildings constructed, including the Walnut Tree Building, since then the college has refurbished most of its old building and steadily expanded. During the English civil war the college sent all its silver to help the King, as a result, the president and the fellows were ejected from their posts. In 1660 the president was restored, in 1777 a fire in the Walnut-Tree Building destroyed the upper floors which had to be rebuilt 1778-82. In February 1795 the College was badly flooded, reportedly waist-deep in the cloisters, in 1823 the spelling of the colleges name officially changed from Queens to Queens. The earliest known record of the college Boat Club dates from 1831, in 1862 the St Bernard Society, the debating club of the college was founded. In 1884 the first football match was played by the college team, in 1980, the college for the first time allowed females to matriculate as members of college, with the first female members of the college graduating in 1983. These arms are those of the first foundress Queen, Margaret of Anjou, the six quarters of these arms represent the six lordships which he claimed. The green border appears to be intended as a difference for Queens College and these arms are of interest because the third quarter uses gold on silver, a combination which is extremely rare in heraldry. The cross potent is a pun on the letters H and I. These are not the arms of the College, but, rather. The silver boars head was the badge of King Richard III of England, richards wife Anne Neville was the third Queen consort to be patroness of the College
10.
University of York
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The University of York is a research-intensive plate glass university located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, the university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres. In the 2014 Research Assessment Exercise, York was named as the 14th best research institution in the United Kingdom. The university also places among the top 20 in the country, top 50 universities in Europe, York is described as a genuinely world class institution by The Times and The Sunday Times. In 2012 York joined the Russell Group, which some of the UKs most prestigious universities. Situated to the south-east of the city of York, the university campus is about 200 acres in size, incorporating the York Science Park and its wildlife, campus lakes and greenery are prominent, and the institution also occupies buildings in the city of York. In May 2007 the university was granted permission to build an extension to its main campus, the second campus, known as Heslington East, opened in 2009 and now hosts three colleges and three departments as well as conference spaces, sports village and a business start-up incubator. York is a university and every student is allocated to one of the universitys nine colleges. The ninth college was founded in 2014 and was named Constantine after the Roman emperor Constantine I, there are plans to build two new colleges in the near future. The first petition for the establishment of a university in York was presented to James I in 1617, in 1641 a second petition was drawn up but was not delivered due to the English Civil War in 1642. A third petition was created in 1647 but was rejected by Parliament, in the 1820s there were discussions about the founding of a university in York, but this did not come to fruition due to the founding of Durham University in 1832. In 1903 F. J. Munby and the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, amongst others, oliver Sheldon a director of Rowntrees and co-founder of York Civic Trust, was a driving force behind the campaign to found the university. Morell and the history of the foundations, in 1963 the university opened with 216 undergraduates,14 postgraduates, and 28 academic and administrative staff. The university started with six departments, Economics, Education, English, History, a year later, work began on purpose-built structures on the Heslington Campus, which now forms the main part of the university. Due to the influence of Graeme Moodie, founding head of the Politics Department, students are involved in the governance of the university at all levels, and his model has since been widely adopted. Yorks first two Colleges, Derwent and Langwith were founded in 1965, and were followed by Alcuin and Vanbrugh in 1967, in 1972 this was followed by Wentworth College. The university was noted for its approach to teaching. It was known for its adoption of joint honours degrees which were often very broad such as history
11.
Waterland (film)
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Waterland is a 1992 British mystery drama film based on Graham Swifts 1983 novel of the same name, directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal, and stars Jeremy Irons, Sinéad Cusack, Ethan Hawke and John Heard. The film, presumably to meet the needs of the US market, moved the location from England to Pittsburgh. The film follows the story of an anguished English-born Pittsburgh high school teacher in 1974 going through a reassessment of his life and his method is to narrate his life to his class and interweave three generations of his familys history. In an opening scene the teachers childless wife takes a child from a supermarket, the teacher explains to his class how he and his wife had a teenage romance which led to a disastrous abortion that left her infertile. The teacher is tortured by the guilt of this as well as the jealousy he demonstrated to his brother when he suspected his girlfriends child was his brothers. The girls flirtation with the older brother sets off events that lead to the boys death by drowning. A side-theme is the grandfather, who was a successful brewer. The film ends with the dismissal from his school and a possible renewal of his relationship with his wife. The Victorian mansion was used as the home to Tom Crick. Waterland at the Internet Movie Database Waterland at Rotten Tomatoes
12.
Shuttlecock (film)
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Shuttlecock is a 1991 French-British thriller film directed by Andrew Piddington and starring Alan Bates, Lambert Wilson and Kenneth Haigh. It is based on the 1981 novel Shuttlecock by Graham Swift, major James Prentis is a British spy of World War II and war hero who goes under the code name of Shuttlecock. Alienated from his family and children, he ends up in an institution in Lisbon, Portugal. The production for the film was marred with problems, which resulted in a delay in release. Producer Graham Leader acquired the rights to the film in the late 1980s after a meeting with Graham Swift, the writer of the novel, and paid $7,500 for the rights over two years. Tim Rose Price, the writer of several BBC dramas, agreed to write the script, jon Amiel agreed to direct.5 million. Leader had searched for financing in the United States, but was turned down by the likes of Orion Classics and Avenue Pictures, French independent French company Les Productions Belles Rives eventually agreed to partly finance the film. After one of Frances largest film labs conceded to provide materials and film-processing services, the film was shot on location in Lisbon, Portugal over six weeks at the end of 1990 and beginning of 1991, with a French, English and Portuguese crew. Producer Leader described the filming for Shuttlecock as highly unorganized chaos, financing was halted during the filming when a French bank which had loaned the money for production decided to take its fees out of the loan rather than out of the profits from the film. To get themselves out of difficulty, producers Leader, Piddington, a British investor turned up during the filming, promising to provide financing, but a New Zealand heiress froze all of his bank accounts before anything was signed. Filming was wrapped up in January 1991 in London, before post-production began at Pinewood Studios, the total budget eventually amounted to around $3 million. Further editing to the film over the six months was done. There was optimism for a time that it would be released at the Hamptons International Film Festival, the film received a mixed response from critics. Variety praised the acting and directing but stated that its theatrical prospects seem iffy. The cinematography of the film was praised by some critics, sight & Sound magazine wrote that Andrew Piddington approaches his material in a resourceful way. The New York Times considered the film to be a disaster, writing, so wrong, in fact, that it makes a kind of negative case study for anyone thinking of investing in or producing an independent film. Its troubled history is a catalogue of bad decisions, strategic miscalculations, painful rejections, misunderstandings. It is the story that independent producers pray they will never live through
13.
Last Orders (film)
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Last Orders is a 2001 British/German drama film written and directed by Fred Schepisi. The screenplay is based on the 1996 Booker Prize-winning novel Last Orders by Graham Swift, the quartet gathers to scatter Jacks ashes in Margate, where he had hoped to retire to a small seaside cottage with his wife Amy, a dream that never was fulfilled. Meanwhile, Amy is on a journey of her own to visit their mentally retarded daughter June, over the years Jack barely acknowledged her existence, but Amy faithfully has visited her weekly, even though June has no idea of who she is or why shes there. The two acquired the rights to the book, and Schepisi begin to work on his adaptation. Schepisi met potential cast members and forged commitments with Michael Caine, Tom Courtenay, Bob Hoskins, principal photography began in October of that year and lasted nine weeks. Locations included Eastbourne, Peckham and Bermondsey in London, Canterbury, Chatham, Old Wives Lees, Margate, interiors were shot at the Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire. The film went into release in the UK on 11 January 2002. The film grossed $2,329,631 in the US, scott of The New York Times observed, For Mr. Schepisi. In the past Mr. Schepisi has used his elegant, unassuming visual sense and his feel for the idiosyncrasies of actors to open up the works of playwrights like David Hare. Without a touch of patronisation, they sink into their characters, neil Smith of the BBC said The plot may be on the mawkish side, but that doesnt stop Fred Schepisis adaptation. Being a gentle, affecting mix of road movie and soap opera and it helps that the Australian director has assembled a crack cast. Brian Tufanos handsome widescreen photography and Paul Grabowskys excellent music turn this fairly parochial melodrama into something rather special. The film won the National Board of Review Award for Best Acting by an Ensemble, helen Mirren won the London Film Critics Circle Award for Best British Supporting Actress. Fred Schepisi was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, official website Last Orders at the Internet Movie Database Last Orders at Rotten Tomatoes
14.
William Faulkner
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William Cuthbert Faulkner was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and he is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where he spent most of his life. Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature generally, two of his works, A Fable and his last novel The Reivers, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Absalom, Absalom. is often included on similar lists, Faulkner was born William Cuthbert Falkner in New Albany, Mississippi, the first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler. He had three brothers, Murry Charles Jack Falkner, author John Faulkner, and Dean Swift Falkner. Soon after his first birthday, his family moved to Ripley, Mississippi, Murry hoped to inherit the railroad from his father, John Wesley Thompson Falkner, but John had little confidence in Murrys ability to run a business and sold it for $75,000. Following the sale of the business, Murry became disappointed and planned a new start for his family by moving to Texas. Maud, however, disagreed with this proposition, and it was decided that they would move to Oxford, Mississippi, where Murrys father owned several businesses, making it easy for Murry to find work. Thus, four days prior to Williams fifth birthday on September 21,1902, the Falkner family settled in Oxford and his family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline Callie Barr crucially influenced the development of Faulkners artistic imagination. Both his mother and grandmother were avid readers and also painters and photographers, while Murry enjoyed the outdoors and encouraged his sons to hunt, track, and fish, Maud valued education and took pleasure in reading and going to church. She taught her sons to read before sending them to school and exposed them to classics such as Charles Dickens. Faulkners lifelong education by Callie Barr is central to his novels preoccupations with the politics of sexuality, as a schoolchild, Faulkner had much success early on. He excelled in the first grade, skipped the second, and continued doing well through the third, however, beginning somewhere in the fourth and fifth grades of his schooling, Faulkner became a much more quiet and withdrawn child. He began to play hooky occasionally and became indifferent to his schoolwork. The decline of his performance in school continued, and Faulkner wound up repeating the eleventh, and then final grade, Faulkner also spent much of his boyhood listening to stories told to him by his elders. These included war stories shared by the old men of Oxford and stories told by Barr of the Civil War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Falkner family. Faulkners grandfather would tell him of the exploits of Williams great-grandfather, after whom he was named, William Clark Falkner, who was a successful businessman, writer. Telling stories about William Clark Falkner, whom the family called Old Colonel, had become something of a family pastime when Faulkner was a boy
15.
As I Lay Dying
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As I Lay Dying is a 1930 novel, in the genre of Southern Gothic, by American author William Faulkner. Faulkner said that he wrote the novel from midnight to 4,00 AM over the course of six weeks, Faulkner wrote it while working at a power plant, published it in 1930, and described it as a tour de force. Faulkners fifth novel, it is ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature. The title derives from Book XI of Homers Odyssey, wherein Agamemnon speaks to Odysseus, As I lay dying, the novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths. The book is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters and it is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural familys quest and motivations—noble or selfish—to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi. As the book opens, Addie is alive, though in ill health, Addie and others expect her to die soon, and she sits at a window watching as her firstborn, Cash, builds her coffin. Anse, Addie’s husband, waits on the porch, while their daughter, Dewey Dell, the night after Addie dies a heavy rainstorm sets in, rivers rise and wash out bridges the family will need to cross to get to Jefferson. The familys trek by wagon begins, with Addie’s non-embalmed body in the coffin, along the way, Anse and the five children encounter various difficulties. Anse stubbornly refuses to accept any charity, including meals or lodging, from people, so at times the family goes hungry, Jewel, Addie’s middle child, tries to leave his dysfunctional family, yet cannot turn his back on them through the trials. Cash breaks a leg and winds up riding atop the coffin and he refuses to admit to any discomfort, but the family eventually puts a makeshift cast of concrete on his leg. After nine days, the family arrives in Jefferson, where the stench from the coffin is easily noticed by the townspeople. In town, family members have different items of business to take care of, Dewey Dell, for the second time in the novel, goes to a pharmacy, trying to obtain an abortion that she does not know how to ask for. First, though, Anse wants to borrow some shovels to bury Addie, because that was the purpose of the trip and the family should be together for that. Before that happens, however, Darl, the second eldest, is seized for the arson of the barn and sent to the Mississippi State Insane Asylum in Jackson. With Addie only just buried, Anse forces Dewey Dell to give up her money, which he spends on getting new teeth, Addie Bundren – Addie is the wife of Anse and the mother of Cash, Darl, Jewel, Dewey Dell, and Vardaman. Anse Bundren – Anse is Addies widower, the father of all the children, Cash Bundren – Cash is a skilled and helpful carpenter and the eldest son of the family. In his late twenties, he builds Addies coffin, Darl Bundren – The second eldest of Addies children, Darl is about two years younger than Cash. Darl is the most articulate character in the book, he narrates 19 of the 59 chapters, Jewel Bundren – Jewel is the third of the Bundren children, most likely around nineteen years of age
16.
The Fens
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The Fens, also known as the Fenland, is a naturally marshy region in eastern England. Most of the fens were drained several centuries ago, resulting in a flat, dry and it is one of the driest areas in England, thanks to a system of drainage channels and man-made rivers and automated pumping stations. A common misconception is that the fens are damp, in whole it occupies an area of nearly 1,500 sq mi. Most of the Fenland lies within a few metres of sea level, with the support of this drainage system, the Fenland has become a major arable agricultural region in Britain for grains and vegetables. The Fens are particularly fertile, containing half of the grade 1 agricultural land in England. The Fens have been referred to as the Holy Land of the English because of the monasteries, now churches and cathedrals, of Crowland, Ely, Peterborough. Other significant settlements in the Fens include Boston, Cambridge, Spalding, the Fens are very low-lying compared with the chalk and limestone uplands that surround them – in most places no more than 10 m above sea level. Indeed, as a result of drainage and the subsequent shrinkage of the peat fens, within the Fens there are a few hills, which have historically been called islands as they remained dry when the low-lying fens around them were flooded. The largest of the fen-islands is the Isle of Ely, on which the city of Ely was built. Some areas of the Fens were once permanently flooded, creating small lakes or meres, the rest of the Fenland was dedicated to pastoral farming, fishing, fowling and the harvesting of reeds or sedge for thatch. In this way, the medieval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of southern England, drainage in the Fenland consists of both river drainage and internal drainage of the land between the rivers. The internal drainage was organised by levels or districts, each of which includes the fen parts of one or several parishes, in the 17th century, the Great Level was divided into the North, Middle and South Levels for the purposes of administration and maintenance. In the 20th century, these levels have gained new boundaries, the South Level lies to the southeast of the Ouse Washes and surrounds Ely, as it did in the 17th century. The Middle Level currently lies between the Ouse Washes and the Nene, but historically lay between the Ouse Washes and Mortons Leam, a 15th-century canal which runs north of the town of Whittlesey. Deeping Fen, in the part of Lincolnshire, lies between the River Welland and the River Glen with its tributary the Bourne Eau. The Black Sluice District, much of which was known as the Lindsey Level when it was first drained in 1639, extends from the Glen and its water is carried through to the Haven at Boston. The above were all redrained at one time or another after the Civil War, at the end of the most recent glacial period, known in Britain as the Devensian, ten thousand years ago, Britain and continental Europe were joined by the ridge between Friesland and Norfolk. The topography of the bed of the North Sea indicates that the rivers of the part of eastern England flowed into the Rhine
17.
Patrick McGrath (novelist)
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Patrick McGrath is a British novelist, whose work has been categorized as gothic fiction. McGrath was born in London and grew up near Broadmoor Hospital from the age of five where his father was Medical Superintendent. He was educated at a Jesuit boarding school in Windsor from the age of thirteen, before moving to another Jesuit public school, Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, in 1967, at the age of sixteen, he ran away from this institution to London. He has lived in parts of North America and also spent several years on a remote island in the North Pacific. McGrath also worked as a teacher of writing to undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin in the fall semester of 2006. He also taught courses for a number of years in the MFA program at Hunter College, New York. His novel Martha Peake won the Premio Flaiano Prize in Italy and he is also currently on the writing faculties of both the New School in New York and Princeton University. He is married to actress Maria Aitken and divides his time between London and New York City. He has three siblings, of which he is the eldest, Steve, a manager in California, Judy, a teacher in Italy, and Simon. The film adaptation for Asylum,2005 was written by Patrick Marber and he has published many reviews and essays, including introductions to Barnaby Rudge, Moby Dick, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and In a Glass Darkly
18.
Jorge Luis Borges
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Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo KBE was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, and a key figure in Spanish-language literature. Borges works have contributed to literature and the fantasy genre. However, some critics consider Borges to be a predecessor and not actually a magical realist and his late poems dialogue with such cultural figures as Spinoza, Camões, and Virgil. In 1914, Borges family moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the Collège de Genève, the family travelled widely in Europe, including Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and he also worked as a librarian and public lecturer. In 1955, he was appointed director of the National Public Library and he became completely blind by the age of 55, as he never learned braille, he became unable to read. Scholars have suggested that his progressive blindness helped him to create innovative literary symbols through imagination, in 1961, he came to international attention when he received the first Formentor prize, which he shared with Samuel Beckett. In 1971, he won the Jerusalem Prize and his work was translated and published widely in the United States and Europe. Borges himself was fluent in several languages and he dedicated his final work, The Conspirators, to the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Writer and essayist J. M. Coetzee said of him, He, more than anyone, renovated the language of fiction, Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo was born into an educated middle-class family on 24 August 1899. They were in comfortable circumstances but not wealthy enough to live in downtown Buenos Aires so the family resided in Palermo, Borgess mother, Leonor Acevedo Suárez, came from a traditional Uruguayan family of criollo origin. Her family had been involved in the European settling of South America and the Argentine War of Independence. His 1929 book, Cuaderno San Martín, includes the poem Isidoro Acevedo, commemorating his grandfather, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, a soldier of the Buenos Aires Army. A descendant of the Argentine lawyer and politician Francisco Narciso de Laprida, de Acevedo Laprida fought in the battles of Cepeda in 1859, Pavón in 1861, de Acevedo Laprida died of pulmonary congestion in the house where his grandson Jorge Luis Borges was born. Borgess own father, Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam was a lawyer, Borges Haslam was born in Entre Rios of Spanish, Portuguese, and English descent, the son of Francisco Borges Lafinur, a colonel, and Frances Ann Haslam, an Englishwoman. Borges Haslam grew up speaking English at home, the family frequently traveled to Europe. Borges Haslam wed Leonor Acevedo Suarez and was father of the painter Norah Borges. At age nine, Jorge Luis Borges translated Oscar Wildes The Happy Prince into Spanish and it was published in a local journal, but his friends thought the real author was his father
19.
Ted Hughes
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Edward James Ted Hughes OM was an English poet and childrens writer. Critics frequently rank him as one of the best poets of his generation and he served as Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death. Hughes was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at the age of 30 and his part in the relationship became controversial to some feminists and some American admirers of Plath. His last poetic work, Birthday Letters, explored their complex relationship and these poems make reference to Plaths suicide, but none addresses directly the circumstances of her death. A poem discovered in October 2010, Last letter, describes what happened during the three days before her death, in 2008 The Times ranked Hughes fourth on their list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Hughess sister Olwyn was two years older and his brother Gerald was ten years older and his mother could trace her ancestry back to William de Ferrières, who came to England with William the Conqueror in the 11th century. One of her ancestors had founded the community of Little Gidding in Cambridgeshire. Most of the recent generations of his family had worked in the clothing and milling industries in the area. Hughess father, William, a joiner, was of Irish descent and had enlisted with the Lancashire Fusiliers and he narrowly escaped being killed when a bullet lodged in a pay book in his breast pocket. He was one of just 17 men of his regiment to return from the Dardanelles Campaign, the stories of Flanders fields filled Hughess childhood imagination. Hughes noted, my first six years shaped everything, Hughes loved hunting and fishing, swimming and picnicking with his family. He attended the Burnley Road School until he was seven, when his family moved to Mexborough and his parents ran a newsagents and tobacconists shop. In Poetry in Making he recalled that he was fascinated by animals and he acted as retriever when his elder brother gamekeeper shot magpies, owls, rats and curlews, growing up surrounded by the harsh realities of working farms in the valleys and on the moors. During his time in Mexborough he explored Manor Farm at Old Denaby and his earliest poem The Thought Fox, and earliest story The Rain Horse were recollections of the area. A close friend at the time, John Wholly, took Hughes to the Crookhill estate above Conisbrough where the boys spent great swathes of time, Hughes became close to the family and learnt a lot about wildlife from Whollys father, a game keeper. He came to view fishing as an almost religious experience, Hughes attended Mexborough Grammar School, where a succession of teachers encouraged him to write, and develop his interest in poetry. Teachers Miss McLeod and Pauline Mayne introduced him to the poets Hopkins, Hughes was mentored by his sister Olwyn, who was well versed in poetry, and another teacher, John Fisher. Poet Harold Massingham also attended school and was also mentored by Fisher
20.
1980 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1980. June 5 – Opening of the Royal Shakespeare Companys production of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, adapted from Charles Dickens novel by David Edgar, at the Aldwych Theatre, London. June 5 – Opening of Willy Russells comedy Educating Rita with Julie Walters in the title rôle at the Donmar Warehouse in London in a Royal Shakespeare Company production. September – Performance of Shakespeares Macbeth with Peter OToole in the lead opens at the Old Vic Theatre, London, september 23 – Field Day Theatre Company presents its first production, the premiere of Brian Friels Translations at the Guildhall, Derry in Northern Ireland. November 27 – English playwright Harold Pinter marries biographer and novelist Lady Antonia Fraser following his divorce from the actress Vivien Merchant, kane and Abel by Jeffrey Archer, reaches #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list. Vasily Grossmans novel Life and Fate is first published, in Western Europe, marguerite Yourcenar becomes the first woman elected to the Académie française. The National Library of Indonesia is created by merger, Sprague de Camp – The Ragged Edge of Science L. Sprague de Camp – The Spell of Conan Graham Chapman et al. P. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography, martin, Tennyson, The Unquiet Heart Whitbread Best Book Award, David Lodge, How Far Can You Go. Clarke, The Fountains of Paradise Premio Cervantes, Juan Carlos Onetti Premio Nadal, Juan Ramón Zaragoza, Concerto grosso
21.
Tomorrow (novel)
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Tomorrow is a novel by Graham Swift first published in 2007 about the impending disclosure of a family secret. Set in Putney, London on the night of Friday,16 June 1995, the family narrative completed, the novel ends in the early hours of Saturday,17 June 1995, before anybody has stirred. Mike Hook is a wartime child and his father, Grandpa Pete, and his mother, Grandma Helen, both hardly turned 20, hastily get married in 1944 just before Pete rejoins the RAF to fight in the Second World War. He is shot down over Germany, survives, and spends months in a prisoner-of-war camp. In January 1945, while he is away from home. After the war and his return to England, Pete becomes a successful entrepreneur. Mike, who remains a child, develops an interest in nature quite early in life and eventually, in the 1960s. There, in 1966, he meets Paula Campbell, who has come from London to study English Literature and Art, Paula is the only child of a divorced High Court judge with Scottish roots. That man, Grandpa Dougie, born shortly after the turn of the century, there, already in his mid-forties, he falls for Fiona McKay, a young secretary with pretty legs who is twenty years his junior, and marries her. Paula, also born in 1945, is sent to a boarding school. After that, Paula hardly ever sees or talks to her own mother again, just as Mike, she remains an only child. After finishing school, she decides to go on to Sussex University, in tune with the spirit of the age, both Mike and Paula adopt a promiscuous lifestyle during their student days. However, they realise immediately after their first meeting that they are meant for other and, deeply in love, decide to become monogamous. They get married in 1970 at the age of 25 and gradually start pursuing their respective careers—Mike as the editor of a science journal. In 1972, Paula eventually goes off the pill as they wish to have children. At this stage we still hoped, but I have to say—and you must both be starting to muster an intense interest—that this was, in all wed known so far, the worst moment of our lives. Little war babies to whom nothing especially dreadful, let alone warlike, had happened, the divorce of your parents, the death of an uncle—these things, for Gods sake, arent the end of the world. But this little crisis, even before we knew it was insuperable, was like a not so small end of the world, in one, strictly procreative sense, it might be exactly that
22.
2011 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2011. July – J. K. Rowling terminates her relationship with long-standing agent Christopher Little to join rival Neil Blair, september 24 – The first 100 Thousand Poets for Change Day takes place, the organisation having been founded by Michael Rothenberg and Terri Carrion in March. November 12 – Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library opens in Istanbul, Governor Generals Awards, Multiple categories, see 2011 Governor Generals Awards. Corral, Shane McCrae, Kerri Webster List of literary awards List of poetry awards 2011 in comics 2011 in Australian literature
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
2009 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2009. April 21 – UNESCO launches the World Digital Library, may 1 – Carol Ann Duffy is appointed Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, the first woman appointed to the position, she is also the first Scot and the first openly gay occupant of the post. May 5 – Posthumous publication of J. R. R. Tolkiens narrative poem The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún in alliterative verse based on the 13th century Poetic Edda and probably written in the 1930s. August 10 – Standard orthography for writing in the Silesian language is adopted in Cieszyn, october 8 – Romanian-born German novelist Herta Müller wins the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. November 10 – Linden MacIntyre wins the 2009 Scotiabank Giller Prize for his novel The Bishops Man, australian publishers Allen & Unwin announce the suspension of their annual Iremonger Award, on the grounds that no manuscript of sufficient merit has been submitted. Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm-Zentrum library opens at Humboldt University of Berlin, hajime Asano and Seiji Kikuchi – Mayo Chiki. Reif Larsen – The Selected Works of T. S. Spivet Peter Lerangis – The Sword Thief D. J, machale – The Soldiers of Halla Joshua Mowll et al. Michael Crichton – Pirate Latitudes Andrew Hussie – Homestuck J. C. Hutchins – 7th Son, Book One, Descent Robert Jordan, edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction, Russell Wangersky, Burning Down the House Governor Generals Awards, Multiple categories, see 2009 Governor Generals Awards
25.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
26.
Bomb (magazine)
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Bomb is a quarterly magazine edited by artists and writers. It is composed, primarily, of interviews between creative people working in a variety of disciplines — visual art, literature, music, film, theater and architecture. In addition to interviews, Bomb issues feature new fiction and poetry, several 500-word Artist on Artist essays, Bomb is published by New Art Publications, Inc. a 501 non-profit organization. The name Bomb is a reference to both Wyndham Lewiss Blast and the fact that the original editors expected the publication to bomb after one or two issues. Shortly after its founding, Bomb formed a 501 non-profit organization, New Art Publications, in 2005, the Bomb offices moved from the SoHo neighborhood of New York City, New York, to Fort Greene, Brooklyn. By June 2007, Bomb had published 100 issues, chris Abani Kathy Acker Martin Amis John Ashbery Matthew Barney Roberto Bolaño Edwidge Danticat Arthur C. Participants include Edward_Clark_, Kara Walker & Larry Walker, Wangechi Mutu, Gerald Jackson, Adger Cowans, Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, Melvin Edwards, Terry Adkins, Eldzier Cortor, list of literary magazines Caterina Verde, contributing artist Official website JSTOR archive. BOMB, The Author Interviews published by Soho Press
27.
Man Booker International Prize
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The Man Booker International Prize is an international literary award hosted in the United Kingdom. The introduction of the International Prize to complement the Man Booker Prize was announced in June 2004 and it rewarded one authors continued creativity, development and overall contribution to fiction on the world stage, and was a recognition of the writers body of work rather than any one title. The judges for the year compiled their own lists of authors, beginning in 2016, the award was significantly reconfigured. It is now given annually to a book in English translation, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title. While the Man Booker Prize was, from its beginning, only open to writers from the Commonwealth, Ireland and Zimbabwe, the award was worth £60,000 and an author could only win once. The Man Booker International prize also allowed for an award for translation. The winning author could choose a translator of their work into English to receive a sum of £15,000. A similar prize to the original Man Booker International Prize is the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, by contrast, the Nobel Prize in Literature, the International Dublin Literary Award, and the Franz Kafka Prize are each awarded annually. On Tuesday 7 July 2015, the Booker Prize Foundation announced that the Man Booker International Prize was to evolve from 2016 onwards into a prize for fiction in translation. Its aim is to encourage more publishing and reading of quality works in translation, the award is now given annually to a book in English translation, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title to be shared equally between author and translator. Each shortlisted author and translator receives £1,000 and this brings the total prize fund to £62,000 per year, compared to the previous £37,500 for the Man Booker International Prize and £10,000 for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize. The new Man Booker International Prize complements the Man Booker Prize, the judges select a longlist of 12 or 13 books in March, followed by a shortlist of six in April, with the winner announced in May. The inaugural winner was Albanian writer Ismail Kadare and he was followed by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe in 2007, and two years later the Canadian writer Alice Munro won the award. In 2011 the prize was awarded to American Philip Roth, in 2015 it was announced that the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize would be disbanded. Winner Ismail Kadare Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare was named the inaugural International Prize winner in 2005, head judge, Professor John Carey said Kadare is a universal writer in the tradition of storytelling that goes back to Homer. Kadare said he was honoured at being awarded the prize. Kadare was also able to select a translator to receive a prize of £15,000. The writer received his award in Edinburgh on 27 June, judging panel John Carey Alberto Manguel Azar Nafisi Nominees The nominees for the inaugural Man Booker International Prize were announced on 2 June 2005 at Georgetown University in Washington, D. C
28.
P. H. Newby
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Percy Howard Newby CBE was an English novelist and broadcasting administrator. He was the first winner of the Booker Prize, his novel Something to Answer For having received the award in 1969. Newby, known as Howard Newby, was born in Crowborough, Sussex on 25 June 1918 and was educated at Hanley Castle Grammar School in Worcestershire, in October 1939 he was sent to France to serve in World War II as a private in the Royal Army Medical Corps. His unit was one of the last to be evacuated, afterwards he was sent to the Middle East and served in the Egyptian desert. Newby was released from service in December 1942, and then taught English Literature at King Fouad University in Cairo until 1946. One of his students was the Egyptian editor Mursi Saad El-Din, while at Radio 3, Newby is credited with increasing the amount of Classical music on the station without the need for controversial changes to schedules. His first novel, A Journey into the Interior, was published in 1946 and he then returned to England to write. In the same year he was given an Atlantic Award in literature, in 1947, John Lehmann published Newbys boys adventure story The Spirit of Jem with 41 line drawings and a colour dust wrap by Keith Vaughan. He was awarded a CBE for his work as Managing Director of BBC Radio, author, friend and colleague Anthony Thwaite in his obituary states, P. H. Newby was one of the best English novelists of the second half of the century. H
29.
Bernice Rubens
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Bernice Rubens was a Booker Prize-winning Welsh novelist. Rubens was born in Cardiff, Wales in 1923 and her father, Eli Rubens, was a Lithuanian Jew who, at the age of 16, left mainland Europe in 1900 in the hope of starting a new life in New York City. Due to being swindled by a tout, Rubens never reached America. He decided to stay in Wales, and there he met and married Dorothy Cohen, Rubens was one of four children and came from a musical family, both her brothers, Harold and Cyril, becoming well-known classical violinists. Harold was forced to playing through illness, but Cyril became a violinist in the London Symphony Orchestra. Rubens failed to follow in her familys musical tradition though she would learn the cello. She was educated at Cardiff High School for Girls and later read English at the University of Wales, Cardiff and she married Rudi Nassauer, a wine merchant and novelist. They had two daughters, Rebecca and Sharon, from 1950 to 1955, Rubens taught at a grammar school in Birmingham, before moving onto the film industry where she made documentaries. Rubens first novel, Set On Edge, was published in 1960 and she became the first woman to win the Man Booker Prize in 1970, for The Elected Member. Her 1962 novel, Madame Sousatzka, was made into a film in 1988, with Shabana Azmi and this book was based on the experiences of her brother Harold Rubens, a child prodigy pianist, and his teacher Madame Maria Levinskaya, who inspired the character of Madame Sousatzka. Harold Rubens was born in Cardiff in 1918, and studied with Levinskaya from the age of seven and her 1975 novel, I Sent a Letter To My Love, was made into a film in 1980 by Moshe Mizraki, starring Simone Signoret and Jean Rochefort. Her 1985 novel, Mr Wakefields Crusade, was adapted for television by the BBC in 1992, starring Peter Capaldi and Michael Maloney
30.
J. G. Farrell
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James Gordon Farrell was a Liverpool-born novelist of Irish descent. He gained prominence for a series of known as the Empire Trilogy. Farrells career abruptly ended when he drowned in Ireland at the age of 44, had he not sadly died so young, ” Salman Rushdie said in 2008, there is no question that he would today be one of the really major novelists of the English language. The three novels that he did leave are all in their different way extraordinary, Troubles received the 1971 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize and The Siege of Krishnapur received the 1973 Booker Prize. In 2010 Troubles was retrospectively awarded the Lost Man Booker Prize, Troubles and its fellow shortlisted works had not been open for consideration that year due to a change in the eligibility rules. Farrell, born in Liverpool into a family of Anglo-Irish background, was the second of three brothers. His father, William Farrell, had worked as an accountant in Bengal and in 1929, he married Prudence Josephine Russell, from the age of 12 he attended Rossall School in Lancashire. After leaving Rossall, he taught in Dublin and also worked for some time on Distant Early Warning Line in the Canadian Arctic, in 1956, he went to study at Brasenose College, Oxford, while there he contracted polio. This left him crippled and disease was prominent in his works. In 1960 he left Oxford with Third-class honours French and Spanish and went to live in France, Farrell published his first novel, A Man From Elsewhere, in 1963. Set in France, it shows the influence of French existentialism. The story follows Sayer, who is a journalist for a communist paper, regan is a dying novelist who is about to be awarded an important Catholic literary prize. The book mimics the fight between the two leaders of French existentialism, Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, the two argue about existentialism, the position that murder can be vindicated as an expedient in overthrowing tyranny versus the stance that there are no ends that justify unjust means. It entirely lacks the ironic humour and the appreciation of human frailty which characterise his later work. Farrell himself came to dislike the book and it has been noted that it is somewhat modelled after Farrell, but it is modelled more after Geoffrey Firmin from Malcolm Lowrys 1947 novel, Under the Volcano. In 1967, he published A Girl in the Head, the protagonist, the impoverished Polish count Boris Slattery, lives in the fictional English seaside town of Maidenhair Bay, in the house of the Dongeon family. His marriage to Flower Dongeon is decaying and his companion is Dr. Cohen, who is a dying alcoholic. Boris also has sex with a teenager, June Furlough
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V. S. Naipaul
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Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, TC, is a Nobel Prize-winning British writer who was born in Trinidad. He is known for his early novels set in Trinidad and Tobago, his bleaker later novels of the wider world. He has published more than thirty books, both of fiction and nonfiction, over fifty years. V. S. Naipaul, familiarly Vidia Naipaul, was born on 17 August 1932 in Chaguanas in Trinidad and he was the second child of his mother Droapatie and father Seepersad Naipaul. In the 1880s, his grandparents emigrated from India to work as farm labourers, in the Indian immigrant community in Trinidad, Naipauls father became an English-language journalist, and in 1929 began contributing articles to the Trinidad Guardian. In 1932, the year Naipaul was born, his father joined the staff as the Chaguanas correspondent, in A prologue to an autobiography, Naipaul describes how his fathers reverence for writers and for the writing life spawned his own dreams and aspirations to become a writer. The Naipauls believed themselves to be the descendants of Hindu Brahmins, though they did not observe many of the practices, the family gradually stopped speaking Indian languages and spoke English at home. Upon graduation, Naipaul won a Trinidad Government scholarship that allowed him to study at any institution of learning in the British Commonwealth. At Oxford, Naipauls early attempts at writing, he felt, were contrived, lonely and unsure of his ability and calling, he became depressed. In April 1952, he took a trip to Spain. He called his impulsive trip a nervous breakdown, thirty years later, he called it something like a mental illness. In 1952, before visiting Spain, Naipaul met Patricia Ann Hale, his future wife, with Hales support, he began to recover and gradually to write. She became a partner in planning his career and her family was hostile to the relationship, his was unenthusiastic. In June 1953, Naipaul and Hale graduated from Oxford and he worked at odd jobs and borrowed money from Pat and his family in Trinidad. Naipaul moved to London in 1954, in December of that year, Henry Swanzy, the producer of a BBC weekly programme called Caribbean Voices, hired Naipaul as presenter. A generation of Caribbean writers had debuted on Caribbean Voices, including George Lamming, Samuel Selvon, Derek Walcott, Naipaul stayed in the part-time job for four years. In those years, Pat was the breadwinner in the family, in January 1955, he and Pat were married. Neither informed their family or friends, Pat continued to live in Birmingham and visited Naipaul on weekends
32.
John Berger
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John Peter Berger was an English art critic, novelist, painter and poet. His novel G. won the 1972 Booker Prize, and his essay on art criticism, Ways of Seeing and he lived in France for more than half a century. Berger was born on 5 November 1926 in Stoke Newington, London and his grandfather was from Trieste, and his father had been an infantry officer on the Western Front during the First World War and was awarded the Military Cross and an OBE. Berger was educated at St Edwards School, Oxford and he served in the British Army from 1944 to 1946. He enrolled in the Chelsea School of Art and the Central School of Art in London, Berger began his career as a painter and exhibited works at a number of London galleries in the late 1940s. His art has shown at the Wildenstein, Redfern and Leicester Galleries in London. Berger taught drawing at St Marys teacher training college and he later became an art critic, publishing many essays and reviews in the New Statesman. His Marxist humanism and his strongly stated opinions on art combined to make him a controversial figure early in his career. As a statement of commitment, he titled an early collection of essays Permanent Red. The work was withdrawn by the publisher under pressure from the Congress for Cultural Freedom a month after its publication and his next novels were The Foot of Clive and Corkers Freedom, both of which presented an urban English life of alienation and melancholy. Berger moved to Quincy in the Haute-Savoie, France in 1962 due to his distaste for life in Britain, in 1972, the BBC broadcast his television series Ways of Seeing and published its companion text, an introduction to the study of images. The work was derived in part from Walter Benjamins essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Bergers novel G. a picaresque romance set in Europe in 1898, won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the Booker Prize in 1972. Bergers sociological writings include A Fortunate Man, The Story of a Country Doctor and A Seventh Man, Berger and photographer Jean Mohr, his frequent collaborator, sought to document and understand the experiences of peasants. Their subsequent book, Another Way of Telling, discusses and illustrates their documentary technique and treats the theory of photography through Bergers essays and Mohrs photographs. In the 1970s, Berger collaborated on three films with the Swiss director Alain Tanner, He wrote or co-wrote La Salamandre, The Middle of the World, the cooperative was active until the early 1980s. In later essays, Berger wrote about photography, art, politics and he published in The Shape of a Pocket a correspondence with Subcomandante Marcos, and penned short stories that appeared in The Threepenny Review and The New Yorker. His sole volume of poetry is Pages of the Wound, though other volumes, such as the theoretical essay And Our Faces, My Heart, Brief as Photos contain poetry. His later novels include To the Wedding, a story dealing with the AIDS crisis, and King, A Street Story
