Grand Duchy of Hesse
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The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine was a grand duchy in western Germany that existed from 1806 to 1918. The grand duchy originally formed from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806 as the Gra
Louis I depicted with Hessian Constitution in his right hand on the Ludwigsmonument [de] in Darmstadt
![Louis I depicted with Hessian Constitution in his right hand on the Ludwigsmonument [de] in Darmstadt](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ludwigsmonument-3.jpg/500px-Ludwigsmonument-3.jpg)
Title page of The Hessian Courier.
![Karl du Thil [de], President of the Council of Ministers, 1829–1848](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Karl_du_Thil_1845_%28IZ_05-100_Kretzschmar_%2B_ACR%29.jpg/500px-Karl_du_Thil_1845_%28IZ_05-100_Kretzschmar_%2B_ACR%29.jpg)
Karl du Thil [de], President of the Council of Ministers, 1829–1848
Heinrich von Gagern, chief minister during the Revolution of 1848 (lithograph by Eduard von Heuss)
German Confederation
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The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to replace the Holy Roman Empire, w
Grand Duchy of Hesse
…duchy and received considerable new territories, principally the Duchy of Westphalia. After the French defeat in 1815, the grand duchy joined the new German Confederation. Westphalia was taken by Prussia, but Hesse received Rhenish Hesse in return. A constitution was proclaimed in 1820 and a long process of legal reforms…
Frontispiece of the Acts of the Congress of Vienna
Monarchs of the member states of the German Confederation (with the exception of the Prussian king) meeting at Frankfurt in 1863
Austrian chancellor and foreign minister Klemens von Metternich dominated the German Confederation from 1815 until 1848.
The University of Berlin in 1850