1.
Grand Staircase of the RMS Titanic
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Sited in the forward part of the ship, the Grand Staircase was the main communication between decks for First-Class passengers and the point of entry to numerous public rooms. It descended in seven levels between the Boat Deck and E-Deck, just forward of the staircase a passenger could turn the corner and find the three First-Class elevators that communicated alongside the staircase between A and E-Decks. The Boat Deck level of the stairwell functioned as a balcony overlooking the staircase. There were two First-Class Entrances on either side of the Boat Deck that communicated with the outside, the Gymnasium entrance was right next to the Starboard Grand Staircase entrance. The Officers Quarters and Marconi Room were also accessible via two corridors that branched forward from either side of the staircase and this level was lined with arched windows that provided ample light to the stairwell during the day. Off of the A-Deck level a long aft companionway along the Starboard side connected passengers to the Reading and Writing Room, two entry vestibules connected passengers to the Promenade Deck while two corridors forward of the stairwell accessed the A-Deck First-Class staterooms. Just off the B-Deck level staircase were the two Millionaires Suites, as well as two enclosed First-Class entry foyers along each side, the bulk of B-Deck was occupied by First-Class cabins, the finest and largest offered. On C-Deck were the Pursers and Enquiry Offices, just off the Staircase on the Starboard side, passengers could store their valuables with the Purser and submit Marconi messages sent via pneumatic tube to the Marconi Room. Long companionways branched off of the Staircase forward and aft containing First-Class staterooms, the D-Deck staircase opened directly onto the Reception Room and adjoining Dining Saloon. Behind the staircase were two arched entry vestibules and the companionways which communicated with First-Class staterooms in the part of the ship. On E-Deck the staircase narrowed and lost its grand sweeping curve, though it was designed in the same oak, there were no public rooms on this deck, only First-Class cabins. A modest single flight terminated on F-Deck, where the Turkish Baths, the forward Grand Staircase was the pièce de resistance of the Titanics First-Class public rooms. The two-storey high A-Deck level featured a large iron and opaque glass dome overhead that allowed natural light to enter the stairwell during the day. The dome was fringed with a molded plaster entablature and rested on the deck housing surrounding the stairwell. It was covered by a box to protect the dome from the elements. In the center of the dome hung a large crystal and gilt chandelier, the small beaded crystal chandelier fixtures identified on the wreck only hung in the forward parts of the A and Boat Deck levels, the rest contained cut-glass shades. Each staircase was built in solid English oak, with each banister containing elaborate wrought iron grilles with ormolu swags in the Louis XIV style, the surrounding spaces were appointed in the same highly-polished golden oak paneling carved in the Neoclassical William & Mary style. The panels of the posts were carved with high relief garlands
2.
Grand Staircase (White House)
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The Grand Staircase is the chief stairway connecting the State Floor and the Second Floor of the White House, the official home of the President of the United States. The stairway is used for a ceremony called the Presidential Entrance March. The present Grand Staircase, the fourth staircase occupying the same space, was completed in 1952 as a part of the Truman White House reconstruction. The Grand Staircase is entered on the State Floor from the Entrance Hall, no section study exists to illustrate either of Hoban’s staircases. Hoban’s original design of the Grand Staircase at the west end of the Cross Hall was altered by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 during the administration of Thomas Jefferson. Hoban envisioned the Imperial stair form with a central stair rising from the east to a landing on the west wall with double runs returning to the east on each side. Latrobes alteration placed a double run on either side rising from the west to a landing on the east, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt engaged architect Charles Follen McKim, of the firm McKim, Mead, and White, to reconfigure and redesign the White House. McKim’s plan removed the Grand Staircase at the West End of the Cross Hall to increase the size of the State Dining Room by more than a third. McKim relocated the new Grand Staircase in the end of the Cross Hall. Formal in plan, its narrow opening into the Cross Hall limited visibility of the President, First Lady. McKims Grand Staircase was entered through an opening with the first two steps protruding into the Cross Hall. A decorated wrought iron gate on the State Floor was normally kept closed except during state ceremonies, a pair of niches flanked the center run and the first course used a heavy crimson silk cord as a decorative railing. The stair was constructed in Joliet marble and covered in a stair carpet. A lantern similar to one selected by McKim for the Entrance Hall was hung above the landing, cracks appearing in walls and ceilings, and a sagging East Room ceiling in 1948 signaled that immediate attention was needed. The chief architect of the Truman White House reconstruction was William Adams Delano with a temporary Office of the White House Architect headed by Lorenzo Simmons Winslow, Truman viewed the White House reconstruction as an opportunity to address the redesign of the Great Staircase. By January 1949 Winslow had produced a design that Truman was near to approving and it closed the Cross Hall opening and reoriented the opening of the new Grand Staircase to the east wall of the Entrance Hall. In the favored design Winslow deleted the paired Roman Doric column screen, Truman sought approval of Winslows design from the more senior Delano. Delano was dismayed by the plans and elevations and feared that dismantling the columns, Delano was so concerned about the design he travelled to Washington to meet with Truman and Winslow in person to work out a solution
3.
Sedimentary rock
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Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earths surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles to settle in place. The particles that form a rock by accumulating are called sediment. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension. The sedimentary rock cover of the continents of the Earths crust is extensive, sedimentary rocks are only a thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers as strata, forming a structure called bedding, sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources like coal, fossil fuels, drinking water or ores. The study of the sequence of rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the Earths history, including palaeogeography, paleoclimatology. The scientific discipline that studies the properties and origin of rocks is called sedimentology. Sedimentology is part of both geology and physical geography and overlaps partly with other disciplines in the Earth sciences, such as pedology, geomorphology, geochemistry, sedimentary rocks have also been found on Mars. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragments that were cemented by silicate minerals. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, clay minerals, and mica, any type of mineral may be present, clastic sedimentary rocks, are subdivided according to the dominant particle size. Most geologists use the Udden-Wentworth grain size scale and divide unconsolidated sediment into three fractions, gravel, sand, and mud and this tripartite subdivision is mirrored by the broad categories of rudites, arenites, and lutites, respectively, in older literature. The subdivision of these three categories is based on differences in clast shape, conglomerates and breccias), composition. Conglomerates are dominantly composed of rounded gravel, while breccias are composed of dominantly angular gravel, composition of framework grains The relative abundance of sand-sized framework grains determines the first word in a sandstone name. Naming depends on the dominance of the three most abundant components quartz, feldspar, or the lithic fragments that originated from other rocks, all other minerals are considered accessories and not used in the naming of the rock, regardless of abundance. Clean sandstones with open space are called arenites. Muddy sandstones with abundant muddy matrix are called wackes, six sandstone names are possible using the descriptors for grain composition and the amount of matrix. Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks composed of at least 50% silt- and clay-sized particles and these relatively fine-grained particles are commonly transported by turbulent flow in water or air, and deposited as the flow calms and the particles settle out of suspension
4.
Bryce Canyon National Park
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Bryce Canyon National Park /ˈbraɪs/ is a National Park located in southwestern Utah in the United States. The major feature of the park is Bryce Canyon, which despite its name, is not a canyon, Bryce is distinctive due to geological structures called hoodoos, formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rocks. The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors, Bryce sits at a much higher elevation than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet, the Bryce Canyon area was settled by Mormon pioneers in the 1850s and was named after Ebenezer Bryce, who homesteaded in the area in 1874. The area around Bryce Canyon became a National Monument in 1923 and was designated as a National Park in 1928, the park covers 35,835 acres and receives substantially fewer visitors than Zion National Park or Grand Canyon National Park, largely due to Bryces more remote location. In 2016, Bryce Canyon received 2,365,110 recreational visitors, Bryce Canyon National Park is located in southwestern Utah about 50 miles northeast of and 1,000 feet higher than Zion National Park. The weather in Bryce Canyon is therefore cooler, and the park receives more precipitation, yearly temperatures vary from an average minimum of 9 °F in January to an average maximum of 83 °F in July, but extreme temperatures can range from −30 to 97 °F. The record high temperature in the park was 98 °F on July 14,2002, the record low temperature was −28 °F on December 10,1972. The national park lies within the Colorado Plateau geographic province of North America, Park visitors arrive from the plateau part of the park and look over the plateaus edge toward a valley containing the fault and the Paria River just beyond it. The edge of the Kaiparowits Plateau bounds the opposite side of the valley, Bryce Canyon was not formed from erosion initiated from a central stream, meaning it technically is not a canyon. Instead headward erosion has excavated large amphitheater-shaped features in the Cenozoic-aged rocks of the Paunsaugunt Plateau and this erosion exposed delicate and colorful pinnacles called hoodoos that are up to 200 feet high. A series of amphitheaters extends more than 20 miles north-to-south within the park, the largest is Bryce Amphitheater, which is 12 miles long,3 miles wide and 800 feet deep. A nearby example of amphitheaters with hoodoos in the formation but at a higher elevation, is in Cedar Breaks National Monument. Rainbow Point, the highest part of the park at 9,105 feet, is at the end of the 18-mile scenic drive, from there, Aquarius Plateau, Bryce Amphitheater, the Henry Mountains, the Vermilion Cliffs and the White Cliffs can be seen. Yellow Creek, where it exits the park in the north-east section, is the lowest part of the park at 6,620 feet, little is known about early human habitation in the Bryce Canyon area. Archaeological surveys of Bryce Canyon National Park and the Paunsaugunt Plateau show that people have been in the area for at least 10,000 years, basketmaker Anasazi artifacts several thousand years old have been found south of the park. Other artifacts from the Pueblo-period Anasazi and the Fremont culture have also been found, the Paiute Indians moved into the surrounding valleys and plateaus in the area around the same time that the other cultures left. These Native Americans hunted and gathered for most of their food, the Paiute in the area developed a mythology surrounding the hoodoos in Bryce Canyon
5.
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument
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The Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument is a U. S. National Monument protecting 1,880,461 acres of land in southern Utah. President Bill Clinton designated the area as a monument in 1996 using his authority under the Antiquities Act. Grand Staircase-Escalante encompasses the largest land area of all U. S. National Monuments, the Monument is managed by the Bureau of Land Management rather than the National Park Service. This was the first National Monument managed by the BLM, visitor centers are located in Cannonville, Big Water, Escalante, and Kanab. The Monument stretches from the towns of Big Water, Glendale and Kanab, Utah on the southwest, to the towns of Escalante, encompassing 1.9 million acres, the Monument is slightly larger in area than the state of Delaware. The western part of the Monument is dominated by the Paunsaugunt Plateau and the Paria River and this section shows the geologic progression of the Grand Staircase. Features include the slot canyons of Bull Valley Gorge, Willis Creek, the center section is dominated by a single long ridge, called Kaiparowits Plateau from the west, and called Fifty-Mile Mountain when viewed from the east. Fifty-Mile Mountain stretches southeast from the town of Escalante to the Colorado River in Glen Canyon, the eastern face of the mountain is a steep,2200 foot escarpment. The western side is a slope descending to the south. East of Fifty-Mile Mountain are the Canyons of the Escalante, the Monument is bounded by Glen Canyon National Recreation Area on the east and south. The popular hiking, backpacking and canyoneering areas include the slot canyons of Peekaboo, Spooky and Brimstone Canyons, the Devils Garden is also located in this area. Access is via the Hole-in-the-Rock Road which extends southeast from the town of Escalante, the road was constructed to facilitate Mormon settlement of southeastern Utah, including the town of Bluff. The road is used by ranchers to access the flat desert at the base of Fifty Mile Mountain for grazing cattle. Since 2000, numerous fossils over 75 million years old have been found at Grand Staircase-Escalante. In 2002, a volunteer at the Monument discovered a 75-million-year-old dinosaur near the Arizona border, on October 3,2007, the dinosaurs name, Gryposaurus monumentensis was announced in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. G. monumentensis was at least 30 feet long and 10 feet tall, many of the specimens from the Kaiparowits Formation are reposited at the Natural History Museum of Utah in Salt Lake City. Two ceratopsid dinosaurs, also discovered at the Monument, were introduced by the Utah Geological Survey in 2007 and they were uncovered in the Wahweap formation, which is just below the Kaiparowits formation where the duckbill was extracted. They lived about 80 million or 81 million years ago, the two fossils are called the Last Chance skull and the Nipple Butte skull
6.
Zion National Park
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Zion National Park is located in the Southwestern United States, near Springdale, Utah. The lowest elevation is 3,666 ft at Coalpits Wash, located at the junction of the Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, and Mojave Desert regions, the parks unique geography and variety of life zones allow for unusual plant and animal diversity. Numerous plant species as well as 289 species of birds,75 mammals, and 32 reptiles inhabit the parks four life zones, desert, riparian, woodland, and coniferous forest. Zion National Park includes mountains, canyons, buttes, mesas, monoliths, rivers, slot canyons, human habitation of the area started about 8,000 years ago with small family groups of Native Americans, the semi-nomadic Basketmaker Anasazi stem from one of these groups. In turn, the Virgin Anasazi culture developed as the Basketmakers settled in permanent communities, a different group, the Parowan Fremont, lived in the area as well. Both groups moved away by 1300 and were replaced by the Parrusits, Mormons came into the area in 1858 and settled there in the early 1860s. In 1909 the President of the United States, William Howard Taft, named the area a National Monument to protect the canyon, under the name of Mukuntuweap National Monument. In 1918, however, the director of the newly created National Park Service changed the parks name to Zion. According to historian Hal Rothman, The name change played to a prevalent bias of the time, many believed that Spanish and Indian names would deter visitors who, if they could not pronounce the name of a place, might not bother to visit it. The new name, Zion, had greater appeal to an ethnocentric audience, the United States Congress established the monument as a National Park on November 19,1919. The Kolob section was proclaimed a separate Zion National Monument in 1937, the geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area includes nine formations that together represent 150 million years of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation. At various periods in that warm, shallow seas, streams, ponds and lakes, vast deserts. Uplift associated with the creation of the Colorado Plateaus lifted the region 10,000 feet starting 13 million years ago, the park is located in southwestern Utah in Washington, Iron and Kane counties. Geomorphically, it is located on the Markagunt and Kolob plateaus, the northern part of the park is known as the Kolob Canyons section and is accessible from Interstate 15, exit 40. The 8, 726-foot summit of Horse Ranch Mountain is the highest point in the park, streams in the area take rectangular paths because they follow jointing planes in the rocks. The stream gradient of the Virgin River, whose North Fork flows through Zion Canyon in the park, the road into Zion Canyon is 6 miles long, ending at the Temple of Sinawava. At the Temple the canyon narrows and a foot-trail continues to the mouth of the Zion Narrows, the Zion Canyon road is served by a free shuttle bus from early April to late October and by private vehicles the other months of the year. Other roads in Zion are open to private vehicles year-round, the east side of the park is served by Zion-Mount Carmel Highway, which passes through the Zion–Mount Carmel Tunnel and ends at Mount Carmel
7.
Grand Canyon National Park
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Grand Canyon National Park is the United States 15th oldest national park. Named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, the park is located in northwestern Arizona, the parks central feature is the Grand Canyon, a gorge of the Colorado River, which is often considered one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The park covers 1,217,262 acres of unincorporated area in Coconino, the park received nearly six million recreational visitors in 2016, which is the second highest count of all U. S. national parks after Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Grand Canyon was officially designated a park in 1919, though the landmark had been well known to Americans for over thirty years prior. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt visited the site and said and it is beyond comparison—beyond description, absolutely unparalleled through-out the wide world. Let this great wonder of nature remain as it now is, do nothing to mar its grandeur, sublimity and loveliness. But what you can do is to keep it for children, your childrens children. Despite Roosevelts enthusiasm and his strong interest in preserving land for public use, harrison unsuccessfully reintroduced his bill in 1883 and 1886, after his election to the presidency, he established the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation on 28 November 1906, the National Park Service, established in 1916, assumed administration of the park. The creation of the park was a success of the conservation movement. Its national park status may have helped thwart proposals to dam the Colorado River within its boundaries, in 1975, the former Marble Canyon National Monument, which followed the Colorado River northeast from the Grand Canyon to Lees Ferry, was made part of Grand Canyon National Park. In 1979, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site, in 2010, Grand Canyon National Park was honored with its own coin under the America the Beautiful Quarters program. The Grand Canyon, including its system of tributary canyons, is valued for its combination of size, depth. The canyon itself was created by the incision of the Colorado River and its tributaries after the Colorado Plateau was uplifted, the primary public areas of the park are the North and South Rims of the Grand Canyon itself. The rest of the park is rugged and remote, although many places are accessible by pack trail. Only the Navajo Bridge near Page connects the rims by road in Arizona, otherwise, the two rims of the Canyon are connected via the Mike OCallaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge and the Hoover Dam. The park headquarters are at Grand Canyon Village, not far from the entrance to the park. Park accommodations are operated by Xanterra Parks and Resorts, the North Rim is a smaller, more remote area with less tourist activity
8.
Navajo Sandstone
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Navajo Sandstone frequently overlies and interfingers with the Kayenta Formation of the Glen Canyon Group. Together, these formations can result in immense vertical cliffs of up to 2,200 feet, atop the cliffs, Navajo Sandstone often appears as massive rounded domes and bluffs that are generally white in color. Navajo Sandstone frequently occurs as spectacular cliffs, cuestas, domes and it can be distinguished from adjacent Jurassic sandstones by its white to light pink color, meter-scale cross-bedding, and distinctive rounded weathering. The wide range of colors exhibited by the Navajo Sandstone reflect a history of alteration by groundwater and other subsurface fluids over the last 190 million years. The iron in these strata originally arrived via the erosion of iron-bearing silicate minerals, initially, this iron accumulated as iron-oxide coatings, which formed slowly after the sand had been deposited. Later, after having been buried, reducing fluids composed of water. The dissolution of the iron coatings by the reducing fluids bleached large volumes of the Navajo Sandstone a brilliant white, reducing fluids transported the iron in solution until they mixed with oxidizing groundwater. Where the oxidizing and reducing fluids mixed, the iron precipitated within the Navajo Sandstone, the precipitation of iron oxides also formed laminea, corrugated layers, columns, and pipes of ironstone within the Navajo Sandstone. The age of the Navajo Sandstone is somewhat controversial and it may originate from the Late Triassic but is at least as young as the Early Jurassic stages Pliensbachian and Toarcian. There is no type locality of the name and it was simply named for the Navajo Country of the southwestern United States. The two major subunits of the Navajo are the Lamb Point Tongue and the Shurtz Sandstone Tongue, the Navajo Sandstone was originally named as the uppermost formation of the La Plata Group by Gregory and Stone in 1917. Baker reassigned it as the formation of Glen Canyon Group in 1936. Its age was modified by Lewis and others in 1961, the name was originally not used in northwest Colorado and northeast Utah, where the name Glen Canyon Sandstone was preferred. Its age was modified again by Padian in 1989, the sandstone was deposited in an arid erg on the Western portion of the Supercontinent Pangaea. This region was affected by monsoons that came about each winter when cooler winds. Theropod tracks are located in Arizona, Colorado, and Utah. Ornithischian tracks located in Arizona, USA, the Navajo Sandstone is also well known among rockhounds for its hundreds of thousands of iron oxide concretions. They are believed to represent an extension of Hopi Native American traditions regarding ancestor worship, informally, they are called Moqui marbles after the local proposed Moqui Native American tribe
9.
Geology of the Bryce Canyon area
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Other formations were also formed but were mostly eroded following uplift from the Laramide orogeny which started around 70 million years ago. This event created the Rocky Mountains far to the east and helped to close the sea covered the area. A large part of western North America started to stretch itself into the nearby Basin, while not part of this region, the greater Bryce area was stretched into the High Plateaus by the same forces. The uplift caused the formation of vertical joints which were preferentially eroded to form the free-standing pinnacles called hoodoos, badlands. The formations exposed in the area of the park are part of the Grand Staircase, the oldest members of this supersequence of rock units are exposed in the Grand Canyon, the intermediate ones in Zion National Park, and its youngest parts are laid bare in Bryce Canyon area. A small amount of overlap occurs in and around each park, the rocks exposed in Bryce Canyon are about 100 million years younger than those in nearby Zion National Park, and the rocks exposed in Zion are younger than those in the Grand Canyon to the south. There are, however, shared rock units between all three, creating a supersequence of formations that geologists call the Grand Staircase, together the formations of the Grand Staircase record nearly 2000 million years of the Earths history. Bryce Canyons formations are the youngest known units in the Grand Staircase, younger rock units, if they ever existed, have been removed by erosion. In the Cretaceous, a shallow seaway spread into the interior of North America from the Gulf of Mexico in the south into Utah, geologists call this shallow sea the Cretaceous Seaway or Western Interior Seaway. As the shoreline moved back and forth, the Bryce area alternated from being part of the Sevier landmass to being under the Cretaceous Seaway, alternating layers of nonmarine, intertidal, and marine sediments lay on top of each other as a result. Conglomerate, siltstone, and fossil-rich sandstone that together are up to 300 feet thick mark the arrival of the Cretaceous Seaway. Called the Dakota Sandstone, it is the oldest formation exposed in the Bryce Canyon area but the youngest one exposed in the Zion, abundant amounts of petrified wood, oyster beds containing millions of fossils, and coal are all found in the Dakota. It sits unconformably on much older Jurassic formations that are not exposed in the immediate area, mud and silt were deposited on top of the Dakota Formation as the seaway became deeper and calmer in the area. The resulting dark gray to black Tropic Shale records the maximum transgression of the seaway into Utah and is 1,000 feet thick in the Paria Amphitheater. It forms the unvegetated badlands seen in the Tropic Valley and is perhaps the most fossil-rich formation in the area, the Cretaceous Seaway was already retreating east and to the south by the time the locally 1,700 feet thick Straight Cliffs Formation was deposited. Its members represent various stages in this process, the cliff-forming sandstone of the Tibbet Canyon Member was conformably deposited on top of the Tropic Shale in shallow marine and later near shore environments. Shale and sandstone from the Smoky Hollow Member were deposited on top of its basal layer of coal-rich mudstone in coastal swamps and this formation erodes into almost unclimbable cliffs and escarpments of whitish to yellow-gray sandstones with comparatively thin interbedded layers of shale and mudstone. Shark teeth are found in the parts of the formation
10.
Kaiparowits Formation
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The Kaiparowits Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in the Kaiparowits Plateau in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, in the southern part of Utah in the western United States. It is over 2800 feet thick, and is Campanian in age and it is fossiliferous, with most specimens from the lower half of the formation, but exploration is only comparatively recent, with most work being done since 1982. It has been estimated that less than 10% of the Kaiparowits formation has been explored for fossils, most fieldwork has been conducted by The Natural History Museum of Utah. The Kaiparowits Formation is a bed that was deposited between about 76.1 to 74.0 million years ago, in the area where the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument of Utah is today. It is extremely rich, with thousands of plants and animal fossils being preserved in amongst its sand-. The jungle theory would also support why almost all the animals in the Kaiparowits Formation were new species, without the need for herbivores to migrate to find food, and theropods to migrate after herbivores, a whole ecosystem could evolve secluded from interbreeding. The theory also supported why the dinosaurs adorned such features like the 15 horns of Kosmoceratops, recent finds include large specimens of the duckbill Gryposaurus, including the new species G. monumentensis, and the first described remains of the oviraptorosaurian Hagryphus giganteus. Trace fossils are known from the Kaiparowits, including an excellently preserved hadrosaur skin impression known from a recent analysis by Herrero. List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations Weishampel, David B, dodson, Peter, and Osmólska, Halszka, The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley, University of California Press
11.
Wahweap Formation
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Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. The Wahweap Formation shows an amount of invertebrate activity ranging from fossilized insect burrows in petrified logs to various mollusks that characterize the shell beds. Large fossilized crabs are common at most shell bed sites in the Wahweap, in addition to terrestrial vertebrates, freshwater fish fossils have been uncovered from the Wahweap which include bowfin vertebrae, ray teeth, and probable lungfish burrows. Dinosaurs known from the Wahweap include, at least one type of hadrosaur, a fair number of mammals spanning the lower Campanian are known from the Wahweap as well, including at least 15 genera of multituberculates, cladotherians, marsupials, and placental insectivores. Trace fossils are relatively abundant in the Wahweap, and include vertebrate tracks as well as burrow activity. Tracks preserved in the capping sandstone indicate the presence of crocodylomorphs, at least one possible theropod track has been identified in this area as well. In 2010 a unique trace fossil from the Wahweap was discovered that indicates a relationship between dinosaurs and primitive mammals. The trace fossil includes at least two fossilized mammalian den complexes as well as associated digging grooves presumably caused by a maniraptoran dinosaur, the proximity indicates a case of probable active predation of the burrow inhabitants by the owners of the claw marks
12.
Carmel Formation
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The Carmel Formation is a geologic formation in the San Rafael Group that is spread across the US states of Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, north east Arizona and New Mexico. Part of the Colorado Plateau, this formation was laid down in the Middle Jurassic during the late Bajocian, through the Bathonian, in 1928 Gilluly and Reeside stated an intent to name the formation after Mount Carmel but did not give a type locality. They noted it as a formation in the San Rafael Group in San Rafael Swell, in Emery County. An overview along with a locality and source of name was stated by Gregory. Mackin revised the description and assigned the Homestake Limestone Member to it in 1954. Harshbarger and others created an overview in 1957 and its eastern areal limits were described by Wright and others in 1962. In 1963, western areal limits along with an overview were completed by Schultz, another revision was done by Phoenix in 1963 who also added a Judd Hollow Tongue member. Isotopic dating was conducted by Marvin and others in 1965, the Kolob, Crystal Creek, Paria River, Winsor, and Wiggler Wash members were assigned by Thompson and Stokes in 1970. Areal limits were adjusted by OSullivan and Craig in 1973 and again in 1983 by Blakey, an overview was completed by Chapman in 1989. Hintze and others conducted isotopic dating and created an overview in 1994, there have been a number of paleontological finds within the Carmel Formation. Among these have been bryozoans, oysters, as well as dinosaur foot prints, there have been a number of bryozoans found within the Carmel Formation. These finds include seven species of calcareous cyclostome bryozoans as well as a soft-bodied ctenosome bryozoan, geologic Province, Black Mesa Basin* Capitol Reef National Park Great Basin province* Green River Basin* Paradox Basin* Plateau sedimentary province* San Juan Basin Uinta Basin* Uinta Uplift*
