1.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
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The Upper Peninsula is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U. S. state of Michigan. It may also be referred to as the UP or Upper Michigan, the peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Marys River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin. The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the area of Michigan. Residents are frequently called Yoopers and have a regional identity. Large numbers of French Canadian, Finnish, Swedish, Cornish, the peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. Ordered by size, the peninsulas largest cities are Marquette, Sault Ste, Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, and Iron Mountain. The land and climate are not very suitable for agriculture because of the harsh winters. The economy has been based on logging, mining, and tourism, most mines have closed since the golden age from 1890 to 1920. The land is forested and logging remains a major industry. The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking Algonquian languages and they arrived roughly around A. D.800 and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the Menominee, Nocquet, and the Mishinimaki, Étienne Brûlé of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the St. Marys River around 1620 in search of a route to the Far East. French colonists laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions, following the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, the territory was ceded to Great Britain. Sault Ste Marie, Michigan is the oldest European settlement in Michigan, American Indian tribes formerly allied with the French were dissatisfied with the British occupation, which brought new territorial policies. Whereas the French cultivated alliances among the Indians, the British postwar approach was to treat the tribes as conquered peoples, in 1763, tribes united in Pontiacs Rebellion to try to drive the British from the area. In 1764, they began negotiations with the British which resulted in temporary peace, although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the Jay Treaty. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade, john Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island in 1808, however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted. When the Michigan Territory was first established in 1805, it included only the Lower Peninsula, in 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. When Michigan was preparing for statehood in the 1830s, the boundaries proposed corresponded to the territorial boundaries
4.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
5.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
6.
Glove
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A glove is a garment covering the whole hand. Gloves have separate sheaths or openings for each finger and the thumb, if there is an opening, fingerless gloves having one large opening rather than individual openings for each finger are sometimes called gauntlets, though gauntlets are not necessarily fingerless. Gloves which cover the entire hand or fist but do not have separate finger openings or sheaths are called mittens, Mittens are warmer than other styles of gloves made of the same material because fingers maintain their warmth better when they are in contact with each other. Reduced surface area reduces heat loss, a hybrid of glove and mitten contains open-ended sheaths for the four fingers and an additional compartment encapsulating the four fingers. This compartment can be lifted off the fingers and folded back to allow the individual fingers ease of movement and access while the hand remains covered. The usual design is for the cavity to be stitched onto the back of the fingerless glove only. These hybrids are called convertible mittens or glittens, a combination of glove, Gloves protect and comfort hands against cold or heat, damage by friction, abrasion or chemicals, and disease, or in turn to provide a guard for what a bare hand should not touch. Latex, nitrile rubber or vinyl gloves are often worn by health care professionals as hygiene. Police officers often wear them to work in crime scenes to prevent destroying evidence in the scene, many criminals wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints, which makes the crime investigation more difficult. However, the gloves themselves can leave prints that are just as unique as human fingerprints, after collecting glove prints, law enforcement can then match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence. In many jurisdictions the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an inchoate offense, fingerless gloves are useful where dexterity is required that gloves would restrict. Cigarette smokers and church organists often use fingerless gloves, some gloves include a gauntlet that extends partway up the arm. Cycling gloves for road racing or touring are usually fingerless, guitar players often use fingerless gloves in circumstances when weather is much too cold to play with an un-covered hand. Gloves are made of materials including cloth, knitted or felted wool, leather, rubber, latex, neoprene, Gloves of kevlar protect the wearer from cuts. Gloves and gauntlets are integral components of pressure suits and spacesuits such as the Apollo/Skylab A7L which went to the moon, spacesuit gloves combine toughness and environmental protection with a degree of sensitivity and flexibility. Gloves appear to be of great antiquity, according to some translations of Homers The Odyssey, Laërtes is described as wearing gloves while walking in his garden so as to avoid the brambles. Herodotus, in The History of Herodotus, tells how Leotychides was incriminated by a full of silver that he received as a bribe. There are occasional references to the use of gloves among the Romans as well, pliny the Younger, his uncles shorthand writer wore gloves in winter so as not to impede the elder Plinys work
7.
The Thumb
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The Thumb is a region and a peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan, so named because the Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten. The Thumb area is considered to be in the Central Michigan region, located east of the Tri-Cities. The region is also branded as the Blue Water Area of Michigan, the counties which constitute the Thumb are those forming the extended peninsula that stretches northward into Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. There is no declaration for which of these counties are part of the Thumb. However, virtually all common definitions include Huron, Tuscola, and this definition is almost always extended to include Lapeer and St. Clair counties as well. The Thumb region is flat with fertile soil, the reason for its historical role as a chiefly agricultural area. Major agricultural products include sugar beets, navy beans, corn, fruits, Manufacturing - particularly concerning the Automotive Industry - is also prevalent in Michigans Thumb. Many different types of industries can be found in the thumb, mostly located in the portion of the region near the larger metropolitan areas of Detroit. The Thumb has many businesses, many linked to agriculture. Intertape Polymer Group, Inc. has a factory in Marysville. Cargill Salt operates a large mine and factory in St. Clair. This is the plant in the U. S. A. that produces Alberger salt. This is part of Michigans large salt-mining industry, Cooperative Elevator Company has been named the top Michigan Agriculture Exporter by the Michigan Department of Agriculture. Its headquarters are in Pigeon, and it has branch elevators in Deckerville, Akron, Gagetown, Sebewaing, Elkton, dow AgroSciences Harbor Beach manufactures agricultural chemicals, weed killer, fungicides, fertilizers and plant nutrients and herbicides. Mueller Industries owns and operates Mueller Brass in Port Huron, Grand Trunk Western Railway has a major rail yard in Port Huron Township. Marysville Hydrocarbons is a plant in Marysville. Michigan Ethanol, a partner of Broin Companies, operates a corn ethanol production facility in southwest Caro, Michigan Sugar Company, an agricultural cooperative owned by 1200 farmers, operates four plants in the area. It is the successor to the 100-year-old Big Chief and Pioneer Sugar companies, local plants are located in Caro, Sebewaing, Croswell, and headquarters in Bay City
8.
Folklore
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Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes and they include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, the forms and rituals of celebrations like Christmas and weddings, folk dances, each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next, for folklore is not taught in a formal school curriculum or studied in the fine arts. Instead these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration, the academic study of folklore is called folkloristics. To fully understand folklore, it is helpful to clarify its component parts and it is well-documented that the term was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it to replace the contemporary terminology of popular antiquities or popular literature, the second half of the compound word, lore, proves easier to define as its meaning has stayed relatively stable over the last two centuries. Coming from Old English lār instruction, and with German and Dutch cognates, it is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, the concept of folk proves somewhat more elusive. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, a more modern definition of folk is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. Folk is a concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. This expanded social definition of folk supports a view of the material, i. e. the lore. These now include all things people make with words, things they make with their hands, Folklore is no longer circumscribed as being chronologically old or obsolete. The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group and how they are transmitted. Transmission is a part of the folklore process. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, for folklore is also a verb. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, the folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, in direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within the social group. Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, for these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group
9.
Paul Bunyan
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Paul Bunyan is a giant lumberjack in American folklore. His exploits revolve around the tales of his superhuman labors. The character originated in the tradition of North American loggers. Laughead in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company and he has been the subject of various literary compositions, musical pieces, commercial works, and theatrical productions. His likeness is displayed in several statues across North America, there are many hypotheses about the etymology of the name Paul Bunyan. Much of the focuses on a Franco-Canadian origin for the name. Phonetically Bunyan is similar to the Québécois expression bon yenne, the English surname Bunyan is derived from the same root as bunion in the Old French bugne, referring to a large lump or swelling. Several researchers have attempted to trace Paul Bunyan to the character of Bon Jean or Tit Jean of French Canadian folklore. Michael Edmonds states in his book Out of the Northwoods, The Many Lives of Paul Bunyan that Paul Bunyan stories circulated for at least thirty years before finding their way into print. In contrast to the lengthy narratives abundant in published material, Paul Bunyan stories when told in the lumbercamp bunkhouses were presented in short fragments, Some of these stories include motifs from older folktales, such as absurdly severe weather and fearsome critters. Parallels in early printings support the view that at least a handful of Bunyan stories hold a common origin in folklore. All four anecdotes are mirrored in J. E. Rockwells Some Lumberjack Myths six years later, macGillivrays account, somewhat extended, reappeared in The American Lumberman in 1910. The American Lumberman followed up with a few sporadic editorials, such as Paul Bunyans Oxen, In Paul Bunyans Cook Shanty, in all the articles, Paul Bunyan is praised as a logger of great physical strength and unrivaled skill. Laughead, an independent adman, was the first to utilize Paul Bunyan for commercial use in a series of campaigns for the Red River Lumber Company and his first endeavor was a pamphlet entitled Introducing Mr. Paul Bunyan of Westwood, California, but it did not prove effective. It was not until Tales about Paul Bunyan, Vol. II appeared that the campaign gained momentum, embellishing older exploits and adding some of his own, Laugheads revamped Paul Bunyan did not stay faithful to the original folktales. Among other things, Laughead gave the name Babe to the ox, increased Paul Bunyans height to impossible proportions. This has led to significant confusion regarding the validity of Paul Bunyan as a folkloric character. Nevertheless, the Laughead pamphlets are regarded as one of the most popular collections, often appearing in a single, unabridged volume entitled, the Red River ad campaign ingrained Paul Bunyan as a nationally recognized figure, and it also affirmed his massive marketing appeal
10.
Northern Michigan
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Northern Michigan, also known as Northern Lower Michigan or Upper Michigan, is a region of the U. S. state of Michigan. A popular tourist destination, it is home to several small- to medium-sized cities, extensive state and national forests, lakes and rivers, the region has a significant seasonal population much like other regions that depend on tourism as their main industry. Northern Lower Michigan is distinct from the more northerly Upper Peninsula and Isle Royale, in the northern-most 21 counties in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the total population of the region is 506,658 people. The southern boundary of the region is not precisely defined, the 45th parallel runs across Northern Michigan. Signs in the Lower Peninsula that mark that line are at Mission Point Light, suttons Bay, Cairn Highway in Kewadin, Alba, Michigan on U. S.131 Highway, Gaylord, Atlanta and Alpena. These are six of 29 places in the U. S. A. where such signs or monuments are known to exist, one other such sign is in Menominee, Michigan in the Upper Peninsula. Across the Straits of Mackinac, to the north, west and northeast, although, residents of the Upper Peninsula often say that Northern Michigan is not in the Lower Peninsula. They insist the region must only be referred to as Northern Lower Michigan, the two regions are connected by the 5 mile long Mackinac Bridge. All of the northern Lower Peninsula – north of a line from Manistee County on the west to Iosco County on the east – is considered to be part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord. The geographical theme of this region is shaped by rolling hills, Great Lakes shorelines including coastal dunes on the west coast, large lakes, numerous rivers. A tension zone is identified running from Muskegon to Saginaw Bay marked by a change in soil type, North of the line the historic presettlement forests were beech and sugar maple, mixed with hemlock, white pine, and yellow birch which only grew on moist soils further south. Southern Michigan forests were primarily deciduous with oaks, red maple, shagbark hickory, Northern Michigan soils tend to be coarser, and the growing season is shorter with a cooler climate. Lake effect weather brings significant snowfalls to snow belt areas of Northern Michigan, glaciers shaped the area, creating a unique regional ecosystem. Large lakes were created by glacial action, the region has the four seasons in their extremes, with sometimes hot and humid summer days to subzero days in winter. With the expansive hardwood forest in Northern Michigan, fall color tourist are found throughout the area in early to mid-autumn, when the spring rains come, many roads and bridges become impassable due to flooding or muddy to the point a four-wheel drive cannot pass. Both the high and low temperature records for all of Michigan are held by communities in Northern Lower Michigan, the high is 112 °F set in Mio on July 13,1936 and the low is -51 °F set in Vanderbilt on February 9,1934. In the northern-most 21 counties in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the area was populated by many different ethnicities, including groups from New England, Ireland, Germany, and Poland. The Odawa nation is located in Emmet County. Native American reservations exist at Mount Pleasant, sailing, kayaking, canoeing, birding, bicycling, horse back riding, motorcycling, and off roading are important avocations
11.
Three Billy Goats Gruff
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Three Billy Goats Gruff is a Norwegian fairy tale. The fairy tale was collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr, the story introduces three male goats, sometimes identified as a youngster, father and grandfather, but more often described as brothers. In other adaptations, there is a baby or child goat, mama goat, to do so, however, they must first cross a bridge, under which lives a fearsome and hideous troll, who is so territorial that he eats anyone who tries to cross the bridge. The smallest billy goat is the first to cross and is stopped abruptly by the troll who threatens to gobble him up. However, the little goat convinces the troll to wait for his big brother to come across, because he is larger, the greedy troll agrees and lets the smallest goat cross. He is more cautious than his brother, but is stopped by the troll. The second billy goat is allowed to cross as well after he tells the troll to wait for the biggest billy goat because he is the largest of the three, the third billy goat then gets on the bridge and is stopped by the hungry troll. When the troll threatens to devour him, however, the billy goat challenges him. The troll falls into the stream and is carried away by the current, from then on the bridge is safe, and all three goats are able to go to the rich fields around the summer farm in the hills, and they all live happily ever after. The Scholastic version is two alternative versions, illustrated by Susan Blair and Ellen Appleby, narrator is Bob Thomas. The versions are available as records and cassettes, bill Willinghams 2002 comic book Fables contains mention of the goats, and the troll is an ongoing character. In the Norwegian film Trollhunter, the character attempts to bait a troll by placing three goats on a bridge. Mike Flanagans Kickstarter-funded film Absentia is a modern-day retelling centered around a tunnel, a series of abductions, and a troll-like creature. Team Juan at the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design at the University of Dundee produced a version with a Spanish twist on the story, the tale also comes into play during the first Kings Quest game. A troll is guarding a bridge Graham needs to cross, the optimum solution to the puzzle is to lure a goat over to the bridge. Upon seeing the troll, the goat is angered, and butts it into the river below, the tale also comes into play during Magicland Dizzy. A troll is guarding a bridge Dizzy needs to cross, the only solution to the puzzle, is to cut the rope holding the goat using the dagger, before hitting him with the stick to make him charge towards the troll. Along his way, the goat butts the troll into the air, the tale is also included in the video game Simon the Sorcerer
12.
Mackinac Bridge
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The Mackinac Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of the U. S. state of Michigan. Opened in 1957, the 26, 372-foot bridge is the worlds 19th-longest main span, the bridge connects the city of St. Ignace on the north end with the village of Mackinaw City on the south. Envisioned since the 1880s, the bridge was designed by the engineer David B. Steinman, the bridge opened on November 1,1957, connecting two peninsulas linked for decades by ferries. It remains the longest suspension bridge with two towers between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere, much longer anchorage-to-anchorage spans have been built in the Eastern Hemisphere, including the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan. But the long leadups to the anchorages on the Mackinac make its total length of 5 miles longer than the Akashi-Kaikyo. The length of the main span is 3,800 feet. It is also one of the worlds longest bridges overall, the Algonquian peoples who lived in the straits area prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century called this region Michilimackinac, which is widely understood to mean the Great Turtle. This is thought to refer to the shape of what is now called Mackinac Island and this interpretation of the word is debated by scholars. Trading posts at the Straits of Mackinac attracted peak populations during the trading season. As exploitation of the mineral and timber resources increased during the 19th century. Improved highways along the shores of the Lower Peninsula brought increased automobile traffic to the Straits region starting in the 1910s. The state of Michigan initiated an automobile service between Mackinaw City and St. Ignace in 1923, it eventually operated nine ferry boats that would carry as many as 9,000 vehicles per day. Traffic backups could stretch as long as 16 miles, after the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, local residents began to imagine that such a structure could span the straits. The idea of the bridge was discussed in the Michigan Legislature as early as the 1880s, at the time, the Straits of Mackinac area was becoming a popular tourist destination, especially following the creation of Mackinac National Park on Mackinac Island in 1876. This would advance commerce in the region and help lengthen the season of the hotel. Decades went by with no formal action, in 1920, the Michigan state highway commissioner advocated construction of a floating tunnel across the Straits. In 1923, the legislature ordered the State Highway Department to establish ferry service across the strait. More and more people used ferries to cross the straits each year, and as they did and it cannot continue to grow as it ought with clumsy and inadequate ferries for any portion of the year
13.
Geography of Michigan
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Michigan consists of two peninsulas that lie between east longitude, and are separated by the Straits of Mackinac, and some nearby islands. Lawrence watershed and is the state with the majority of its land thus drained. Michigan encompasses 58,110 square miles of land,38,575 square miles of Great Lakes waters and 1,305 square miles of inland waters, only Alaska has more territorial water. At a total of 97,990 square miles, Michigan is the largest state east of the Mississippi River, Michigan has a total area of 96,716.11 sq mi, making it the eleventh largest state. Michigan forestland covers nearly 52% of the area of Michigan at 30,156 square miles. The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, because of the lakes, Michigan has more lighthouses than any other state. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land, in Southeastern Michigan there is a water boundary with Canada along the entire lengths of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River. The southeastern boundary ends in the end of Lake Erie with a three-way convergence of Michigan. The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west, the surface on either side of this range is rugged. The states highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet, the peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. The geographic orientation of Michigans peninsulas makes for a distance between the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 highway miles from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsulas southeastern corner, the geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigans political and population centers makes the U. P. culturally and economically distinct. Occasionally U. P. residents have called for secession from Michigan, the Lower Peninsula, shaped like a mitten, is 277 miles long from north to south and 195 miles from east to west and occupies more than two-thirds of the states land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and it is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this, the highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet, or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet, a feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay, the geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula, making up the Copper Country region of the state, the Leelanau Peninsula lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region
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Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
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Lake Huron
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Lake Huron is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is shared on the north and east by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south, the name of the lake is derived from early French explorers who named it for the Huron people inhabiting the region. The Huronian glaciation was named due to evidence collected from Lake Huron region, the northern parts of the lake include the North Channel and Georgian Bay. Across the lake to the southwest is Saginaw Bay, the main inlet is the St. Marys River and the main outlet is the St. Clair. By volume however, Lake Huron is only the third largest of the Great Lakes, being surpassed by Lake Michigan, when measured at the low water datum, the lake contains a volume of 850 cubic miles and a shoreline length of 3,827 mi. The surface of Lake Huron is 577 feet above sea level, the lakes average depth is 32 fathoms 3 feet, while the maximum depth is 125 fathoms. It has a length of 206 statute miles and a greatest breadth of 183 statute miles. Cities with over 10,000 people on Lake Huron include Sarnia, the largest city on Lake Huron, and Saugeen Shores in Canada and Bay City, Port Huron, a large bay that protrudes northeast from Lake Huron into Ontario, Canada, is called Georgian Bay. A notable feature of the lake is Manitoulin Island, which separates the North Channel and it is the worlds largest freshwater island. Major centres on Georgian Bay include Owen Sound, Wasaga Beach, Midland, Penetanguishene, Port Severn, a smaller bay that protrudes southwest from Lake Huron into Michigan is called Saginaw Bay. Historic High Water The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels in October and November, the normal high-water mark is 2.00 feet above datum. In the summer of 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at 5.92 feet above datum, the high-water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year, ending with January 1987. Water levels ranged from 3.67 to 5.92 feet above Chart Datum, historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal low-water mark is 1.00 foot below datum, in the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet below datum. As with the records, monthly low-water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve-month period, water levels ranged from 1.38 to 0.71 feet below Chart Datum, the Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. Lake Huron has the largest shore line length of any of the Great Lakes, Lake Huron is separated from Lake Michigan, which lies at the same level, by the 5-mile-wide, 20-fathom-deep Straits of Mackinac, making them hydrologically the same body of water. Aggregated, Lake Huron-Michigan, at 45,300 square miles, is technically the worlds largest freshwater lake, when counted separately, Lake Superior is 8,700 square miles larger than Huron and higher
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Straits of Mackinac
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The Straits of Mackinac is a narrow waterway in the U. S. state of Michigan, between Michigans Lower and Upper Peninsulas. The Straits of Mackinac connect two of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, the straits are five miles wide and 20 fathoms deep. Hydrologically, the two connected lakes can be considered one, which is called Lake Michigan–Huron, historically, the region around the Straits was known by the native Odawa people as Michilimackinac. The Straits of Mackinac is whipsawed by currents unlike anywhere else in the Great Lakes. The Straits of Mackinac is a shipping lane, providing passage for raw materials and finished goods and connecting, for instance. Before the railroads reached Chicago from the east, most immigrants arrived in the Midwest, the straits is five miles wide at its narrowest point, where it is spanned by the Mackinac Bridge. Before the bridge was built, car ferries transported vehicles across the straits, today passenger-only ferries carry people to Mackinac Island, which does not permit cars. Visitors can take their vehicles on a car ferry to Bois Blanc Island, islands in the Straits of Mackinac include the two populated islands, Bois Blanc and Mackinac, and two that are uninhabited, Round and St. Helena islands. At 11 miles in length, Bois Blanc is the largest island in the straits, the straits are shallow and narrow enough to freeze over in the winter. Navigation is ensured for year-round shipping to the Lower Great Lakes by the use of icebreakers, the straits were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, the straits are patrolled by a detachment of the United States Coast Guard based at Graham Point, St. Ignace. A shipping channel through the ice is maintained by the Coast Guards Great Lakes icebreaker, USCGC Mackinaw. This vessel went into service during the 2005/06 ice season, Lighthouses in the Straits of Mackinac include, The McGulpin Point Light, on McGulpin Point, three miles west of Fort Michilimackinac. The Old Mackinac Point Light, in Mackinaw City, which is open to the public, the Round Island Light on Round Island, which is not open to the public but which can be viewed from the Mackinac Island ferry channel. The St. Helena Island Lighthouse, which is not open to the public but is visible from a rest area on U. S. Highway 2 at Gros Cap west of St. Ignace. The Bois Blanc Light, which is not open to the public, the 1953 pipeline enters the Straits of Mackinac water on the north shore at St. Ignace, Michigan and lies along the bottom of the Straits which is nearly two hundred and fifty feet in places. By 2013 Enbridge had increased the capacity on the lines to 540,000 barrels per day. In selling the idea of the pipeline to residents living near the Straits, the developers claimed, it was essential to the defense of the United States
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St. Clair River
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The river is a significant component in the Great Lakes Waterway, with shipping channels permitting cargo vessels to travel between the upper and lower Great Lakes. The river, which consider a strait, flows in a southerly direction. It branches into several channels near its mouth at Lake St. Clair, the river is 40.5 miles long and drops 5 feet in elevation from Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. The flow rate averages around 182,000 cubic feet per second, and this takes into account the combined drainage areas of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. In the 18th century, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois travelled on the river to trade with Native Americans and transport furs in canoes to major posts of French, European demand for American furs, especially beaver, was high until the 1830s. Ships built at Marine City, Michigan, during the mid-19th century carried immigrants up the river on their way to new homes in the American West, lumber harvested on The Thumb of Michigan was shipped downriver as log rafts to Detroit. In the early 20th century, lake steamers carried passengers and traveled among the towns along the St. Clair and Detroit rivers. During the 20th century, freighters traveled throughout the Great Lakes transporting commodities such as ore from the Mesabi Range, copper. Iron was taken to Ashtabula, Ohio and other cities for processing and steel manufacture. The St. Clair River and its Lambton County tributaries in Ontario contributes 103,210 acres to the watershed, stag Island lies between Corunna, Ontario and Marysville, Michigan. Fawn Island is near Port Lambton, Ontario and Marine City, Walpole, Seaway, Bassett, Squirrel, Pottowatamie, St. Anne, Dickinson, Russell and Harsens islands are located where the St. Clair River flows into Lake St. Clair near Algonac, Michigan. These islands are part of the St. Clair Flats, the major river delta in the Great Lakes. Six of the islands in this delta are unceded territory that are part of the Walpole Island First Nations, whose members include Ojibwe, Potowatomi and they call this delta area Bkejwanong, meaning where the waters divide. Most of the watershed away from the river in Ontario and Michigan is used for agriculture, there were numerous sugar beet farms in the flatlands, and an annual beet market was held in Marine City, Michigan, for years at harvest time. Many of the 19th-century English immigrants to this came from Lincolnshire, England. A few forest and wetland areas have survived, although their area has declined significantly since European settlement, clearing, much of the shoreline on both sides of the St. Clair River is urbanized and heavily industrialized. Intensive development has occurred in and near the adjacent cities of Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario, the heaviest concentration of industry, including a large petrochemical complex, lies along the Ontario shore south of Sarnia. Several communities along the St. Clair rely on the river as their source of drinking water
18.
Lake St. Clair
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Lake St. Clair is a freshwater lake that lies between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U. S. state of Michigan. It was named after Clare of Assisi, on whose feast day it was navigated and christened by French Catholic explorers in 1679. It is part of the Great Lakes system, and along with the St. Clair River and Detroit River and this lake is situated about 6 miles northeast of the downtown areas of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario. Lake Saint Clair measures about 22.5 nautical miles north to south. Its total surface area is about 430 square miles and this is a rather shallow lake for its size, with an average depth of about 11 feet, and a maximum natural depth of 21.3 feet. However, it is 27 feet deep in the channel which has been dredged for lake freighter passage. The lake is fed by the St. Clair River, which flows southwards from Lake Huron and has a river delta where it enters Lake Saint Clair. This is the largest delta of the Great Lakes System, also, the Thames River and Sydenham River flow into Lake Saint Clair from Southwestern Ontario, and the Clinton River and Pine River flows into it from Michigan. The outflow from Lake Saint Clair flows from its southwestern end into the Detroit River, the tarry time of the water in Lake St. If water flows through the channel, which is maintained by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. This lake is part of the Great Lakes System, because it is 17 times smaller in area than Lake Ontario, it is rarely included in the listings of the Great Lakes but is sometimes referred to as the sixth Great Lake. There are isolated proposals for its recognition as a Great Lake. First Nations/Native Americans used the lake as part of their navigation of the Great Lakes. The Mississaugas called present-day Lake St. Clair Waawiyaataan, the whirlpool, the Mississaugas established a village near the lake in the latter part of the 17th century. Early French mapmakers had identified the lake by a variety of French and Iroquois names, including Lac des Eaux de Mer, Lac Ganatchio, a variety of Native names were associated with sweetness, as the lake was freshwater as opposed to saltwater. These included Otsiketa, Kandequio or Kandekio, Oiatinatchiketo, and Oiatinonchikebo, similarly, the Iroquois called present-day Lake Huron, The Grand Lake of the Sweet Sea This association was conveyed on French maps as Mer Douce and Dutch maps as the Latin Mare Dulce. On August 12,1679, the French explorer René Robert Cavelier and he named the body of water Lac Sainte-Claire as the expedition discovered it on the feast day of Saint Clare of Assisi. The historian on the voyage, Louis Hennepin, recorded that the Iroquois called the lake Otseketa, as early as 1710, the English identified the lake on their maps as Saint Clare
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Detroit River
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The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, the two cities are connected by the Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. The rivers name comes from the French Rivière Détroit, meaning River of the Strait, the Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. The river travels west and south from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the river serves as an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Huron, and Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, in recent years, however, the ecological importance of the river has warranted a vast restoration effort, and the river today has a wide variety of economical and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the portion of the river is incorporated into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront, the Detroit River is designated an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River — the only river to have this dual designation. The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, however, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider. The Detroit River is only 0.5 to 2.5 miles wide, the Detroit River starts on an east to west flow but then bends and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is 53 feet deep in the portion of the river. At its source, the river is at an elevation of 574 feet above sea level, the river drops only three feet before entering into Lake Erie at 571 feet. As the river contains no dams and no locks, it is navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately 700 square miles, since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries. Its largest tributary is the River Rouge in Michigan, which is four times longer than the Detroit River. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller Ecorse River, tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size, the rivers average discharge is approximately 188,000 cubic feet per second, and the rivers flow is constant. The Detroit River forms an element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, the largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan
20.
Lake Erie
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Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes, at its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet deep. Lake Eries northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U. S. states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and these jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore and that Iroquoian tribe called it Erige because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of whether the lake was named after the tribe. Situated below Lake Huron, Eries primary inlet is the Detroit River, Lake Erie has a mean elevation of 571 feet above sea level. It has an area of 9,990 square miles with a length of 241 statute miles. The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F limit necessary to keep the plants cool, also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter. The waves build very quickly, according to other accounts, after being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive. This area is known as the thunderstorm capital of Canada with breathtaking lightning displays. Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River and drains via the Niagara River, navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, the drainage basin covers 30,140 square miles. Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the end of the lake, these belong to Ohio except for Pelee Island and eight neighboring islands. Major cities along Lake Erie include Buffalo, Erie, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio, Islands tend to be located in the western side of the lake and total 31 in number. The island-village of Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island attracts young crowds who sometimes wear red hats and are prone to break off cartwheels in the park. Pelee Island is the largest of Eries islands, accessible by ferry from Leamington, Ontario and Sandusky, songbirds migrate to Pelee in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall. Lake Erie has a retention time of 2.6 years
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Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
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Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
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Moraine
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A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions on Earth, through geomorphological processes. Moraines are formed from debris previously carried along by a glacier, lateral moraines are formed at the side of the ice flow and terminal moraines at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines, till-covered areas with irregular topography, moraines may be composed of debris ranging in size from silt-sized glacial flour to large boulders. The debris is typically sub-angular to rounded in shape, moraines may be on the glacier’s surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted. Moraines may form through a number of processes, depending on the characteristics of sediment, the dynamics on the ice, moraine forming processes may be loosely divided into passive and active. Passive processes involve the placing of chaotic supraglacial sediments onto the landscape with limited reworking and these moraines are composed of supraglacial sediments from the ice surface. Active processes form or rework moraine sediment directly by the movement of ice and these form push moraines and thrust-block moraines, which are often composed of till and reworked proglacial sediment. Moraine may also form by the accumulation of sand and gravel deposits from glacial streams emanating from the ice margin and these fan deposits may coalesce to form a long moraine bank marking the ice margin. Several processes may combine to form and rework a single moraine, moraines can be classified either by origin, location with respect to a glacier or former glacier, or by shape. Some moraine types are only from ancient glaciers, while medial moraines of valley glaciers are poorly preserved. Lateral moraines are parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier, the unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and/or from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts, lateral moraines stand high because they protect the ice under them from the elements, causing it to melt or sublime less than the uncovered parts of the glacier. Multiple lateral moraines may develop as the glacier advances and retreats, ground moraines are till-covered areas with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. They are accumulated at the base of the ice as lodgment till, in alpine glaciers, ground moraines are often found between the two lateral moraines. Ground moraines may be modified into drumlins by the overriding ice, Rogen moraines or ribbed moraines are a type of basal moraines that form a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an ice sheet. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water, making the Rogen moraines look like tigerstripes on aerial photographs, Rogen moraines are named after Lake Rogen in Härjedalen, Sweden, the landform’s type locality. End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier and they usually reflect the shape of the glaciers terminus. Glaciers act much like a belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines
24.
Cadillac, Michigan
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Cadillac /ˈkædᵻlæk/ is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and is the county seat of Wexford County. The population was 10,355 at the 2010 census, the city is situated at the junction of US131, M-55 and M-115. The geographic center of Michigan is approximately five miles north-northwest of Cadillac, Cadillac became the county seat after the so-called Battle of Manton, in which a show of force was involved in enforcing a controversial decision to move the county seat from Manton. Although European explorers and traders visited the area since the 18th century, initial settlements were connected with the logging industry. In 1871, Cadillacs first sawmill began operations, originally called the Pioneer Mill, it was built by John R. Yale. That same year, George A. Mitchell, a prominent Cadillac banker and railroad entrepreneur, and Adam Gallinger, two years later, the Clam Lake Canal was constructed between Big and Little Clam lakes, present-day Lakes Mitchell and Cadillac. Sawmill owners used the canal to transport timber from Big Clam Lake to the mills, Railroad had reached the area in 1872—on Little Clam Lake, in Cadillac. Cadillac was originally named Clam Lake and was incorporated as a village in 1874, George Mitchell was elected the first mayor. The village was incorporated as a city in 1877 and renamed Cadillac, after Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, a Frenchman who made the first permanent settlement at Detroit in 1701. The Wexford County seat of government, originally located in Sherman, was moved to Manton in 1881, Cadillac partisans, however, won the county seat by county-wide vote in April 1882. The day following the election a sheriffs posse left the city for Manton by special train to seize the county records, after arriving and collecting a portion of the materials, however, an angry crowd confronted the Cadillac men and drove them from the town. When the sheriff returned to Cadillac, a force consisting of several hundred armed men was assembled, the Sheriffs force, some of whom may have been intoxicated, traveled back to Manton to seize the remaining records. Although Manton residents confronted the Cadillac men and barricaded the courthouse, in 1878, Ephraim Shay perfected his Shay locomotive, which was particularly effective in its ability to climb steep grades, maneuver sharp turns and manage imperfections in railroad tracks. Cadillac was home to the Michigan Iron Works Company, which manufactured the Shay locomotive for a time in the early 1880s. It was however the industry that continued to dominate the city, drawing in a large immigrant labor force. In 1899, the Cadillac Club formed, the forerunner of the Cadillac Area Chamber of Commerce, gradually, various manufacturing firms found success in Cadillac. By the early 20th century, with the lumber depleted, the industry was in decline. Industrial development soon dominated the economy, and it continues to do so today
25.
American Bird Conservancy
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The American Bird Conservancy is a non-profit membership organization with the mission of conserving native birds and their habitats throughout the Americas. Its focus is on threats to birds in the Western Hemisphere—threats which include overuse of pesticides, urban sprawl, habitat destruction, and invasive species. ABC works in cooperation with other groups and agencies, including, Fundación ProAves, The Bird Conservation Alliance, Partners in Flight, the North American Bird Conservation Initiative and their Conservation Counterparts Program helps other organizations fundraise for Latin America and Caribbean conservation projects. In Latin America American Bird Conservancy works with groups such as Fundación ProAves to purchase land that protects endangered bird habitat. Several organizations, including the American Bird Conservancy and the United States Geological Survey, were commissioned by the U. S, federal Government to study the US State of Birds in 2007. They found that 800 species of birds in the U. S. were endangered, threatened or in significant decline, the study found that 39% of ocean birds were declining in population. They also learned that conservation efforts are effective at helping bird populations to recover. In the U. S. they are trying to stop mining in the Appalachias in order to protect vital breeding habitat. Cats Indoors is an education campaign by American Bird Conservancy to encourage control of cats in order to protect birds from predation by cats. The objective of the Conservancys campaign is that all cats should be kept indoors
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National Audubon Society
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The National Audubon Society is a non-profit environmental organization dedicated to conservation. It also coordinates the Christmas Bird Count held each December in the U. S. a model of science, in partnership with Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Together with Cornell, Audubon created eBird, a database for bird observation. Audubons International Alliances Program brings together people throughout the Western Hemisphere to work together to implement conservation solutions at Important Birds Areas, the societys main offices are in New York City and Washington, D. C. and it has state offices in about 24 states. Audubon Centers help to forge connections between people and nature, developing stewards for conservation among young and diverse communities. In 1886 Forest and Stream editor George Bird Grinnell was appalled by the negligent mass slaughter of birds that he saw taking place. As a boy, Grinnell had avidly read Ornithological Biography, a work by the bird painter John James Audubon, so when Grinnell decided to create an organization devoted to the protection of wild birds and their eggs, he did not have to go far for its namesake. Within a year of its foundation, the early Audubon Society claimed 39,000 members, eventually, it attained a membership of 48,862. Each member signed a pledge to not molest birds, prominent members included jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. abolitionist minister Henry Ward Beecher, and poet John Greenleaf Whittier. This society was discontinued, but the name and plan survived. Organizations for the protection of birds were not a new idea. Even before Grinnells Audubon Society was organized, the American Ornithologists Union, there were however influential ornithologists who defended the collection of birds. Cory, the president elect of the AOU refused to attend a meeting of the District of Columbia Audubon Society stating that I do not protect birds. In 1895 Audubon societies were organized in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, St. Louis Audubon Society was established in 1916 as the St Louis Bird Club. In 1944, the Bird Club became the first local Audubon chapter in the United States, the national committee of Audubon societies was organized at a meeting held in Washington in 1902. During this time, Albert Willcox provided financial support, more than $331,072 in 1905 and 1906, at the end of 1906, the Association had an interest-bearing endowment fund of more than $336,000 and an income from other sources of approximately $9,000. Birds in the US were threatened by hunting as well as for the fashion industry. Pressure from shooting enthusiasts was intense, for example, great auks, whose habit of crowding together on rocks and beaches made them especially easy to hunt, had been driven to extinction early in the century
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Structural basin
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A structural basin is a large-scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat-lying strata. Structural basins are geological depressions, and are the inverse of domes, some elongated structural basins are also known as synclines. Basins may appear on a map as roughly circular or elliptical. Because the strata dip toward the center, the strata in a basin are progressively younger from the outside in. Basins are often large in extent, often hundreds of kilometers across. Structural basins are important sources of coal, petroleum, and groundwater. The Changing Earth, Exploring Geology and Evolution, 2nd ed. Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing Company,1997
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Michigan Basin
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The Michigan Basin is a geologic basin centered on the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. The feature is represented by a circular pattern of geologic sedimentary strata in the area with a nearly uniform structural dip toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in Gladwin County where the Precambrian basement rocks are 16,000 feet deep, around the margins, such as under Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Precambrian surface is around 4,000 feet down. This 4, 000-foot contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and it crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath Lake Huron. On the north in the Canadian Shield, which includes the part of Michigans Upper Peninsula. The eastern margins of Wisconsin along Green Bay are along the margins of the basin, the northeastern margin of Illinois around Chicago are on the southwestern margin of the basin. The southeast striking Kankakee Arch continuation of the Cincinnati Arch forms the southwest boundary of the basin underlying northeastern Illinois, the Wisconsin Arch forms the western boundary of the basin. The rocks of the basin include Cambrian-Ordovician sandstones and carbonate rocks around the margins, above or basinward are found the Silurian-Devonian dolostones and limestones with Carboniferous strata filling the center. A relatively thin veneer of Jurassic sediments are found in the center of the basin at the surface, the basin appears to have subsided concurrently with basin filling as the sediments within the basin are all relatively shallow-water sediments, many of which are richly fossiliferous. The location was on a geologically passive portion of crust, the development of the basin and the surrounding arches were likely affected by the tectonic activity of the long-term Appalachian orogeny several hundred miles to the south and east. Within the Precambrian rocks beneath and just west of the center of the basin lies a generally north to northwest trending linear feature that appears to be an ancient rift in the Earths crust and this rift appears to be contiguous with the rift zone under Lake Superior. Gypsum has been mined from rocks in the basin, halite occurs in beds of the Salina Formation and the Detroit River Group. The Detroit salt mine has mined rock salt from beneath the Detroit metropolitan area since 1906, brine recovered from wells in the Michigan basin has been used as a commercial source of potassium salts, bromine, iodine, calcium chloride, and magnesium salts. The rocks of the Michigan Basin are the source of commercial quantities of petroleum, the most actively drilled-for source of natural gas in recent years has been shale gas from the Devonian Antrim Shale in the northern part of the basin. The Michigan basin extends into Ontario, Canada, where oil and it is considered to be one of Americas most promising oil and gas plays. In May 2010, a Michigan public land auction attracted the attention of the largest North American natural gas corporations, such as, Encana Corporation, from 2008 through 2010 Encana accumulated a large land position in a shale gas play in Michigans Middle Ordovician Collingwood shale. Encana focused activities in Cheboygan, Kalkaska, and Missaukee counties in Michigan’s northern Lower Peninsula, natural gas is produced from both Utica and Collingwood shale. Collingwood is a shaly limestone about 40 ft thick that lies just above the Ordovician Trenton formation, national Atlas - USGS A Tapestry of Time and Terrain, the Michigan Basin - USGS Fossils of the Michigan Basin - University of Michigan
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Sedimentary rock
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Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earths surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles to settle in place. The particles that form a rock by accumulating are called sediment. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension. The sedimentary rock cover of the continents of the Earths crust is extensive, sedimentary rocks are only a thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers as strata, forming a structure called bedding, sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources like coal, fossil fuels, drinking water or ores. The study of the sequence of rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the Earths history, including palaeogeography, paleoclimatology. The scientific discipline that studies the properties and origin of rocks is called sedimentology. Sedimentology is part of both geology and physical geography and overlaps partly with other disciplines in the Earth sciences, such as pedology, geomorphology, geochemistry, sedimentary rocks have also been found on Mars. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragments that were cemented by silicate minerals. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, clay minerals, and mica, any type of mineral may be present, clastic sedimentary rocks, are subdivided according to the dominant particle size. Most geologists use the Udden-Wentworth grain size scale and divide unconsolidated sediment into three fractions, gravel, sand, and mud and this tripartite subdivision is mirrored by the broad categories of rudites, arenites, and lutites, respectively, in older literature. The subdivision of these three categories is based on differences in clast shape, conglomerates and breccias), composition. Conglomerates are dominantly composed of rounded gravel, while breccias are composed of dominantly angular gravel, composition of framework grains The relative abundance of sand-sized framework grains determines the first word in a sandstone name. Naming depends on the dominance of the three most abundant components quartz, feldspar, or the lithic fragments that originated from other rocks, all other minerals are considered accessories and not used in the naming of the rock, regardless of abundance. Clean sandstones with open space are called arenites. Muddy sandstones with abundant muddy matrix are called wackes, six sandstone names are possible using the descriptors for grain composition and the amount of matrix. Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks composed of at least 50% silt- and clay-sized particles and these relatively fine-grained particles are commonly transported by turbulent flow in water or air, and deposited as the flow calms and the particles settle out of suspension
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Stratum
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In geology and related fields, a stratum is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The stratum is the unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy. Each layer is one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon another. They may extend over hundreds of thousands of kilometers of the Earths surface. Strata are typically seen as bands of different colored or differently structured material exposed in cliffs, road cuts, quarries, individual bands may vary in thickness from a few millimeters to a kilometer or more. Each band represents a mode of deposition, river silt, beach sand, coal swamp, sand dune, lava bed. Geologists study rock strata and categorize them by the material of beds, each distinct layer is typically assigned to the name of sheet, usually based on a town, river, mountain, or region where the formation is exposed and available for study. For example, the Burgess Shale is an exposure of dark, occasionally fossiliferous. Slight distinctions in material in a formation may be described as members, formations are collected into groups while groups may be collected into supergroups. Archaeological horizon Geologic formation Geologic map Geologic unit Law of superposition Bed GeoWhen Database
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Strike and dip
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Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. The strike line of a bed, fault, or other feature, is a line representing the intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane. On a geologic map, this is represented with a straight line segment oriented parallel to the strike line. One technique is to take the strike so the dip is 90° to the right of the strike. The map symbol is a line attached and at right angles to the strike symbol pointing in the direction which the planar surface is dipping down. The angle of dip is generally included on a map without the degree sign. Beds that are dipping vertically are shown with the dip symbol on both sides of the strike, and beds that are flat are shown like the vertical beds, both vertical and flat beds do not have a number written with them. Another way of representing strike and dip is by dip and dip direction, the dip direction is the azimuth of the direction the dip as projected to the horizontal, which is 90° off the strike angle. For example, a bed dipping 30° to the South, would have an East-West strike, but would be written as 30/180 using the dip and dip direction method. Strike and dip are determined in the field with a compass, compass-clinometers which measure dip and dip direction in a single operation are often called stratum or Klar compasses after a German professor. Smartphone apps are also now available, that use of the internal accelerometer to provide orientation measurements. Combined with the GPS functionality of devices, this allows readings to be recorded. Any planar feature can be described by strike and dip and this includes sedimentary bedding, faults and fractures, cuestas, igneous dikes and sills, metamorphic foliation and any other planar feature in the Earth. Linear features are measured very similar methods, where plunge is the dip angle. Apparent dip is the name of any dip measured in a plane that is not perpendicular to the strike line. True dip can be calculated from apparent dip using trigonometry if you know the strike, Geologic cross sections use apparent dip when they are drawn at some angle not perpendicular to strike. New York, J. Wiley and Sons, tarbuck, Edward J. Lutgens, Frederick K. 0-13-092025-8 Earth, An Introduction to Physical Geology. Upper Saddle River, N. J. Pearson Prentice Hall, digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization
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Gladwin County, Michigan
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Gladwin County is a county located in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,692, Gladwin County is a headwaters area. Most of the water flows out of the county via the Tittabawasee river comes from Gladwin County. Native Americans crossed this area, and even spent summers here where the fishing was good, research is underway to determine the importance of an ancient trail that was noted by the crew of the 1839 re-survey of Township 17 north Range 2 west, which later became Beaverton Township. The eastern terminus of the Muskegon River Trail was plotted at the confluence of the three branches of the Tobacco River in the northwest corner of Section 12, at that point the canoes would be portaged along the trail to the Muskegon river, then floated down to Lake Michigan. Many native artifacts have been found along route that attest to seasonal occupation. The earliest documented visitors to the area later became Gladwin County were the surveyors who platted that land according to the provisions of the Northwest Ordinance. Most of the work was completed during the 1830s. Unfortunately, parts of the first survey were actually done in a bar room in Saginaw, the surveyors had predicted it would be centuries before anyone would move to such a God-forsaken, mosquito-infested swamp. The earliest census to mention residents in the area was in 1860, the county is named for Henry Gladwin, British military commandant at Detroit in 1763 during Pontiacs War. The county was set off and named in 1831 and organized in 1875, the year 2011 marked 150 years since the first permanent settler, Marvel Secord, took up residence along the Tittabawassee River in what is now Secord Township. He was a trapper and trader who provided supplies to lumbering camps in the area, another man, William Brayton, may have had the right to claim first settler status. The 1860 census listed 14 residents, including two families with children, of these,11 were associated with lumbering camps that had begun to appear that year, and three were listed as hunters. One of the day laborers at a camp, however, brought his wife to the county, the first issue of the Gladwin County Record in 1878 lists him as having 20 acres of wheat under cultivation. His stepson, Dr. Russell E. Finch moved here in 1875, mr. Brayton died here in 1895. His claim to being the first permanent settler appears valid, except that just before the 1880 census was taken he and his wife went to Lynn and he returned to Gladwin after settling his fathers estate in 1882. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 516 square miles. It is the second-smallest county in Michigan by total area, Gladwin County is considered to be a part of Central Michigan and/or Northern Michigan
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Precambrian
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The Precambrian is the earliest period of Earths history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon. The Precambrian is a supereon that is subdivided into three eons of the time scale. It spans from the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about 541 million years ago, the Precambrian accounts for 89% of geologic time. Relatively little is known about the Precambrian, despite it making up roughly seven-eighths of the Earths history, the Precambrian fossil record is poorer than that of the succeeding Phanerozoic, and fossils from that time are of limited biostratigraphic use. This is because many Precambrian rocks have been metamorphosed, obscuring their origins, while others have been destroyed by erosion. A stable crust was apparently in place by 4,412 Ma, the term Precambrian is recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as a general term including the Archean and Proterozoic eons. It is still used by geologists and paleontologists for general discussions not requiring the more specific eon names and it was briefly called the Cryptozoic eon. A specific date for the origin of life has not been determined, carbon found in 3.8 billion year old rocks from islands off western Greenland may be of organic origin. Well-preserved microscopic fossils of bacteria older than 3.46 billion years have found in Western Australia. Probable fossils 100 million years older have been found in the same area, there is a fairly solid record of bacterial life throughout the remainder of the Precambrian. The oldest fossil evidence from that era of such complex life comes from the Lantian formation of the Ediacarian period, a very diverse collection of soft-bodied forms is found in a variety of locations worldwide and date to between 635 and 542 Ma. These are referred to as Ediacaran or Vendian biota, hard-shelled creatures appeared toward the end of that time span, marking the beginning of the Phanerozoic era. By the middle of the following Cambrian period, a diverse fauna is recorded in the Burgess Shale. The explosion in diversity of lifeforms during the early Cambrian is called the Cambrian explosion of life, while land seems to have been devoid of plants and animals, cyanobacteria and other microbes formed prokaryotic mats that covered terrestrial areas. Evidence of the details of plate motions and other activity in the Precambrian has been poorly preserved. It is generally believed that small proto-continents existed prior to 4280 Ma, the supercontinent, known as Rodinia, broke up around 750 Ma. A number of glacial periods have been identified going as far back as the Huronian epoch, one of the best studied is the Sturtian-Varangian glaciation, around 850–635 Ma, which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator, resulting in a Snowball Earth. The atmosphere of the early Earth is not well understood, most geologists believe it was composed primarily of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other relatively inert gases, and was lacking in free oxygen
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Basement rock
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In the same way, the sediments or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a cover or sedimentary cover. Basement rock is the foundation of ancient, and oldest metamorphic and igneous rock that forms the crust of continents. Basement rock is contrasted to overlying sedimentary rocks which are laid down on top of the basement rocks after the continent was formed, the sedimentary rocks which may be deposited on top of the basement usually form a relatively thin veneer, but can be more than 3 miles thick. The basement rock of the crust can be 20–30 miles thick, the basement rock can be located under layers of sedimentary rock, or be visible at the surface. Basement rock is visible at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, consisting of 1. 7-2 billion year old granite, an extensive cross section of sedimentary rocks laid down on top of it through the ages is visible as well. The basement rocks of the continental crust tend to be older than the oceanic crust. The oceanic crust can be from 0-250 million years in age, the basement rocks are often highly metamorphosed and complex. They may consist of different types of rock - volcanic, intrusive igneous. They may also contain fragments of oceanic crust that became wedged between plates when a terrane was accreted to the edge of the continent, any of this material may be folded, refolded and metamorphosed. New igneous rock may freshly intrude into the crust from underneath, or may form underplating, much of the basement rock may have originally been oceanic crust, but it was highly metamorphosed and converted into continental crust via a series of events. A typical pattern is as follows and this produces an oceanic chain of volcanoes, like Japan. This volcanism causes metamorphosis of rocks, intrusions of magma that produce such as granite. This tends to make the crust lighter and thicker, as a result making it immune to subduction, oceanic crust can be subducted, while continental crust cannot. Eventually, the subduction of the oceanic crust can bring the volcano chain close to a continent. When the overriding plate collides with the continent, instead of being subducted, it is accreted to the edge of the continent and becomes a part of that continent. In this manner, continents can grow over time as new terranes are accreted to their edges, as such, the basement rock can become younger going closer to the edge of the continent. There are exceptions of however, such as exotic terranes, exotic terranes are pieces or fragments of other continents that have broken off their original parent continent and have become accreted to a different continent. For instance, Pangea consisted of most of the Earths continents being accreted into one giant supercontinent, most continents indeed have several continental cratons, in other words they are made up of the accretion of many smaller continents, such as Asia, Africa, and Europe
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Mackinaw City, Michigan
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Mackinaw City /ˈmækᵻnɔː ˈsɪti/ is a village in Emmet and Cheboygan counties in the U. S. state of Michigan. Mackinaw City is at the tip of the Michigans Lower Peninsula along the southern shore of the Straits of Mackinac. Across the straits lies the states Upper Peninsula and these two land masses are physically connected by the Mackinac Bridge, which runs from Mackinaw City north to St. Ignace. Mackinaw City is also the base for ferry service to Mackinac Island. According to AAAs 2009 TripTik requests, Mackinaw City is the most popular tourist city in the state of Michigan, the official name of the community is The Village of Mackinaw City and as that suggests, it is a village by state law. Mackinaw City is governed by the General Law Village Act, Public Act No and these peoples had long frequented the surrounding region, which they called Michilimackinac, to fish, hunt, trade, and worship. Mackinac Island in the straits appeared to have the shape of a turtle, the Native Americans here had a creation myth based on the sacred turtle. His reports resulted in the French government providing funds to send settlers, missionaries, traders, father Jacques Marquette had established a mission on Mackinac Island in 1671. The construction of Fort de Baude at St. Ignace in 1681 was an attempt by the authorities of New France to establish a presence at the Straits. Mackinaw Citys first European settlement came in 1715 when the French built Fort Michilimackinac and they lost it to the British during the Seven Years War, and the British abandoned the fort in 1783, after the American Revolutionary War resulted in independence of its Thirteen Colonies. The site of the fort in present-day Mackinaw City is a National Historic Landmark and is now preserved as an historical museum. As with the forts at other settlements of the era and region such as Detroit and it housed French civilians inside the fort, and allowed them to garden, hunt, and fish outside the walls. It was a trading post for the fur trade, what the British did not take with them, they burned, that way they could prevent the American rebels from using Michilimackinac as a base. In 1857, two men by the names of Conkling and Searles platted what would become Mackinaw City, the original plan reserved the northern portion as a park, to preserve the area that was once Fort Michilimackinac and to accommodate a hoped-for lighthouse. This was not built for nearly a generation after the land was set aside, Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse was built in 1892 in the same northern park that was originally allotted for its construction. This lighthouse would eventually replace McGulpin Point Light, which was built in the 1870s in the far end of the village limits. The village became a port for train ferries crossing the Straits beginning in the 1890s. In the 1890s, Mackinaw had one newspaper, the Mackinaw Witness, published weekly by Presbyterian missionary Rev. G. W. Wood, auto ferries began running in the early 1900s
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Alpena County Regional Airport
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Alpena County Regional Airport is a county owned, public use, joint civil-military airport in Alpena County, Michigan, United States. The airport is located six miles west of the central business district of Alpena. It straddles the boundary between Maple Ridge Township on the north and Wilson Township on the south and it is mostly used for general aviation, but is also served by one commercial airline, an affiliate of Delta Air Lines, with freight services provided by FedEx Feeder. It is said to be the Proud home of Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, as per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 7,519 passenger boardings in calendar year 2008,7,638 enplanements in 2009, and 8,737 in 2010. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, Alpena County Regional Airport covers an area of 3,084 acres at an elevation of 690 feet above mean sea level. It has two runways with concrete surfaces, 1/19 is 9,001 by 150 feet and 7/25 is 5,028 by 100 feet. For the 12-month period ending August 31,2012, the airport had 5,902 aircraft operations, an average of 16 per day, 44% military, 34% general aviation, and 23% scheduled commercial. In March 2017, there were 20 aircraft based at airport,12 single-engine,6 multi-engine,1 helicopter and 1 military. 1^ Operated by SkyWest Airlines 2 ^ Operated by CSA Air Several scenes of the film Die Hard 2 were shot there, the location was chosen in part because there was a need for snow, and the producers expected Alpena to produce. However, due to a lack of snowfall, artificial snow had to be used, consequently, other filming was done at Kincheloe Air Force Base in Michigans Upper Peninsula
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Alpena, Michigan
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Alpena /ælˈpiːnə/ is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Alpena County. It is considered to be part of northern Michigan, the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary is located in the city. The population was 10,483 at the 2010 census, the population swells with a large number of visitors in the summer. Despite its small population, it is by far the largest city in the sparsely populated Northeast Michigan area and it is considered to be one of the two anchor cities of Northern Michigan, along with Traverse City. MidMichigan Health is a designated rural regional medical referral center. This was part of a larger effort to rename a great many of the Michigan counties at the time. Later the region, like much of Michigan, was shaped by the era of the 1800s. Today, Alpena is known for its quarry, one of the largest in the world. While at one time the largest in the world, the cement plant is now just the largest cement plant for Lafarge in North America with an capacity of almost 3 million tons of cement. Alpena is also the headquarters of Besser Company, a manufacturer of concrete block machines. Tourism is also important to Alpenas economy, most of the city was lost in the Great Michigan Fire of 1871. Less than one year later, on July 12,1872, Alpena was hit by fire, the largest in its history. The blaze started in a barn and lasted for two hours, killing at least four people and causing at least $180,000 in damages, Alpena was again hit by a disastrous fire on July 11,1888. In February 2007 Bizjournals ranked Alpena as the hottest retirement destination in the Great Lakes area, the city has a number of notable buildings, including the Art deco Alpena County Courthouse, the I. O. O. F. Centennial Building, and Temple Beth El, one of the oldest synagogues in the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.23 square miles. The city is on the shore of Lake Hurons Thunder Bay, access to natural resources and water transportation has been important in development of the community. Light stations and lighthouses surround Alpena, several islands off the coast in Thunder Bay are part of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge, and Scarecrow Island is part of the Michigan Islands Wilderness Area
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Bishop International Airport
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Bishop International Airport is a commercial and general aviation airport located in Flint, Michigan. It is named after banker and General Motors board member Arthur Giles Bishop, the third busiest airport in Michigan, it surpassed competitor MBS International Airport in terms of airline operations in 2002. In 2007,1,071,238 passengers used Bishop International Airport and it is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a small hub primary commercial service facility. Additionally, FedEx Express operates cargo services out of the airport, accompanying the airlines is fixed-base operator Av Flight that handles both general aviation and airline operations and one flight school. Bishop International Airport is in southwestern Flint, and is surrounded by Flint Township to the north, east and west, in early February 2007, Bishop International Airport unveiled a comprehensive 5-year developmental plan that would be slated for continuation through late 2011. In May 2009, Bishop International Airport began Phase I of its Terminal Airside & Concourse Improvements program, projects under this phase were developed in 2008. Runway 5/23 was closed permanently on May 4,2009, as progress continued in the Capital Improvement Program, the renovation and expansion of the terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills. On April 24,2012, the board of directors approved a $1.348 million project to repair the airports tarmac. The project is scheduled to take four months to complete, on September 19,2012, it was announced that the Federal Aviation Administration approved a grant to fund the project. On October 6,2012, a new Transportation Security Administration checkpoint opened in the terminal, the completed terminal was dedicated on November 13,2012. The airports board allocated an additional $10.9 million for upgrades in 2013 and 2014. On August 29,2013, the received a $2.87 million grant from the U. S. Department of Transportation. Bishop International Airport covers 1,550 acres and has two runways, Runway 18/36,7,848 x 150 ft. Surface, Asphalt/Concrete Runway 9/27,7,200 x 150 ft. The airport is served by a bus line operated by the Flint MTA, local taxi services. Several car rental agencies are available at the airport, the Bishop International Airport Authority is the joint public authority created by Genesee County and the city of Flint to run Bishop International Airport. The Authority Board has nine members appointed to three-year terms, BIAA operates the airports public safety and maintenance departments. On January 27,2014, airport director Jim Rice retired after 24 years of service, the service drive in front of the airport that leads to the terminal and front parking lot has since been renamed in his honor. The board later named Craig Williams, former Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority board member, on November 16,2011, a Piaggio P.180 Avanti operating as Avantair Flight 168 crashed upon landing due to an engine failure
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Flint, Michigan
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Flint is the largest city and county seat of Genesee County, Michigan. Located along the Flint River,66 miles northwest of Detroit, it is a city within the region known as Mid Michigan. According to the 2010 census, Flint has a population of 102,434, the Flint metropolitan area is located entirely within Genesee County. It is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Michigan with a population of 425,790 in 2010, the city was incorporated in 1855. Flint was founded as a village by fur trader Jacob Smith in 1819, from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century, the city was a leading manufacturer of carriages and later automobiles, earning it the nickname Vehicle City. General Motors was founded in Flint in 1908, and the city grew into a manufacturing powerhouse for GMs Buick. Flint was also the home of the Flint Sit-Down Strike of 1936–37 that played a role in the formation of the United Auto Workers. Since the late 1960s, Flint has faced several crises, the city sank into a deep economic depression after GM significantly downsized its workforce in the area from a 1978 high of 80,000 to under 8,000 by 2010. From 1960 to 2010, the population of the city nearly halved from 196,940 to 102,434, in the mid-2000s, Flint became known for its high crime rates and has repeatedly been ranked among the most dangerous cities in the United States. The city was under a state of emergency from 2002–2004. The Saginaw Valley, particularly the vicinity of Flint, is considered by some to be the oldest continually inhabited area of Michigan. The Flint River had several convenient fords which became points of contention among rival tribes, as attested by the presence of arrowheads and burial mounds near it. In 1819, Jacob Smith, a fur trader on cordial terms with both the local Ojibwas and the government founded a trading post at the Grand Traverse of the Flint River. On several occasions, Smith negotiated land exchanges with the Ojibwas on behalf of the U. S. government, Smith apportioned many of his holdings to his children. As the ideal stopover on the route between Detroit and Saginaw, Flint grew into a small but prosperous village, and incorporated in 1855. The 1860 U. S. census indicated that Genesee County had a population of 22,498 of Michigans 750,000, in the latter half of the 19th century, Flint became a center of the Michigan lumber industry. Revenue from lumber funded the establishment of a local carriage-making industry, as horse-drawn carriages gave way to the automobiles, Flint then naturally grew into a major player in the nascent auto industry. Buick Motor Company, after a start in Detroit, soon moved to Flint
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Capital Region International Airport
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Capital Region International Airport, formerly Lansing Capital City Airport, is a public, Class C airport located 3 miles northwest of downtown Lansing in DeWitt Township, Michigan. Small areas of the airport are located in Watertown Township, Delta Township, and it is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. The airport is owned and operated by the Capital Region Airport Authority, three members represent Ingham County and three members represent the City of Lansing. Two ex officio members represent Eaton County and Clinton County, the Airport Authority also oversees nearby Jewett Field in Mason, Michigan. The Airport Authority reports 314,659 people flew to or from the airport in 2016,27 percent fewer than 2008, the first recorded flight in Lansing took place on October 15,1911, at an old racecourse. More than 20,000 spectators watched pilot Jimmy Ward perform stunts in the Shooting Star, in 1919 the first airfield in Lansing opened approximately 1 mile west of downtown. The second airfield opened the following year 2.5 miles south of downtown, from 1922 to 1926 Lansings airport was Creyts Field, located 1 mile west of the current airport. The 80 acres field was operated by Chamber of commerce Secretary Charley Davis, in 1925 Lt Harry Warner arrived in Lansing to help Davis and others select the current site for Capital City Airport. The selected site was a 300 acres state-owned hayfield and marsh, the first planes flew from the site northwest of Lansing on May 1,1926. The formal dedication of Capital City Airport was held on the weekend of July 14–15,1928, pilots from Selfridge Field and members of the Michigan National Guard 107th Observation Squadron performed in an exhibition air show. A Stinson Detroiter plane arrived at the airport with Lansings first air mail delivery on July 5,1928, mayor Laird J. Troyer, Chamber of Commerce President Alton J. Hager, and airport committee chairman Clyde B. Smith, among others, were present to witness the planes arrival, regular cargo service from Capital City Airport began on July 17,1928, via Transamerican Airlines. Pickup departed with five sacks of mail en route to New York City, Lansing postmaster Walter G. Rogers was among those present to witness the event. By the end of the year, fixed-base operators Foster Airways, SKF Air Service, Inc. and Wolverine Flying Service, passenger service commenced on September 1,1929, by Kohler Aviation Corp. to Detroit and Milwaukee. By 1934 Pennsylvania Airlines and Transport was providing air mail and passenger service to Detroit, Grand Rapids, Muskegon, the Foster Hangar housed a flight school operated by Harvey Hughes from 1934 to 1936. In the late 1930s, Lansing aviator, Lt Arthur J. Davis, operated Michigan Airways, during World War II Francis Aviation and Hughes Flying Service provided ground and flight training to 300 pilots per month as part of the U. S. Governments Civilian Pilot Training Program and War Training Service, the training included three weeks of instruction at Michigan State College and continued at Capital City Airport. In 1940 the original building, a 100-by-100-foot concrete hangar
41.
Lansing, Michigan
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Lansing /ˈlænsɪŋ/ is the capital of the US state of Michigan. It is mostly in Ingham County, although portions of the city extend west into Eaton County, the 2010 Census placed the citys population at 114,297, making it the fifth largest city in Michigan. The population of its Metropolitan Statistical Area was 464,036, while the even larger Combined Statistical Area population and it was named the new state capital of Michigan in 1847, ten years after Michigan became a state. The Lansing Metropolitan Area, colloquially referred to as Mid-Michigan, is an important center for educational, cultural, governmental, commercial, Lansing is the only U. S. state capital that is not also a county seat. The seat of government of Ingham County is Mason, but the county maintains some offices in Lansing, the first recorded person of European descent to spot the area that is now Lansing was explorer Hugh Heward in 1790 while canoeing the Grand River. The land that was to become Lansing was surveyed as Township 4 North Range 2 West in February 1827 in what was then dense forest and it was the last of the countys townships to be surveyed, and the land was not offered for sale until October 1830. There would be no roads to this area for decades to come, in the winter of 1835 and early 1836, two brothers from New York plotted the area now known as REO Town just south of downtown Lansing and named it Biddle City. This land lay in a floodplain and was underwater during the majority of the year, nevertheless, the brothers went back to Lansing, New York, to sell plots for the town that did not exist. They told the New Yorkers this new city had an area of 65 blocks, a church,16 men bought plots in the nonexistent city, and upon reaching the area later that year found they had been scammed. Many in the group too disappointed to stay ended up settling around what is now metropolitan Lansing and those who stayed quickly renamed the area Lansing Township in honor of their home village in New York. The United States had recaptured the city in 1813, but these led to the dire need to have the center of government relocate from hostile British territory. There was also concern with Detroits strong influence over Michigan politics, during the multi-day session to determine a new location for the state capital, many cities, including Ann Arbor, Marshall, and Jackson, lobbied hard to win this designation. Unable to publicly reach a consensus because of constant political wrangling, when announced, many present openly laughed that such an insignificant settlement was now Michigans capital. Two months later, Governor William L. Greenly signed into law the act of the legislature making Lansing Township the state capital, with the announcement that Lansing Township had been made the capital, the small village quickly transformed into the seat of state government. The legislature gave the settlement the name of the Town of Michigan. In April 1848, the legislature gave the settlement the name of Lansing. It was home to the first house built in Lansing in 1843 by pioneer James Seymour, Lower Town began to develop in 1847 with the completion of the Franklin Avenue covered bridge over the Grand River. Upper Village/Town, where present-day REO Town stands at the confluence of the Grand River and it began to take off in 1847 when the Main Street Bridge was constructed over the Grand River
42.
Cherry Capital Airport
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Cherry Capital Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles southeast of the central business district of Traverse City, in Grand Traverse County, Michigan, United States. It is owned by Grand Traverse and Leelanau counties and it is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. Cherry Capital Airport had 190,286 passenger boardings in calendar year 2013, the airport had 429,364 passengers travel in and out in the 2015 calendar year. The airports facility was previously on the side of the East - West runway having the entrance on Parsons Ave. The airport recently added a new and larger airport tower next to the older one, in the fall of 2004, Cherry Capital opened a new terminal demolishing the old one and reconfiguring the runways. Since then, Cherry Capital Airport has continued to grow with various carriers adding seasonal service, Cherry Capital Airport was the recipient of the 2003–04, 2004–05, and 2005–06 Balchen/Post Awards for outstanding achievement in snow and ice control in the small commercial service airport category. Soon, the airport will implement the first biometric access systems in the country, the airport is the ninth to implement the advanced security measures suggested after the September 11,2001, attacks. This terminal is able to better with security regulations and supports a greater number of flights. The Airport has one concourse with six gates, Cherry Capital Airport covers an area of 1,026 acres at an elevation of 624 feet above mean sea level. It has two paved runways, 10/28 is 6,901 by 150 feet and 18/36 is 5,378 by 150 feet. In November 2016, there were 97 aircraft based at airport,73 single-engine,15 multi-engine,2 jet and 7 helicopter. The airport has two Fixed-Based Operators, Harbour Air Services, LLC, an Air Elite, diamond-level service FBO, Air service reflects the tourism season in Traverse City. In the winter, there are as few as 8 daily flights, the following passenger airlines provide scheduled service to and from Cherry Capital Airport, FedEx Feeder is operated at the field by CSA Air. UPS flights are operated by Freight Runners Express and AmeriFlight, northwest Airlink Flight 4712 was a Bombardier CRJ200 from Minneapolis-St. Paul which overran the runway while landing at TVC during a snowstorm on April 12,2007. The aircraft received damage, but the 52 people on board were not injured. The Board determined that the cause of this accident was the pilots’ decision to land at TVC without performing a landing distance assessment. This poor decision-making likely reflected the effects of fatigue produced by a long, demanding duty day, and, for the captain, the NTSB adopted the report on June 10,2008
43.
Traverse City, Michigan
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Traverse City is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Grand Traverse County, although a portion extends into Leelanau County. It is the largest city in the 21-county Northern Michigan region, the population was 14,674 at the 2010 census, with 143,372 in the Traverse City micropolitan area. The Traverse City area is the largest producer of cherries in the United States. Near the time of cherry harvest, the city hosts the annual week-long National Cherry Festival in the first full week of July, the surrounding countryside also produces grapes, and is one of the centers of wine production in the Midwest. Tourism, both summer and winter, is another key industry, the Traverse City area features varied natural attractions, including freshwater beaches, vineyards, a National Lakeshore, downhill skiing areas, and numerous forests. In 2009, TripAdvisor named Traverse City the number two small town travel destination in the United States, in 2012, the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U. S. by U. S. News. Traverse City is named after the Grand Traverse Bay, which the city heads, the bay earned its name from 18th-century French voyageurs who made la grande traverse, or the long crossing, across the mouth of bay. On Old Mission peninsula, Rev Peter Doughtery started the first permanent settlement in 1839, in 1847, Captain Boardman of Naperville, Illinois, purchased the land at the mouth of the Boardman River at the head of the west arm of the bay. During that year the captain, his son, and their employees built a dwelling, in 1851 the Boardmans sold the sawmill to Hannah, Lay & Co, who improved the mill greatly. The increased investment in the mill attracted settlers to the new community. As of 1853, the operating post office in the Grand Traverse Bay region was the one located at Old Mission. While in Washington, D. C. in 1852, Mr. Lay had succeeded in getting the U. S, post Office to authorize a new post office at his newer settlement. Mr. Lay agreed to the name Traverse City for the post office, in December 1872, rail service arrived in Traverse City via a Traverse City Rail Road Company spur from the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad line at Walton Junction. This opened up the area to settlement and industrial development, as a result, they have viticulture and Cherry orchards. Consequently, it generally experiences warm, mild summers and severe winters, lake-effect snowfall constitutes a large percentage of the total annual snow accumulation, which averages around 80 inches. Periods of snowfall typically last from November to April, although light snow as late as May or as early as late September sometimes occur. Traverse Citys record high temperature is 105 °F, recorded in 1936, Traverse City is a part of the greater Northern Michigan region
44.
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
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It is Michigans busiest airport, and one of the largest airline hubs in the country. The Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a large hub primary commercial service facility, the airport is Delta Air Lines second-largest hub by flight count. Detroit serves as the gateway to Asia for the Eastern United States for Delta and is also the third-busiest gateway to Europe for the airline. The airport is a gateway for tourism in metropolitan Detroit and is one of SkyTeams major Midwestern hubs. It is also the fourth-largest base for Spirit Airlines and is a connecting point between the Eastern and the Western United States. Detroit Metropolitan Airport has maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400, in 2012 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport was the 16th-busiest airport in the United States and the 44th-busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger traffic. In terms of operations, it remains one of the ten busiest airfields in North America. Metro Airport also serves the Toledo, Ohio, area, approximately 40 miles south of the airport, the airport serves over 140 destinations and was named the best large U. S. airport in customer satisfaction by J. D. Power & Associates in 2010. Wayne County began to plan an airport in the townships of the county as early as 1927. Construction was completed in 1929, and the first landing was on February 22,1930 and that year Thompson Aeronautical Corporation, a forerunner of American Airlines, began service from the airport. From 1931 until 1945 the airport hosted Michigan Air National Guard operations gained by the United States Army Air Forces and it was named Romulus Field during the war, it was then all east of Merriman Rd and north of Goddard Rd. It was renamed Detroit-Wayne Major Airport in 1947, and in the three years expanded threefold as three more runways were built. In 1949 runways 3L/21R and 9L/27R were built, and in 1950 runway 4R/22L was added, pan-Am, and BOAC, were the first passenger airlines at Detroit-Wayne Major. In the April 1957 Official Airline Guide, they were the only passenger airlines, three Pan Am DC-7Cs per week FRA–LHR–SNN–DTW–ORD and back, and one BOAC DC-7C per week LHR–PIK–YUL–DTW–ORD, aerial photographs of DTW from 1949 and 1956 show the airports expansion. American Airlines shifted to Detroit-Wayne in October 1958, followed by Northwest, Allegheny, also in 1958, the L. C. Smith Terminal was completed and the airport was given its present name. Northwests flights to MSP were DTWs only nonstops west beyond Chicago and Milwaukee until 1966, the North Terminal opened in 1966 and a third terminal, the Michael Berry International Terminal, opened in 1974. The last of its original three runways was completed in 1976. A new parallel crosswind runway opened in 1993, Republic Airlines began hub operations in 1984, and its merger with Northwest Airlines in 1986 expanded the hub
45.
Romulus, Michigan
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Romulus is a suburban city of Metro Detroit, located in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 23,989 at the 2010 census, an increase from 22,979 in 2000, Romulus is home to Detroit Metropolitan Airport and a General Motors plant that opened in 1976. The city is the westernmost community in the Downriver area in Wayne County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 35.96 square miles. Romulus is in the portion of Wayne County. Interstate 94 and I-275 run through the city, the City of Romulus is bordered to the north by Van Born Road, to the south by Pennsylvania Road, to the east by Inkster Road, and to the west by Hannan Road. As of the census of 2010, there were 23,989 people,8,975 households, the population density was 673.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 9,946 housing units at a density of 279.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 50. 5% White, 43% African American,0. 5% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 9% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population,26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the family size was 3.16. The median age in the city was 36.2 years. 26. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 4% were from 25 to 44, 27% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 22,979 people,8,439 households, and 5,941 families residing in the city. The population density was 639.9 per square mile, there were 8,943 housing units at an average density of 249.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 36% White,29. 99% African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 59% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,0. 81% from other races, and 2. 63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 01% of the population,23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.19
46.
Gerald R. Ford International Airport
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Gerald R. Ford International Airport is a commercial airport in Cascade Township about 13 miles southeast of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a small hub primary commercial service facility, the airport is the largest commercial airport in the West Michigan region and is the second largest airport in Michigan after Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. The airport has flights to 23 domestic cities, in 2015 the airport broke its record for passengers, with 2,550,193 total. Grand Rapids first airport broke ground in November 1919, four miles south of downtown and this was eight years after the area witnessed its first landing, a Wright biplane at Comstock Park State Fairgrounds on September 10,1911. The airport was operated by the Kent County Board of Supervisors, the first scheduled air service in the United States was between Grand Rapids and Detroit on a Ford-Stout monoplane named Miss Grand Rapids, which started July 26,1926. In 1959 construction began on the present airport in Cascade Township, the new airport opened November 23,1963, and was dedicated June 6,1964, it had 6600-ft runway 8/26 and 3400-ft 18/36. The first scheduled jet was a United Airlines Boeing 737-200 on April 28,1968, the aircraft, N9003U, was named City of Grand Rapids. In 1968 the only scheduled nonstops beyond Michigan were to Chicago, on January 27,1977, Kent County Airport was renamed Kent County International Airport with the opening of a U. S. Customs Bureau Office in the main terminal building. In 1997 the new 8, 500-foot runway 17/35 was added to allow the airport to continue operations during the $32 million reconstruction of runway 8R/26L, a passenger terminal renovation was completed in 2000 at a cost of about $50 million. Runways 8R/26L and runway 17/35 have ILS, the airport also has a 5,000 ft. general aviation runway north of the main 8R/26L runway. In 2004 the airport served more than 2 million passengers for the first time in a year, in 2010 the airport broke the 2004 record with almost 2.2 million passengers, as increase of over 23% from 2009. Until October 31,2011, the airport was a city for Allegiant Air. In January 2012 Southwest Airlines announced it would continue AirTran flights to Grand Rapids, in April 2012 Frontier Airlines ended flights from Grand Rapids to Milwaukee. Gerald R. Ford International Airport has two parallel east-west runways and one north-south runway, along with cargo and general aviation facilities, the airport has a two-level passenger terminal with two concourses, A has seven gates and B has eight. Concourse As tenants are Allegiant Air and Delta Air Lines, in concourse B are American Eagle/American Airlines, Southwest Airlines and United Airlines All gates have climate-controlled jetways. The baggage processing areas were too small for the machines so they were placed in the passenger lobby, gerald R. Ford International Airport is served by 5 airlines. 82,921,357 pounds of air freight were handled in 2016, the airport is at the intersection of 44th Street and Patterson Avenue. It abuts I-96 on the east, M-6 on the south, M-37 on the west, Metro Cab and Metro Cars provides taxi and luxury sedan service and the airport is served by Avis, Budget, Enterprise, Hertz, and National/Alamo rental car companies on-site
47.
Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about 30 miles east of Lake Michigan, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County, Michigan. A historic furniture-manufacturing center, Grand Rapids is home to five of the leading office furniture companies. Its more common nickname of River City refers to the landmark river for which it was named. The city and surrounding communities are diverse, based in the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation. Grand Rapids is the hometown of U. S. President Gerald Ford, for thousands of years, succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the area. Over 2000 years ago, people associated with the Hopewell culture occupied the Grand River Valley, later, a tribe from the Ottawa River traveled to the Grand River valley, fighting three battles with the Prairie Indians who were established in the area. The tribe later split, with the Chippewas settling in the lower peninsula, the Pottawatomies staying south of the Kalamazoo River. In 1740, an Ottawa man who would later be known as Chief Noonday, between 1761 and 1763, Chief Pontiac visited the area annually, gathering over 3,000 natives and asking them to volunteer to fight the British in Detroit, which would culminate into Pontiacs War. The Potawatomi attacked the Ottawa in 1765, attempting to take the Grand River territory but were defeated, by the end of the 1700s, there were an estimated 1,000 Ottawa in the Kent County area. After the French established territories in Michigan, Jesuit missionaries and traders traveled down Lake Michigan, at the start of the 19th century, European fur traders and missionaries established posts in the area among the Ottawa. They generally lived in peace, trading European metal and textile goods for fur pelts and they were French-speaking and Roman Catholic. They likely both spoke Ottawa, Madelines maternal ancestral language, La Framboise, whose mother was Ottawa and father French, later merged her successful operations with the American Fur Company. By 1810, Chief Noonday established a village on the west side of the river with about 500 Ottawa, madeline La Framboise retired the trading post to Rix Robinson in 1821 and returned to Mackinac. The first permanent European-American settler in the Grand Rapids area was Isaac McCoy, general Lewis Cass, who commissioned Charles Christopher Trowbridge to establish missions for Native Americans in Michigan, ordered McCoy to establish a mission in Grand Rapids for the Ottawa. In 1824, Baptist missionary Rev. L. Slater traveled with two settlers to Grand Rapids to perform work, the winter of 1824 proved to be difficult, with Slaters group having to resupply and return before the spring. Slater then erected the first settler structures in Grand Rapids, a log cabin for himself, in 1825, McCoy returned and established a missionary station
48.
Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport
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Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport is a county-owned public airport 3 miles southeast of Kalamazoo, in Kalamazoo County, Michigan. The airport is located approximately 20 miles west of the city of Battle Creek and it is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. The airport has an Airport Traffic Control Tower and a Terminal Radar Approach Control and it has one passenger terminal and five gates. A public charter, Direct Air, ceased operations at the airport in March 2012, plans for an airport in Kalamazoo began in 1925. In May 1926 the City of Kalamazoo purchased 383 acres near Portage and Kilgore roads, the first regular air mail service started in July 1928. In February 1929 the field was licensed as the first municipal airport in Michigan and it was named Lindbergh Field in honor of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh. Airline service came to Kalamazoo in May 1944, two commuter airlines, Francis Airways and Northern Skyways, provided service to other Michigan cities, then ceased after two years. From 1946 and 1955, several small airlines offered commuter flights to nearby cities, in May 1955, North Central Airlines began daily service to Detroit, and Chicago. North Central eventually became Republic Airlines, which became Northwest Airlines, in 1961 an airport traffic control tower was built and the main runway was extended from 3,900 feet to 5,300. In 1963 an instrument landing system was installed to help during poor weather, in 1977 the runway was further lengthened to 6,500 feet. In 1975 the regional air traffic control facility was moved from Battle Creek to Kalamazoo, and in 1978, the airport eventually won an award for the safest and most efficient air traffic control system in the Great Lakes region. In 1982 the Core Council decided that the City of Kalamazoo should no longer bear the full cost of operating the airport, and in 1984, in 1989, the name was changed from Kalamazoo County Airport to Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International to stimulate economic growth in the Battle Creek area. That year, the County also renovated the terminal, doubling its size, over the next four years, annual passenger traffic grew from 200,000 to more than 500,000. In 2011 the Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport was served by two major airlines who fly passengers to major hubs with worldwide connections, there was also a public charter airline operating twice weekly from Kalamazoo to locations in Florida. As of May 2012 the airport was served by two commercial airlines who fly passengers to three major hubs. The public charter Direct Air was subject to Chapter 7 liquidation on April 12,2012, in the 1970s there were discussions between North Central Airlines and local city officials about building a new airport to serve Battle Creek and Kalamazoo. Since the two airports are close, it was not economical for the airlines to serve both of the airports. They proposed a Major Jetport in the Kalamazoo area, which might have become the third-busiest commuter airport in the nation, no location could be agreed upon, and no planning was ever completed beyond the preliminary proposals and meetings
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