1.
Greenwich (town), New York
–
Greenwich is a town in the southwest part of Washington County, New York, United States. The town is located on the west border of the county, the population was 4,896 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, Greenwich features several homes that were a part of the Underground Railroad. The Town of Greenwich contains a village also named Greenwich, the Horicon tribe is believed to be part of the early native population of the town. Families began settling the area around 1763, the town was originally part of five land patents, Saratoga, Kettlehuyn, Cuyler, Campbell, and Argyle. The Town of Greenwich was formed part of the Town of Argyle in 1803. In 1809, the community of Whipple City incorporated as a village, in 1867, the name was changed to Greenwich. Greenwich views itself as having been an important location along the Underground Railroad, a historical marker was placed in Mowry Park detailing the locations of former safe houses. The Greenwich and Johnsonville Railroad brought rail service to the area in 1870, the Coffin Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 44.4 square miles. It lies within the Cambridge valley region in between the Adirondack Mountains and Green Mountain Range of Vermont, the west town line is defined by the Hudson River with Saratoga County on the opposite shore. New York State Route 40 is a highway through the center of the town. NY29 is an east-west highway located near the town line. NY40 and NY29 join near Middle Falls, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,896 people,1,927 households, and 1,358 families residing in the town. The population density was 111.3 people per square mile, there were 2,101 housing units at an average density of 47.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 81% White,0. 31% Black or African American,0. 06% Native American,0. 82% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 18% from other races, and 0. 78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 65% of the population,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.01
Greenwich (town), New York
–
A
farm in Greenwich
Greenwich (town), New York
–
Location in
Washington County and the state of
New York.
2.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
3.
Hoosick Falls, New York
–
Hoosick Falls is a village in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. The population was 3,501 at the 2010 census, during its peak around 1900, the village had a population of about 7,000. The Capital District Regional Planning Commission projects a further decline in population through 2010, the village of Hoosick Falls is near the center of the town of Hoosick on NY22. The village center is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Hoosick Falls Historic District, painter Grandma Moses is buried in the village. The site of the British entrenchments at the Battle of Bennington,6 August 1777, is nearby and is maintained as Bennington Battlefield State Historic Site. Although this has been an issue of debate, its believed the first documented settlers came to Hoosick Falls on the Hoosic River. Encyclopedia Americana reports the date of the first permanent settlement as 1688, the French drove the settlers out in 1754 and most of the settlement was burned, but they returned and rebuilt after the French & Indian War ended. Hoosick Falls was incorporated as a village in 1827, Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Co. In 1852 a blacksmith named Walter A. Wood began manufacturing a reaper in Hoosick Falls, by the 1890s the Walter A. Wood Mowing & Reaping Company was the largest farm machinery manufacturer in the world, taking up 85 acres on the west bank of the river. The Wood Company closed in 1924, mainly due to the introduction of John Deeres revolutionary self-propelled farm equipment, most of these facilities were used by the Colasta Corporation from the mid-1920s until the late 1950s. Later, parts of this site were used as a lumber yard/hardware store, a rash of arson fires in the mid and late 1970s consumed the entire complex. The only buildings still in use today are outside of the complex, the Interface Solutions Plant. The original Office Building is still present also, along with the Walter Wood plant, Hoosick Falls was a boomtown in the 19th century. Many other businesses came into town, bringing people and money with them, Hoosick Falls once had factories that made Paper, small numbers of Appliances, Parts, Glass, and some nominal Soda and Beer Bottling Plants. A large number of rich Victorian homes were built during this period and are there today. This was also a center of Trade and Export. Local farmers and manufacturers would come to town to sell their goods and these goods consisted of manufacturers, grain, milk, livestock, construction materials, paper & pulp, timber and beverages. The village faces an Environmental Crisis due to levels of potentially cancer causing PFOA being detected in the Municipal Water Supply
Hoosick Falls, New York
–
Downtown Hoosick Falls
Hoosick Falls, New York
–
The Cheney Library, located on Classic Street in Hoosick Falls
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
Painting
–
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
Painting
–
The
Mona Lisa, by
Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world.
Painting
–
Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (
Ming Dynasty)
Painting
–
Circus Sideshow (
French: Parade de cirque),
Georges Seurat, 1887–88
Painting
–
Cave painting of aurochs, (
French: Bos primigenius primigenius),
Lascaux,
France,
prehistoric art
6.
Embroidery
–
Embroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate materials such as, pearls, beads, quills. Today, embroidery is most often seen on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, stockings, Embroidery is available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color. The process used to tailor, patch, mend and reinforce cloth fostered the development of sewing techniques, indeed, the remarkable stability of basic embroidery stitches has been noted, It is a striking fact that in the development of embroidery. There are no changes of materials or techniques which can be felt or interpreted as advances from a primitive to a later, on the other hand, we often find in early works a technical accomplishment and high standard of craftsmanship rarely attained in later times. The art of embroidery has been found world-wide and several examples have been found. Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period, depending on time, location and materials available, embroidery could be the domain of a few experts or a wide-spread, popular technique. This flexibility led to a variety of works, from the royal to the mundane, in 18th century England and its colonies, samplers employing fine silks were produced by the daughters of wealthy families. Embroidery was a marking a girls path into womanhood as well as conveying rank. Conversely, embroidery is also an art, using materials that were accessible to nonprofessionals. Examples include Hardanger from Norway, Merezhka from Ukraine, Mountmellick embroidery from Ireland, Nakshi kantha from Bangladesh and West Bengal, many techniques had a practical use such as Sashiko from Japan, which was used as a way to reinforce clothing. Embroidery was an important art in the Medieval Islamic world, the 17th century Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi called it the craft of the two hands. Because embroidery was a sign of social status in Muslim societies. Craftsmen embroidered items with gold and silver thread, Embroidery cottage industries, some employing over 800 people, grew to supply these items. Taste for fine material has become general, and the drapery of embroidered fabrics used at feasts surpasses every description. The development of embroidery and its mass production came about in stages in the Industrial Revolution. The earliest machine embroidery used a combination of machine looms and teams of women embroidering the textiles by hand and this was done in France by the mid-1800s. The manufacture of machine-made embroideries in St. Gallen in eastern Switzerland flourished in the half of the 19th century
Embroidery
–
Exquisite gold embroidery on the gognots (apron) of a 19th-century
Armenian bridal dress from
Akhaltsikhe.
Embroidery
–
Traditional embroidery in chain stitch on a
Kazakh rug, contemporary.
Embroidery
–
Caucasus embroidery
Embroidery
–
Morocco fez horse cover metal silver thread 18th - 19th
7.
Folk art
–
Folk art encompasses art produced from an indigenous culture or by peasants or other laboring tradespeople. In contrast to fine art, folk art is primarily utilitarian, Folk Art is characterized by a naïve style, in which traditional rules of proportion and perspective are not employed. The varied geographical and temporal prevalence and diversity of folk art make it difficult to describe as a whole, though some patterns have been demonstrated. On the other hand, many 18th- and 19th-century American folk art painters made their living by their work, including itinerant portrait painters, some of whom produced large bodies of work. Terms that might overlap with folk art are naïve art, tribal art, primitive art, popular art, outsider art, traditional art, tramp art and working-class art/blue-collar art. As one might expect, these terms can have multiple and even controversial connotations but are used interchangeably with the term folk art. Folk art expresses cultural identity by conveying shared community values and aesthetics and it encompasses a range of utilitarian and decorative media, including cloth, wood, paper, clay, metal and more. If traditional materials are inaccessible, new materials are often substituted, Folk art reflects traditional art forms of diverse community groups — ethnic, tribal, religious, occupational, geographical, age- or gender-based — who identify with each other and society at large. Folk artists traditionally learn skills and techniques through apprenticeships in informal community settings, antique folk art is distinguished from traditional art in that, while collected today based mostly on its artistic merit, it was never intended to be art for art’s sake at the time of its creation. Many folk art traditions like quilting, ornamental picture framing, and decoy carving continue to thrive, contemporary folk artists are frequently self-taught as their work is often developed in isolation or in small communities across the country. Folk artworks, styles and motifs have inspired various artists, for example, Pablo Picasso was inspired by African tribal sculptures and masks, while Natalia Goncharova and others were inspired by traditional Russian popular prints called luboks. In music, Igor Stravinskys seminal The Rite of Spring was inspired by religious rites. CIOFF, International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts
Folk art
–
"Gran calavera eléctrica" by
José Guadalupe Posada, Mexico, 1900–1913
Folk art
–
Island of Salvation Botanica, Piety Street,
Bywater, New Orleans
Folk art
–
Darrel Mortimer holding 8' tattooed bamboo
chillum; photograph by Sally Larsen, 2009
Folk art
–
House in
New Orleans
8.
Currier and Ives
–
Currier and Ives was a successful American printmaking firm headed by Nathaniel Currier and James Merritt Ives based in New York City from 1834 to 1907. The prolific firm produced prints from paintings by artists as black. Nathaniel Currier was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts on March 27,1813 and his parents Nathaniel and Hannah Currier were distant cousins who lived a humble and spartan life. Nathaniel worked a series of odd jobs to support the family and, at fifteen, he started became a lifelong career when he apprenticed in the Boston lithography shop of William. In 1833 at age twenty, he moved to Philadelphia to do work for M. E. D. Brown, an engraver and printer. Curriers early lithographs were issued under the name of Stodart & Currier, the two men specialized in job printing and made a variety of print products, including music manuscripts. Currier became dissatisfied with the economic return of their business venture. He set up alone, working as N. Currier, Lithographer until 1856. In 1835, he created a lithograph that illustrated a fire sweeping through New York Citys business district, the print of the Merchants Exchange sold thousands of copies in four days. He quickly gained a reputation as an accomplished lithographer, in 1840, he produced Awful Conflagration of the Steam Boat Lexington, which was so successful that he was given a weekly insert in the New York Sun. In this year, Curriers firm began to shift its focus from job printing to independent print publishing, the name Currier & Ives first appeared in 1857, when Currier invited the companys bookkeeper and accountant James Merritt Ives to become his partner. Ives was born on March 5,1824 in New York City and she was the sister-in-law of Nathaniels brother Charles Currier, and it was Charles who recommended Ives to his brother. Nathaniel Currier soon noticed Ivess dedication to his business, and his artistic knowledge, the younger man quickly became the general manager of the firm, handling the financial side of the business by modernizing the bookkeeping, reorganizing inventory, and streamlining the print process. Ives also helped Currier interview potential artists and craftsmen, in 1857, Currier made Ives a full partner. The firm Currier and Ives described itself as Publishers of Cheap, at least 7,500 lithographs were published in the firms 72 years of operation. Artists produced two to three new images every week for 64 years, producing more than a million prints by hand-colored lithography. For the original drawings, Currier & Ives employed or used the work of celebrated artists of the day including James E. Buttersworth, Charles R. Parsons, George Inness, Thomas Nast
Currier and Ives
–
A Brush for the Lead,
lithograph by Currier and Ives, 1867.
Currier and Ives
–
Brooklyn Museum, American Homestead Spring, Currier and Ives
Currier and Ives
–
Awful Conflagration of the
Steam Boat LEXINGTON in
Long Island Sound on Monday Eve g, Jan y 13th,(1840)
Currier and Ives
–
View on the
Harlem River, N. Y., Currier and Ives, 1852
9.
Northeastern United States
–
The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics. The Census Bureau-defined region has an area of 181,324 sq mi with 162,257 square miles of that being land mass. Though lacking a unified identity, the Northeastern region is the nations most economically developed, densely populated. Of the nations four census regions, the Northeast is the second most urban, with 85 percent of its residing in urban areas. The region is subdivided into New England and the Mid-Atlantic States and this definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation. C. Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland, the narrowest definitions include only the states of New England. Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, States beyond the Census Bureau definition that other entities include in the Northeast United States are, Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D. C. Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D. C. and West Virginia Delaware, Maryland, Washington, most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those made up the Iroquois nations. In the United States of the 21st century,18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast, the two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories. The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, the Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower ship and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely. Ten years later, a group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship. Anne Hutchinson, who was banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth. Providence, Portsmouth, and two towns consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, in recent history. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life. In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New England played a prominent role in early American education
Northeastern United States
–
High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point,
Sussex County, the
highest elevation in New Jersey at 1803 feet above sea level
Northeastern United States
–
The states shown in the two darkest red shades are included in the
United States Census Bureau Northeast Region, with states in lighter shades included in other regional definitions (see
Composition).
Northeastern United States
–
Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts
Northeastern United States
–
The Palisades along the
Hudson River, New Jersey
10.
Flax mill
–
Flax mills are mills concerned with the manufacture of flax. The earliest mills were ones for spinning yarn for the linen industry, John Kendrew and Thomas Porthouse, both of Darlington developed the process from Richard Arkwrights water frame, and patented it in 1787. The first machine was set up in Low Mill on the River Skerne at Darlington and they then each set up a mill of their own, Kendrew near Haughton-le-Skerne and Porthouse near Coatham Mundeville, both on the same river. They also granted permits, enabling others to build mills, including in northeast Scotland, matthew Murray moved from Darlington to set up a mill at Adel near Leeds, where Murray built an improved spinning machine for John Marshall. In 1791, Marshall built another mill at Holbeck in Leeds, Murray went on to become a noted textile engineer, as a partner in Fenton, Murray, and Wood. Ditherington Flax Mill at Shrewsbury was built by Marshall and Benyons of Leeds in 1797 and was the first iron-framed textile mill anywhere
Flax mill
–
Exterior of Marshall's
flax-mill at Holbeck, Leeds, probably circa 1843
Flax mill
–
Interior of Marshall's flax-mill
11.
One-room school
–
In most rural and small town schools, all of the students met in a single room. There, a teacher taught academic basics to several grade levels of elementary-age boys. While in many areas one-room schools are no longer used, it is not uncommon for them to remain in developing nations, examples include remote parts of the American West, the Falklands, and the Shetland Islands. Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce a tax-funded and generally compulsory primary education for either boys, in comparison, compulsory schooling in France or Great Britain was not successfully enacted until the 1880s. The state sponsored system was introduced in the late 18th century and has had widespread influences since, the first Prussian schools were simple one-room schools, however already as of 1773 Friedrich Eberhard von Rochow set up a model school with primary education in two age related classes. In Ireland, free education was mandated in 1831, prompting the establishment of many single-teacher National Schools across rural areas. By the 1850s there was a school in every parish, most extant one- and two-room school buildings date from the decades after 1891 when primary education became compulsory. Most of those still in use today have been extended following merger with neighbouring schools, since 2002, any state-funded school with at least 10 pupils is entitled to at least 2 teachers, the 21 schools which fell below this threshold are located on offshore islands. In recent decades, a number of schools have been founded for parents not content with the National School system. These include Gaelscoileanna and multi-denominational schools, although such schools eventually become eligible for state funding, they usually begin with a single teacher in a room or prefabricated building. Many schools also served as the chapel on Sundays, and evening/Saturday meeting places for local people. Teaching standards often varied from school to school as the teacher was compelled to coach children of all ages/grades within one room and regardless of their area of main competence. The quality of facilities at one-room schools varied with local conditions, but generally. Most buildings were of frame construction, some with the school bell on a cupola. In the Midwest, sod construction was used, as well as stone. In some locations, the schoolhouse was painted red, but most seem to have been white, mission Ridge School was one of the early schools in Mason County, West Virginia. It has since moved to the West Virginia State Farm Museum complex near Point Pleasant. Examination of the materials in this building indicates that boards and timbers were hand-sawed, square nails were used throughout the building
One-room school
–
Amish schoolhouse in
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in 1941.
One-room school
–
The one-room school in Reckahn,
Brandenburg an der Havel, was founded 1773 and quotes Mark 10:14 at the entrance. It is now used as a local history museum.
One-room school
–
A preserved one-room school located in
Wells, Maine.
One-room school
–
The Eight Square Schoolhouse in
Dryden, New York
12.
Ochre
–
Ochre (/ˈoʊkər/ OH-kər, from Greek, ὠχρός, ōkhrós, or ocher, is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide, which ranges in color from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the produced by this pigment. A variant of ochre containing an amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as red ochre. Ochre is a family of pigments, which includes yellow ochre, red ochre, purple ochre, sienna. The major ingredient of all the ochres is iron oxide-hydroxide, known as limonite, which gives them a yellow color. Yellow ochre, FeO·nH 2O, is a hydrated iron hydroxide also called gold ochre Red ochre, Fe 2O3, takes its color from the mineral hematite. Purple ochre, is identical to red ochre chemically but of a different hue caused by different light diffraction properties associated with an average particle size. Brown ochre, also FeO, is a hydrated iron oxide. Sienna contains both limonite and an amount of manganese oxide, which makes it darker than ochre. Umber pigments contain a proportion of manganese which make them a dark brown. When natural sienna and umber pigments are heated, they are dehydrated and some of the limonite is transformed into hematite, giving them more reddish colors, called burnt sienna and burnt umber. Ochres are non-toxic, and can be used to make an oil paint that dries quickly, modern ochre pigments often are made using synthetic iron oxide. Pigments which use natural ochre pigments indicate it with the name PY-43 on the label, pieces of ochre engraved with abstract designs have been found at the site of the Blombos Cave in South Africa, dated to around 75,000 years ago. In Wales, the paleolithic burial called the Red Lady of Paviland from its coating of red ochre has been dated to around 33,000 years before present. Paintings of animals made with red and yellow ochre pigments have been found in sites at Pech Merle in France. The cave of Lascaux has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old. In Ancient Egypt, yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be eternal, the skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb painting, though occasionally they used orpiment
Ochre
–
Ochre- pigment
Ochre
Ochre
–
Yellow ochre (Goldochre)- pigment
Ochre
–
Limonite, a mineraloid containing iron hydroxide, is the main ingredient of all the ochre pigments.
13.
Calcium hydroxide
–
Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca2. It is a crystal or white powder and is obtained when calcium oxide is mixed. It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders lime, slack lime, cal, Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation. Limewater is the name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide is insoluble in water, with a solubility product Ksp of 5.5 × 10−6.4. Calcium hydroxide solutions can cause chemical burns, at high pH value, its solubility drastically decreases. This behavior is relevant to cement pastes, Ca2 → CaO + H2O Calcium hydroxide adopts a polymeric structure, as do all metal hydroxides. The structure is identical to that of Mg2, i. e. the cadmium iodide motif, strong hydrogen bonds exist between the layers. Calcium hydroxide is produced commercially by treating lime with water, CaO + H2O → Ca2 In the laboratory it can be prepared by mixing solutions of calcium chloride. The mineral form, portlandite, is rare but can be found in some volcanic, plutonic. It has also known to arise in burning coal dumps. CaOH has been detected in the atmosphere of S-type stars, one significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant, in water and sewage treatment. It forms a fluffy charged solid that aids in the removal of particles from water. This application is enabled by the low cost and low toxicity of calcium hydroxide and this conversion is part of the causticizing step in the Kraft process for making pulp. In Spanish, calcium hydroxide is called cal, corn cooked with cal becomes hominy, which significantly increases the bioavailability of niacin, and it is also considered tastier and easier to digest. In chewing coca leaves, calcium hydroxide is usually chewed alongside to keep the alkaloid stimulants chemically available for absorption by the body, similarly, Native Americans traditionally chewed tobacco leaves with calcium hydroxide derived from burnt mollusk shells to enhance the effects. It has also used by some indigenous American tribes as an ingredient in yopo. Calcium hydroxide is added to a bundle of areca nut
Calcium hydroxide
–
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
–
SEM image of fractured hardened cement paste, showing plates of calcium hydroxide and needles of
ettringite (micron scale)
Calcium hydroxide
–
Dry treated corn (left), and untreated corn (right) after boiling in water with calcium hydroxide (1 Tbsp lime for 500 g of corn) for 15 minutes
14.
Staunton, Virginia
–
Staunton is an independent city in the U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,746, in Virginia, independent cities are separate jurisdictions from the counties that surround them, so the government offices of Augusta County are in Verona, which is contiguous to Staunton. Staunton is a city of the Staunton-Waynesboro Metropolitan Statistical Area. Staunton is known for being the birthplace of Woodrow Wilson, the 28th U. S. president, the city is also home to Stuart Hall, a private co-ed preparatory school, as well as the Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind. The area was first settled in 1732 by John Lewis and family, in 1736, William Beverley, a wealthy planter and merchant from Essex County, was granted by the Crown over 118,000 acres in what would become Augusta County. Surveyor Thomas Lewis in 1746 laid out the first town plat for Beverley of what was originally called Beverleys Mill Place, founded in 1747, it was renamed in honor of Lady Rebecca Staunton, wife to Royal Lieutenant-Governor Sir William Gooch. Staunton thus played a role in the mid 18th century expansion of the economies of the American Colonies which, in turn. It served as capital of Virginia in June 1781, when state legislators fled Richmond, for instance, in 1815, a slave named Henry ran away from John G. Wrights Staunton plantation. Wright later placed an ad in the Daily National Intelligencer in Washington and this ad is notable in its genre for the fact that it notes that Henry was an excellent cook and was widely travelled, having been to the West Indies. In August 1855, President Franklin Pierce visited Staunton and he gave a speech at the Virginia Hotel, in which he stated that his feelings revolted from the idea of a dissolution of the union. He said that t would be the Iliad of innumerable woes, located along the Valley Pike, Staunton developed as a trade, transportation and industrial center, particularly after the Virginia Central Railroad arrived in 1854. Factories made carriages, wagons, boots and shoes, clothing, in 1860, the Staunton Military Academy was founded. By 1860, Staunton had at least one pro-union, pro-slavery and at least one pro-secession, pro-slavery newspaper. The Spectator ran editorials before the war urging its citizens to vote for union, while the Vindicator ran, on May 23,1861, Virginians voted on whether or not to ratify articles of secession from the Union. The articles were approved throughout the Commonwealth. In Staunton the vote was 3300 in favor of secession and 6 opposed, during the Civil War, the town became an important Shenandoah Valley manufacturing, staging area and supply depot for the Confederacy. On May 2,1862, Union General John C, frémont occupied Staunton while on his way to a rendezvous with General Nathaniel P. Banks to pursue Stonewall Jackson into what would become known as the Battle of Cross Keys, fought near Harrisonburg, by October 1862 Staunton was back in rebel hands, occupied by the 2nd South Carolina infantry
Staunton, Virginia
–
West Beverley Street
Staunton, Virginia
–
Bird's-eye view c. 1910
Staunton, Virginia
Staunton, Virginia
–
Letter from N.K. Trout, mayor of Staunton, describing a contribution of $80 to the
1st Georgia Regiment, then encamped at
Monterey, Virginia. Published in the Daily Constitutionalist of
Augusta, Georgia on August 6, 1861
15.
Potato chip
–
A potato chip or crisp is a thin slice of potato that has been deep fried, baked, kettle-cooked, or popped until crunchy. Potato chips are commonly served as a snack, side dish, more generally, crisps and chips include savory snack products made from not just potato, but also corn, tapioca, banana, or other cereals, and other root vegetables, and other fruits. Potato chips are a predominant part of the food and convenience food market in Western countries. The global potato chip market generated total revenues of US$16.49 billion in 2005 and this accounted for 35. 5% of the total savory snacks market in that year. The earliest known recipe for potato chips is in William Kitchiners cookbook The Cooks Oracle, first published in 1817, which was a bestseller in England and the United States. Early recipes for potato chips in the United States are found in Mary Randolphs Virginia House-Wife, lees Cooks Own Book, both of which explicitly cite Kitchiner. However, a legend associates the creation of potato chips with Saratoga Springs, New York, the customer kept sending his French-fried potatoes back, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated, he sliced the potatoes razor thin, fried them until crisp, to Crums surprise, the customer loved them. They soon became called Saratoga Chips, a name that persisted into at least the mid-20th century, a version of this story popularized in a 1973 national advertising campaign by St. Regis Paper Company, which manufactured packaging for chips, said that Crums customer was Cornelius Vanderbilt. Crum was renowned as a chef and by 1860 owned his own lakeside restaurant, in the 20th century, potato chips spread beyond chef-cooked restaurant fare and began to be mass-produced for home consumption. The Dayton, Ohio-based Mike-sells Potato Chip Company, founded in 1910, New England-based Tri-Sum Potato Chips, founded in 1908 as the Leominster Potato Chip Company, in Leominster, Massachusetts claim to be Americas first potato chip manufacturer. Chips sold in markets were sold in tins or scooped out of storefront glass bins and delivered by horse. The early potato chip bag was wax paper with the ends ironed or stapled together, at first, potato chips were packaged in barrels or tins, which left chips at the bottom stale and crumbled. This pioneering method reduced crumbling and kept the chips fresh and crisp longer and this innovation, along with the invention of cellophane, allowed potato chips to become a mass-market product. Today, chips are packaged in bags, with nitrogen gas blown in prior to sealing to lengthen shelf life. Traditional chips were made by the process, where all chips are fried all at once at a low temperature. Industrial advance resulted in a shift to production by a process, running chips through a vat of hot oil. Consumer desire for original style chips resulted in the introduction of traditionally made kettle-style chips in the 2000s
Potato chip
–
Potato chips/crisps
Potato chip
–
Traditional Saratoga chips
Potato chip
–
An advertisement for Smith's Potato Crisps
Potato chip
–
A
Bangladeshi version of potato chips, marketed as potato crackers.
16.
Shenandoah Valley
–
The Shenandoah Valley /ˌʃɛnənˈdoʊə/ is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The cultural region covers a area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west. It is physiographically located within the Ridge and Valley province and is a portion of the Great Appalachian Valley, named for the river that stretches much of its length, the Shenandoah Valley encompasses eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia. It has been described as being derived from the Anglicization of Native American terms, resulting in such as Gerando, Gerundo, Genantua. The meaning of words is of some question. Schin-han-dowi, the River Through the Spruces, On-an-da-goa, the River of High Mountains or Silver-Water, the most popular, romanticized belief is that the name comes from a Native American expression for Beautiful Daughter of the Stars. Another legend relates that the name is derived from the name of the Iroquoian chief Sherando, Opechancanough liked the interior country so much that he sent his son Sheewa-a-nee from the Tidewater with a large party to colonize the valley. Sheewa-a-nee drove Sherando back to his former territory near the Great Lakes, according to this account, descendants of Sheewanees party became the Shawnee. According to tradition, another branch of Iroquoians, the Senedo and they were exterminated by Southern Indians before the arrival of white settlers. Another story dates to the American Revolutionary War, throughout the war, Chief Skenandoa of the Oneida, an Iroquois nation based in New York, persuaded many of the tribe to side with the colonials against the British. Four Iroquois nations became British allies, and caused many fatalities, Skenandoa led 250 warriors against the British and Iroquois allies. According to Oneida oral tradition, during the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge. The Oneida delivered bushels of dry corn to the troops to them survive. Polly Cooper, an Oneida woman, stayed some time with the troops to them how to cook the corn properly. General Washington gave her a shawl in thanks, which is displayed at Shako, wi, many Oneida believe that after the war, George Washington named the Shenandoah River and valley after his ally. Despite the valleys potential for productive farmland, colonial settlement from the east was delayed by the barrier of the Blue Ridge Mountains. These were crossed by explorers John Lederer at Manassas Gap in 1671, Batts and Fallam the same year, the Swiss Franz Ludwig Michel and Christoph von Graffenried explored and mapped the Valley in 1706 and 1712, respectively. Von Graffenried reported that the Indians of Senantona had been alarmed by news of the recent Tuscarora War in North Carolina, governor Alexander Spotswoods legendary Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition of 1716 crossed the Blue Ridge at Swift Run Gap and reached the river at Elkton, Virginia
Shenandoah Valley
–
Shenandoah Valley
Shenandoah Valley
–
The Shenandoah Valley in the autumn
Shenandoah Valley
–
A poultry farm with the Blue Ridge Mountains in background
Shenandoah Valley
–
A farm in the fertile Shenandoah Valley
17.
Fireboard
–
A fireboard or chimney board is a panel designed to cover a fireplace during the warm months of the year. It was commonly used during the later 18th and early 19th centuries in places like France, in warm weather, a fireboard effectively reduced the number of mosquitoes and other insects, or even birds, that might enter a house through an open, damperless chimney. The board or shutterlike contrivance typically of wood or cast of sheet metal is decorated with painting and stencilling. Some fireboards have notches cut out of the lowest edge to accommodate andirons, Fireboards are also called, chimney boards, chimney pieces, chimney stops, fire boards, summer boards. Fireboard, ca.1830 Art Institute of Chicago, fireboard, ca.1820 American Folk Art @ Cooperstown blog. Fireplace Fantasy,2011 American Folk Art @ Cooperstown blog, two New Hampshire Fireboards,2010 Art Gallery of Nova Scotia
Fireboard
–
"Great Gale of 1846" fireboard (Peabody Essex Museum)
Fireboard
–
Fireboard with view of Chatsworth, Derbyshire, England, by M.F. Corné
Fireboard
–
Banister House, Brookfield, Massachusetts, USA (photo 1936) (Library of Congress)
18.
Perspective (graphical)
–
Perspective in the graphic arts is an approximate representation, on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye. If viewed from the spot as the windowpane was painted. Each painted object in the scene is thus a flat, scaled down version of the object on the side of the window. All perspective drawings assume the viewer is a distance away from the drawing. Objects are scaled relative to that viewer, an object is often not scaled evenly, a circle often appears as an ellipse and a square can appear as a trapezoid. This distortion is referred to as foreshortening, Perspective drawings have a horizon line, which is often implied. This line, directly opposite the viewers eye, represents objects infinitely far away and they have shrunk, in the distance, to the infinitesimal thickness of a line. It is analogous to the Earths horizon, any perspective representation of a scene that includes parallel lines has one or more vanishing points in a perspective drawing. A one-point perspective drawing means that the drawing has a vanishing point, usually directly opposite the viewers eye. All lines parallel with the line of sight recede to the horizon towards this vanishing point. This is the standard receding railroad tracks phenomenon, a two-point drawing would have lines parallel to two different angles. Any number of vanishing points are possible in a drawing, one for each set of lines that are at an angle relative to the plane of the drawing. Perspectives consisting of parallel lines are observed most often when drawing architecture. In contrast, natural scenes often do not have any sets of parallel lines, the only method to indicate the relative position of elements in the composition was by overlapping, of which much use is made in works like the Parthenon Marbles. Chinese artists made use of perspective from the first or second century until the 18th century. It is not certain how they came to use the technique, some authorities suggest that the Chinese acquired the technique from India, oblique projection is also seen in Japanese art, such as in the Ukiyo-e paintings of Torii Kiyonaga. This was detailed within Aristotles Poetics as skenographia, using flat panels on a stage to give the illusion of depth, the philosophers Anaxagoras and Democritus worked out geometric theories of perspective for use with skenographia. Alcibiades had paintings in his house designed using skenographia, so this art was not confined merely to the stage, Euclids Optics introduced a mathematical theory of perspective, but there is some debate over the extent to which Euclids perspective coincides with the modern mathematical definition
Perspective (graphical)
–
Staircase in two-point perspective.
Perspective (graphical)
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15th century illustration from the
Old French translation of
William of Tyre 's Histoire d'Outremer.
Perspective (graphical)
–
Geometrically incorrect attempt at perspective in a 1614 painting of
Old St Paul's Cathedral. (
Society of Antiquaries)
Perspective (graphical)
–
Codex Amiatinus (7th century). Portrait, of Ezra, from folio 5r at the start of
Old Testament
19.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
–
He also painted no portraits, the other mainstay of Netherlandish art. After his training and travels to Italy, he returned in 1555 to settle in Antwerp and he does the same with the fantastic and anarchic world developed in Renaissance prints and book illustrations. He is sometimes referred to as Peasant Bruegel, to him from the many later painters in his family. From 1559, he dropped the h from his name and signed his paintings as Bruegel, the two main early sources for Bruegels biography are Lodovico Guicciardinis account of the Low Countries and Karel van Manders 1604 Schilder-boeck. Guicciardini recorded that Bruegel was born in Breda, but van Mander specified that Bruegel was born in a village near Breda called Brueghel, nothing at all is known of his family background. Van Mander seems to assume he came from a peasant background, in keeping with the over-emphasis on Bruegels peasant genre scenes given by van Mander and many art historians. Breda was already a significant centre as the base of the House of Orange-Nassau, with a population of some 8,000, from the fact that Bruegel entered the Antwerp painters guild in 1551, it is inferred that he was born between 1525 and 1530. His master, according to van Mander, was the Antwerp painter Pieter Coecke van Aelst, between 1545 and 1550 he was a pupil of Pieter Coecke, who died on 6 December 1550. Bruegel possibly got this work via the connections of Mayken Verhulst, maykens father and eight siblings were all artists or married an artist, and lived in Mechelen. In 1551 Bruegel became a master in the Guild of Saint Luke of Antwerp. He set off for Italy soon after, probably by way of France. He visited Rome and, rather adventurously for the period, by 1552 he had reached Reggio Calabria at the tip of the mainland. He probably continued to Sicily, but by 1553 was back in Rome, there he met the miniaturist Giulio Clovio, whose will of 1578 lists paintings by Bruegel, in one case a joint work. These works, apparently landscapes, have not survived, but marginal miniatures in manuscripts by Clovio are attributed to Bruegel, with one exception, Bruegel did not work the plates himself, but produced a drawing which Cocks specialists worked from. In 1563 he was married in Brussels, where he lived for the rest of his life, while Antwerp was the capital of Netherlandish commerce as well as the art market, Brussels was the centre of government. Van Mander tells a story that his mother-in-law pushed for the move to him from his established servant girl mistress. By now painting had become his main activity, and his most famous come from these years. His paintings were sought after, with patrons including wealthy Flemish collectors and Cardinal Granvelle, in effect the Habsburg chief minister
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
–
The Painter and The Connoisseur, c. 1565 is thought to be Bruegel's
self-portrait.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
–
The Seven Deadly Sins or the Seven Vices - Anger, 1558
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
–
The Peasant Wedding, 1566–69, oil on panel
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
–
The Blind Leading the Blind, 1568
20.
Museum of Modern Art
–
The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
Museum of Modern Art
–
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
–
The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
–
Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art
21.
Thanksgiving
–
Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday celebrated in Canada, in the United States, in some of the Caribbean islands and in Liberia. It was originally celebrated as a day of giving thanks for the blessing of the harvest, similarly named festival holidays occur in Germany and Japan. Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States, although Thanksgiving has historical roots in religious and cultural traditions, it has long been celebrated as a secular holiday as well. Prayers of thanks and special thanksgiving ceremonies are common among almost all religions after harvests, the Thanksgiving holidays history in North America is rooted in English traditions dating from the Protestant Reformation. It also has aspects of a harvest festival, even though the harvest in New England occurs well before the date on which the modern Thanksgiving holiday is celebrated. Before 1536 there were 95 Church holidays, plus 52 Sundays, the 1536 reforms reduced the number of Church holidays to 27, but some Puritans wished to completely eliminate all Church holidays, including Christmas and Easter. The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting or Days of Thanksgiving, unexpected disasters or threats of judgement from on high called for Days of Fasting. Special blessings, viewed as coming from God, called for Days of Thanksgiving, for example, Days of Fasting were called on account of drought in 1611, floods in 1613, and plagues in 1604 and 1622. Days of Thanksgiving were called following the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588, an unusual annual Day of Thanksgiving began in 1606 following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and developed into Guy Fawkes Day on November 5. Some researchers state that there is no compelling narrative of the origins of the Canadian Thanksgiving day, the origins of Canadian Thanksgiving are also sometimes traced to the French settlers who came to New France in the 17th century, who celebrated their successful harvests. The French settlers in the area typically had feasts at the end of the harvest season and continued throughout the winter season, as settlers arrived in Nova Scotia from New England after 1700, late autumn Thanksgiving celebrations became commonplace. New immigrants into the country—such as the Irish, Scottish, most of the US aspects of Thanksgiving, were incorporated when United Empire Loyalists began to flee from the United States during the American Revolution and settled in Canada. The 1621 Plymouth feast and thanksgiving was prompted by a good harvest, Pilgrims and Puritans who began emigrating from England in the 1620s and 1630s carried the tradition of Days of Fasting and Days of Thanksgiving with them to New England. In the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God, now called Oktober Feesten, Leidens autumn thanksgiving celebration in 1617 was the occasion for sectarian disturbance that appears to have accelerated the pilgrims plans to emigrate to America. Later in Massachusetts, religious thanksgiving services were declared by civil leaders such as Governor Bradford, the practice of holding an annual harvest festival did not become a regular affair in New England until the late 1660s. Thanksgiving proclamations were made mostly by church leaders in New England up until 1682, during the revolutionary period, political influences affected the issuance of Thanksgiving proclamations. Various proclamations were made by governors, John Hancock, General George Washington. James Baker maintains, The American holidays true origin was the New England Calvinist Thanksgiving, never coupled with a Sabbath meeting, the Puritan observances were special days set aside during the week for thanksgiving and praise in response to Gods providence
Thanksgiving
–
Saying grace before carving a turkey at Thanksgiving dinner in
Neffsville, Pennsylvania, 1942
Thanksgiving
–
Oven-roasted
turkey
Thanksgiving
–
Jennie Augusta Brownscombe, The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth, 1914,
Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, Massachusetts
Thanksgiving
–
Pumpkin pie is commonly served on and around Thanksgiving in North America.
22.
Christmas
–
In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day
Christmas
–
A
depiction of the
Nativity of Jesus with a
Christmas tree backdrop
Christmas
–
Adoration of the Shepherds by Gerard van Honthorst depicts the nativity of
Jesus
Christmas
–
Eastern Orthodox icon of the birth of Christ by
St. Andrei Rublev, 15th century
Christmas
–
Nativity of Christ – medieval illustration from the
Hortus deliciarum of
Herrad of Landsberg (12th century)
23.
Mademoiselle (magazine)
–
Mademoiselle was a womens magazine first published in 1935 by Street and Smith and later acquired by Condé Nast Publications. Julia Cameron was a frequent columnist, the art director was Barbara Kruger. In 1952, Sylvia Plaths short story Sunday at the Mintons won first prize and $500 and her experiences during the summer of 1953 as a guest editor at Mademoiselle provided the basis for her novel, The Bell Jar. In the sixties, Mademoiselle magazine was geared “to the smart young woman” and they categorically stated in their editorials that despite their young, maidenly name they were not geared to young teenagers. The majority of their readers may have been in college, in a job, Mademoiselle continued to be a top shelf magazine throughout the eighties and nineties featuring the top models on their covers and in the pages of their editorial sections. In 1993 Elizabeth Crow was appointed editor-in-chief of the magazine, the November 2001 magazine was the final issue. Some of the 93 employees and features moved over to Glamour, desmond Hall and F. Orlin Tremaine F. Orlin Tremaine Betsy Blackwell Edie Locke Amy Levin Cooper Gabe Doppelt Elizabeth Crow Mandi Norwood Mademoiselle Covers
Mademoiselle (magazine)
–
February 1954 cover
24.
Russell Sage College
–
Russell Sage College is a womens college located in Troy, New York, approximately 150 miles north of New York City in the Capital District. It is one of the three colleges that make up The Sage Colleges and it enrolls approximately 750 undergraduates, plus 150 graduate and doctoral students studying through both Russell Sage and the Sage Graduate School. RSC was founded in 1916 by Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage, a suffragist and she named the college after her husband, Russell, who was a Congressman from New York. In 1927, the New York State Board of Regents granted a charter for Russell Sage College. During World War II, a mens division was created. Sage Junior College of Albany received its own degree-granting powers in 1957, the words Russell Sage College refer only to the college for women. In 2001, Sage Junior College of Albany and Sage Evening College were replaced by a single entity and these programs are the 3-year Bachelors/2-year Masters in occupational therapy and the 6-year doctorate program in physical therapy. Over 60% of all Russell Sage graduates go on to advanced degrees. The college shares 150 faculty members with Sage College of Albany, the self-contained 10-acre campus is located in the historic district of Troy, New York with 19th-century brownstone residences, Victorian gates, formal courtyards and walled gardens. This campus is on two blocks and is a campus with no recent reported crime in the area. There is a lane, numerous antique and jewelry stores, a public library nearby. There is easy access to transportation for students to get around. It is better for students to have their own cars or network with people who have cars to get around, the campus was home to the New York State Theatre Institute, which utilized the Schacht Fine Arts Center. Due to a lack of funding, NYSTI shut down at the end of 2010. Residence Halls and Houses Several of the brownstones are now used for student housing in place of traditional dormitories, two international houses, French House and Spanish House, are for students studying or speaking those languages. It requires a process that you are either majoring in either one of those languages or are taking a course in either language to live in it. It is suggested you have a 3.0 gpa to be selected, german House was once counted among these but currently no longer requires that the students speak the language. This dorm is mostly filled with some juniors and seniors with one or two sophomores, Wool House is for students in the honors program
Russell Sage College
–
Main campus on Congress Street between First and Second streets
Russell Sage College
–
Bush Memorial Center
Russell Sage College
–
Russell Sage Hall
25.
Moore College of Art and Design
–
Moore College of Art & Design is an independent college of art and design in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1848 by Sarah Worthington Peter as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, the school was established to prepare women to work in the new industries created during the Industrial Revolution, of which Philadelphia was a center. The school occupied the Edwin Forrest Mansion at 1326 North Broad Street from 1880 to 1960, the institution was renamed Moore College of Art & Design in 1932 after Joseph Moore, Jr. set up a $3 Million dollar endowment in memory of his parents. The endowment was used to found the Moore Institute of Art, Science, Moore has approximately 500 women enrolled in its all-female undergraduate BFA program. Co-educational graduate programs, post-Baccalaureate programs as well as continuing education. The college offers ten majors, one post-baccalaureate program, three graduate programs, in addition to continuing education programs for adults and youth. Alice Neel, artist Margie Palatini, author of childrens literature Polly Smith, Emmy-award winning costume designer, Jim Henson, The Muppets
Moore College of Art and Design
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Moore College of Art & Design
Moore College of Art and Design
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Founded by Sarah Worthington Peter in 1848, Moore College of Art & Design is the first and only women’s visual arts college in the nation.
Moore College of Art and Design
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Penelope Wilson Hall contains studios and offices.
Moore College of Art and Design
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The
Edwin Forrest Mansion housed the school from 1880 to 1960. It has housed Freedom Theatre since 1968.
26.
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman
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Truman in uniform ca. 1918
Harry S. Truman
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Drawer from the Senate desk used by Truman
Harry S. Truman
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Roosevelt /Truman poster from 1944
27.
National Press Club (United States)
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The National Press Club is a professional organization and business center for journalists and communications professionals. It is located in Washington, D. C and its membership consists of journalists, former journalists, government information officers, and those considered to be regular news sources. It has gatherings with invited speakers from public life as well as a open to the public to host business meetings, news conferences, industry gatherings. Founded in 1908, every U. S. president since Theodore Roosevelt has visited the club, most have spoken from the clubs podium. Others who have appeared at the club include monarchs, prime ministers and premiers, members of Congress, Cabinet officials, ambassadors, scholars, entertainers, business leaders, the Clubs emblem is the Owl, in deference to wisdom, awareness and nights spent working. On March 12,1908,32 newspapermen met at the Washington Chamber of Commerce to discuss starting a club for journalists. At the meeting agreed to meet again on March 29 in the F Street parlor of the Willard Hotel to frame a constitution for the National Press Club. With $300, the members moved into its first club quarters on the second floor of 1205 F Street NW. By 1909, the club had outgrown its new quarters and moved above Rhodes Tavern at the corner of 15th, once again the club outgrew its residence and moved to the Albee Building at 15th and G Streets. In 1925, National Press Club President Henry L. Sweinhart, the Ebbitt Hotel was demolished, and the Ebbitt Grill moved to the Albee building. The new National Press Building was completed in August 1927, and included retail space and office space intended for Washington news bureaus, in order to increase their funding, the club made a deal with movie studio 20th Century Fox to build a theater as part of the building. In 1932, Bascom N. Timmons, who established an independent news bureau in Washington, the National Press Building was renovated from 1984 to 1985, in conjunction with the development of the adjacent The Shops at National Place. Beginning in 2004, a 10-year, $15 million second renovation occurred, in 2011, the building was sold to Quadrangle Development Corp. and AEW Core Property Trust for $167.5 million. The owners placed the building, assessed at $237.5 million, during the Great Depression, the Club struggled financially as it was beginning to be recognized as an influential group. It managed to find funding from wealthy individuals. Regular weekly luncheons for speakers began in 1932 with an appearance by president-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, since then the Club has hosted an average of 70 luncheons each year with prominent people. The National Press Club was founded by white male journalists, female journalists founded a Womens National Press Club in 1919, and African-American journalists founded the Capital Press Club in 1944. The first African-American male journalist was accepted for National Press Club membership in 1955, in December 1970, members of the Womens National Press Club voted to allow men into their club and renamed it the Washington Press Club
National Press Club (United States)
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A meeting at the National Press Club
National Press Club (United States)
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National Press Building
28.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Awards
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Academy Awards
Academy Awards
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Awards
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Awards
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Pantages Theatre, 2008
29.
Edward R. Murrow
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Edward R. Murrow KBE was an American broadcast journalist. He was generally referred to as Ed Murrow, during the war he assembled a team of foreign correspondents who came to be known as the Murrow Boys. A pioneer of television broadcasting, Murrow produced a series of reports that helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Murrow was born Egbert Roscoe Murrow at Polecat Creek, near Greensboro, in Guilford County, North Carolina and he was the youngest of three brothers and was a mixture of English, Scottish, Irish and German descent. The firstborn, Roscoe Jr. lived only a few hours, lacey Van Buren was four years old and Dewey Roscoe was two years old when Murrow was born. His home was a log cabin without electricity or plumbing, on a farm bringing in only a few hundred dollars a year from corn and hay. When Murrow was six years old, his family moved across the country to Skagit County in western Washington and he attended high school in nearby Edison, and was president of the student body in his senior year and excelled on the debate team. He was also a member of the team which won the Skagit County championship. After graduation from school in 1926, Murrow enrolled at Washington State College across the state in Pullman. A member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity, he was active in college politics. By his teen years, Murrow went by the nickname Ed and during his year of college. After earning his bachelors degree in 1930, he moved back east to New York and he married Janet Huntington Brewster on March 12,1935. Their son, Charles Casey Murrow, was born in the west of London on November 6,1945, Murrow joined CBS as director of talks and education in 1935 and remained with the network for his entire career. CBS did not have news staff when Murrow joined, save for announcer Bob Trout, Murrows job was to line up newsmakers who would appear on the network to talk about the issues of the day. But the onetime Washington State speech major was intrigued by Trouts on-air delivery, Murrow went to London in 1937 to serve as the director of CBSs European operations. The position did not involve on-air reporting, his job was persuading European figures to broadcast over the CBS network, during this time, he made frequent trips around Europe. In 1937, Murrow hired journalist William L. Shirer, and this marked the beginning of the Murrow Boys team of war reporters. Murrow gained his first glimpse of fame during the March 1938 Anschluss, Murrow immediately sent Shirer to London, where he delivered an uncensored, eyewitness account of the Anschluss
Edward R. Murrow
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Murrow in April 1956
Edward R. Murrow
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Journalism
Edward R. Murrow
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Edward R. Murrow and
Harry S. Truman,
This I Believe series, 1951–1955
Edward R. Murrow
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Edward R. Murrow at work with CBS, 1957
30.
The Mayflower Society
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The Society was founded at Plymouth in 1897. A primary goal of the Society is to educate the public about the role of the Pilgrims in the history of what would later become the United States of America. There are Mayflower societies in all 50 United States, the District of Columbia, today, tens of millions of Americans have at least one ancestor who was among this group of early settlers. The following are the names of 31 adult Mayflower passengers currently known to have descendants, in 1941 the Society purchased the Edward Winslow House in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The mansion home was built in 1754 by the great-grandson of Edward Winslow. The Society operates the home as the Mayflower House Museum, an 18th-century historic house museum with period decorations, the offices and library of the General Society of Mayflower Descendants are located behind the mansion. The Mayflower Pub London The original mooring point of the Pilgrim Fathers’ Mayflower ship in Rotherhithe, London and the oldest pub on the River Thames
The Mayflower Society
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Mayflower House Museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts
The Mayflower Society
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The Pilgrims Hymn written for the PA Society in 1900
The Mayflower Society
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Mayflower Society Headquarters (
Mayflower House Museum) in Plymouth, Massachusetts in an early 20th-century postcard
