1.
Quartier Pigalle
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Pigalle is an area in Paris around the Place Pigalle, on the border between the 9th and the 18th arrondissements. It is named after the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, Pigalle is famous for being a tourist district, with many sex shops, theatres and adult shows on Place Pigalle and the main boulevards. The neighbourhoods raunchy reputation led to its Second World War nickname of Pig Alley by Allied soldiers, the Divan du Monde and the Moulin Rouge, a world-famous cabaret, are both located in Pigalle. The area to the south of Place Pigalle is devoted to the retail of musical instruments and equipment, a section of the rue de Douai consists solely of stores selling guitars, drums and musical accessories. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh and Maurice Neumont also once lived here as did Andre Breton, the works of artist Salvador Dalí can be seen at the nearby Espace Dalí. It was also the home of the Grand Guignol theatre, which closed in 1962, however, the theatre itself still stands. The Musée de lérotisme can also be found here, Pigalle is well known to tourists who want to experience Paris by night. It is home to some of Paris most famous cabarets, as well as topless, Pigalle is one end-point of the Montmartrobus, or you can get to the Place Pigalle by taking the Métro to the Pigalle stop. American-born jazz singer Adelaide Hall lived in Pigalle in 1937–1938 and opened her nightclub La Grosse Pomme at 73 Rue Pigalle, other nightclubs in Rue Pigalle during the late 1930s included the Moon Rousse and Caravan where Django Reinhardt played. Georges Ulmer wrote the famous song Pigalle in 1946, and performed it himself, Maurice Chevalier wrote a song entitled Place Pigalle. Édith Piaf made an album titled La Rue Pigalle, bill Ramsey sang a song entitled Pigalle in the 1961 German film de, Die Abenteuer des Grafen Bobby directed by Géza von Cziffra. The police comedy My New Partner is set in Pigalle, the film Pigalle was set in this district and starred Véra Briole and Francis Renauld. The American jazz singer Madeleine Peyrouxs album Bare Bones contains a track entitled Our Lady of Pigalle, the American pop band Sparks mentioned the district in the lyrics of Sextown U. S. A. The Amsterdam-based modern gypsy jazz band Pigalle44 was named after this district, the French luxury shoe designer Christian Louboutin has named one of his shoe models Pigalle. The French DJ DJ Snake released a track named Pigalle on his album Encore, notes Review of Pigalle Information about Pigalle
2.
Horror and terror
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The distinction between horror and terror is a standard literary and psychological concept applied especially to Gothic literature and film. Terror is usually described as the feeling of dread and anticipation that precedes the horrifying experience, by contrast, horror is the feeling of revulsion that usually occurs after something frightening is seen, heard, or otherwise experienced. It is the feeling one gets after coming to a realization or experiencing a deeply unpleasant occurrence. In other words, horror is more related to being shocked or scared, Horror has also been defined as a combination of terror and revulsion. The distinction between terror and horror was first characterized by the Gothic writer Ann Radcliffe, terror is characterized by obscurity or indeterminacy in its treatment of potentially horrible events, it is this indeterminacy which leads to the sublime. She says in the essay that it expands the soul and awakens the faculties to a degree of life. Horror, in contrast, freezes and nearly annihilates them with its unambiguous displays of atrocity, Horror is also a genre of film and fiction that relies on horrifying images or situations to tell stories and prompt reactions in their audiences. In these films the moment of horrifying revelation is usually preceded by a build up. In his non-fiction book Danse Macabre, Stephen King elaborated on the themes of terror and horror and he describes terror as the finest element of the three, and the one he strives hardest to maintain in his own writing. Citing many examples, he defines terror as the moment in horror before the actual monster is revealed. Horror, King writes, is that moment at which one sees the creature/aberration that causes the terror or suspense, but if I find that I cannot terrify, I will try to horrify, and if I find that I cannot horrify, Ill go for the gross-out. Fantastic art Fear Horror fiction Horror film Monster literature Nightmare Steven Bruhm Gothic Bodies, gary Crawford Criticism in J. Sullivan The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural. Ann Radcliffe On the Supernatural in Poetry in The New Monthly Magazine 7,1826, gina Wisker Horror Fiction, An Introduction. Julian Hanich Cinematic Emotion in Horror Films and Thrillers, the Aesthetic Paradox of Pleasurable Fear. Noël Carroll The Philosophy of Horror, Or, Paradoxes of the Heart
3.
English Renaissance theatre
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English Renaissance theatre, also known as early modern English theatre, or as Elizabethan theatre, refers to the theatre of England between 1562 and 1642. This is the style of the plays of William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, English Renaissance theatre encompasses the period between 1562 and 1642. Strictly speaking, English Renaissance theatre may be said to encompass Elizabethan theatre from 1562 to 1603, Jacobean theatre from 1603 to 1625, along with the economics of the profession, the character of the drama changed towards the end of the period. Under Elizabeth, the drama was an expression as far as social class was concerned. With the development of the theatres, drama became more oriented towards the tastes and values of an upper-class audience. By the later part of the reign of Charles I, few new plays were being written for the public theatres, theatrical life was largely centred just outside London, as the theatre was banned inside the city itself, but plays were performed by touring companies all over England. English companies even toured and performed English plays abroad, e. g. in Germany, the period starts before the establishment of the first permanent theatres. Initially two types of location were used for performing plays, the courtyards of inns and the Inns of Court such as the Inner Temple and these venues continued to be used even after permanent theatres were established. The first permanent English theatre, the Red Lion opened in 1567, the first successful theatres, such as The Theatre, opened in 1576. The establishment of large and profitable public theatres was an enabling factor in the success of English Renaissance drama. Once they were in operation, drama could become a fixed and their construction was prompted when the Mayor and Corporation of London first banned plays in 1572 as a measure against the plague, and then formally expelled all players from the city in 1575. The Theatre was rapidly followed by the nearby Curtain Theatre, the Rose, the Swan, the Globe, the Fortune, the public theatres were three stories high, and built around an open space at the centre. The upper level behind the stage could be used as a balcony, as in Romeo and Juliet or Antony and Cleopatra, or as a position from which an actor could harangue a crowd, the playhouses were generally built with timber and plaster, and were three stories high. Individual theatre descriptions give additional information to their construction, such as flint stones being used to build the Swan, theatres were also constructed to be able to hold large amounts of people. A different model was developed with the Blackfriars Theatre, which came into use on a long-term basis in 1599. The Blackfriars was small in comparison to the theatres and roofed rather than open to the sky. Other small enclosed theatres followed, notably the Whitefriars and the Cockpit, around 1580, when both the Theatre and the Curtain were full on summer days, the total theatre capacity of London was about 5000 spectators. With the building of new facilities and the formation of new companies
4.
Titus Andronicus
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Titus Andronicus is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1588 and 1593, probably in collaboration with George Peele. The play is set during the days of the Roman Empire and tells the fictional story of Titus, a general in the Roman army. The play begins shortly after the death of the Roman emperor, Titus subsequently arrives to much fanfare, bearing with him as prisoners the Queen of the Goths, her three sons, and Aaron the Moor. Despite Tamoras desperate pleas, Titus sacrifices her eldest son, Alarbus, distraught, Tamora and her two surviving sons vow to obtain revenge on Titus and his family. Meanwhile, Titus refuses the offer of the throne, arguing that he is not fit to rule and instead supporting the claim of Saturninus, Saturninus tells Titus that for his first act as emperor, he will marry Tituss daughter Lavinia. Titus agrees, although Lavinia is already betrothed to Saturninuss brother, Bassianus, Tituss sons tell Titus that Bassianus is in the right under Roman law, but Titus refuses to listen, accusing them all of treason. A scuffle breaks out, during which Titus kills his own son, Saturninus then denounces the Andronici family for their effrontery and shocks Titus by marrying Tamora. Putting into motion her plan for revenge, Tamora advises Saturninus to pardon Bassianus and the Andronici family, during a royal hunt the following day, Aaron persuades Demetrius and Chiron to kill Bassianus, so they may rape Lavinia. They do so, throwing Bassianuss body into a pit and dragging Lavinia deep into the forest before violently raping her, to keep her from revealing what has happened, they cut out her tongue and cut off her hands. Meanwhile, Aaron writes a letter, which frames Tituss sons Martius and Quintus for the murder of Bassianus. Horrified at the death of his brother, Saturninus arrests Martius and Quintus, and sentences them to death. Some time later, Marcus discovers the mutilated Lavinia and takes her to her father, who is shocked at the accusations levelled at his sons. Aaron then visits Titus and falsely tells him that Saturninus will spare Martius and Quintus if either Titus, Marcus or, Tituss remaining son, Lucius, cuts off one of their hands and sends it to him. Titus has Aaron cut off his hand and sends it to the emperor but, in return. Desperate for revenge, Titus orders Lucius to flee Rome and raise an army among their former enemy, later, Lavinia writes the names of her attackers in the dirt, using a stick held with her mouth and between her mutilated arms. Meanwhile, Tamora secretly gives birth to a child, fathered by Aaron. Aaron kills the nurse to keep the race a secret. Thereafter, Lucius, marching on Rome with an army, captures Aaron, in order to save the baby, Aaron reveals the entire revenge plot to Lucius
5.
The Duchess of Malfi
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The Duchess of Malfi is a macabre, tragic play written by the English dramatist John Webster in 1612–13. It was first performed privately at the Blackfriars Theatre, then later to an audience at The Globe. Published in 1623, the play is based on events that occurred between about 1508 and 1513. The Duchess was Giovanna dAragona, Duchess of Amalfi, whose father, Enrico dAragona, as in the play, she secretly married Antonio Beccadelli di Bologna after the death of her first husband Alfonso I Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi. The play begins as a story, with a Duchess who marries beneath her class. Jacobean drama continued the trend of violence and horror set by Elizabethan tragedy. Antonio returned from France, full of scorn for the Italian courtiers whom he sees as more corrupt than the French, Antonio is the steward of the Duchess of Malfis palace. His honesty and good judgment of character are traits well known to the other characters and he accepts the Duchess proposal of marriage because of her disposition rather than her beauty. Her marrying beneath her status is a problem, however, and their marriage has to remain a secret, a courtier, who tries to woo Julia. Based on Matteo Bandellos self-depiction under this name, his purpose is to be the sounding board for his friend Antonio. Because he asks so many pertinent questions, he serves as a source of important information to the audience, a former servant of the Cardinal, now returned from a sentence in the galleys for murder. Publicly rejected by his previous employer the Cardinal, he is sent by Ferdinand to spy on the Duchess as her Provisor of Horse, Bosola is involved in the murder of the Duchess, her children, Cariola, Antonio, the Cardinal, Ferdinand, and a servant. Witnessing the nobility of the Duchess and Antonio facing their deaths, he feels guilty. This change of heart makes him the plays most complex character, a malcontent and cynic, he makes numerous critical comments on the nature of Renaissance society. The brother to the Duchess and Ferdinand, a corrupt, icy official in the Roman Catholic Church who keeps a mistress. He has arranged a spy to spy upon his sister – all this on the quiet, however, of remorse, love, loyalty, or even greed, he knows nothing, and his reasons for hating his sister are a mystery. The Duke of Calabria and twin brother of the Duchess, unlike his rational brother the Cardinal, Ferdinand has rages and violent outbursts disproportionate to the perceived offense. As a result of his regret for hiring Bosola to kill the Duchess, he loses his sanity—he believes he is a wolf
6.
The White Devil
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The White Devil is a revenge tragedy by English playwright John Webster. The plays complexity, sophistication, and satire made it a poor fit with the repertory of Queen Annes Men at the Red Bull Theatre and it was successfully revived in 1630 by Queen Henriettas Men at the Cockpit Theatre and published again in 1631. In 1707 Nahum Tate published an adaptation of Websters play titled Injured Love which was not performed, the story is loosely based on an event in Italy thirty years prior to the plays composition, the murder of Vittoria Accoramboni in Padua on 22 December 1585. Websters dramatisation of this event turned Italian corruption into a vehicle for depicting the political and moral state of England in his own day, the play explores the differences between the reality of people and the way they depict themselves as good, white, or pure. Monticelso – A Cardinal, later Pope Paul IV, Francisco De Medici – Duke of Florence, in Act V disguised as the Moor, Mulinassar. Brachiano – Otherwise Paulo Giordano Orsini, The Duke of Brachiano, husband of Isabella, Giovanni – Brachianos son by Isabella. Lodovico – Sometimes Lodowick, an Italian Count in love with Isabella, antonelli – Ludovicos friend and conspirator. Gasparo – Ludovicos friend and conspirator, Camillo – Vittorias husband, nephew of Monticelso. Carlo – Attendant of Brachiano, in league with Francisco, pedro – Attendant of Brachiano, in league with Francisco. Hortensio – One of Brachianos officers, marcello – An attendant to the Duke of Florence, Vittorias younger brother. Isabella – Francisco De Medicis sister, first wife of Brachiano Vittoria Corombona – a Venetian lady, Webster based The White Devil on newsletter versions of the story of the killing of Vittoria Accoramboni. Such recollections detailed how Vittoria, of a proud but poor family, in 1580, she met Paolo Giordano Orsini, Duke of Bracciano, previously married to Isabella Medici of the famous Medici family. Upon meeting Vittoria, the Duke fell desperately in love with her, Pope Gregory soon found out and ordered Vittoria and the Duke to part and even resorted to having Vittoria imprisoned in the Castel SantAngelo under the suspicion of having killed her husband. In 1585 a new pope was elected and amid the confusion of change Vittoria and Bracciano married, in the play the Pope is misnamed Paul IV. Eight months later the Duke died and the Medici family, wishing to protect their interests, challenged his will. When Vittoria refused to co-operate, the Medicis arranged for her to be killed and she was stabbed to death in Padua by Ludovico Orsini. Count Lodovico is banished from Rome for debauchery and murder, his friends promise to work for the repeal of his sentence. The Duke of Brachiano has conceived a violent passion for Vittoria Corombona, daughter of a noble but impoverished Venetian family, Vittorias brother Flamineo, employed as a secretary to Brachiano, has been scheming to bring his sister and the Duke together in the hope of advancing his career
7.
Splatter film
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A splatter film or gore film is a subgenre of horror film that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and graphic violence. These films, through the use of effects, display a fascination with the vulnerability of the human body. The term splatter cinema was coined by George A, in recent years, the use of graphic violence in cinema has been labeled torture porn or gorno. By contrast, films such as Braindead, Evil Dead II and to some extent Dawn of the Dead, splatter films, according to film critic Michael Arnzen, self-consciously revel in the special effects of gore as an artform. There is also an emphasis on visuals, style and technique, where most horror films have a tendency to re-establish the social and moral order with good triumphing over evil, splatter films thrive on a lack of order. Arnzen argues that the spectacle of violence replaces any pretentions to narrative structure, the splatter film has its aesthetic roots in French Grand Guignol theatre, which endeavored to stage realistic scenes of blood and carnage for its patrons. In 1908, Grand Guignol made its first appearance in England, although the gore was downplayed in favor of a more Gothic tone, the first appearance of gore—the realistic mutilation of the human body—in cinema can be traced to D. W. Several of Griffiths subsequent films, and those of his contemporary Cecil B, perhaps the most explicitly violent film of this era was Nobuo Nakagawas Jigoku, which included numerous scenes of flaying and dismemberment in its depiction of the Buddhist underworld Naraka. Splatter came into its own as a subgenre of horror in the early 1960s with the films of Herschell Gordon Lewis in the United States. Eager to maintain a niche, Lewis turned to something that mainstream cinema still rarely featured, scenes of visceral. In 1963, he directed Blood Feast, widely considered the first splatter film, in the 15 years following its release, Blood Feast took in an estimated $7 million. It was made for an estimated $24,500, Blood Feast was followed by two more gore films by Herschell Gordon Lewis, Two Thousand Maniacs. and Color Me Blood Red. The popularity of the film in the 1970s was met with strong reactions in the US. This resulted in the banning of many splatter films, which were deemed video nasties in the British press. Some splatter directors have gone on to produce mainstream hits, peter Jackson started his career in New Zealand by directing the splatter movies Bad Taste and Braindead. These films featured such over-the-top gore that it became a comedic device and these comedic gore films have been dubbed splatstick, defined as physical comedy that involves dismemberment. Splatstick seems to be common in Japan, with the examples of Robogeisha, Tokyo Gore Police. Splatter films have pioneered techniques used in other genres, for example, the popular 1999 film The Blair Witch Project is similar to the 1980 film Cannibal Holocaust
8.
Naturalism (theatre)
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Naturalism is a movement in European drama and theatre that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It refers to theatre that attempts to create an illusion of reality through a range of dramatic, zola’s term for naturalism is la nouvelle formule. The three primary principles of naturalism are first, that the play should be realistic, and the result of a study of human behavior. The characters should be flesh and blood, their motivations and actions should be grounded in their heredity, the presentation of a naturalistic play, in terms of the setting and performances, should be realistic and not flamboyant or theatrical. The single setting of Miss Julie, for example, is a kitchen, second, the conflicts in the play should be issues of meaningful, life-altering significance — not small or petty. And third, the play should be simple — not cluttered with complicated sub-plots or lengthy expositions, darwinian understandings pervade naturalistic plays, especially in the determining role of the environment on character, and as motivation for behavior. Naturalism was first advocated explicitly by Émile Zola in his 1880 essay entitled Naturalism on the Stage, Naturalistic writers were influenced by the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin. They believed that ones heredity and social environment determine ones character, whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine scientifically the underlying forces influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works are opposed to romanticism, in subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic. They often include uncouth or sordid subject matter, for example, Émile Zolas works had a frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism, Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, sex, prejudice, disease, prostitution, and filth. As a result, Naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for being too blunt
9.
Guignol
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Guignol is the main character in a French puppet show which has come to bear his name. It represents the workers in the industry of France, Europe. -- Laurent Mourguet, Guignols creator, was born into a family of modest silk weavers on March 3,1769, the certificate of his marriage to Jeanne Esterle in 1788 shows he was unable to read. When hard times fell on the trade during the French Revolution, he became a peddler, and in 1797 started to practice dentistry. The service was free, the money was made from the medicines sold afterward to ease the pain, to attract patients, he started setting up a puppet show in front of his dentists chair. In the end, his strategy worked well to his advantage. His first shows featured Polichinelle, a character borrowed from the Italian commedia dellarte who in England would become Punch and he developed characters closer to the daily lives of his Lyon audience, first Gnafron, a wine-loving cobbler, and in 1808 Guignol. Other characters, including Guignols wife Madelon and the gendarme Flageolet soon followed, what remain constant are his poverty, but more importantly his good humor and his sense of justice. The use in French of guignol as an insult meaning buffoon is a misnomer, as Guignol is clever, courageous and generous. Sixteen of Mourguets children and grandchildren continued his tradition, and many of the companies performing today can trace their heritage back to him
10.
Lyon
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Lyon or Lyons is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about 470 km from Paris and 320 km from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais, Lyon had a population of 506,615 in 2014 and is Frances third-largest city after Paris and Marseille. Lyon is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, the metropolitan area of Lyon had a population of 2,237,676 in 2013, the second-largest in France after Paris. The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy and historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. It played a significant role in the history of cinema, Auguste, the city is also known for its famous light festival, Fête des Lumières, which occurs every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights. Economically, Lyon is a centre for banking, as well as for the chemical, pharmaceutical. The city contains a significant software industry with a focus on video games. Lyon hosts the headquarters of Interpol, Euronews, and International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon was ranked 19th globally and second in France for innovation in 2014 and it ranked second in France and 39th globally in Mercers 2015 liveability rankings. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne by the Allobroges and were now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers, dio Cassius says this task was to keep the two men from joining Mark Antony and bringing their armies into the developing conflict. The Roman foundation was at Fourvière hill and was officially called Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity, the city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum. The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as Desired Mountain is offered by the 9th-century Endlicher Glossary, in contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lugdunon, after the Celtic god Lugus, and dúnon. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly due to its convenient location at the convergence of two rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in city, Claudius, whose speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic senators. Today, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as Primat des Gaules, the Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. Local saints from this period include Blandina, Pothinus, and Epipodius, in the second century AD, the great Christian bishop of Lyon was the Easterner, Irenaeus. Burgundian refugees fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were re-settled by the commander of the west, Aëtius. This became the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom in 461, in 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I
11.
Punch and Judy
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Punch and Judy is a traditional, popular, and usually very violent puppet show featuring Pulcinella and his wife Judy. The performance consists of a sequence of scenes, each depicting an interaction between two characters, most typically Mr. Punch and one other character. It is often associated with traditional British seaside culture, the various episodes of Punch and Judy are performed in the spirit of outrageous comedy — often provoking shocked laughter — and are dominated by the clowning of Mr. Punch. In Victorian times, the drum and pan pipes were the instruments of choice, today, the audience is also encouraged to participate, calling out to the characters on the stage to warn them of danger or clue them in to what is going on behind their backs. Also nowadays, most professors work solo, since the need for a bottler became less important when busking with the show gave way to paid engagements at private parties or public events, the Punch and Judy show has roots in the 16th-century Italian commedia dellarte. The figure of Punch is derived from the Neapolitan stock character of Pulcinella and he is a manifestation of the Lord of Misrule and Trickster figures of deep-rooted mythologies. Punchs wife was originally called Joan, no, I am gonna punch you. The figure who later became Mr. Punch made his first recorded appearance in England on 9 May 1662, the diarist Samuel Pepys observed a marionette show featuring an early version of the Punch character in Covent Garden in London. It was performed by Italian puppet showman Pietro Gimonde, a. k. a, Pepys described the event in his diary as an Italian puppet play, that is within the rails there, which is very pretty. In the British Punch and Judy show, Punch wears a brightly coloured jesters motley and he is a hunchback whose hooked nose almost meets his curved, jutting chin. He carries a stick as large as himself, which he freely uses upon most of the characters in the show. He speaks in a distinctive squawking voice, produced by a known as a swazzle or swatchel which the professor holds in his mouth. This gives Punch a vocal quality as though he were speaking through a kazoo, so important is Punchs signature sound that it is a matter of some controversy within Punch and Judy circles as to whether a non-swazzled show can be considered a true Punch and Judy Show. Other characters do not use the swazzle, so the Punchman has to switch back, powell has been credited with being largely responsible for the form taken by the drama of Punch and Judy. In 1721, a theatre opened in Dublin that ran for decades. Fielding eventually ran his own puppet theatre under the pseudonym Madame de la Nash to avoid the censorship concomitant with the Theatre Licensing Act of 1737. Punch was extremely popular in Paris and, by the end of the 18th century, he was playing in Britains American colonies. These shows might travel through country towns or move from corner to corner along busy London streets, about this time, Punchs wifes name changed from Joan to Judy
12.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
13.
Alfred Binet
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Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet-Simon test. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, Binet attended law school in Paris, and received his degree in 1878. He also studied physiology at the Sorbonne and his first formal position was as a researcher at a neurological clinic, Salpêtrière Hospital, in Paris from 1883–1889. From there, Binet went on to being a researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891–1894, in 1894, he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911. Binet also educated himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris and he soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill, who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by the laws of associationism. Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory, but Mills ideas continued to influence his work, in 1883, years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Féré, who introduced him to Jean-Martin Charcot, the director of a clinic called La Salpêtrière, Paris. Charcot became his mentor and in turn, Binet accepted a job offer at the clinic, at the time of Binets tenure, Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism. Binet was strongly influenced by this man, and published four articles about his work in this area. Unfortunately, Charcots conclusions did not hold up under professional scrutiny, bergin and Cizek suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget, who later studied with Binets collaborator Théodore Simon in 1920. Binets research with his daughters helped him to refine his developing conception of intelligence, especially the importance of attention span. Despite Binets extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications, today he is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence, Wolf postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliated with a major university. Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology, he did not hold a professorship with an institution where students. Additionally, his progressive theories did not provide the practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke. Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization, Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance. After investigations by many, the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization, basically, their patients had known what was expected, what was supposed to happen, and so they simply assented. Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results, in 1890, Binet resigned from La Salpêtrière and never mentioned the place or its director again. His interests then turned toward the development of his children, Madeleine and Alice and this research presages that done by Jean Piaget just a short time later, regarding the development of cognition in children. A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne and he worked for a year without pay and by 1894, he took over as the director
14.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
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Supernatural
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One complicating factor is that there is disagreement about the definition of natural and the limits of naturalism. Concepts in the domain are closely related to concepts in religious spirituality. Sometimes we understand by nature the established course of things, as when we say that nature makes the night succeed the day, nature hath made respiration necessary to the life of men. Sometimes we take nature for the universe, or system of the works of God, as when it is said of a phoenix, or a chimera. And sometimes too, and that most commonly, we would express by nature a semi-deity or other kind of being. Parapsychologists use the term psi to refer to a unitary force underlying the phenomena they study. Views on the supernatural vary, for example it may be seen as, from this perspective, some events occur according to the laws of nature, and others occur according to a separate set of principles external to known nature. For example, in Scholasticism, it was believed that God was capable of performing any miracle so long as it didnt lead to a logical contradiction, others believe that all events have natural and only natural causes. They believe that human beings ascribe supernatural attributes to purely natural events, such as lightning, rainbows, floods, the supernatural is a feature of the philosophical traditions of Neoplatonism and Scholasticism. In contrast, the philosophy of Metaphysical naturalism argues for the conclusion that there are no supernatural entities, objects, most religions include elements of belief in the supernatural while also often featuring prominently in the study of the paranormal and occultism. Process theology is a school of thought influenced by the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead. It is not possible, in process metaphysics, to conceive divine activity as an intervention into the “natural” order of events. Process theists usually regard the distinction between the supernatural and the natural as a by-product of the doctrine of creation ex nihilo, in process thought, there is no such thing as a realm of the natural in contrast to that which is supernatural. On the other hand, if “the natural” is defined more neutrally as “what is in the nature of things, in Whiteheads words, “It lies in the nature of things that the many enter into complex unity”. It is tempting to emphasize process theisms denial of the supernatural, dreams as a Source of Supernatural Agent Concepts. Riekki T, Lindeman M, Raij T. T, Supernatural Believers Attribute More Intentions to Random Movement than Skeptics, An fMRI Study. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Purzycki Benjamin G, the Minds of Gods, A Comparative Study of Supernatural Agency. Unresolved Mourning, Supernatural Beliefs and Dissociation, A Mediation Analysis, vail K. E, Arndt J, Addollahi A
16.
The Holocaust
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The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany, and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis. The victims included 1.5 million children, and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe, killings took place throughout German-occupied Europe, as well as within Nazi Germany, and across all territories controlled by its allies. Other victims of Nazi crimes included ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens and Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovahs Witnesses, some 42,500 detention facilities were utilized in the concentration of victims for the purpose of gross violations of human rights. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators, the persecution was carried out in stages, culminating in the policy of extermination of European Jews termed the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Following Hitlers rise to power, the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, starting in 1933 the Nazis began to establish a network of concentration camps. After the outbreak of war in 1939 both German and foreign Jews were herded into wartime ghettos, in 1941, as Germany began to conquer new territory in the East, all anti-Jewish measures radicalized. Specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews in mass shootings actions in less than a year, by mid-1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. This continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945, the most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943, when thousands of poorly-armed Jewish fighters held the Waffen-SS at bay for four weeks. An estimated 20, 000–30,000 Jewish partisans actively fought against the Nazis, French Jews took part in the French Resistance, which conducted a guerilla campaign against the Nazis and Vichy French authorities. Over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place, the term holocaust comes from the Greek adjective holókaustos, a variant of holókautos, referring to an animal sacrifice offered to a god in which the whole animal is completely burnt. Often used substantively in apposition with the noun thysia, the term appears in a fragment of pseudo-Callisthenes, writing in Latin, Jerome Latinized the Greek word as a neuter noun holocaustum, using it to translate references to the Jewish burnt offering in his translations of Exodus and Leviticus. In his Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi, Richard of Devizes, the English poet John Milton had used the word to denote a conflagration in his 1671 poem Samson Agonistes and the word gradually developed to mean a massacre thereon. The term was used in the 1950s by historians as a translation of the Jewish word shoah to refer specifically to the Nazi genocide of Jews, the television mini-series Holocaust is credited with introducing the term into common parlance after 1978. The biblical word shoah, meaning calamity became the standard Hebrew term for the Holocaust as early as the 1940s, especially in Europe and Israel. Shoah is preferred by some Jews for several reasons including the offensive nature of the word holocaust which they take to refer to the Greek pagan custom. The Nazis used the phrase Final Solution to the Jewish Question, all branches of Germanys bureaucracy were engaged in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one Holocaust scholar, Michael Berenbaum, has called a genocidal state. Every arm of the countrys sophisticated bureaucracy was involved in the killing process, as prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property, which was catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or recycled. Berenbaum writes that the Final Solution of the Jewish question was in the eyes of the perpetrators, through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims
17.
Buchenwald concentration camp
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From 1945 to 1950, the camp was used by the Soviet occupation authorities as an internment camp, known as NKVD special camp number 2. Today the remains of Buchenwald serve as a memorial and permanent exhibition, in 1934, the Nazis constructed Buchenwald concentration camp, near Weimar, Germany. Embedded in the main entrance gate is the slogan Jedem das Seine. The camp was operational until its liberation in 1945, between 1945 and 1950, it was used by the Soviet Union as an NKVD special camp for Germans. On January 6,1950, the Soviets handed over Buchenwald to the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs, the camp was to be named K. L. Quickly the fate of the oak became associated with the fate of Germany, if the one was to fall, between April 1938 and April 1945, some 238,380 people of various nationalities including 350 Western Allied prisoners of war s were incarcerated in Buchenwald. SS-Obersturmbannführer Karl-Otto Koch SS-Standartenführer Hermann Pister Buchenwald’s first commandant was Karl-Otto Koch and his second wife, Ilse Koch, became notorious as Die Hexe von Buchenwald for her cruelty and brutality. In February 1940 Koch, to his and his wifes delight, had a riding hall built by the prisoners who died in the dozen due to the harsh conditions of the construction site. The hall was built inside the camp, near the canteen, Koch himself was eventually imprisoned at Buchenwald by the Nazi authorities for incitement to murder. The charges were lodged by Prince Waldeck and Dr. Morgen, to which were later added charges of corruption, embezzlement, black market dealings, other camp officials were charged, including Ilse Koch. The trial resulted in Karl Koch being sentenced to death for disgracing both himself and the SS, he was executed by firing squad on April 5,1945, Ilse Koch was sentenced to a term of four years imprisonment after the war. Her sentence was reduced to two years and she was set free and she was subsequently arrested again and sentenced to life imprisonment by the post-war German authorities, she committed suicide in Aichach prison in September 1967. The second commandant of the camp was Hermann Pister and he was tried in 1947 and sentenced to death, but 28 September 1948 he died in Landsberg Prison of a heart attack before the sentence could be carried out. The number of women held in Buchenwald was somewhere between 500 and 1,000, the SS later fired the SS woman on duty in the brothel for corruption, her position was taken over by “brothel mothers” as ordered by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. The majority of prisoners, however, arrived in 1944 and 1945 from other camps, mainly Auschwitz, Ravensbrück. Only one barrack was set aside for them, this was overseen by the female block leader Franziska Hoengesberg, No female guards were permanently stationed at Buchenwald. Many, including van Pels, died sometime between April and May 1945, because the female prisoner population at Buchenwald was comparatively small, the SS only trained female overseers at the camp and assigned them to one of the female subcamps. Twenty-two known female guards had personnel files at the camp, Ilse Koch served as head supervisor of 22 other female guards and hundreds of women prisoners in the main camp
18.
Sign language
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A sign language is a language which chiefly uses manual communication to convey meaning, as opposed to acoustically conveyed sound patterns. This can involve simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, Sign languages share many similarities with spoken languages, which depend primarily on sound, and linguists consider both to be types of natural language. They should not be confused with language, which is a kind of non-linguistic communication. Wherever communities of people exist, sign languages have developed. Although signing is used primarily by the deaf, it is used by others, such as people who can hear but cannot physically speak. It is not clear how many languages there are. A common misconception is that all languages are the same worldwide or that sign language is international. Aside from the pidgin International Sign, each country generally has its own, native sign language, the 2013 edition of Ethnologue lists 137 sign languages. Some sign languages have obtained some form of recognition, while others have no status at all. Groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history, pedro Ponce de León is said to have developed the first manual alphabet. In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet published Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos in Madrid and it is considered the first modern treatise of sign language phonetics, setting out a method of oral education for deaf people and a manual alphabet. In Britain, manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes, such as communication, public speaking. Arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time, some have speculated that they can be traced to early Ogham manual alphabets, the vowels of this alphabet have survived in the contemporary alphabets used in British Sign Language, Auslan and New Zealand Sign Language. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern two-handed alphabet appeared in 1698 with Digiti Lingua and he suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes, for silence and secrecy, or purely for entertainment. Nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets, and 17 letters of the modern two-handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted and he described codes for both English and Latin. By 1720, the British manual alphabet had found more or less its present form, frenchman Charles-Michel de lÉpée published his manual alphabet in the 18th century, which has survived basically unchanged in France and North America until the present time. In 1755, Abbé de lÉpée founded the first school for children in Paris. Clerc went to the United States with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to found the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817
19.
Sybil Thorndike
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Dame Agnes Sybil Thorndike CH DBE was an English actress who toured internationally in Shakespearean productions, often appearing with her husband Lewis Casson. Bernard Shaw wrote Saint Joan specially for her, and she starred in it with great success and she was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1931, and Companion of Honour in 1970. Thorndike was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, to Arthur Thorndike and her father was a canon of Rochester Cathedral. She was educated at Rochester Grammar School for Girls, and first trained as a classical pianist, making visits to London for music lessons at the Guildhall School of Music. Her childhood home in Rochester has been renamed after her and she gave her first public performance as a pianist at the age of 11, but in 1899 was forced to give up playing owing to piano cramp. At the age of 21 she was offered her first professional contract and she made her first stage appearance in Greets 1904 production of Shakespeares The Merry Wives of Windsor. She went on to tour the U. S. in Shakespearean repertory for four years, in 1908, she was spotted by the playwright George Bernard Shaw when she understudied the leading role of Candida in a tour directed by Shaw himself. There she also met her husband, Lewis Casson. They were married in December 1908, and had four children, John, Christopher, Mary and she was survived by four children and a number of grandchildren and great-grandchildren when she died. She joined Annie Hornimans company in Manchester, went to Broadway in 1910, after the war, she played Hecuba in Euripides The Trojan Women, then from 1920–22 Thorndike and her husband starred in a British version of Frances Grand Guignol directed by Jose Levy. She returned to the stage in the role of George Bernard Shaws Saint Joan in 1924. The production was a success, and was revived repeatedly until her final performance in the role in 1941. In 1927, Thorndike appeared in a film of the cathedral scene from Saint Joan made in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Both Thorndike and Casson were active members of the Labour Party, even when the 1926 General Strike stopped the first run of Saint Joan, they both still supported the strikers. She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1931, as a pacifist, Thorndike was a member of the Peace Pledge Union and gave readings for its benefit. She continued to have success in such plays as N. C, hunters Waters of the Moon at the Haymarket in 1951–52. She also undertook tours of Australia and South Africa, before playing again with Olivier in Uncle Vanya at Chichester in 1962 and she made her farewell appearance with her husband in a London revival of Arsenic and Old Lace at the Vaudeville Theatre in 1966. Her last stage performance was at the Thorndike Theatre in Leatherhead, Surrey, in There Was an Old Woman in 1969 and her final acting appearance was in a TV drama The Great Inimitable Mr. Dickens, with Anthony Hopkins in 1970
20.
BFI National Archive
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The BFI National Archive is a department of the British Film Institute, and one of the largest film archives in the world. It was founded as the National Film Library in 1935, its first curator was Ernest Lindgren, in 1955, its name became the National Film Archive, and, in 1992, the National Film and Television Archive. It was renamed BFI National Archive in 2006, the majority of the collection is British originated material, but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world. The Archive also collects films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors, the collections themselves are accommodated on several sites. In recent years the Conservation Centre has completed a number of much anticipated restorations of a range of film titles. K. in the early part of the twentieth century. The BFI National Archive now comprises over 275,000 feature, non-fiction and it is one of the largest and most prestigious film collections in the world. In addition to moving image materials the Special Collections hold the records of filmmakers, emphasis is placed on British productions but whenever possible important and popular movies from overseas are also acquired
21.
The Tell-Tale Heart
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The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe first published in 1843. It is told by a narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of his sanity. The victim was an old man with a filmy vulture-eye, as the calls it. The murder is carefully calculated, and the murderer hides the body by dismembering it, ultimately, the narrators feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in him hearing the dead mans beating heart. The story was first published in James Russell Lowells The Pioneer in January 1843, the Tell-Tale Heart is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre and is one of Poes most famous short stories. It is unclear what relationship, if any, the old man, the narrator denies having any feelings of hatred or resentment for the man who had, he says, never wronged him. He also denies that he killed for greed, the specific motivation for murder, the relationship between narrator and old man, and other details are left unclear. The ambiguity and lack of details about the two characters stand in stark contrast to the specific plot details leading up to the murder. The Tell-Tale Heart is a narrative of an unnamed narrator who insists he is sane. The old man with whom he lives has a clouded, pale, the narrator says that he loves the old man but hates only the eye. The narrator insists that his careful precision in committing the murder shows that he possibly be insane. For seven nights, the opens the door of the old mans room. However, the old mans vulture-eye is always closed, making it impossible to do the work, on the eighth night, the old man awakens after the narrators hand slips and makes a noise, interrupting the narrators nightly ritual. But the narrator does not draw back and, after some time, a single thin ray of light shines out and lands precisely on the evil eye, revealing that it is wide open. Hearing the old mans heart beating loudly and dangerously fast from terror, the narrator then dismembers the body and conceals the pieces under the floorboards, making certain to hide all signs of the crime. Even so, the old mans scream during the night causes a neighbor to report to the police, the narrator invites the three arriving officers in to look around. He claims that the screams heard were his own in a nightmare, the narrator begins to feel uncomfortable and notices a ringing in his ears. As the ringing grows louder, the comes to the conclusion that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards
22.
John Zorn
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He incorporates diverse styles in his compositions which he identifies as avant-garde or experimental. Zorn was described by Down Beat as one of our most important composers and he attracted further attention worldwide with the release of Spillane in 1987, and Naked City in 1989. After spending almost a decade travelling between Japan and the US he made New York his permanent base and established his own label, Tzadik. Zorn has undertaken tours of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, often performing at festivals with many other musicians. Zorns compositions cross many genres and he has stated All the various styles are organically connected to one another, im an additive person—the entire storehouse of my knowledge informs everything I do. People are so obsessed with the surface that they cant see the connections, for Zorn Composing is more than just imagining music—its knowing how to communicate it to musicians. And you dont give a music thats completely written out. Im interested in speaking to musicians in their own languages, on their own terms, to challenge them and excite them. John Zorn was born in New York City and learned piano, guitar and he attended the United Nations International School from kindergarten to high school associating with school friends from many different cultures. Zorn spent his teenage years exploring classical music, film music, Zorn acquired an interest in experimental and avant-garde music after buying a record by Mauricio Kagel in 1968 at the age of fifteen. He taught himself orchestration and counterpoint by transcribing scores and studied composition under Leonardo Balada, Zorn immersed himself in the underground art scene, assisting Jack Smith with his performances and attending plays by Richard Foreman. Zorns early major compositions included several game pieces described as complex systems harnessing improvisers in flexible compositional formats and these compositions involved strict rules, role playing, prompters with flashcards, all in the name of melding structure and improvisation in a seamless fashion. His most enduring game piece is Cobra, composed in 1984 and first released on album in 1987 and in subsequent versions in 1992,1994 and 2002, and revisited in performance many times. Zorns first solo recordings were originally released in two volumes as The Classic Guide to Strategy in 1983 and 1986 on the Lumina label. Ganryu Island featured a series of duets by Zorn with Satoh Michihiro on shamisen, Zorn has subsequently released these recordings as CDs on Tzadik making them more widely available than the original vinyl pressings. The Big Gundown was endorsed by Morricone, who is quoted as saying, This is a record that has fresh, good and it is realization on a high level, a work done by a maestro with great science-fantasy and creativity. Many people have done versions of my pieces, but no one has done them like this and this method of combining composition and improvisation involved Zorn writing descriptions or ideas on file-cards and arranging them to form the piece. Zorn described the process in 2003, I write in moments, in disparate sound blocks, if you move too fast, people tend to stop hearing the individual moments as complete in themselves and more as elements of a sort of cloud effect
23.
Grand Guignol (album)
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Grand Guignol is the second full-length studio album released by John Zorns band Naked City in 1992 on the Japanese Avant label. The album followed Torture Garden, which was a compilation of hardcore miniatures from Naked City, the album was also released as part of Naked City, The Complete Studio Recordings on Tzadik Records in 2005. The Allmusic review by Ted Mills awarded the album 4 stars stating Naked Citys follow up to their album is a departure from the New York noir that they had perfected. All compositions and arrangements by John Zorn, except where noted. Grand Guignol –17,41 La cathédrale engloutie –6,24 Three Preludes Op.74, Douloureux, déchirant –1,17 Three Preludes Op.74, Très lent, contemplatif –1,43 Three Preludes Op. Grand Guignol was remastered and re-released in 2005 as part of the Tzadik box set - Naked City, the box set contains the bonus track Grand Guignol, featuring Mike Patton and alters the original track sequencing. Two of the tracks - Bonehead & Hellraiser were featured in the soundtrack to Michael Hanekes 1997 film Funny Games, and in Hanekes 2008 remake of the film
24.
Naked City (band)
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Naked City was an avant-garde music group led by saxophonist and composer John Zorn. Active primarily in New York City from 1988 to 1993, Naked City was initiated by Zorn as a workshop to test the limits of composition in a traditional rock band lineup. Their music incorporated elements of jazz, surf, progressive rock, classical, heavy metal, grindcore, country, punk rock, in Naked Citys characteristic early style, songs were often performed at astonishingly fast tempos, drawing on thrash metal and hardcore punks emphasis on extreme speed. Many songs were quite brief, and typically switched musical genres every few measures and this fast-change tendency was inspired in part by Carl Stalling — a Zorn favorite — who wrote music for many Warner Brothers cartoons, that featured frequent shifts in tempo, theme and style. Naked Citys eponymous first album was distributed by Nonesuch Records and featured a Weegee photograph of a gangster on its cover. There was disagreement between Zorn and the label over cover art on subsequent albums, Zorn wanted to use explicit S&M pictures, images from 19th century medical archives, and execution photographs, most notoriously of a Leng Tche victim, Nonesuch refused. Zorn ended his relationship with the label, releasing subsequent Naked City albums on Shimmy Disc and his own Avant, Leng Tche featured a single heavy metal music piece, over 31 minutes in length. Torture Garden was made up of hardcore miniatures, and Absinthe was ambient. Zorn discontinued Naked City after Absinthe when he felt, the need to write music for other ensembles, in other contexts, with new ideas. A brief reunion occurred in 2003 for a few shows at European jazz festivals, the group covered numerous film soundtrack cuts, including work by Georges Delerue. Heretic was intended as the soundtrack for a film starring Karen Finley, the tracks Bonehead and Hellraiser, from Torture Garden, are featured in the opening sequence of Michael Hanekes film Funny Games and its 2007 remake. 1, The Knitting Factory 1989 Naked City, The Complete Studio Recordings Naked City index Naked City discography at MusicBrainz
25.
Theater for the New City
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Theater for the New City, founded in 1971 and known familiarly as TNC, is one of New York Citys leading Off-Off-Broadway theaters, known for radical political plays and community commitment. Productions at TNC have won 43 Obie Awards and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, TNC currently exists as a 4-theater complex in a 30, 000-square-foot space located at 155 1st Avenue, in Manhattans East Village. Crystal Field and George Bartenieff founded Theater for the New City in 1971 with Theo Barnes and Lawrence Kornfeld, who was the Resident Director of Judson Poets Theatre, where the four had met. Feeling that Judson Poets Theatre had peaked, they decided to form a theater of their own for poetic work that would encompass a community ideal. The impulse to form a company coincided with the availability of a space at the Westbeth Artists Community in the West Village. Bartenieff, Field, Barnes and Kornfeld named their new company Theater for the New City after a speech in which then-Mayor John V. Lindsay envisioned a new city for all, the theater officially opened in March 1971. Its initial two seasons included plays by Richard Foreman, Charles Ludlam, Miguel Piñero and Jean-Claude van Itallie, Theater for the New City also began its Annual Summer Street Theater, and founded the Village Halloween Parade with puppeteer Ralph Lee. TNC subsequently inaugurated its Village Halloween Costume Ball, which it holds to this day. TNC saw some changes in its first year. Kornfeld and Barnes resigned, leaving Bartenieff as Executive Director and Field as Artistic Director. TNC also moved from Westbeth Artists Community and found a new home in the Jane West, mabou Mines found a home at Theater for the New City as did playwrights such as Romulus Linney, Harvey Fierstein, H. M. Koutoukas, Arthur Sainer and Maria Irene Fornes. A musical adaptation of Antoine de Saint Exupéry’s The Little Prince in 1973 featured a young Tim Robbins in the title role, the 1976 play Dinosaur Door by Barbara Garson featured a young Vin Diesel. Notable productions in the late 1970s and 1980s include the American premiere of two of Heiner Muller’s plays, Hamletmachine in 1984 and Quartett in 1985, and Buried Child by Sam Shepard in 1978. The Theater for the New City production of Buried Child moved Off-Broadway to the Theatre de Lys and in 1979, and became the first Off-Off-Broadway play to win the Pulitzer Prize. Rent in New York City began to increase exponentially in the early 1980s, with the help of Bess Myerson, Ruth Messinger and David Dinkins, the theater was able to purchase an underutilized 30, 000-square-foot former WPA building one block east at 155 First Avenue in 1986. The first Halloween Ball to take place in the new location was held in tents pitched on 10th Street because a Certificate of Occupancy hadnt yet been obtained. The first completed theater was created with the help of sculptor John Seward Johnson II of the Johnson & Johnson family, in honor of its benefactors, it was named the Joyce and Seward Johnson Theater. It is currently one of the largest theaters Off-Off-Broadway, renovation of the building was finally completed in 2001
26.
Bronx Museum of the Arts
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The Bronx Museum of the Arts, also called the Bronx Museum of Art or simply the Bronx Museum, is an American cultural institution located in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The museum focuses on contemporary and 20th-century works created by American artists, but it has hosted exhibitions of art and design from Latin America, Africa and its permanent collection consists of more than 800 paintings, sculptures, photographs, and works on paper. The museum is located in the Concourse neighborhood and is part of the Grand Concourse Historic District, the museum opened on May 11,1971, in a partnership between the Bronx Council on the Arts, which was founded in 1961, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The opening coincided with a borough-wide Bronx Day event, the first exhibit consisted of 28 paintings from the Mets collection. The museum was housed in the first floor rotunda of the Bronx County Courthouse. Additional galleries were located in the Bronxs Co-op City, Bedford Park, in its first 12 years of operation, the museum held over 350 exhibitions. In 1982, the city purchased a vacant synagogue at 165th Street, the new location opened to the public in May 1983, in conjunction with Bronx Week, which succeeded Bronx Day. An expansion and renovation was completed in 1988 at the cost of $5.8 million, in February 2004, construction began on a $19 million expansion project that doubled the museums size to 33,000 square feet. The expansion opened in October 2006, in 2008, a 3, 000-square-foot arts center was added to accommodate educational programs for local schoolchildren and their families. Beginning on March 29,2012, the museum ceased charging admission for all days, whereas previously, the museum is located at the northeast corner of 165th Street and the Grand Concourse in the Concourse neighborhood of the South Bronx, slightly northeast of Yankee Stadium. The building was originally the Young Israel Synagogue, or Young Israel of the Concourse, constructed from 1959 to 1961, the building was converted into a museum space in the early 1980s using concrete, steel and glass, at the cost of $2 million. The 1988 design has been described as awkward and darksome with cramped balconies and it has also been criticized due to its lack of exhibition space. The 2006 expansion at 1046 Grand Concourse was designed by Miami-based architecture firm Arquitectonica and it features a larger entrance with a two-story lobby, a new gallery and enhanced educational facilities. The outer design uses an aluminum facade in contemporary Art Deco/Art Moderne style. It consists of seven irregularly-shaped vertical aluminum pieces connected by fritted glass, the side of the structure features black and white concrete blocks organized in geometric patterns, similar to the brick facades of rowhouses and commercial buildings in the Bronx. These walls are temporary, designed to be removed in the event of future expansion, at the rear of the structure on the second floor is a sculpture garden. This new expansion has been described as a box with raw concrete floors that, although institutional. More recent exhibitions have included the 2006 presentation Tropicalia, A Revolution in Brazilian Culture and the 2008 overview of street-level photography by Jamel Shabazz, a Harlem-based artist
27.
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
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Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a 1979 musical thriller with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Hugh Wheeler. The musical is based on the 1973 play Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street by Christopher Bond, Lovett, who is in desperate need of fresh meat for her pies. Sweeney Todd opened on Broadway in 1979 and in the West End in 1980, in addition to several revivals the musical has been presented by opera companies. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical and Olivier Award for Best New Musical, the character of Sweeney Todd had its origins in serialized Victorian popular fiction, known as penny dreadfuls. A story called The String of Pearls was published in a magazine during the winter of 1846-47. Set in 1785, the featured as its principal villain a certain Sweeney Todd and included all the plot elements that were used by Sondheim. The psychopathic barber’s story proved instantly popular – it was turned into a play before the ending had even been revealed in print, an expanded edition appeared in 1850, an American version in 1852, a new play in 1865. By the 1870s, Sweeney Todd was a character to most Victorians. Sondheim’s musical was, in fact, based on Christopher Bond’s 1973 spooky melodrama, in Bonds reincarnation of the character, Todd was the victim of a ruthless judge who raped his young wife and exiled him to Australia. Sondheim first conceived of a version of the story in 1973. Bonds sophisticated plot and language significantly elevated the lurid nature of the tale, Sondheim once noted, “It had a weight to it. Because wrote certain characters in blank verse and he also infused into it plot elements from Jacobean tragedy and The Count of Monte Cristo. He was able to all these disparate elements that had been in existence rather dully for a hundred and some-odd years. I had a feeling it would be a new animal, the effect it had at Stratford East in London and the effect it had at the Uris Theater in New York are two entirely different effects, even though its the same play. It was essentially charming over there because they dont take Sweeney Todd seriously and our production was larger in scope. Hal Prince gave it a sense, a sense that this was a man of some size instead of just a nut case. The music helps to give it that dimension. ”Music proved to be a key element behind the impact of Sweeney Todd on audiences, over eighty percent of the production is set to music, either sung or orchestrated underneath dialogue. The score is one vast structure, each individual part meshing with others for the good of the musical machine
28.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
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Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was first published in 1820. A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, the story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants. Some residents say this town was bewitched during the days of the Dutch settlement. Other residents say an old Native American chief, the wizard of his tribe, Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina as a means of procuring Van Tassels extravagant wealth. Bones, the hero, vies with Ichabod for Katrinas hand, playing a series of pranks on the jittery schoolmaster. The tension between the three is soon brought to a head, on a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by Brom and the locals, after having failed to secure Katrinas hand, Ichabod rides home heavy-hearted and crestfallen through the woods between Van Tassels farmstead and the Sleepy Hollow settlement. As he passes several purportedly haunted spots, his imagination is engorged by the ghost stories told at Baltus harvest party. After nervously passing under a lightning-stricken tulip tree purportedly haunted by the ghost of British spy Major André, unsettled by his fellow travelers eerie size and silence, the teacher is horrified to discover that his companions head is not on his shoulders, but on his saddle. However, to Cranes horror, the ghoul clambers over the bridge, rears his horse, the next morning, Ichabod has mysteriously disappeared from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was said to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related. Indeed, the relics of the schoolmasters flight are his wandering horse, trampled saddle, discarded hat. Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and parts of the tale may also be traced to European origins. Usually viewed as omens of ill-fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, one particularly influential rendition of this folktale was recorded by the German folklorist Karl Musäus. During the height of the American Revolutionary War, Irving writes that the country surrounding Tarry Town was one of those places which abound with chronicle. The British and American line had run near it during the war, it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of border chivalry. After the Battle of White Plains in October 1776, the south of the Bronx River was abandoned by the Continental Army. The Americans were fortified north of Peekskill, leaving Westchester County a 30-mile stretch of scorched and desolated no-mans land, vulnerable to outlaws, raiders, besides droves of Loyalist rangers and British light infantry, Hessian Jägers—renowned sharpshooters and horsemen—were among the raiders who often skirmished with Patriot militias
29.
Quills
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Quills is a 2000 American-British-German period film directed by Philip Kaufman and adapted from the Obie award-winning play by Doug Wright, who also wrote the original screenplay. Inspired by the life and work of the Marquis de Sade and it stars Geoffrey Rush as de Sade, Joaquin Phoenix as the Abbé du Coulmier, Michael Caine as Dr. Royer-Collard, and Kate Winslet as laundress Madeleine Maddie LeClerc. Well received by critics, Quills garnered numerous accolades for Rush, including nominations for an Oscar, BAFTA, the film was a modest art house success, averaging $27,709 per screen its debut weekend, and eventually grossing $17,989,277 internationally. Several years later, the Marquis is confined to the asylum for the insane at Charenton, the Marquis has been publishing his work through laundress Madeleine Maddy LeClerc, who smuggles manuscripts through an anonymous horseman to a publisher. The Marquis latest work, Justine, is published on the market to great success. Meanwhile, the Abbé teaches Madeleine to read and write and resists his attraction to her. Madeleine reads the Marquis de Sades stories to her fellow workers, whilst Madeleine is fascinated by the Marquis de Sade she remains reluctant to give into his advances. The Abbé and Marquis converse on the Marquis inappropriate advances on young women, Dr. Royer-Collard arrives, informing the Abbé that the Marquis therapeutic writings have been distributed for public consumption. He presents the Abbé with the ultimatum of silencing the Marquis or Charenton will be shut down by order of the Emperor, the Abbé rejects Royer-Collards offers of several aggressive archaic treatments and asks to speak with the Marquis himself, who promptly swears obedience. Royer-Collard takes his leave for the time being and travels to the Panthemont Convent in Paris to retrieve his promised bride and they are given a run-down chateau by the Emperor, with a handsome young architect, Prouix, on hand for its renovation. The hasty marriage incites much gossip at the asylum, prompting the Marquis to write a farce to be performed at a public exhibition, the audacious play, a shockingly straightforward parallel of the good doctors own misogynist domination of his virginal bride, is titled The Crimes of Love. The performance is interrupted when the inmate Bouchon molests Madeleine off-stage, the Abbé is seen publicly comforting Madeleine. Royer-Collard shuts down the theater and demands that the Abbé do more to control the Marquis. Infuriated, the Abbé confiscates the Marquis quills and ink, the Marquiss wife visits him and he takes out his frustration at not being able to write on her, she retaliates by asking a surprised Dr Royer-Collard that the Marquis be entombed forever. They discuss that the gains from the Marquiss books could be used to effect his salvation, in other words. The lack of writing implements results in more subversive behaviour from the Marquis, including a written in wine on bedsheets. This results in further deprivation, eventually leaving the Marquis naked in an empty cell, Charlotte, one of the maids, reveals that Madeleine has been helping the Marquis. Madeleine is whipped on the order of Dr. Royer-Collard until the Abbé stops him by offering himself instead, the Abbé decides that Madeleine must be sent away
30.
Hammer Film Productions
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Hammer Film Productions is a British film production company based in London. Founded in 1934, the company is best known for a series of Gothic Hammer Horror films made from the mid-1950s until the 1970s, Hammer also produced science fiction, thrillers, film noir and comedies — and, in later years, television series. During its most successful years, Hammer dominated the film market, enjoying worldwide distribution. This success was due, in part, to distribution partnerships with major United States studios, the company eventually ceased production in the mid-1980s. In 2000, the studio was bought by a consortium including advertising executive and art collector Charles Saatchi and publishing millionaires Neil Mendoza, the company announced plans to begin making films again after this, but none were produced. In May 2007, the company was again, this time to a consortium headed by Dutch media tycoon John de Mol. The new owners acquired the Hammer groups film library, consisting of 295 movies. Simon Oakes, who took over as CEO of Hammer, said, Hammer is a great British brand — we intend to take it back into production, the brand is still alive but no one has invested in it for a long time. Since then it has produced films, including Let Me In, The Resident, The Woman in Black. In November 1934 William Hinds, a comedian and businessman, registered his film company and it was housed in a three-room office suite at Imperial House, Regent Street, London. The company name came from Hinds stage name, Will Hammer, work began almost immediately on the first film, The Public Life of Henry the Ninth at the MGM/ATP studios, with filming concluding on 2 January 1935. Exclusive survived and on 20 July 1937 purchased the leasehold on 113-117 Wardour Street, James Carreras joined Exclusive in 1938, closely followed by William Hinds son, Anthony. At the outbreak of World War II, James Carreras and Anthony Hinds left to join the armed services, in 1946, James Carreras rejoined the company after demobilisation. He convinced Anthony Hinds to rejoin the company, and a revived Hammer Film Productions set to work on Death in High Heels, The Dark Road, and Crime Reporter. Not able to top stars, Hammer acquired the film rights to BBC radio series such as The Adventures of PC49 and Dick Barton. All were filmed at Marylebone Studios during 1947, during the production of Dick Barton Strikes Back, it became apparent that the company could save a considerable amount of money by shooting in country houses instead of studios. For the next production – Dr Morelle - The Case of the Missing Heiress – Hammer rented Dial Close, on 12 February 1949 Exclusive registered Hammer Film Productions as a company with Enrique and James Carreras, and William and Tony Hinds as directors. Hammer moved into the Exclusive offices in 113-117 Wardour Street, five films were produced there, Man in Black, Room to Let, Someone at the Door, What the Butler Saw, The Lady Craved Excitement
31.
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962 film)
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What Ever Happened to Baby Jane. The screenplay by Lukas Heller is based on the 1960 novel of the name by Henry Farrell. Upon the films release, it was met with critical and box office acclaim and was later nominated for five Academy Awards, winning one for Best Costume Design, Black. The intensely bitter Hollywood rivalry between the two stars, Davis and Crawford, was heavily important to the films initial success. This in part led to the revitalization of the careers of the two stars. In the years after release, critics continued to acclaim the film for its psychologically driven black comedy, camp, the films then unheard of and controversial plot meant that it originally received an X rating in the UK. Because of the appeal of the stars, Dave Itzkoff in The New York Times has identified it as being a cult classic. In 2003 the character of Baby Jane Hudson was ranked #44 on the American Film Institutes list of the 50 Best Villains of American Cinema, in 1917, Baby Jane Hudson is an adored yet ill-tempered vaudevillian child star while her older sister Blanche lives in her shadow. By 1935, their fortunes have reversed, Blanche is a film actress. One night, Jane mocks Blanche at a party, prompting Blanche to run away in tears and that same night, Blanche is paralyzed from the waist down in a mysterious car accident that is unofficially blamed on Jane, who is found three days later in a drunken stupor. In 1962 a wheelchair-bound Blanche and Jane are living together in Blanches mansion, by now, Jane has descended into alcoholism and mental illness and treats Blanche with cruelty to punish her for stealing her spotlight. Later, when Blanche informs Jane she may be selling the house, during an argument, she removes the telephone from Blanches bedroom, cutting Blanche off from the outside world. Later, Jane begins denying Blanche food, until she serves Blanche her dead bird on a platter, Bates, by writing a note pleading for help and throwing it out her bedroom window. Jane returns in time to notice the note and prevents Mrs. Bates from seeing it, when Jane reads the note, the two sisters quarrel again. When Blanches cleaning lady Elvira Stitt comes to clean the house, Jane pays her and gives her the day off, meanwhile, Edwin Flagg sees Janes newspaper advertisement and arrives at the mansion, where Jane hires him. While Jane drives Edwin home, Blanche searches the house for food, desperate for help, Blanche crawls down the stairs and calls their doctor, telling him of Janes erratic behavior and begging him to come to the house. Jane returns in time to find Blanche on the phone and beats her unconscious before imitating her voice over the phone and she then binds and gags Blanche and locks her back in her upstairs bedroom. Elvira, still suspicious of Jane, returns the next day, before she can rescue her, however, Jane beats Elvira to death with a hammer and disposes of her body
32.
What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?
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The music score was by Gerald Fried and the cinematography by Joseph F. Biroc. The film was funded by American Broadcasting Company, Palomar Pictures Corporation, and The Associates & Aldrich Company, at her husbands funeral, Claire Marrable frantically removes flowers from her husbands coffin, while eerie music plays in the background. With nothing left, Claire moves into the home of her distant nephew in Tucson, in Tucson, Claire finds a penchant for successfully growing pine trees in the hot desert. Alice Dimmock arrives the estate and investigates the Miss Tinsleys appearance under the guise of being Claires newest housekeeper, after much intrigue and suspense, and three more murders, Claire is exposed and the enormous value of the stamp collection left to her is inadvertently revealed. The film is the third in a trilogy of Robert Aldrich-produced films (following What Ever Happened to Baby Jane. and Hush… Hush, all three films dealt with aged women who become scheming or demented, resorting to violence and murder. It was shot on location in Tucson, Arizona, as well as at Aldrich Studios in Los Angeles, the film earned rentals of $2,025,000 in North America and $1.2 million in other countries. After all costs were deducted, it recorded a loss of $860,000, in 2000, the film was released for the first time on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment, and again in 2004 by MGM, though both releases were discontinued. 1969 in film List of American films of 1969 List of films shot in Arizona List of horror films of 1969 List of thriller films of the 1960s Psycho-biddy What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice, at AllMovie What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice
33.
What's the Matter with Helen?
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Whats the Matter With Helen. is a 1971 American horror-thriller film starring Debbie Reynolds and Shelley Winters. Leonard Hill and Wesley Bruckner are seen being loaded into a paddywagon to face life sentences in prison for the Iowa murder of Ellie Banner and their mothers, Helen Hill and Adelle Bruckner fight a crowd to their car. In the car, Helen reveals that someone in the cut the palm of her left hand. Soon at home and tending to her wound, Helen receives a phone call from a man. I wanted to see you bleed and this caller threatens to make the mothers pay for the sins of their sons. Helen and Adelle change their names, leave Iowa, and head to Hollywood, soon, the phone calls resume and Helen believes a strange man is watching their home. She has hallucinations, especially at a show where she think she sees Starr with a knife, Adelle falls in love with Lincoln Palmer, the father of a student, and Helen grows jealous of the budding relationship. Helen takes solace in her faith, listening to a show hosted by evangelist Sister Alma. Helens jealousy of Adelles romance with Lincoln leads to a fight, Adelle then heads for her date with Linc. As Helen readies herself to out, a mysterious intruder enters the house, walks up the staircase. Helen reacts by pushing him down the stairs, when he lands at the bottom, his head is gashed open, blood is seeping onto the floor, and Helen envisions her late husband, who was mutilated by a plow, and the dead Ellie Banner. Adelle arrives home to find the stranger and, fearing publicity. As the rain pours, she and Helen drag the man into the street and dump his body into an open hole, adjacent to their home. The body is discovered the morning and it is presumed that the man fell into the hole to his death. Helens guilt builds and she visits the church to see Sister Alma, Sister Alma offers her forgiveness, but an irrational Helen creates a spectacle and is dragged away by Adelle. Helen is later ordered to bed rest by her doctor. Adelle goes to a golf course with Linc, where he proposes. He drives her home to make preparations to elope that evening, arriving home, Adelle notices that Helen is not in her room and follows a trail of blood out the back door and down to a rabbit cage, where she finds Helens pet rabbits slaughtered
34.
Night Watch (1973 film)
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Night Watch is a 1973 British suspense-thriller film directed by Brian G. Hutton. The film reunited Elizabeth Taylor with co-star Laurence Harvey from their 1960 collaboration Butterfield 8 and it was the last time the pair acted together on screen. Some of the elements were inspired by the plot outline of the play and 1944 film Gas Light. John calls the police, but a search of the old house turns up nothing, the next morning, Ellen notices a freshly planted bed of flowers in the garden of the old house, that was not there before. She calls the detective, Inspector Walker, and suggests that the body of the murder victim she witnessed may be buried there. Ellen is revealed to be recovering from a breakdown that occurred after her unfaithful first husband. Ellen was traumatized by having to identify the bodies in the local morgue, Inspector Walker confides to John that Ellen may be mentally ill and suggests rest and a doctor. Ellen continues to maintain that she saw a murder in the deserted house, Ellens visiting friend Sarah Cooke is equally skeptical and tries humoring Ellen by suggesting that she sees what she thinks she sees because of her recent breakdown. When both Ellen and Sarah see a man enter the old house the night, they call the police. A second search of the house and excavation of the garden reveal nothing, John then brings over a psychiatrist friend of his, Tony. After learning about the death of Ellens first husband and her nervous breakdown and that evening, Ellen claims to John and Sarah that she saw another body in the old house next door, that of a woman. Ellen is then sedated by John and Sarah, who think that Ellen may be losing her mind. Ellen reveals a key that she found, which belongs to the old house across the courtyard. Ellen then runs into the old house and lets herself inside using the key, since the police have already dug up the garden once and searched the old house twice, they will not bother to come back to search again since they now believe Ellen to be crazy. Mr. Appleby happily agrees to do so as Ellen bids him goodbye and leaves for her clinic, she implies that she will make up a story to tell everyone about John abandoning her to run off with Sarah. Elizabeth Taylor - Ellen Wheeler Laurence Harvey - John Wheeler Billie Whitelaw - Sarah Cooke Robert Lang - Mr. Appleby Tony Britton - Tony Bill Dean - Walker Michael Danvers-Walker - Sgt
35.
Whoever Slew Auntie Roo?
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Whoever Slew Auntie Roo. is a 1971 British horror-thriller film directed by Curtis Harrington and starring Ralph Richardson, Shelley Winters and Mark Lester. Like Whats the Matter with Helen. and better-known films such as What Ever Happened to Baby Jane. Hush, Sweet Charlotte, it is one of the many films in the Grande Dame Guignol genre. He fools Forrest into believing that the voice of Clarine, one of the servants, Christopher and Katy Coombs are orphaned brother and sister. Christopher has an imagination, telling stories about dragons and witches that frighten the other orphans. Auntie Roo is surprised to see the resemblance of her daughter Katharine to Katy, Katy is missing as the party ends and the other orphans leave. Auntie Roo promises to find her and send her back, Christopher realizes that Katy is not just missing, but was kidnapped by Auntie Roo. Meanwhile, Albie, the young, sadistic butler, discovers that Auntie Roo has Katy locked in the nursery room and he blackmails her into giving him £2,000 by threatening to reveal her secret to the police unless she pays to keep him quiet. After this, he and Clarine depart from the mansion and leave her alone with Katy. When no one believes Christopher about seeing Auntie Roo singing lullabies to mummified Katharine, or that Katy has really been abducted, he runs away to the mansion but ends up trapped inside too. Auntie Roo wants to replace Katy for Katharine, but in Christophers mind, he thinks Auntie Roo is really a witch wanting to devour him, Auntie Roo prepares a dinner for the New Years coming, while Christopher assists her. He steals the key to the nursery room, after Christopher frees Katy, Auntie Roo chases them to the kitchen where Christopher tries to protect them with a knife. Knocking it from his hand with a piece of wood, Auntie Roo corners them in the pantry, Auntie Roo hears in her mind her daughter shouting for her and runs to her coffin in the attic. When she tries to touch the face, it disintegrates to dust. Auntie Roo returns to the kitchen in an agitated state yelling I have nothing. She turns the hour glass over to time her cooking and starts chopping potatoes with a large cleaver and she then hears the children from the pantry calling to her to let them out, but she resists listening to them. Katy then says Please, mommy, touching the heart of Auntie Roo, completely lost in her delusions she opens the door to embrace Katy. Christopher knocks things from the high shelf causing Auntie Roo to fall, the children lock the door but Auntie Roo begins hacking at it with a cleaver. Christopher and Katy place the fire-wood he had been fetching at the door, smashing through parts of the door with the cleaver Auntie Roo sees the fire and it comes into the pantry surrounding her
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Media related to Grand Guignol at Wikimedia Commons
