1.
River mouth
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A river mouth is the part of a river where the river flows into a larger river, a lake, a reservoir or an ocean. The water from a river can enter the body in a variety of different ways. The motion of the river mainly depends on the density of the river compared to the receiving water and any ambient motion in the receiving water. If the river water is denser than the surface of the receiving water, the river water will then either form an underflow or an interflow within the lake. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse, at the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, many places in England take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, for example Plymouth, Sidmouth and Great Yarmouth. Confluence River delta Estuary Liman Aber and Inver
2.
Grand Haven, Michigan
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Grand Haven is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Ottawa County. Grand Haven is located on the shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River. As of the 2010 census, Grand Haven had a population of 10,412 and it is part of the Grand Rapids Metropolitan Area, which had a population of 1,027,703 in 2014. The city is home to the Grand Haven Memorial Airpark and is located just north of Grand Haven Charter Township, the Potawatomi and Ottawa Indians lived in the area for centuries and used the river as a trade route into the interior of Michigan. Some of the culture of the Ottawa tribe is being revealed through the excavation of archeological artifacts. The city dates its European-American founding to French colonial settlers, a fur trading outpost called Gabagouache was first established by Madeline La Framboise and her husband Joseph. After the War of 1812, this became more settled by Americans. The first permanent resident was a Presbyterian minister, William Montague Ferry, residents named the town as Grand Haven in 1835. Sheldon Tannery was founded in 1838, developing to process leathers from the fur trade, the second church was organized in 1850. Ferry founded the citys first bank in 1851 in the Ferry & Son building on Harbor Drive and he also started a school, Ferry Elementary, which continues to operate. The city was incorporated in 1867, in the mid-to-late 19th century, Grand Haven developed as a logging, lumber mill and shipping town, as well as a shipbuilding center. The city was served by the Grand Trunk Railway, which ran along the waterfront near the river and its depot and offices have been adapted for use as a historical museum. The Story and Clark Piano Company built pianos in the city from 1900-1984, the smokestack at the piano factory collapsed during the Southern Great Lakes Derecho of 1998. In August 2006, Eagle-Ottawa Leather Co. which developed from the 1838 Sheldon Tannery, given the importance of shipping and water trade to the city, the Grand Haven Lighthouses were built in 1839 on the south pier, to mark the most navigable channel into the river. The current lighthouses, painted red, were built in 1875 and 1905 and they are connected by a lighted catwalk, which runs along the pier to the shore. George Baby Face Nelson and Homer Van Meter, who became notorious 1930s criminals, the Grand Haven port community is an active beach resort with boating, fishing, sailing, biking, skating etc. along with connecting campgrounds and recreational areas. Grand Haven is a point for residents of inland cities of West Michigan. Grand Haven State Park was nationally recognized for having one of the top five beaches in the United States, in summer, water temperatures do reach the low 70s°F, bringing tens of thousands of visitors as a boon to the local economy
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
River
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A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water, small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the term river as applied to geographic features. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location, examples are run in parts of the United States, burn in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always, Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Potamology is the study of rivers while limnology is the study of inland waters in general. Extraterrestrial rivers of liquid hydrocarbons have recently found on Titan. Channels may indicate past rivers on other planets, specifically outflow channels on Mars and rivers are theorised to exist on planets, a river begins at a source, follows a path called a course, and ends at a mouth or mouths. The water in a river is confined to a channel. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing. Rivers can flow down mountains, through valleys or along plains, the term upriver refers to the direction towards the source of the river, i. e. against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. The term left bank refers to the bank in the direction of flow. The river channel typically contains a stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide and they also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are quite rare
5.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
6.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
7.
Jackson, Michigan
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Jackson is a city located along Interstate 94 in the south central area of the U. S. state of Michigan, about 40 miles west of Ann Arbor and 35 miles south of Lansing. It is the county seat of Jackson County, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 33,534. It is the city of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was founded in 1829 and named after President Andrew Jackson, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.99 square miles, of which 10.87 square miles is land and 0.12 square miles is water. On July 3,1829, Horace Blackman, accompanied by Alexander Laverty, a surveyor. They arrived in Jackson on a well-traveled Indian trail leading west from Ann Arbor, Blackman hired Laverty and Pewytum to guide him west. Blackman returned to Ann Arbor and then Monroe and registered his claim for 160 acres at two dollars an acre, Blackman returned to Jackson in August 1829, with his brother Russell. Together they cleared land and built a cabin on the corner of what would become Ingham, the town was first called Jacksonopolis. Finally, in 1838 the towns name was changed to simply Jackson, Jackson is one of the birthplaces of the Republican Party. Undisputed is the fact that the first official meeting of the group called itself Republican was held in Jackson Under the Oaks on July 6,1854. A Michigan historical marker at what is now the northwest corner of Second, meeting outside to avoid a hot, over-crowded hall, the group ultimately selected a slate of candidates for state elections. The marker identifies this as the birth of the Republican Party, the site, an oak grove on Morgans Forty, then on the outskirts of town, became known as Under the Oaks. Jackson was a home to the moped parts industry. Even before Detroit began building cars on lines in 1910, Jackson was busy making parts for cars. By 1910, the industry became Jacksons main industry. Over twenty different cars were made in Jackson, including, Reeves, Jaxon, Jackson, CarterCar, Orlo, Whiting, Butcher and Gage, Buick, Janney, Globe, Steel Swallow. Imperial, Ames-Dean, Cutting, Standard Electric, Duck, Briscoe, Argo, Hollier, Hackett, Marion-Handly, Gem, Earl, Wolverine, and Kaiser-Darrin. The Ye Ole Carriage Shop in Spring Arbor displays over 60 antique, today the auto parts industry remains one of the largest employers of skilled machine operators in Jackson County
8.
Eaton Rapids, Michigan
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Eaton Rapids is a city in Eaton County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 5,214 at the 2010 census, the city is located in the south of Eaton Rapids Township, on the boundary with Hamlin Township, though it is politically independent of both townships. Its nickname is the Island City since downtown is an island, with a public park, the Potawatomis established a village in the area of what is now Eaton Rapids in about 1774. The area constituting Eaton Rapids was first settled by Euro-Americans around the year 1835, the following year, a sawmill was constructed near Spring Brook in Spicerville that would provide the lumber used to start Eaton Rapids. In 1837, the Old Red Mill was constructed by the mill company, the mill company later used wood from Spicerville to construct their own sawmill along the Grand River, as well as a wool carding mill. In 1852, mineral water was first discovered by E. B, frost, earning Eaton Rapids worldwide fame and the nickname The Saratoga of the West. This water was in demand and led to a large influx of people seeking mineral water baths as well as cures from all types of ailment. Fourteen wells were drilled in total, only three of which remain to this day. Davidson, Sr. came to Eaton Rapids from Philadelphia and he started the only mill in Michigan spinning its own yarn. The Davidson Mill supplied 95% of the yarn for the major league baseball. After 48 years in business the mill burned in 1969, Davidson served as mayor of Eaton Rapids as well as in both the State House and Senate. In 1927, Oldsmobile President Irving Jacob Reuter and his wife Janet built Meadowvue, mr. Reuter was also a financier and inventor. The Reuters donated substantial sums to charity, the property was sold to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing, and became the home of its first Bishop, the Most Reverend Joseph H. Albers as his private residence. The home was sold to CJ and Mille Sumner who furnished the home with antiques. The home was again in 1990 and made into a Bed. In 1991 it was listed in the state List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan, Eaton Rapids is on the northward course of the Grand River as it flows from Jackson to Lansing, where it turns westward, at its confluence with the Spring Brook. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.51 square miles. Grand River M-99 connects with I-94,19 miles to the south near Albion, m-50 connects with I-69, nine miles west in Charlotte, and with US127 and I-94,21 miles to the southeast just north of Jackson
9.
Lansing, Michigan
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Lansing /ˈlænsɪŋ/ is the capital of the US state of Michigan. It is mostly in Ingham County, although portions of the city extend west into Eaton County, the 2010 Census placed the citys population at 114,297, making it the fifth largest city in Michigan. The population of its Metropolitan Statistical Area was 464,036, while the even larger Combined Statistical Area population and it was named the new state capital of Michigan in 1847, ten years after Michigan became a state. The Lansing Metropolitan Area, colloquially referred to as Mid-Michigan, is an important center for educational, cultural, governmental, commercial, Lansing is the only U. S. state capital that is not also a county seat. The seat of government of Ingham County is Mason, but the county maintains some offices in Lansing, the first recorded person of European descent to spot the area that is now Lansing was explorer Hugh Heward in 1790 while canoeing the Grand River. The land that was to become Lansing was surveyed as Township 4 North Range 2 West in February 1827 in what was then dense forest and it was the last of the countys townships to be surveyed, and the land was not offered for sale until October 1830. There would be no roads to this area for decades to come, in the winter of 1835 and early 1836, two brothers from New York plotted the area now known as REO Town just south of downtown Lansing and named it Biddle City. This land lay in a floodplain and was underwater during the majority of the year, nevertheless, the brothers went back to Lansing, New York, to sell plots for the town that did not exist. They told the New Yorkers this new city had an area of 65 blocks, a church,16 men bought plots in the nonexistent city, and upon reaching the area later that year found they had been scammed. Many in the group too disappointed to stay ended up settling around what is now metropolitan Lansing and those who stayed quickly renamed the area Lansing Township in honor of their home village in New York. The United States had recaptured the city in 1813, but these led to the dire need to have the center of government relocate from hostile British territory. There was also concern with Detroits strong influence over Michigan politics, during the multi-day session to determine a new location for the state capital, many cities, including Ann Arbor, Marshall, and Jackson, lobbied hard to win this designation. Unable to publicly reach a consensus because of constant political wrangling, when announced, many present openly laughed that such an insignificant settlement was now Michigans capital. Two months later, Governor William L. Greenly signed into law the act of the legislature making Lansing Township the state capital, with the announcement that Lansing Township had been made the capital, the small village quickly transformed into the seat of state government. The legislature gave the settlement the name of the Town of Michigan. In April 1848, the legislature gave the settlement the name of Lansing. It was home to the first house built in Lansing in 1843 by pioneer James Seymour, Lower Town began to develop in 1847 with the completion of the Franklin Avenue covered bridge over the Grand River. Upper Village/Town, where present-day REO Town stands at the confluence of the Grand River and it began to take off in 1847 when the Main Street Bridge was constructed over the Grand River
10.
Grand Ledge, Michigan
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Grand Ledge is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan. The city lies mostly within Eaton County, though a portion extends into Clinton County. The population was 7,786 at the 2010 census, the city is well known for, and named for, its 300-million-year-old, sandstone and quartzite rock ledges that rise 60 feet above the Grand River and are used by recreational rock climbers. Native Americans who lived in the vicinity of the Grand River near the ledges were of Pottawatomi, Chippewa and they dug clams in the river, mined coal on the river banks, and hunted for deer, turkey, fox, and bear. They also fished for black bass and their name for the ledges translated into English as Big Rocks. Based on early records, Hugh Heward was the first white man to explore this area by river and his journal describes the sandstone ledges as having high banks, some pine trees and heavy woods with the finest places possible for making syrup and several small islands. In 1847 Henry Trench settled in what would become downtown Grand Ledge. However, after a few years he returned east, in 1850 settlers named their village Grand Ledge, and erected a Post Office. By 1869, a railroad reached to the end of the village. In 1871, the village was incorporated by the state of Michigan, the 1870s saw the rise of Grand Ledge as a Michigan resort destination. Following the arrival of the railroad, John Burtch founded the Seven Islands Resort in 1872, the resort opened with the Dolly Varden steamer and a small boarding house on Second Island. Several mineral wells were drilled and a local physician expounded on the medicinal qualities of the water. Hewings purchased the Seven Islands Resort and the year built the Island House Hotel on Second Island. In 1880 Julian Scott Mudge purchased the Seven Islands Resort, to minimize the flood damage from the Grand River, Mudge built a new dam in 1887. In 1888 the Railroad Trestle or High Bridge was built to bring the railroad south of the river and Grand Ledge became the city in Michigan, after Lansing. By that time an estimated 60,000 to 70,000 visitors come to the Seven Islands Resort each year, in 1891 Mudge built a roller coaster on the Islands. This is believed to be the first coaster in Michigan, located on the first island below the bridge was an animal park with bears and deer. The second island became the centerpiece of the activities and hosted a hotel with a square Victorian tower, picnic area
11.
Portland, Michigan
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Portland is a city in Ionia County of the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,883 at the 2010 census, the city is situated in the south central portion of Portland Township and is known as the City of Two Rivers since it is the confluence of the Grand River and the Looking Glass River. Portland is home to Portland Public Schools and Portland Saint Patrick Catholic School and has been a Main Street Community since 2003, according to government records, the first land that was owned in what is now known as Portland was owned by Elisha Newman in 1833. The first post office arrived in 1837, the first train arrived in Portland in 1869. Portland has been home to several Native American tribes, and was the dwelling-place of John Okemos in the 1850s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.78 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,883 people,1,640 households, the population density was 1,470.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,797 housing units at a density of 680.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 7% White,0. 7% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 1% of the population. 31. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 25. 4% of residents were under the age of 18, 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 8% were from 25 to 44, 25% were from 45 to 64, and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 0% male and 51. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,789 people,1,507 households, and 1,054 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,577.7 per square mile, there were 1,574 housing units at an average density of 655.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 68% White,0. 50% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 34% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 32% of the population. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was out with 28. 8% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,30. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 89.3 males
12.
Ionia, Michigan
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Ionia is the largest city in, and the county seat of, Ionia County, Michigan, United States. The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census, every late July it hosts what is said to be the worlds largest free-admission fair. The city is mostly within Ionia Township, with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township, before Euro-American migration, this was the location of an Odawa village. The leader of the Odaw here was Cobmoosa and his people planted crops here in 1833 but when Dexter and his associates arrived, they sold these crops to Dexter and relocated to the Flat River. In the 1850s, they were relocated to Oceana County and this region is also prone to dense and heavy fog, along with flooding due to the Grand River that flows through the city, during the spring. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ionia has a continental climate. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.48 square miles. Ionia is between Michigans capital, Lansing, and its second largest city, Grand Rapids, m-21 M-66 As of the census of 2010, there were 11,394 people,2,428 households, and 1,520 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,129.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 2,775 housing units at an average density of 518.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 70. 9% White,25. 0% African American,0. 7% Native American,0. 4% Asian,1. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 7% of the population. 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.12. The median age in the city was 32.3 years. 15. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,16. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,39. 4% were from 25 to 44,21. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 6. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 71. 1% male and 28. 9% female,5,230 of Ionias 11,394 residents are institutionalized in the states various correctional facilities in the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,569 people,2,421 households, the population density was 2,095.9 per square mile. There were 2,621 housing units at a density of 519.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 71. 08% White,21. 94% African American,1. 05% Native American,0. 65% Asian,2. 13% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 08% of the population. 30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.16
13.
Lowell, Michigan
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Lowell is a city in Kent County of the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,783 at the 2010 census, the city is in the northern portion of Lowell Township, but is politically independent. Lowells economy is a mix of manufacturing, restaurants and locally owned businesses, Lowell was founded as a trading post on the south bank of the Grand River in 1831 by Daniel Marsac. In 1847, he purchased land on the side of the river. In 1851, a post office was established there named Lowell after the township, the community was replatted in 1854 and renamed after the post office. It incorporated as a village in 1861, Lowell is the home of a retired showboat, the Robert E. Lee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.10 square miles. Lowell is bordered by Vergennes Township on the north, Lowell Township on the west, south and east, as of the census of 2010, there were 3,783 people,1,457 households, and 962 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,313.5 inhabitants per square mile, there were 1,581 housing units at an average density of 549.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 1% White,1. 3% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 6% Asian,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population. 29. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 25. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 1% were from 25 to 44,25. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 3% male and 53. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,013 people,1,492 households, and 1,008 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,391.2 per square mile, there were 1,564 housing units at an average density of 542.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 21% White,0. 57% African American,0. 62% Native American,0. 42% Asian,0. 12% Pacific Islander,0. 72% from other races, and 1. 32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 14% of the population,26. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.17
14.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about 30 miles east of Lake Michigan, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan. A historic furniture-manufacturing center, Grand Rapids is home to five of the leading office furniture companies. Its more common nickname of River City refers to the landmark river for which it was named. The city and surrounding communities are diverse, based in the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation. Grand Rapids is the hometown of U. S. President Gerald Ford, for thousands of years, succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the area. Over 2000 years ago, people associated with the Hopewell culture occupied the Grand River Valley, later, a tribe from the Ottawa River traveled to the Grand River valley, fighting three battles with the Prairie Indians who were established in the area. The tribe later split, with the Chippewas settling in the lower peninsula, the Pottawatomies staying south of the Kalamazoo River. In 1740, an Ottawa man who would later be known as Chief Noonday, between 1761 and 1763, Chief Pontiac visited the area annually, gathering over 3,000 natives and asking them to volunteer to fight the British in Detroit, which would culminate into Pontiacs War. The Potawatomi attacked the Ottawa in 1765, attempting to take the Grand River territory but were defeated, by the end of the 1700s, there were an estimated 1,000 Ottawa in the Kent County area. After the French established territories in Michigan, Jesuit missionaries and traders traveled down Lake Michigan, at the start of the 19th century, European fur traders and missionaries established posts in the area among the Ottawa. They generally lived in peace, trading European metal and textile goods for fur pelts and they were French-speaking and Roman Catholic. They likely both spoke Ottawa, Madelines maternal ancestral language, La Framboise, whose mother was Ottawa and father French, later merged her successful operations with the American Fur Company. By 1810, Chief Noonday established a village on the west side of the river with about 500 Ottawa, madeline La Framboise retired the trading post to Rix Robinson in 1821 and returned to Mackinac. The first permanent European-American settler in the Grand Rapids area was Isaac McCoy, general Lewis Cass, who commissioned Charles Christopher Trowbridge to establish missions for Native Americans in Michigan, ordered McCoy to establish a mission in Grand Rapids for the Ottawa. In 1824, Baptist missionary Rev. L. Slater traveled with two settlers to Grand Rapids to perform work, the winter of 1824 proved to be difficult, with Slaters group having to resupply and return before the spring. Slater then erected the first settler structures in Grand Rapids, a log cabin for himself, in 1825, McCoy returned and established a missionary station
15.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
16.
Wisconsin glaciation
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The Wisconsin Glacial Episode, also called the Wisconsinan glaciation, was the most recent major advance of the North American ice sheet complex. This advance was synchronous with global glaciation during the last glacial period, including the North American alpine glacier advance, the Wisconsin glaciation extended from approximately 85,000 to 11,000 years ago, between the Sangamon interglacial and the current interglacial, the Holocene. The maximum ice extent occurred approximately 25, 000–21,000 years ago during the last glacial maximum and this glaciation radically altered the geography of North America north of the Ohio River. At the height of the Wisconsin Episode glaciation, the ice covered most of Canada, the Upper Midwest, and New England, as well as parts of Idaho, Montana. On Kelleys Island in Lake Erie or in New York Citys Central Park, during much of the glaciation, sea level was low enough to permit land animals, including humans, to occupy Beringia and move between North America and Siberia. Two related movements have been termed Wisconsin, Early Wisconsin and Late Wisconsin, the Early Wisconsin was the bigger of the two and extend farther west and south. It retreated a distance before halting. During this period of quiet, the deposits were eroded and weathered. This first Wisconsin period erased all the Illinoian glacial topography that extended over, the Late Wisconsin ice sheet extended more towards the west than the earlier movements. This may have due to changes in the accumulation center of the ice sheet. The Labrador Ice Sheet centered east of Hudson Bay, expanding towards the southwest, it reached into the eastern edge of Manitoba and across the Great Lakes to the Ohio River, upwards of 1,600 miles from its source. Its eastern lobes covered New England and reached south to Cape Cod and Long Island, the Keewatin Ice Sheet began west of Hudson Bay in the Canadian Territory of Keewatin The ice moved south some 1,500 miles into Kansas and Missouri. To the west, it reached 1,000 miles to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet has left remnants throughout the Northern Rocky Mountains. Unlike the other two ice sheets, this one is mountain based covering the British Columbia and reaching into northern Washington State, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet has more of an Alpine style of many glaciers merged into a whole. The striations made by the ice field in moving over the show that it moved principally to the west through the passes of the coast range. When the ice sheet melts northward from a moraine, water begins to be pond between this moraine and the ice front, the water cannot drain through the ice sheet, which for the Wisconsin period covered most of the proglacial river valleys. Numerous small, isolated water bodies form between the moraine and the ice front, as the ice sheet continues to melt and recede northward, these ponds combine into a proglacial lake. An outlet forms through these low spots, until one becomes dominant when erosion, lowers the outlet, Ice melt and rainfall carried large quantities of clay, sand, and gravel from the ice mass
17.
Lower Peninsula of Michigan
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The Lower Peninsula of Michigan is the southern of the two major landmasses of the U. S. state of Michigan, the other being the Upper Peninsula. It is surrounded by water on all sides except its southern border, although the Upper Peninsula is commonly referred to as the U. P. it is fairly uncommon for the Lower Peninsula to be called the L. P. Because of its shape, the Lower Peninsula is nicknamed the mitten. This has led to several folkloric creation myths for the area, one being that it is a print of Paul Bunyan. When asked where they live, Lower Peninsula residents may hold up their right palm, the peninsula is sometimes divided into the Northern Lower Peninsula—which is more sparsely populated and largely forested—and the Southern Lower Peninsula—which is largely urban or farmland. The Lower Peninsula dominates Michigan politics, and maps of it without the Upper Peninsula are sometimes presented as Michigan, Yoopers jokingly refer to residents of the Lower Peninsula as flat-landers or trolls. The Lower Peninsula is bounded on the south by the states of Indiana and it is bounded by the west by Lake Michigan and on the northeast by Lake Huron, which connect at the Straits of Mackinac. In the southeast, the waterway of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, at its widest points, the Lower Peninsula is 277 miles long from north to south and 195 miles from east to west. It contains nearly two-thirds of Michigans total land area, the surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. The western coast features extensive sandy beaches and dunes and it is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this, the highest point in the Lower Peninsula is not definitely established but is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet, or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet, the American Bird Conservancy and the National Audubon Society have designated several locations as internationally Important Bird Areas. The Lower Peninsula is dominated by a geological basin known as the Michigan Basin and that feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic sedimentary strata in the area with a nearly uniform structural dip toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in Gladwin County where the Precambrian basement rocks are 16,000 feet deep, around the margins, such as under Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Precambrian surface is around 4,000 feet down. This 4, 000-foot contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and it crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath Lake Huron. Highways include, US10 US12 US23 US24 US31 US127 US131 US223 The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes. Michigans Lower Peninsula can be divided into four regions based on geological, soil, and vegetation differences, amount of urban areas or rural areas, minority populations. The four principal regions listed below can further be separated into sub-regions, united States Coast Guard Historians Office
18.
Meltwater
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Meltwater is water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is often found in the zone of glaciers, where the rate of snow cover is reducing. Meltwater can be produced during volcanic eruptions, in a way in which the more dangerous lahars form. When meltwater pools on the rather than flowing, it forms melt ponds. As the weather gets colder meltwater will often re-freeze, Meltwater can collect or melt under the ices surface. These pools of water, known as subglacial lakes can form due to geothermal heat, Meltwater provides drinking water for a large proportion of the worlds population, as well as providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric plants. Some cities around the world have large lakes that collect snow melt to supplement water supply, cities that source water from meltwater include Melbourne, Canberra, Los Angeles, Las Vegas amongst others. Glacial meltwater comes from glaciers that have receded over time, often, there will be rivers flowing through glaciers into lakes. These brilliantly blue lakes get their color from rock flour, sediment that has been transported through the rivers to the lakes and this sediment comes from rocks grinding together underneath the glacier. The fine powder is suspended in the water and absorbs and scatters varying colors of sunlight. Meltwater also acts as a lubricant in the sliding of glaciers. Using GPS measurements to study ice flow has revealed that movement is greatest in summer when the meltwater levels are highest. Meltwater can be an indication of abrupt climate change and it can also destabilize glacial lakes leading to sudden floods, and destabilize snowpack causing avalanches. Dammed glacial meltwater from a lake that is released suddenly can result in the floods. Historically Meltwater pulse 1A was a prominent feature of the last deglaciation, extreme Ice Survey Groundwater Moulin Snowmelt Surface water June 4,2007, BBC, UN warning over global ice loss United Nations Environment Program, Global Outlook for Ice and Snow
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Proglacial lake
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At the end of the last ice age approximately 10,000 years ago, large proglacial lakes were a widespread feature in the northern hemisphere. In some cases, such lakes gradually evaporated during the period after the Quaternary ice age. Good examples of structures can be found in the Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington. In Great Britain, Lake Lapworth, Lake Harrison and Lake Pickering were examples of proglacial lakes, the receding glaciers of the tropical Andes have formed a number of proglacial lakes, especially in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru, where 70% of all tropical glaciers are. Several such lakes have formed rapidly during the 20th century and these lakes may burst, creating a hazard for zones below. Many natural dams containing the water have been reinforced with safety dams. Some 34 such dams have been built in the Cordillera Blanca to contain proglacial lakes, several proglacial lakes have also formed in recent decades at the end of glaciers on the eastern side of New Zealands Southern Alps. The most accessible, Lake Tasman, hosts boat trips for tourists, list of prehistoric lakes Pluvial lake Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
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Lake Chicago
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The city of Chicago lies in a broad plain which, hundreds of millions of years ago, was a great interior basin covered by warm, shallow seas. These seas covered portions of North America from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, evidence may also be found in the fossils in the Niagara limestone bedrock found throughout the Chicago area and extending all the way to Niagara, New York. Much later, the ice cap crept four times down across the continent. The Kankakee Torrent poured through those valleys, eventually leaving behind the prehistoric Lake Chicago, here, it formed the Park Moraine in Illinois and the Lake Borders Moraine in Indiana and Michigan. The ice continued northward forming the next phase of Lake Chicago, when the ice retreated northward enough to open the Mohawk River valley, the waters in the Lake Huron and Lake Erie basin diverted from the Michigan outlet, leaving Lake Chicago as a headwaters lake. Continued northward migration of the glacier, set the stage for the next major proglacial lakes in the Lake Michigan basin as Lake Algonquin and then Nipissing Great Lakes. As the Wisconsin Glacier continued to retreat, it created new outlets for the water in Lake Chicago, including Niagara Falls, and the St. Lawrence River. As these outlets were developed, a partial lake capture occurred, eventually even the outlet to the southwest dried up, and the Des Plaines River overflowed into the basin that became Lake Michigan. As the Michigan Lobe of the Labradorean Ice Cap retreated northward, Lake Chicago’s initial outlet was to the southwest through the Des Plaines River valley thence down the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico. The highest beach is the Glenwood Shoreline, which is 55 feet to 60 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, there are two additional beaches formed when the Des Plaines outlet was abandoned for other outlets to the north and east. The Calumet Shoreline about 35 feet to 40 feet above the current lake, the name Lake Chicago is used for the lake when it drains through the Des Plaines outlet. The Calumet and Tolleston Beach lake is Lake Algonquin The outlet channel is more than a 1 mile wide, near the head of the channel, rock layers have been cut through. It is probable that the beaches from Lake Chicago are the result of these rock layers, giving way rapidly. Then, the barrier remains solid, holding the lake stable, if the outlet was formed by a steady erosion of the barrier, it is less likely that the well defined beaches would have been created. Along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan the beaches of Lake Chicago have been destroyed by erosion, yet much of this beach has also been destroyed. The best remaining segments are along the tip of Lake Michigan in Indiana. Lake Chicago covered only a narrow strip land on the south, from Holland northward across the Lake Chicago Lake Bed extends 10 to 25 miles inland. Widest expanse is almost entirely fine sand, there is more sand than clay in a narrow strip along the shore
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Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
22.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
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River source
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The source or headwaters of a river or stream is the furthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or confluence with another river, as measured along the course of the river. As an example of the definition above, the USGS at times considers the Missouri River as a tributary of the Mississippi River. But it also follows the first definition above in using the combined Missouri - lower Mississippi length figure in lists of lengths of rivers around the world. This definition, from geographer Andrew Johnston of the Smithsonian Institution, is used by the National Geographic Society when pinpointing the source of rivers such as the Amazon or Nile. A definition given by the state of Montana agrees, stating that a source is never a confluence but is in a location that is the farthest, along water miles. Under this definition neither a lake nor a confluence of tributaries can be a river source. Likewise, the source of the Amazon River has been determined this way, when not listing river lengths, however, alternative definitions may be used. In the case of the Missouri River, Lewis and Clark would have had to travel to the east. to reach the source. Sometimes the source of the most remote tributary may be in an area that is more marsh-like, for example, the source of the River Tees is marshland. The furthest stream is often called the headstream. Headwaters are often small streams with cool waters because of shade and they may also be glacial headwaters, waters formed by the melting of glacial ice. Headwater areas are the areas of a watershed, as opposed to the outflow or discharge of a watershed. The river source is often but not always on or quite near the edge of the watershed, for example, the source of the Colorado River is at the Continental Divide separating the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean watersheds of North America. A river is considered a geographic feature, with only one mouth. For an example, note how the Mississippi River and Missouri River sources are officially defined, U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Mississippi River, Length,2,340 miles, Source, 47°14′22″N 95°12′29″W U. S. For example, The River Thames rises in Gloucestershire, the White Nile rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa. The word source, when applied to lakes rather than rivers or streams, refers to the lakes inflow
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Red Cedar River (Michigan)
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The Red Cedar River is a tributary of the Grand River in central Michigan in the United States. The river is approximately 51.1 miles long and drains a watershed of approximately 461 square miles in the Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area and suburban, the river was presumably named for the juniper species Juniperus virginiana, commonly known as red cedar, a plant native to the region. Prior to a 1966 decision by the U. S, board on Geographic Names, the river was shown as Cedar River on federal maps, despite being known as the Red Cedar River locally. The boards review was prompted by a 1962 letter from Milton P. Adams, then-secretary of the Michigan Water Resources Commission, students have solemnly and with hearts full sung the glories of their Alma Mater on the banks of the Red Cedar. Countless great careers have been launched, life-long romances have budded, the rivers source is Cedar Lake in Marion Township in southern Livingston County. It flows for 51.1 miles, first northwestward through Fowlerville, in Ingham County it flows through Williamston, Okemos, East Lansing, and finally Lansing, where it empties into the Grand River. In East Lansing the river passes through the campus of Michigan State University, the river is not navigable by boats larger than recreational size. The rivers watershed is approximately 461 square miles in size, the Red Cedar River Watershed contains a diverse mix of rural lands dominated by agricultural land use and small communities, suburban areas, and highly urbanized lands. The watershed is home to thousands of residents who live, learn, work, farms, factories, and shopping malls are necessary for quality of life. Equally important are clean water for fishing, swimming, and drinking, the river and its watershed are also home for a myriad of plants and animals that rely on a clean, protected environment to flourish. Since the national Clean Water Act in 1972, the river has improved and is safe for swimming 74% of the year. The Red Cedar is regularly monitored by MSU Water with the contaminant reports posted by the Michigan State University International Center, the Red Cedar River is a familiar campus landmark at Michigan State University. The name of the river is featured in the first line of MSUs fight song, people on campus frequently feed the large community of mallard ducks that congregate near the river. Wildlife in the river includes 33 species of fish and various aquatic animals. Fishing was banned on the campus in the 1960s, the ban was rescinded for a section of the river in 2013, the river is popular in the summer for canoeing and kayaking. During floods, the forms a standing wave at the campus dam that can be surfed. In the winter, the river freezes over and students walk or play on the ice despite the inherent danger. During its inaugural season in 1922, the MSU hockey team played games on the frozen river, alongside the river on MSUs campus is the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden, the oldest continuous botanical garden in the United States
25.
Looking Glass River
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The Looking Glass River in the U. S. state of Michigan is a river flowing through the central region of the Lower Peninsula. It is about 71 miles long, has no dams, and borders many wetlands, 19th century sources have transcribed the alternate name of Wabenasebee for the river. That name may refer to the large Chippewa settlement of Wabwahnahseepee that had existed, just north of modern De Witt and it then runs through the southern portion of Clinton County, including DeWitt. It flows into the Grand River in Portland in southeast Ionia County, the stream starts as a slow soft-bottom waterway. On the 25 miles between the Livingston County line and Laingsburg the river averages 10 to 18 feet wide, there is more activity in the lower stretch below DeWitt, where there is good fishing and canoeing. The earliest known settlers of the Looking Glass Watershed were the Sauk people who were replaced by people of the Chippewa and Ottawa tribes. The area was regarded for its abundance of game and fish. White settlers came to the area following trails up the Flint and Shiawassee rivers inland from Detroit, in Clinton County, the river flows through the A Looking Glass Sanctuary, a 13-acre nature preserve owned by the Michigan Nature Association
26.
Maple River (Grand River tributary)
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The Maple River is a 74. 1-mile-long tributary of the Grand River in the central part of the Lower Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. It rises in Shiawassee Township, Shiawassee County south of the city of Owosso and it flows west through Clinton, Gratiot and Ionia counties, flowing into the Grand River at Muir. Other cities it flows through along the way include Ovid, Elsie, there are 5 major dams along the river and its tributaries, Lake Victoria, Lake Ovid, Elsie, Rainbow and Hubbardston
27.
Flat River (Michigan)
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The Flat River is a tributary of the Grand River in the western part of the U. S. state of Michigan. It rises as the outflow of the six lakes system in Belvidere Township and it flows mostly south and slightly west through Montcalm County, Ionia County, and Kent County, flowing into the Grand River in Lowell. Other cities it flows through along the way include Greenville and Belding, two historic covered bridges cross the river. One, the Fallasburg Bridge, in Vergennes Township, Kent County is in Fallasburg County Park a few north of Lowell. The other, Whites Bridge is a few miles to the northeast in adjacent northwest Keene Township, Ionia County, on July 7,2013, an arson fire destroyed Whites Bridge. Fund-raising efforts are underway in attempt to have the bridge rebuilt, at the time of its destruction, it was the oldest covered bridge of its kind in Michigan. There are 5 dams along the river, Greenville, Belding, Whites Bridge, Burroughs and it is the river named in the song Sad Ballad of Jack Haggerty, sometimes known as Flat River Girl. Sad Ballad of Jack Haggerty Lyrics Media related to Flat River at Wikimedia Commons
28.
Thornapple River
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The Thornapple River is an 88. 1-mile-long tributary of Michigans longest river, the Grand River. The Thornapple rises in Eaton County, Michigan and drains a rural farming area in Central Michigan. It joins the Grand in Ada, Michigan,10 miles east of Grand Rapids, the Thornapple, a major Grand River tributary, is about 88 miles long. Its headwaters are located about 7 miles east of Charlotte, Michigan in Eaton Countys Eaton township and it flows generally west and north through Eaton and Barry counties, before entering the Grand in Kent County. The Grand ultimately flows into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven, approximately 70 miles down stream, the Thornapple is described as An easygoing stream that meanders through low southwest Michigan woodlands. The Thornapple itself has a tributary in the Coldwater River. The Thornapple is the major left tributary of the Grand River. The major rivers and streams within the Grand River watershed were formed during the Pleistocene epoch, prior to European settlement, the Thornapple drainage basin had mixed hardwood/conifer forest and barrens. and was home to the Ottawa and Potawatomi Native Americans. As with many rivers in 19th and early 20th century America, the Thornapple had significant logging, milling, later, a basket factory was built next to the flour and saw mills on the Thornapple River. The river was subject to periodic flooding, the 1904-1905 flood was the worst flooding in Ada history. A number of dams were constructed in the early 20th century for flood control, today the Thornapple is not a navigable waterway, and there is no commercial water transport on it. The major use of the river is recreational, the Thornapple River sees significant use for rafting, kayaking, tubing, and canoeing on a small but significant portion of its 88-mile extent. The Thornapple supports several canoe livery businesses, from the headwaters in Eaton County to Thornapple Lake, the river is creeklike, with narrow banks and tangled undergrowth restricting easy passage. The lower stretch of the river is a series of dam-created reservoirs that are heavily developed, however, from the lake to the first dam impoundment below Irving, is a 14-mile stretch of river that is suitable for family outings and float trips. The river is also very fishable, a large number of species inhabit the river, among them, sunfishes, bowfin, brown bullhead, minnows, suckers, perches, brook stickleback, northern pike, longnose gar, trout, and lampreys. Fishing access is good, as most of the free-flowing Thornapple can be waded or floated during normal summer flows, people use the recreational facilities on the river to observe these species for pleasure and knowledge seeking. The land within the watershed is,52. 1% farmland 38. 7% forest 1. 5% wetland 1. 6% water 6. 1% developed 0. The Thornapple flows through, Charlotte Nashville Hastings Middleville Alaska The river is crossed by several county roads and railroads along its course
29.
Rogue River (Michigan)
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The Rogue River is a river in the U. S. state of Michigan, running through Kent and Newaygo counties and through the Rogue River State Game Area. It is 48 miles long and has a basin of 234 square miles. Its headwaters are a series of ditches that drain the old Rice Lake bed near Grant for agricultural purposes, in this area the stream has been dredged and straightened leaving limited fish habitat. The river joins the Grand River southeast of Belmont in Plainfield Township, the Blythefield Country Club is now situated on a bluff just northeast of where the Rogue flows into the Grand. Originally named Rouge River, the appellation was altered in the 19th century due to the printing error of a Wisconsin mapmaker. As a frontier waterway, the historic Rogue River was of importance to local tribes. Rogue River is designated as Country Scenic under Michigans Natural Rivers Act and it is popular with trout fishers and local youth who have floated the river by innertube since the mid-20th century. It is intersected in parts by the White Pine Trail and it varies from 15 feet wide in the upper sections to 80 feet wide near its end and is 1 to 4 feet deep. There are holes in the river up to 15 feet in depth, the Rockford Dam restrains the Rogue in the city of Rockford. In July 2010, the Rogue River was designated a Trout Unlimited Home River and this provides funding for habitat restoration and land use management planning
30.
Coldbrook Creek (Michigan)
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Coldbrook Creek is an urban stream in Grand Rapids in Kent County, Michigan. Its origin is the outflow of Fisk Lake on the John W. Blodgett Estate, part of its course through Grand Rapids is parallel to the Grand Rapids Eastern Railroad. Ke-way-coosh-cum, known in English as Long Nose, and a signer of the Treaty of Washington, was killed by Was-o-ge-nan at the place where the creek enters the Grand River and this may have been in revenge for his participation in the treaty. The creek has also referred to as Blood Creek, because of this occurrence. There was a grist mill run by the Lyman brothers on the creek, near the present day Plainfield, Coldbrook Creek, and its tributary Carrier Creek. Were the source of the water for the first pumped water supply in Grand Rapids, the pumphouse was located near the mouth of the creek at Coldbrook and Monroe. Grand Rapids flora, a catalogue of the plants and ferns growing without cultivation in the vicinity of Grand Rapids. Coldbrook creek starts at Fisk Lake in the backyard of the Blodgett mansion, except for a portion that runs through the campus of Aquinas College and within Highland Park, most of the stream has been made to run in culverts as the Coldbrook Drain
31.
Plaster Creek
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Plaster Creek is a 25. 9-mile-long urban stream in Kent County, Michigan in the United States. It is a tributary of the Grand River, the stream is named for the large deposit of gypsum found at its mouth. Its mean monthly flow averages 22 million gallons per day, two bridges listed on the National Register of Historic Places cross the creek. The headwaters are located in Dutton Park, at Hanna Lake Avenue and 76th Street, the creek flows into the Grand River just south of Wealthy Street in downtown Grand Rapids. The main stream is approximately 26 miles long and drains a 57-square-mile basin, Plaster Creek is a salmon spawning stream, and salmon have been seen as far upstream as Paris Park near Kalamazoo Avenue. The stream is not considered to be a stream, but has been designated as a warm water fishery. One endangered species Epioblasma triquetra lives in the Plaster Creek watershed, the threatened Beak Grass grows along the banks in some areas. Streams flowing into the creek include Little Plaster Creek, the small Maple Creek, and this portion of the Plaster Creek Trail is 1.2 miles. Plaster Creek Trail - Phase II The Plaster Creek extension is approximately 1.5 miles in length and it starts at Plaster Creek and Eastern Avenue, travels north on the east side of Eastern Avenue, crosses 28th Street, then proceeds westerly to Division Avenue. The trail serves two purposes, as a trail and as a flood protection and mitigation facility. Plaster Creek Trail - Phase III Division Avenue to Oxford Street, eventually, this trail will connect with Kent Trails and the Paul Henry Rail Trail
32.
Trout
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Trout is the common name for a number of species of freshwater fish belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, all of the subfamily Salmoninae of the family Salmonidae. The word trout is also used as part of the name of some fish such as Cynoscion nebulosus. Trout are closely related to salmon and char, species termed salmon, a rainbow trout that spends time in the ocean is called a steelhead. Arctic char and brook trout are part of the char family, Trout are an important food source for humans and wildlife including brown bears, birds of prey such as eagles, and other animals. They are classified as oily fish, mostly, these colors and patterns form as camouflage, based on the surroundings, and will change as the fish moves to different habitats. In general trout that are about to breed have extremely intense coloration and they can look like an entirely different fish outside of spawning season. It is virtually impossible to define a color pattern as belonging to a specific breed, however, in general, wild fish are claimed to have more vivid colors. Trout have fins entirely without spines, and all of them have an adipose fin along the back. The pelvic fins sit well back on the body, on side of the anus. The swim bladder is connected to the esophagus, allowing for gulping or rapid expulsion of air, unlike many other physostome fish, trout do not use their bladder as an auxiliary device for oxygen uptake, relying solely on their gills. There are many species, and even more populations, that are isolated from each other, the trout found in the eastern United States are a good example of this. Lake trout, like brook trout, belong to the char genus, Lake trout inhabit many of the larger lakes in North America, and live much longer than rainbow trout, which have an average maximum lifespan of 7 years. Lake trout can live many decades, and can grow to more than 30 kilograms, Trout are usually found in cool, clear streams and lakes, although many of the species have anadromous strains as well. Young trout are referred to as troutlet, troutling or fry and they are distributed naturally throughout North America, northern Asia and Europe. Several species of trout were introduced to Australia and New Zealand by amateur fishing enthusiasts in the 19th century, the introduced species included brown trout from England and rainbow trout from California. The rainbow trout were a strain, generally accepted as coming from Sonoma Creek. The rainbow trout of New Zealand still show the tendency to run up rivers in winter to spawn. In Australia the rainbow trout was introduced in 1894 from New Zealand and is a popular gamefish in recreational angling
33.
Salmon
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Salmon /ˈsæmən/ is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. Other fish in the family include trout, char, grayling. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are intensively farmed in parts of the world. Typically, salmon are anadromous, they are born in water, migrate to the ocean. However, populations of species are restricted to fresh water through their lives. Various species of salmon display anadromous life strategies while others display freshwater resident life strategies, folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they were born to spawn, tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems. The percent of straying depends on the species of salmon, homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory. The term salmon comes from the Latin salmo, which in turn may have originated from salire, the nine commercially important species of salmon occur in two genera. The genus Salmo contains the Atlantic salmon, found in the north Atlantic, the genus Oncorhynchus contains eight species which occur naturally only in the North Pacific. As a group, these are known as Pacific salmon, Chinook salmon have been introduced in New Zealand and Patagonia. Coho, freshwater sockeye, and Atlantic salmon have established in Patagonia. † Both the Salmo and Oncorhynchus genera also contain a number of species referred to as trout, within Salmo, additional minor taxa have been called salmon in English, i. e. the Adriatic salmon and Black Sea salmon. The steelhead anadromous form of the rainbow trout migrates to sea, also a number of other species have common names which refer to them as being salmon. The British Columbia salmon fossil provides evidence that the divergence between Pacific and Atlantic salmon had not yet occurred 40 million years ago, Both the fossil record and analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggest the divergence occurred by 10 to 20 million years ago. This independent evidence from DNA analysis and the fossil record rejects the theory of salmon divergence. Atlantic salmon reproduce in northern rivers on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, landlocked salmon live in a number of lakes in eastern North America and in Northern Europe, for instance in lakes Sebago, Onega, Ladoga, Saimaa, Vänern, and Winnipesaukee
34.
Rapids
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Rapids are sections of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient, causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence. Rapids are hydrological features between a run and a cascade, rapids are characterised by the river becoming shallower with some rocks exposed above the flow surface. As flowing water splashes over and around the rocks, air bubbles become mixed in with it and portions of the surface acquire a white colour, forming what is called whitewater. Rapids occur where the bed material is resistant to the erosive power of the stream in comparison with the bed downstream of the rapids. Very young streams flowing across solid rock may be rapids for much of their length, rapids cause water aeration of the stream or river resulting in better water quality. Rapids are categorized in classes, generally running from I to VI, a Class 5 rapid may be categorized as Class 5. 1-5.9. While class I rapids are easy to negotiate and require no maneuvering, river rafting sports is carried out where many rapids are there in the course
35.
Dam
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A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity, a dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. The word dam can be traced back to Middle English, and before that, from Middle Dutch, the first known appearance of dam occurs in 1165. However, there is one village, Obdam, that is mentioned in 1120. The word seems to be related to the Greek word taphos, so the word should be understood as dike from dug out earth. The names of more than 40 places from the Middle Dutch era such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam, early dam building took place in Mesopotamia and the Middle East. Dams were used to control the level, for Mesopotamias weather affected the Tigris. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan,100 kilometres northeast of the capital Amman and this gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high and 1 m-wide stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide earth rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC, the Ancient Egyptian Sadd-el-Kafara Dam at Wadi Al-Garawi, located about 25 km south of Cairo, was 102 m long at its base and 87 m wide. The structure was built around 2800 or 2600 BC as a dam for flood control. During the Twelfth Dynasty in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III, Amenemhat III, two dams called Ha-Uar running east-west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called Mer-wer or Lake Moeris covered 1,700 km2 and is today as Berkat Qaroun. One of the wonders of the ancient world was the Great Dam of Marib in Yemen. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most important around 750 BC and these extensive works were not actually finalized until 325 AD and allowed the irrigation of 25,000 acres. By the mid-late 3rd century BC, an intricate water-management system within Dholavira in modern-day India was built, the system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it. Eflatun Pınar is a Hittite dam and spring temple near Konya and it is thought to be from the time of the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th century BC
36.
Fish ladder
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A fish ladder, also known as a fishway, fish pass or fish steps, is a structure on or around artificial and natural barriers to facilitate diadromous fishes natural migration. Most fishways enable fish to pass around the barriers by swimming and leaping up a series of low steps into the waters on the other side. Written reports of rough fishways date to 17th-century France, where bundles of branches were used to create steps in steep channels to bypass obstructions. A version was patented in 1837 by Richard McFarlan of Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1852–1854, the Ballisodare Fish Pass was built in County Sligo in Ireland to draw salmon into a river that had not supported a fishery. In 1880, the first fish ladder was built in Rhode Island, United States, the ladder was removed in 1924, when the City of Providence replaced the wood dam with a concrete one. As the Industrial Age advanced, dams and other river obstructions became larger and more common, leading to the need for effective fish by-passes. There are six types of fishways, Pool and weir Baffle fishway Fish elevator Rock-ramp fishway Vertical-slot fish passage Fish siphon A pool. It uses a series of dams and pools of regular length to create a long, sloping channel for fish to travel around the obstruction. The channel acts as a lock to gradually step down the water level, to head upstream. A baffle fishway uses a series of symmetrical close-spaced baffles in a channel to redirect the flow of water, Baffle fishways need not have resting areas, although pools can be included to provide a resting area or to reduce the velocity of the flow. Such fishways can be built with switchbacks to minimize the space needed for their construction, baffles come in variety of designs. The original design for a Denil fishway was developed in 1909 by a Belgian scientist, G. Denil, the Alaskan Steeppass, for example, is a modular prefabricated Denil-fishway variant originally designed for remote areas of Alaska. A fish elevator or fish lift, as its name implies and it is well suited to tall barriers. With a fish elevator, fish swim into an area at the base of the obstruction. When enough fish accumulate in the area, they are nudged into a hopper that carries them into a flume that empties into the river above the barrier. On the Connecticut River, for example, two fish elevators lift up to 500 fish at a time,52 feet, to clear the Holyoke Dam, in 2013, the elevator carried over 400,000 fish. A rock-ramp fishway uses large rocks and timbers to create pools, because of the length of the channel needed for the ladder, such structures are most appropriate for relatively short barriers. They have a significant advantage in that they can provide fish spawning habitat, a vertical-slot fish passage is similar to a pool-and-weir system, except that each dam has a narrow slot in it near the channel wall
37.
Goodall Focus
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The Goodall Focus was a Hopewellian culture from the Middle Woodland period peoples that occupied Western Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. Extensive trade networks existed at this time, particularly among the local cultural expressions of the Hopewell communities. The culture is named for the Goodall Site in northwest Indiana, ceramics tend to come from middens and contain expanding and contracting stemmed projectile points and obsidian flakes. Research has been on-going through the 1990s at sites in northwest Indiana, the Galien River Basin, the Kalamazoo River Basin, Hopewell Archeology, The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley,4
38.
Grandville, Michigan
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Grandville is a city in Kent County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 15,378 at the 2010 census and is part of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area, Grandville is one of the oldest suburbs of Grand Rapids, and was incorporated as a city in 1933. Grandville was geographically an important place during the years in Michigans history due to its location at the river-bend of the Grand River. It was important to have people there to make sure the logs did not jam up as the river turned north-west toward Grand Haven, Grandville was incorporated into a city in 1933. Infrastructure and utilities were developed including new sewage disposal. By the 1980s due to the growth of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area following the early 1980s recession in the United States, Grandville began to experience even more growth. In 1987, color measurement and manufacturer X-Rite established its headquarters in the city a year after it went public, in the 1990s, the city was being eyed for larger development. In 1990, developers had begun eyeing a development of a new mall near the intersection of 44th Street and Ivanrest, in 1999, construction of Rivertown Crossings Mall, a mall with 1.25 million in storefronts, was finally completed. Into the 2000s, Grandville experienced continued growth following the opening of Rivertown Crossings, multiple restaurants and strip malls developed on Rivertown Parkway following the malls construction. However, by the beginning of the Great Recession, X-Rite had moved its headquarters to Kentwood, following the recession into the 2010s, more development occurred in the city with a Cabelas and Target anchoring a development on the former X-Rite property in 2013. In 2016, a new apartment development called the Grand Castle that incorporated over 1 million square feet and 400 apartments into its design was constructed. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.67 square miles. Grandville is located near the southwest corner of Grand Rapids, the western border of the city of Grandville is also the western border of Kent County, marked by Kenowa Avenue, this is where Ottawa County and Jenison begin. To the east and south of Grandville lies the city of Wyoming, the city of Walker lies just north of Grandville. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,378 people,5,982 households, the population density was 2,115.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,276 housing units at a density of 863.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 0% White,2. 2% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 5% Asian,1. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 2% of the population. 24. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.06
39.
Odawa
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They are one of the Anishinaabeg, related to but distinct from the Ojibwe and Potawatomi peoples. They considered this their original homeland, after the 17th century, they also settled along the Ottawa River, and in the state of Michigan, United States, as well as through the Midwest south of the Great Lakes in the latter country. In the 21st century, there are approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario, the Odawa language is part of the Algonquian language family. This large family has numerous smaller groups or “bands, ” commonly called “Tribe” in the United States. Their language is considered a divergent dialect of Ojibwe, characterized by frequent syncope, odaawaa, this term is common to the Cree, Algonquin, Nipissing, Montagnais, Odawa, and Ojibwe. The Potawatomi spelling of Odawa and the English derivative Ottawa are also common, the Anishinaabe word for Those men who trade, or buy and sell is Wadaawewinini. But, this meaning is more appropriately associated with the Matàwackariniwak. Their neighbors applied the Trader name to the Ottawa because in traditional times. From The Odawa dealt chiefly in cornmeal, sunflower oil, furs and skins, rugs and mats, tobacco, like the Ojibwe, the Odawa usually identify as Nishnaabe, meaning original people. The Odawa name in its English transcription is the source of the names of Ottawa, Ontario. The Odawas home territory at the time of early European contact, the tribe is source of the name for Tawas City, Michigan, and Tawas Point, which reflect the syncope-form of their name. Ottawa, Ohio is the county seat of Putnam County located at the site of the last Ottawa reservation in Ohio, the Odawa dialect is considered one of several divergent dialects of the Ojibwe language group, noted for its frequent syncope. In the Odawa language, the language group is known as Nishnabemwin. Of the estimated 5,000 ethnic Odawa and additional 10,000 people with some Odawa ancestry, in the early 21st century an estimated 500 people in Ontario, the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma has three fluent speakers. According to Anishinaabeg tradition, and from recordings in Wiigwaasabak, the Odawa people came from the areas of North America, or Turtle Island. Directed by the beings, the Anishinaabe peoples moved inland along the Saint Lawrence River. At the Third Stopping Place near what is now Detroit, Michigan, the Hopewell tradition was a widely extended trading network operating from about 200BCE to 500 CE. Some of these peoples constructed earthwork mounds for burials, a practice that ended about 250 CE, the Saugeen mounds have not been excavated
40.
Treaty of Chicago
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The first was in 1821 and the second in 1833. In 1795, in a minor part of the Treaty of Greenville. This was followed by the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis, the treaty ceded to the United States all lands in Michigan Territory south of the Grand River, with the exception of several small reservations. Potawatomi chief Metea gave the speech in defense of his land at the signing of the Treaty of Chicago, “My Father. We shall now retire to our camps and consult upon it and you will hear nothing more from us at present. We meet you here to-day, because we had promised it, to tell you our minds and you will listen to us with a good mind, and believe what we say. You know that we first came to this country, a time ago. Our country was very large, but it has dwindled away to a small spot. Since you first came among them, they have listened to words with an attentive ear. Whenever you have had a proposal to make to us, whenever you have had a favor to ask of us, we have always lent a favorable ear, and our invariable answer has been ‘yes. ’ This you know. A long time has passed since we first came upon our lands and we are all young and foolish, and do not wish to do anything that they would not approve, were they living. We are fearful we shall offend their spirits, if we sell our lands and this has caused us great perplexity of thought, because we have counselled among ourselves, and do not know how we can part with the land. Our country was given to us by the Great Spirit, who gave it to us to hunt upon, to make our cornfields upon, to live upon, and he would never forgive us, should we bargain it away. When you first spoke to us for lands at St. Mary’s, we said we had a little, and agreed to sell you a piece of it and we have sold you a great tract of land already, but it is not enough. We sold it to you for the benefit of children, to farm. We have now but little left and we shall want it all for ourselves. We know not how long we may live, and we wish to have some lands for our children to hunt upon and you are gradually taking away our hunting-grounds. Your children are driving us before them, what lands you have, you may retain forever, but we shall sell no more
41.
Ojibwe
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The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, or Chippewa are an Anishinaabeg group of indigenous peoples in North America. They live in Canada and the United States and are one of the largest Indigenous ethnic groups north of the Rio Grande, in Canada, they are the second-largest First Nations population, surpassed only by the Cree. In the United States, they have the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by the Navajo, Cherokee, the Ojibwe people traditionally have spoken the Ojibwe language, a branch of the Algonquian language family. They are part of the Council of Three Fires and the Anishinaabeg, which include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa, the majority of the Ojibwe people live in Canada. There are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe,76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, organized in 125 bands, as of 2010, Ojibwe in the US census population is 170,742. Ojibwe are known for their bark canoes, birch bark scrolls, mining and trade in copper. Their Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics. The Ojibwe people set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders by signing detailed treaties before they allowed many European settlers into their western areas, in 1745, they adopted guns from the British to defeat the Dakota people in the Lake Superior area, pushing them to the south and west. The exonym for this Anishinaabeg group is Ojibwe and this name is commonly anglicized as Ojibwa or Ojibway. The name Chippewa is an alternative anglicization, although many variations exist in literature, Chippewa is more common in the United States, and Ojibway predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U. S. since the late 20th century, some 19th-century sources say this name described a method of ritual torture that the Ojibwe applied to enemies. Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of Lake Superior, marie for its rapids, the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west, Ojibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. The Ojibwe language is known as Anishinaabemowin or Ojibwemowin, and is widely spoken. Today, most of the languages fluent speakers are elders, since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language, and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian and its sister languages include Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee among the northern Plains tribes. Anishinaabemowin is frequently referred to as a Central Algonquian language, however, Ojibwemowin is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America after Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut
42.
Potawatomi
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The Pottawatomi /ˌpɑːtəˈwɑːtəmiː/, also spelled Pottawatomie and Potawatomi, are a Native American people of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River and Western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family, the Potawatomi called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word Anishinaabe. The Potawatomi were part of an alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe. In the 19th century, they were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment in the late 18th century, under Indian Removal, they eventually ceded many of their lands, and most of the Potawatomi relocated to Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory, now in Oklahoma. Some bands survived in the Midwest and today are recognized as tribes. In Canada, some bands are recognized by the government as First Nations, the English Potawatomi is derived from the Ojibwe Boodewaadamii. The Potawatomi name for themselves is Bodéwadmi, a cognate of the Ojibwe form and their name means those who keep/tend the hearth-fire, which refers to the hearth of the Council of Three Fires. The word comes from to keep/tend the hearth-fire, which is bodewadm in the Potawatomi language, alternatively, the Potawatomi call themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of Ojibwe Anishinaabe, meaning Original People. The Potawatomi are first mentioned in French records, which suggest that in the early 17th century, during the Beaver Wars they fled to the area around Green Bay to escape attacks by both the Iroquois and the Neutral Nation, who were seeking expanded hunting grounds. As an important part of Tecumsehs Confederacy, Potawatomi warriors took part in Tecumsehs War, the War of 1812 and their alliances switched repeatedly between Great Britain and the United States as power relations shifted between the nations, and they calculated effects on their trade and land interests. At the time of the War of 1812, a band of Potawatomi inhabited the area near Fort Dearborn, george Ronan, the first graduate of West Point to be killed in combat, died in this ambush. The incident is referred to as the Fort Dearborn Massacre, a Potawatomi chief named Mucktypoke, counseled his fellow warriors against the attack. Later he saved some of the captives who were being ransomed by the Potawatomi. The French period of contact began with early explorers who reached the Potawatomi in western Michigan and they also found the tribe located along the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. By the end of the French period, the Potawatomi had begun a move to the Detroit area, leaving the large communities in Wisconsin. Madouche during the Fox Wars Millouisillyny Onanghisse at Green Bay Otchik at Detroit The British period of contact began when France ceded its lands after the defeat in the French, pontiacs Rebellion was an attempt by Native Americans to push the British and other European settlers out of their territory. The Potawatomi captured every British frontier garrison but the one at Detroit, the Potawatomi nation continued to grow and expanded westward from Detroit, most notably in the development of the St. Joseph villages adjacent to the Miami in southwestern Michigan. The Wisconsin communities continued and moved south along the Lake Michigan shoreline, nanaquiba at Detroit Ninivois at Detroit Peshibon at St. Joseph Washee at St
43.
Michigan Territory
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The earliest European explorers of Michigan saw it mostly as a place to control the fur trade. Small military forces, Jesuit missions to Native American tribes, after the arrival of Europeans, the area that became the Michigan Territory was first under French and then British control. Soon after their arrival, his troops erected Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit and a dedicated to Saint Anne. As part of New France, the upper Great Lakes had first been governed from Michilimackinac, then Detroit and its role was to supply the needs of the fur traders and discourage any settlements not directly supportive of that effort. After the surrender of Montreal in 1760, British troops under Robert Rogers occupied Detroit, in 1763, Pontiacs Rebellion saw the fall of Fort Michilimackinac to the northern tribes, and a lengthy siege of Fort Detroit. The siege was lifted in 1764, and rule under a British lieutenant-governor at Detroit followed soon thereafter, due to the Quebec Act of 1774, Michigan was governed during the Revolution as part of the Province of Quebec. Although the 1783 Treaty of Paris gave the fledgling United States a claim to what is now Michigan, British policy was to hold on to Detroit, in addition to the British remaining in the region, several states also held competing claims on the future state of Michigan. In 1779, Virginia established Illinois County with boundaries that encompassed all of the land east of the Mississippi River, north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachian Mountains. For all practical purposes, however, the county government never exercised actual control beyond a limited to a few old French settlements along the major rivers. The overwhelming majority of the lands were controlled by the native tribes. Virginia surrendered its claim to lands north and west of the Ohio River effective March 1,1784, coincidentally, this was the same day that the findings of a Congressional committee on the western lands, chaired by Thomas Jefferson since the previous October, were reported. The Land Ordinance of 1785 would go further by establishing a procedure for land sales in the new territory, however, the Ohio River remained an effective boundary between the United States and the Northwest tribes for a few more years. The other states with claims in the Northwest eventually followed Virginias example, and in 1787, the Continental Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance, the first settlement under the Northwest Ordinance was at Marietta in 1788. Knox County was established on June 20,1790 with boundaries that included the half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In 1792, the boundaries of Hamilton County were expanded to include the portions of Michigan not included in Knox County. American claims to Michigan were frustrated by Britains refusal to evacuate the forts at Detroit, Mackinac, Britains tacit support for the Northwest tribes during the Northwest Indian War was dependent on Detroit remaining out of American hands. The United States had finally established a presence in Michigan, in 1800, the western half of the Lower Peninsula and most of the Upper Peninsula were attached to the Indiana Territory when it was established as a separate government from the Northwest Territory. Wayne County was thereby reduced to the remainder of the two peninsulas, and continued under the government of the Northwest Territory, when Ohio was admitted as a state in early 1803, the eastern half of Michigan was incorporated into the Indiana Territory
44.
U.S. Route 16 in Michigan
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US Highway 16, also called Grand River Avenue for much of its length in the state, was one of the principal pre-Interstate roads in the state of Michigan. Before the creation of the United States Numbered Highway System in 1926, the modern route of Grand River Avenue cuts across the Lower Peninsula in a northwest–southeast fashion from near Grand Rapids to Detroit. Before the late 1950s and early 1960s, US16 followed other roads between Muskegon and Grand Rapids, and then Grand River Avenue through Lansing to Detroit. In the years preceding the creation of the Interstate Highway System. Later, it was co-designated as an Interstate, when the gap in the freeway was filled in around Lansing, the US16 designation was decommissioned in the state. The freeway was then solely designated Interstate 96 east of Grand Rapids, the original pathway along the Grand River Avenue corridor was an Indian trail, a footpath used by the native population. This trail was used by the first European settlers to the area now known as Michigan. In the middle of the 19th century, the trail was expanded into a road that formed the basis for one of the first state trunkline highways as M-16 in the early 20th century. Later, the highway was rerouted to replace M-126 and create M-104, current segments of the roadway are still part of the state highway system as sections of M-5, M-11, M-43 or business loops off I-96. At the time of its decommissioning, US16 started its run through Michigan at the Grand Trunk Western Railroad docks in Muskegon, the SS Milwaukee Clipper operated as a car ferry across Lake Michigan, connecting Muskegon to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where US16 continued to the west. From the docks, US16 and M-46 traveled concurrently south, at Peck Street, US16 turned south along Business US31. These two highways ran concurrently out of town to the south through Muskegon Heights to Norton Shores, there, the business loop ended at US31, and US16 joined the I-196 freeway headed east. The I-196/US16 freeway traveled southeast of Norton Shores through woodlands in rural Muskegon County parallel to the former US16 routing through Fruitport to Nunica in Ottawa County. The freeway turned more directly east in Nunica past the terminus of M-104. As the freeway approached Kent County, it met the western terminus of M-11 which was the routing of US16 through the Grand Rapids metropolitan area. I-196/US16 continued eastward around the side of the metropolitan area through the suburbs of Walker. The freeway intersected the contemporaneous routing of US131 along the East Beltline, there I-196 ended and US16 was transferred to the I-96 freeway. I-96/US16 continued southward intersecting Cascade Road, which was previously US16, Cascade Road east of this interchange meets the westernmost part of Grand River Avenue, which carried US16 east continuously to Downtown Detroit
45.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
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Media related to Grand River (Michigan) at Wikimedia Commons
