1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
British Columbia Highway 99
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The number of this highway is derived from the old U. S. Route 99, with which the highway originally connected. The highway currently connects with Interstate 5 at the international border, the current freeway alignment of Highway 99 between 8th Avenue in South Surrey and the North Arm of the Fraser River opened in 1962 as Hwy.99 and was called the Deas Throughway. Between 1964 and 1973, the alignment of Highway 99 was designated Highway 499. The Oak Street Bridge was built in 1957 to cross the North Arm Fraser River, tolls were collected at the crossings until April 11963. In 1957, the end of Highway 99 was moved from downtown Vancouver, across the Lions Gate Bridge and west to the village of Horseshoe Bay. Finally, in 1992, the just-paved Duffey Lake Road between Pemberton and Lillooet was made part of Highway 99, and the section of Highway 12 between Lillooet and Highway 97 was re-numbered 99. The portion of the highway between Lillooet and Pavilion was part of the route of the Old Cariboo Road, the total length of Highway 99 from the U. S. border to the Highway 97 junction is 409 kilometres. In 2006 the UKs The Guardian newspaper listed the Sea to Sky as the fifth best road trip worldwide. In the south, Highway 99 begins at the British Columbia – Washington State border crossing at Douglas, on the Canadian side of Peace Arch Park, the highway begins with a four-lane freeway configuration. Four km west, Highway 99 reaches its junction with Ladner Trunk Road, eight km north, Highway 99 reaches a junction with Highway 17A. Another 2 kilometres northwest, Highway 99 crosses into Richmond through the George Massey Tunnel, from Surrey to Vancouver, the speed limit is 100 kilometres per hour. Another 4 kilometres northwest, the freeway section of Highway 99 ends as the highway crosses the North Arm of the Fraser River, over the Oak Street Bridge. The 30-kilometre long route through Vancouvers city streets starts off going north on Oak Street to the intersection with West 70th Avenue. Highway 99 then goes west on West 70th Avenue, and then north along Granville Street for 7 kilometres and it crosses over False Creek into the downtown core. Highway 99 north goes through the area by way of Seymour Street and Georgia Street, through Stanley Park. In West Vancouver, Highway 99 goes west on Marine Drive and north on Taylor Way, Highway 99 shares the Upper Levels Highway with Highway 1 for 12 kilometres west, diverging from Highway 1 near the BC Ferries terminal at Horseshoe Bay. The Sea to Sky Highway is the given to the section of Highway 99 from Horseshoe Bay to Pemberton. From Squamish, it continues north for another 58 kilometres to Whistler, and then to Pemberton 32 kilometres later, where the Sea-to-Sky Highway ends and Duffey Lake Road begins
3.
Granville Street
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Granville Street is a major street in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and part of Highway 99. Marine Drive and continues southeasterly towards the Arthur Laing Bridge that leads to Richmond, the community was known as Gastown after its first citizen - Jack Deighton, known as Gassy Jack. To gas is period English slang for to boast and to exaggerate, in 1870 the community was laid out as the township of Granville but everybody called it Gastown. The name Granville honours Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, who was British Secretary of State for the Colonies at the time of local settlement, during the 1950s, Granville Street attracted many tourists to one of the worlds largest displays of neon signs. Also, Otis writes that once dominated by movie theatres, pinball arcades, in April 2005, Capitol 6, a beloved 1920s-era movie theatre complex closed its doors. By August 2005, Movieland Arcade, located at 906 Granville Street became the last home of authentic,8 mm peep show film booths in the world. Landlords have been unable to find replacement tenants for many of these locations, for example. Granville Street is the second most expensive property in the game Canadian Monopoly, a letter from the Chair and Chief Elected Officer to Mayor Larry Campbell. Selected photographs of Granville Street from the Vancouver Public Library Archives, city Lights etc video shows Theatre Row lights at night in 1964. City of Vancouver Archives channel, YouTube, a thorough listing of restaurants and businesses on Granville street. Granville Street Clubs – Nightlife - Vancouver Night clubs, Vancouver Bars, an virtual tour of Granville Streets downtown portion. Vancouvers Granville Street Art Galleries, Restaurants and Shops, a selected listing of South Granville businesses. Granville Street on Google Maps normal | satellite | hybrid Google Image Search, the search reveals many historical and current photographs of Granville Streets, its locations and denizens. Enter Granville or Granville street into the Keyword field
4.
False Creek
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False Creek is a short inlet in the heart of Vancouver. It separates downtown from the rest of the city and it was named by George Henry Richards during his Hydrographic survey of 1856-63. Science World is located at its end, with the Granville, Cambie. The Canada Line tunnel crosses underneath False Creek just west of the Cambie Bridge and it is one of the four major bodies of water bordering Vancouver along with English Bay, Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River. In 1986 it was the location of the Expo 86 Worlds Fair, human settlement in the Lower Fraser region began between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the Sumas Glacier at the end of the last ice age. According to Squamish-Sto, lo author and historian Lee Maracle, Vancouver was inhabited by “Downriver Halkomelem” speaking peoples, contact between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of present-day Vancouver occurred in June 1792. It has been estimated that shortly before the time of first contact and these epidemics, an 1830 Hudson’s Bay Company census documented 8,954 indigenous inhabitants in the region, although the census was probably incomplete due to the omitting of an unknown number of settlements. As a result of epidemics, the population of the Tsleil-Waututh was reduced to 41 individuals by 1812, shortly thereafter, a group of Tsleil-Waututh led by Khatsalahnough, a leader from Lil’wat, occupied present-day False Creek. At this time, large sand bars existed at the entrance to False Creek, from which False Creek’s indigenous name, Snauq is derived. False Creek, which lies in Musqueam territory, was a waterway, in addition to the Tsleil-Waututh. Prior to European settlement, False Creek extended as far east as what is now Clark Drive, with land reclamation extending into Burrard Inlet and False Creek for port and industrial uses, the landscape began to change dramatically. As a result, one nickname for False Creek was “Shit Creek”, in 1913, the Squamish residents of the Kitsilano Reserve, on the False Creek sandbar, were forced to relocate. According to Maracle, the settlement was burned following the forced evacuation. In 1916, the sandbar on which this settlement was located was built into Granville Island to create new industrial land, talk of draining and filling the inlet to Granville Street continued into the 1950s, but that never occurred. The False Creek area was the heartland of Vancouver through to the 1950s. As industry shifted to areas, the vicinity around False Creek started to deteriorate. In 1960, BC Forest Products plant and lumber storage facility on the side of False Creek caught fire in Vancouvers first-ever five-alarm blaze. Every piece of firefighting equipment and all of Vancouvers firefighters fought the blaze for hours, the future of False Creek south was subsequently shaped by debates on freeways, urban renewal, and the rise of citizen participation in urban planning
5.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
6.
Cantilever
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A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at only one end to a support from which it is protruding. Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs, when subjected to a structural load, the cantilever carries the load to the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress. Cantilevers are widely found in construction, notably in cantilever bridges and balconies, in cantilever bridges the cantilevers are usually built as pairs, with each cantilever used to support one end of a central section. The Forth Bridge in Scotland is an example of a truss bridge. A cantilever in a timber framed building is called a jetty or forebay. In the southern United States a historic barn type is the barn of log construction. Temporary cantilevers are used in construction. The partially constructed structure creates a cantilever, but the structure does not act as a cantilever. This is very helpful when temporary supports, or falsework, cannot be used to support the structure while it is being built. So some truss arch bridges are built each side as cantilevers until the spans reach each other and are then jacked apart to stress them in compression before final joining. Nearly all cable-stayed bridges are built using cantilevers as this is one of their chief advantages, many box girder bridges are built segmentally, or in short pieces. This type of construction lends itself well to balanced cantilever construction where the bridge is built in both directions from a single support and these structures are highly based on torque and rotational equilibrium. In an architectural application, Frank Lloyd Wrights Fallingwater used cantilevers to project large balconies, the East Stand at Elland Road Stadium in Leeds was, when completed, the largest cantilever stand in the world holding 17,000 spectators. The roof built over the stands at Old Trafford Football Ground uses a cantilever so that no supports will block views of the field, the old, now demolished Miami Stadium had a similar roof over the spectator area. The largest cantilever in Europe is located at St James Park in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, less obvious examples of cantilevers are free-standing radio towers without guy-wires, and chimneys, which resist being blown over by the wind through cantilever action at their base. Another use of the cantilever is in fixed-wing aircraft design, pioneered by Hugo Junkers in 1915, early aircraft wings typically bore their loads by using two wings in a biplane configuration braced with wires and struts. They were similar to bridges, having been developed by Octave Chanute. The wings were braced with crossed wires so they would stay parallel, the cables and struts generated considerable drag, and there was constant experimentation for ways to eliminate them
7.
Truss bridge
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A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units. The connected elements may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads, Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be analyzed by 19th-. A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently, the nature of a truss allows the analysis of the structure using a few assumptions and the application of Newtons laws of motion according to the branch of physics known as statics. For purposes of analysis, trusses are assumed to be pin jointed where the components meet. This assumption means that members of the truss will act only in tension or compression, a more complex analysis is required where rigid joints impose significant bending loads upon the elements, as in a Vierendeel truss. The central vertical member stabilizes the upper member, preventing it from buckling. If the top member is sufficiently stiff then this element may be eliminated. If the lower chord is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the vertical elements may be eliminated. The ability to distribute the forces in various ways has led to a variety of truss bridge types. In other cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance, a pure truss can be represented as a pin-jointed structure, one where the only forces on the truss members are tension or compression, not bending. This is used in the teaching of statics, by the building of bridges from spaghetti. Spaghetti is brittle and although it can carry a modest tension force, a model spaghetti bridge thus demonstrates the use of a truss structure to produce a usefully strong complete structure from individually weak elements. In 1820 a simple form of truss, Towns lattice truss, was patented, few iron truss bridges were built in the United States before 1850. Truss bridges became a type of bridge built from the 1870s through the 1930s. Examples of these still remain across the US, but their numbers are dropping rapidly. As metal slowly started to replace timber, wrought iron bridges in the US started being built on a scale in the 1870s. Bowstring truss bridges were a common truss design during this time, companies like the Massillon Bridge Company of Massillon, Ohio and the King Bridge Company of Cleveland, Ohio became well-known, as they marketed their designs to cities and townships
8.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
9.
Granville Island
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Granville Island is a peninsula and shopping district in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is located across False Creek from Downtown Vancouver, under the end of the Granville Street Bridge. The peninsula was once an industrial manufacturing area, but today it is now a hotspot for Vancouver tourism, the area has received much acclaim in recent years for its buildings and shopping experience. The area was named after Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, the island is home to 275 businesses and facilities that employ more than 2,500 people and generates more than $215-million in economic activity each year. The Granville Island Public Market features a market, day vendors. There are 50 permanent retailers and over one-hundred day vendors in stalls throughout the market selling a variety of artisan cottage-industry foods and handmade crafts on a rotating schedule. Granville Island Brewing Co. is also the name of a company which originated on Granville Island in 1984. Ocean Concrete is the tenant on the island, having set up shop there in 1917. Granville Island is the location of several annual festivals, including the Vancouver International Childrens Festival, the Vancouver Fringe Festival. Other water transportation options include a service to Bowen Island provided by English Bay Launch. There is also a route operated by the Vancouver Downtown Historic Railway. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, a service was offered between Granville Island and SkyTrains Olympic Village in the SE False Creek neighbourhood. This streetcar is now shut down. The peninsula was used by First Nations as a fishing area. The city of Vancouver was called Granville until it was renamed in 1886, but the name was kept and given to Granville Street. False Creek in the late 19th century was more than twice todays size, a British Admiralty Chart of 1893 shows the island in greater detail and conforming even more accurately to todays Granville Island. The Federal government put a stop to the work as a menace to navigation, in 1915, with the port of Vancouver growing, the newly formed Vancouver Harbour Commission approved a reclamation project in False Creek for an industrial area. A 14-hectare island, connected to the mainland by a combined road, almost 760,000 cubic metres of fill was dredged largely by a man named Alvin Kingston, from the surrounding waters of False Creek to create the island under the Granville Street Bridge
10.
Trestle bridge
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A trestle is a rigid frame used as a support, historically a tripod used both as stools and to support tables at banquets. A trestle bridge is a composed of a number of short spans supported by such frames. Since this type of bridge is called a trestle for short. Timber and iron trestles were used in the 19th century. In the 21st century, steel and sometimes concrete trestles are commonly used to bridge particularly deep valleys while timber trestles remain common in certain areas, many timber trestles were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the expectation that they would be temporary. Timber trestles were used to get the railroad to its destination, in the later 20th century, tools such as the earthmover made it cheaper to construct a high fill directly instead of first constructing a trestle from which to dump the fill. Timber trestles remain common in applications, most notably for bridge approaches crossing floodways. For the purposes of discharging material below, a coal trestle carried a dead-end track, one of the longest trestle spans created was for railroad traffic crossing the Great Salt Lake on the Lucin Cutoff in Utah. It was replaced by a causeway in the 1960s, and is now being salvaged for its timber. Many wooden roller coasters are built using design details similar to trestle bridges because it is so easy to make the roller coaster very high, since loads are well distributed through large portions of the structure it is also resilient to the stresses imposed. The structure also naturally leads to a certain redundancy, such wooden coasters, while limited in their path, possess a certain ride character that is appreciated by fans of the type. The Camas Prairie Railroad in northern Idaho utilized many timber trestles across the rolling Camas Prairie and in the major grade, the 1, 490-foot viaduct across Lawyers Canyon was the exception, constructed of steel and 287 feet in height. The floodway of the Bonnet Carré Spillway in St. Charles Parish, the trestles are owned by the Canadian National Railway and the Kansas City Southern Railroad. The trestles were completed in 1936, after construction of the Spillway, the trestles may be the longest wooden railroad trestles remaining in regular use in North America. These were all replaced by masonry viaducts, few timber trestles survived into the 20th century. Two that did, and which are still in use, cross the Afon Mawddach on the coast of Wales only a few miles apart, at Barmouth. The former, built in 1867, carries trains on the heavy rail Cambrian Coast Line travelling from England via Shrewsbury to the small towns on Cardigan Bay. It also carries a toll-path for pedestrians, trestles in cast- or wrought-iron were used during the 19th Century on the developing railway network in the United Kingdom
11.
Swing bridge
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Small swing bridges as found over canals may be pivoted only at one end, opening as would a gate, but require substantial underground structure to support the pivot. In its closed position, a bridge carrying a road or railway over a river or canal, for example. When a water vessel needs to pass the bridge, road traffic is stopped, as this type requires no counterweights, the complete weight is significantly reduced as compared to other moveable bridges. Where sufficient channel is available to have individual traffic directions on each side, the central support is often mounted upon a berm along the axis of the watercourse, intended to protect the bridge from watercraft collisions when it is opened. This artificial island forms an excellent construction area for building the movable span as the construction will not impede channel traffic, for a symmetrical bridge, the central pier forms a hazard to navigation. Asymmetrical bridges may place the pivot near one side of the channel, where a wide channel is not available, a large portion of the bridge may be over an area that would be easily spanned by other means. A wide channel will be reduced by the pivot and foundation. If struck from the water near the edge of the span, buna River Bridge, in Shkodra, Albania. Puente de la Mujer, an asymmetrical cable-stayed span, the Sale Swing Bridge, Sale, Victoria, Australia. Dunalley Bridge, Dunalley, Tasmania Still in use, Belize City Swing Bridge, Belize City, Belize. Oldest such bridge in Central America and one of the few manually operated swing bridge in world still in operation, the longest swing bridge span is 340 metres, by the El Ferdan Railway Bridge across the Suez Canal. Le pont tournant rue Dieu, across the Canal Saint-Martin in Paris, is a location in the 1938 film Hôtel du Nord. Kalpaka Tilts, Liepāja, connecting the city with the former Russian/Soviet port Karosta, the Abtsewoudsebrug in Delft, close to the Technische Universiteit Delft, is a bridge of this type. 52°0′5. 71″N 4°21′50. 10″E Theres another one on the channel between Ghent and Terneuzen at Sas Van Gent, many inner cities have swing bridges, since these require less street space than other types of bridges. Kopu Bridge, Waihou River, near Thames, New Zealand A swing bridge at the Gatun Locks provides the only road passage over the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal and this is a small bridge that swings out from each side. Another larger swing bridge at the Miraflores Locks is on the Pacific side but is used, having been supplanted by the Bridge of the Americas. Crosskeys Bridge - carries the A17 road over the River Nene in Lincolnshire Folkestone Harbour railway station - railway bridge on the branch line, goole railway swing bridge Glasson Dock swing bridge Hawarden Railway Bridge - rail. Many are manually operated, carrying only farm tracks, but a significant number carry road traffic and are mechanised for boater operation, manchester Ship Canal at Latchford, Stockton Heath and Lower Walton in Warrington, and also slightly further west at Moore
12.
Canadian Pacific Railway
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The Canadian Pacific Railway, also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881. The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a restructuring in 2001. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres of track all across Canada and into the United States, stretching from Montreal to Vancouver, and as far north as Edmonton. Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, the railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885, fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canadas first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast, the CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978, a beaver was chosen as the railways logo because it is the national symbol of Canada and was seen as representing the hardworking character of the company. The company acquired two American lines in 2009, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa, Chicago, the trackage of the ICE was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road. It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP and its U. S. headquarters are in Minneapolis. The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task undertaken for a combination of reasons by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and his company went through several name changes during the process of the construction of the railway. British Columbia, a sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation. The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871, Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials, the first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, to ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873, surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875, by 1880, around 1,000 kilometres was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres of track. With Macdonalds return to power on 16 October 1878, an aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, in 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savonas Ferry, on Kamloops Lake
13.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
14.
Frederick Hume
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Frederick John Fred Hume was the 28th mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia, from 1951 to 1958. He was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, where he served as mayor from 1933 to 1942, although he was living in West Vancouver, he won election as Vancouvers mayor. Hume owned the WHL Vancouver Canucks, and was a supporter of the NHL expansion to Vancouver. He was inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builders category in 1962, Humes home in West Vancouver was known for its Christmas-light display, which was taken over and expanded by current owner, Jim Pattison. The Canucks award for the unsung hero is named the Fred J. Hume Award in honour of Hume. The WHL also named the award for the leagues most gentlemanly player after Hume, frederick Humes biography at Legends of Hockey accessed 20 June 2008 Vancouver History, list of mayors, accessed 24 August 2006
15.
Oak Street Bridge
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The Oak Street Bridge is a four-lane bridge crossing the Fraser River connecting Vancouver to Richmond in British Columbia. The structure is 1,840 metres long with the main spans made of steel deck plate girders continuous over three spans of 60.9,91.4 and 60.9 metres. The cost to construct the bridge was about $9 million and is the last part of Highway 99 that is standard as after Highway 99 enters Vancouver. When it opened it averaged crossings of 18,000 cars per day, the Oak Street Bridge opened in June 1957. During the planning, it was the New Marpole Bridge and steel plate girders salvaged from the second Granville Street Bridge made barges for constructing the foundations of the Oak Street Bridge, after the bridge opened, traffic began to move several blocks to the east. The business districts along Hudson Street and Marine Drive went into a swift decline, tolls were charged for two years and $1 million was collected in the last year. Tolls were removed all of the bridges in the Lower Mainland in the 1960s, although the recently opened Golden Ears. The Oak Street Bridge was meant to replace the Marpole Bridge, just to the west, connecting Vancouver to Sea Island. The Marpole Bridge was dismantled the year the Oak Street Bridge opened. In 1995 two lanes of the bridge were closed alternately for resurfacing the concrete deck, a median barrier and higher curbs were also installed, and its earthquake resistance was enhanced. List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada List of bridges
16.
Cadillac
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Cadillac /ˈkædᵻlæk/, formally the Cadillac Motor Car Division, is a division of the U. S. -based General Motors that markets luxury vehicles worldwide. Its primary markets are the United States, Canada, and China, historically, Cadillac automobiles have always held a place at the top of the luxury field within the United States. In 2016, Cadillacs U. S. sales were 170,006 vehicles, Cadillac is among the oldest automobile brands in the world, second in America only to fellow GM marque Buick. The firm was founded from the remnants of the Henry Ford Company in 1902 and it was named after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who founded Detroit, Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms, by the time General Motors purchased the company in 1909, Cadillac had already established itself as one of Americas premier luxury carmakers. The complete interchangeability of its parts had allowed it to lay the foundation for the modern mass production of automobiles. It was at the forefront of advances, introducing full electrical systems, the clashless manual transmission. The brand developed three engines, with its V8 setting the standard for the American automotive industry and it won the trophy again in 1912 for incorporating electric starting and lighting in a production automobile. Cadillac was formed from the remnants of the Henry Ford Company, after a dispute between Henry Ford and his investors, Ford left the company along with several of his key partners in March 1902. Instead, Leland persuaded the pair to continue manufacturing automobiles using Lelands proven single-cylinder engine, a new company called the Cadillac Automobile Company was established on 22 August 1902, re-purposing the Henry Ford Company factory at Cass Street and Amsterdam Avenue. It was named after French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, Cadillacs first automobiles, the Runabout and Tonneau, were completed in October 1902. They were two-seat horseless carriages powered by a 10 hp single-cylinder engine and they were practically identical to the 1903 Ford Model A. Cadillac displayed the new vehicles at the New York Auto Show in January 1903, Cadillacs biggest selling point was precision manufacturing, and therefore, reliability, a Cadillac was simply a better-made vehicle than its competitors. Runabout Rear-entrance tonneau Special bodies The Cadillac Automobile Company merged with Leland & Faulconer Manufacturing, forming The Cadillac Motor Company in 1905. From its earliest years, Cadillac aimed for precision engineering and stylish luxury finishes, Cadillac was the first volume manufacturer of a fully enclosed car in 1906. Cadillac participated in the 1908 interchangeability test in the United Kingdom, in 1912, Cadillac was the first automobile manufacturer to incorporate an electrical system enabling starting, ignition, and lighting. Cadillac was purchased by the General Motors conglomerate in 1909, Cadillac became General Motors prestige division, devoted to the production of large luxury vehicles. It was positioned at the top of GMs vehicle hierarchy, above Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland, in 1915, Cadillac introduced a 90-degree flathead V8 engine with 70 horsepower at 2400 rpm and 180 pound force-feet of torque, allowing its cars to attain 65 miles per hour
17.
Seismic retrofit
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Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers. In view of the imminent problem, various research work has been carried out and these codes must be regularly updated, the 1994 Northridge earthquake brought to light the brittleness of welded steel frames, for example. The retrofit techniques outlined here are also applicable for other natural hazards such as cyclones, tornadoes. Seismic retrofit strategies have developed in the past few decades following the introduction of new seismic provisions. This is typically done by the addition of cross braces or new structural walls, reduction of the seismic demand by means of supplementary damping and/or use of base isolation systems. Increasing the local capacity of structural elements and this is a counter intuitive strategy to change the inelastic mechanism of the structure, while recognising the inherent capacity of the structure. Allowing sliding connections such as bridges to accommodate additional movement between seismically independent structures. Addition of seismic friction dampers to brace weak structures and provide damping, in the past, seismic retrofit was primarily applied to achieve public safety, with engineering solutions limited by economic and political considerations. However, with the development of Performance based earthquake engineering, several levels of objectives are gradually recognised. The goal is to human life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passersby. Under severe seismic conditions the structure may be a total economic write-off, requiring tear-down, the goal is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require extensive repair before it is generally useful or considered safe for occupation. This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to bridges, primary structure undamaged and the structure is undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level of retrofit, this ensures that any required repairs are only cosmetic – for example, minor cracks in plaster, drywall and this is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals. This level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of cultural significance. Common seismic retrofitting techniques fall into categories, The use of external post-tensioning for new structural systems have been developed in the past decade. Pre-stressing can increase the capacity of structural elements such as beam and it should be noted that external pre-stressing has been used for structural upgrade for gravity/live loading since the 1970s. This earthquake engineering technology, which is a kind of vibration control
18.
Curb
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A curb, or kerb, is the edge where a raised sidewalk or road median/central reservation meets a street or other roadway. Previously, small wooden bollards had been put up to demarcate the area of the reserved for pedestrian use. The Corporation was also responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair. With the introduction of macadam roads in the early 19th-century, curbs became ubiquitous in the streets of London, curbs may fulfill any or several of a number of functions. They separate the road from the roadside, and discourage drivers from parking or driving on sidewalks and they also provide structural support to the pavement edge. Curbs can be used to channel water from rain or melted snow. There is also an aspect, in that curbs look formal. Since curbs add to the cost of a road, they are limited to urban and suburban areas. Curbs are not universally used, however, even in urban settings, in low-speed environments, curbs are effective at channeling motor vehicle traffic. On higher speed roads, curbs should not be used because they can destabilize vehicles that strike them, a high-speed vehicle that hits a curb may actually turn towards the sidewalk, rather than be directed away from it. A vehicle that strikes a curb can be tripped into a crash or vaulted into the air. The vehicle could be vaulted over a barrier into the object the barrier is intended to shield. This is a reason why they are used on rural or high speed roads. Where curb is used with a barrier, the barrier should either be close to or well behind the curb. Depending on the area and the distance between the travel lane and the edge of pavement, a line can be used to indicate the outside edge of the road. Retroreflective road marking material can also be applied to the curb itself to make it more conspicuous, there are a number of types of curb, categorized by shape, material, height, and whether the curb is combined with a gutter. Most curb is constructed separately from the pavement, and the gutter is formed at the joint between the roadway and the curb, combined curb and gutter has a concrete curb and gutter cast together in one piece. Integral curb is curbing constructed integrally as a part of a concrete pavement, curbs often have a vertical or nearly-vertical face, also called barrier, non-mountable, or insurmountable curb
19.
Jersey barrier
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A Jersey barrier or Jersey wall is a modular concrete or plastic barrier employed to separate lanes of traffic. It is designed to minimize damage in cases of incidental contact while still preventing the crossover case of a head-on collision. Plastic water-filled barriers of the general shape are also now commonly called Jersey barriers. A typical Jersey barrier stands 32 inches tall and is made of steel-reinforced poured concrete or plastic, the design of the Jersey barrier was specifically intended to minimize damage in incidental accidents and reduce the likelihood of a car crossing into oncoming lanes in the event of a collision. In common shallow-angle hits, sheet-metal damage is minimized by allowing the tires to ride up on the lower sloped face. Head-on collisions are minimized by gradually lifting the vehicle and pivoting it away from oncoming vehicles, modern variations include the constant-slope barrier and the F-shape barrier. The F-shape is generally similar to the Jersey barrier in appearance, the UK equivalent is the concrete step barrier. First tested in 1968 by the then Department of Highways in Ontario, Canada, standing at 42 inches, it is 10 inches taller than the standard Jersey barrier. In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation is replacing guiderails with these barriers on 400-series highways, the New Jersey Turnpike Authority developed and tested a similar, but heavily reinforced, design. This barrier design has been credited with effectively containing and redirecting larger vehicles, the states of New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey have adopted the taller barrier for their roads, as compared to the standard 32 inches suggested by the Federal Highway Administration. Designs with two rectangular notches at the bottom allow for forklift-style lifting by front-end loaders, barriers meant for short-term placement, especially in military and security barrier uses, might include steel rebar loops embedded in the top surface for rapid hook-and-cable system lifting. The 2010 G-20 Toronto summit used a modified modular Jersey barriers with wired fencing bolted onto the concrete, the fence used the barrier as sturdy base to prevent protesters from toppling the fence around the security zone at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. The U. S. military nicknamed the devices as Qaddafi Blocks after truck bomb attacks in Beirut in 1983 resulted in widespread use in military installations. Sometimes they are deployed to form a chicane to slow vehicular traffic arriving at military installations or other secure areas, hollow polyethylene barriers have been developed for short-term applications where portability is important. These plastic barriers are normally filled with water after placement on-site to provide a level of crash protection. They are not designed to deflect vehicles, so vehicles may penetrate the barriers and these barriers can also be filled with soil, spill, or concrete to produce a heavier barrier with greater crash protection, at the cost of reduced portability
20.
Burrard Bridge
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The Burrard Bridge is a five-lane, Art Deco style, steel truss bridge constructed in 1930–1932 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The high, five part bridge on four piers spans False Creek and it is one of three bridges crossing False Creek. The other two bridges are the Granville Bridge, three blocks or 0.5 km to the southeast, and the Cambie Street Bridge, about 11 blocks or 2 km to the east. In addition to the deck, the Burrard Bridge has sidewalks on both sides,2.6 m wide, the northern one for pedestrians and the southern one now dedicated to cyclists. The architect of the Burrard Bridge was George Lister Thornton Sharp, busts of Captain George Vancouver and Sir Harry Burrard-Neale in ship prows jut from the bridge’s superstructure. Unifying the long approaches and the central span are heavy concrete railings. These pierced handrails were designed as a kind of visual shutter, the effect works at speeds from about 40 to 64 km/h. The Burrard Bridge, opened July 1,1932, was built to provide a crossing from Vancouver to the southwestern neighbourhoods in Kitsilano. After completion, Burrard was extended through to the base of downtown, at the opening ceremony, entertainment was provided by two bands, the Kitsilano Boys Band and the Firemans Band. An RCAF seaplane flew under the bridge and later a sugar replica of the bridge was unveiled at the reception in the Hotel Vancouver. Thornton Sharp, of Sharp and Thompson, was the responsible for the distinctive towers on the bridge. Both central piers, Sharp told a reporter, were designed and connected with a gallery across the road. This helped to mask the network of steel in the truss from the two approaches, and has treated as an entrance gateway to the city. Along their other axis, the height of the piers above the water also serve to frame a sea entrance gateway, notably for pleasure craft, by sea. The piers have provision for a rapid transit vertical lift span beneath the highway deck, Burrard Bridge has been assessed by heritage consultants retained by the City of Vancouver as being in the top category of historic buildings in Vancouver. The bridge appeared on an issued by Canada Post in 2011. When constructed, the Burrard Bridge did not have dedicated lanes for cyclists, later, as traffic volume grew and speed limits were increased on the bridge to 60 km/h, cyclists were directed to share the bridges sidewalks with pedestrians. Since the mid-1990s, the city of Vancouver has investigated various options to rectify the situation, other options have included building an entirely new pedestrian and/or cyclist only bridge, and building another deck on the bridge below the existing deck
21.
Metro Vancouver Regional District
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Metro Vancouver is a political body and corporate entity designated by provincial legislation as one of the regional districts in British Columbia, Canada. Now officially known by the name of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. Further, it was known as the Regional District of Fraser–Burrard for nearly one year upon originally incorporating in mid-1967, the MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities, it delivers regional services, sets policy and acts as a political forum. The regional districts most populous city is Vancouver, and Metro Vancouvers administrative offices are located in the City of Burnaby, the MVRDs boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area as identified by Statistics Canada. The Greater Vancouver Water District and the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District were established in 1924 and 1956 respectively, the Government of British Columbia incorporated a regional district for this western portion of the Lower Mainland named the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard on June 29,1967. Just under a later, the regional district was renamed as the Greater Vancouver Regional District on June 13,1968. In 2007, the GVRD applied to change its legal name a second time to simply Metro Vancouver. The regional district was formally renamed a second time by the Government of British Columbia on January 30,2017 to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The Metro Vancouver Regional District is located east of the Strait of Georgia, the boundaries of the MVRD match those of the Vancouver CMA. 5% from its revised 2011 population of 2,313,328. This regional district comprises 23 local authorities as members,21 municipalities, one electoral area, note, Abbotsford is a member for parks purposes only. Electoral Area A comprises all unincorporated land within the district boundaries. There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the area that are not subject to governance by local authorities or the regional district. Abbotsford also participates in the Metro Vancouver regional district, but only for parks purposes, each of these is governed by a board of directors. The board of the MVRD has 38 directors coming from the 23 local authorities who are MVRD members, each board director is an elected official of one of the local authorities, with the exception of the representative for Electoral Area A, which has no elected council. As of 2017, the organization had about 1,500 employees, the principal function of Metro Vancouver is to administer resources and services which are common across the metropolitan area. The Metro Vancouver Board has defined its strategic priorities for 2015 through 2018 in its Board Strategic Plan, the organization categorizes its work into eight action areas, as described in the following subsections. However, 84% of the budget is spent in three of those areas - the three utilities. Metro Vancouvers commitments and its members commitments to each area are outlined in eight board-approved management plans as referenced below
22.
Alex Fraser Bridge
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The Alex Fraser Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Fraser River that connects Richmond and New Westminster with North Delta in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia. The bridge is named for Alex Fraser, a former British Columbia Minister of Transportation, the bridge was the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world when it opened on September 22,1986 and was the longest in North America until the Arthur Ravenel Jr. As of 2009 it is the 32nd-longest cable-stayed bridge in the world and it is 2,525 m long with a main span of 465 m. The towers are 154 m tall and it consists of six lanes, three in each direction, and has a maximum speed limit of 90 km per hour. Upon opening in 1986, only four of the six lanes were open. Cyclists and pedestrians share two narrow side-walks one on each side, all six lanes opened in 1987 after traffic demand justified the need. The bridges southern end is in North Delta and its end is on Deltas Annacis Island. Connections on its southern end lead to Blaine, Washington and to White Rock, the connections on the northern end lead into the cities of New Westminster, Richmond, and Burnaby, and on into Vancouver itself. It is an artery in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The bridge was constructed for the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and was designed by a joint venture of Klohn Crippen Berger and its total cost was $58 million. Announced on January 19/2017 a new lane will be added on the bridge, by narrowing the existing lanes. A counterflow system with movable barrier will be added to ease traffic during morning. This will be a joint venture by the provincial and federal government, construction is slated to be completed as of spring 2018. In December 2016 the Alex Fraser Bridge along with the Port Mann Bridge dropped ice bombs, the Port Mann is more susceptible to this issue compared to the Alex Fraser due to the design of the two bridges being different. The Alex Fraser has the cables along the sides of the lanes where as the Port Mann has them cross over-top of the driving lanes. In addition to 2016, this happened on the Alex Fraser in 2005,2008. The Alex Fraser needed to be closed a few times during December 2016 due to the possibility of ice bombs, this caused major traffic problems in the region. To combat this issue, the BC Government announced that a heavy lift helicopter will be used to blow snow, List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada List of bridges
23.
Arthur Laing Bridge
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Two parallel independent unpainted steel box girders make up the main spans. The bridge is operated by the Vancouver International Airport, the current bridge is on the same alignment as its predecessor, the Marpole Bridge. The first Marpole bridge was a road bridge consisting of a series of timber through-truss spans. The second Marpole bridge, with its steel plate girder swing span, was frequently opened at inconvenient times. Records show, for example, that the bridge opened 7,015 times in 1954. It was dismantled in 1957 after the completion that same year of the Oak Street Bridge, access to Sea Island and the airport was then made via the Moray Bridge. The Oak Street Bridge soon became congested and a new bridge needed to be built, arthur Laing died before the bridge was officially opened on May 15,1976. This new bridge had the same alignment as the Marpole bridge, in its 2006 long range plans, the Vancouver Airport Authority, who owns and maintains the bridge, raised the possibility of adding a toll directed at non-airport users. This has been opposed by many Richmond residents, while opposition has been championed on the local level by local city councillors Bill McNulty. Since that time, other city councillors have spoken up and voiced their opposition to this plan, such as Harold Steves, the bridge is traversed over top by a bridge of the Canada Line rapid transit system, built in 2009. List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada
24.
Cambie Bridge
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The Cambie Bridge is a six-lane symmetric, precast, varying-depth-post tension-box girder bridge spanning False Creek in Vancouver, British Columbia. The current bridge opened in 1985, but is the bridge at the same location. Often referred to as the Cambie Street Bridge, it connects Cambie Street on the shore of False Creek to both Nelson and Smithe Streets in the downtown peninsula. The first Cambie Street Bridge, opened in 1891, was built as a simple piled-timber trestle with a trussed timber swing span near the middle, the next bridge was a four-lane, medium level steel bridge,1,247 metres long and carrying streetcar tracks. It was completed in 1911 for $740,000, opening to traffic on May 24,1911, the navigation span was a steel through-truss swing span which the city would open on four hours notice. In 1953, it opened 79 times, even in its later years, it was opened once or twice a week. The trusses of the swing span projected through the bridge deck and this contributed to many motor vehicle collisions. In April 1915, the wood deck caught fire, with the collapse of a 24. 4-metre steel side span. A new, higher, non-opening bridge was built in 1983–85 to replace the 1911 structure, the entire Cambie crossing was closed for nine months, starting November 1984, while the present, six-lane, concrete bridge was merged with the existing approaches. The new bridge cost $52.7 million and was opened on December 8,1985, City engineer W. H. Curtis was assisted by E. A. West, Assistant City Engineer, Streets & Structures, who was involved in its construction. The 1985 bridge is of a twin post-tensioned prestressed concrete type in a continuous span, the total structural length is 1,100 metres, it carries 6 lanes of traffic and a 14-foot pedestrian walkway. The colouring of the concrete was obtained through the addition of volcanic ash from Mount Lassen to the mix, under the bridges south end is the Neighbourhood Energy Utility, a city-owned heat transfer station that provides heating and hot water to all new buildings in Southeast False Creek. Both sides of the bridge include pedestrian sidewalks separated from motor traffic by concrete barriers. The Cambie Bridge ranks second of the three False Creek bridges by measure of pedestrian crossings, a 2002 study measured over 1,500 pedestrians crossing the Cambie Bridge in 11 hours on a weekday. The wider east sidewalk is shared with bicycles, bicycles are also permitted on the bridge roadway in both directions. The Cambie Bridge is often used as part of the route for events such as the Vancouver Sun Run, the BMO Vancouver Marathon. Two TransLink bus routes cross the Cambie Bridge,17 and N15
25.
Dinsmore Bridge
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Dinsmore Bridge is a bridge in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Built in 1969, it connects Sea Island to Lulu Island and it is an extension of Gilbert Road on Lulu Island, on Sea Island, it meets up with Russ Baker Way. Its general direction is north-south and it has one lane going each direction, the bridge is operated by the Vancouver International Airport. Before construction of the No.2 Road Bridge, Dinsmore Bridge was the shortest route to Vancouver for residents of the part of Richmond. Prior to October 11,2006, Dinsmore Bridge was also the bridge of choice of transit buses from western Richmond. At the time, two express buses to downtown Vancouver ran on the bridge, #491 One Road/Burrard Station. However, after the incident on October 11, weight restrictions were put in place for the bridge, until the restrictions are lifted, all buses are being diverted to the No.2 Road Bridge. The bridge is used to access the Richmond Hospital and the WorkSafeBC headquarters. On October 11,2006, the bridge was closed for days after a truck on River Road, carrying a crane to the Richmond Olympic Oval site. It re-opened on October 13, but weight and speed restrictions were put in place until further notice, List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada List of bridges Bridges of Greater Vancouver
26.
Georgia Viaduct
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The Georgia Viaduct is a twinned bridge that acts as a flyover-like overpass in Vancouver, British Columbia. It passes between Rogers Arena and BC Place Stadium and connects Downtown Vancouver with Main Street and Strathcona, the first Georgia Street Viaduct was built between 1913 and 1915. The narrow structure included streetcar tracks that were never used, at one point, every second lamppost was removed to reduce weight. It was replaced in 1972 by the current viaduct, which is structurally separated, the current Georgia Viaduct was envisioned in the early 1970s as forming part of an extensive freeway system for Vancouver. However, communities were opposed to the idea of demolishing structures to build the freeway system, the freeways would have required demolishing buildings in neighborhoods including Strathcona, the Downtown Eastside and Chinatown. A predominantly African Canadian community called Hogans Alley was bulldozed in building the viaduct, the viaducts eastbound traffic is fed from Georgia Street and leads vehicles to Prior Street and Main Street. The viaducts westbound lanes—often referred to as Dunsmuir Viaduct because they connect to Dunsmuir Street—pass to the north of Rogers Arena. The westbound traffic comes from Prior Street and Main Street, and carries vehicles and pedestrians to Dunsmuir Street, downtown which feeds into Melville Street and eventually Pender Street. In April 2015, the viaduct was closed for two weeks to allow filming of the movie Deadpool, which was released in February 2016, on October 27,2015, Vancouver City Council voted to demolish the twin viaducts. A new six-lane road configuration that merges Expo and Pacific boulevards is in the planning stages, Georgia Street List of bridges in Canada
27.
Golden Ears Bridge
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The Golden Ears Bridge is a six-lane extradosed bridge in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia. It spans the Fraser River, connecting Langley on the side with Pitt Meadows. The bridge opened to traffic on June 16,2009, the bridge replaced a previous ferry service several kilometers upstream and will be run by a private consortium, the Golden Crossing General Partnership, until June 2041. The All Electronic Toll bridge, owned by TransLink, has a clearance of 40 m, and a total length of 2,410 m including approaches. The extradosed bridge incorporates three main spans, each 244 m long and two spans, each 122 m long for total length of 976 m which makes it the longest extradosed bridge in North America. Eight pylons are situated in the river,4 of which are 90 m high, the bridge features bike-pedestrian protected lanes on each side. It boasts two golden metal eagle sculptures at the top of the bridge that were fashioned by a German company – after the initial design by a U. S. firm was abandoned for structural weakness. The project was named through a community process and reflects the well-known lower Fraser Valley landmark, the Golden Ears peaks, the successful submission to name the bridge was that of George Tabert, a local pastor. The bridge was constructed by a joint venture of CH2M Hill and Bilfinger Berger called Golden Crossing Group, the construction project, officially launched in June 2006, created 14 kilometres of new road. Golden Ears Way has direct connections to Lougheed Highway, Maple Meadows Way, 113B Avenue, 200th Street, 176th Street, the completed bridge opened at 2, 00AM on June 16,2009. The project was planned to permit archaeological teams to comb through a part of First Nations land that the bridge passed through, some members of the Coast Salish Katzie Nation decried the way that the bridge affected what they described as a 3000 year old burial ground. Bilfinger Berger applied to the government to bring in foreigners to work on the bridge. The BC Federation of Labour disagreed, arguing that Bilfinger Berger was simply unprepared to pay rates for skilled workers. The Golden Ears Bridge had a total construction cost of $808 million. The project was financed as a Public Private Partnership through which TransLink is leasing back the bridge over a 35-year timeframe, the P3 was administered by the provincial government organization Partnerships BC. This aspect of the project was controversial and it led Vancouver city councillor David Cadman to vote against the project when it was presented to the TransLink board for approval. After the opening of the bridge TransLink ceased operation of the Albion Ferry on July 31,2009, the Albion Ferry employed 59 full-time and 18 auxiliary employees for its run between Maple Ridge and Langley. In 2003, annual traffic on the free ferry amounted to 1.5 million vehicles and 4.0 million passengers, after the bridge opened, the ferries ceased to be used and the two ferries were sold in 2011 for $400000 to a local marine transportation company
28.
Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing
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Originally named the Second Narrows Bridge, it connects Vancouver to the north shore of Burrard Inlet, which includes the District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver. It was constructed adjacent to the older Second Narrows Bridge, which is now exclusively a rail bridge, the First Narrows Bridge, better known as Lions Gate Bridge, crosses Burrard Inlet about 8 kilometres west of the Second Narrows. The bridge is a truss cantilever bridge, designed by Swan Wooster Engineering Co. Ltd. Construction began in November 1957, and the bridge was opened on August 25,1960. It cost approximately $15 million to build, the bridge is 1,292 metres long with a centre span of 335 metres. It is part of the Trans-Canada Highway, in June of 2014 work began to widen the sidewalks on both sides of the bridge. That work included the addition of safety railings, the railing is composed of closely spaced vertical steel bars approximately ten feet high. The visual effect is a narrowing of the bridge. There is a loss of light, and a complete loss of the views on both sides of the bridge. On June 17,1958, as a crane stretched from the side of the new bridge to join the two chords of the unfinished arch, several spans collapsed. Seventy-nine workers plunged 30 metres into the water, eighteen were killed either instantly or shortly thereafter, possibly drowned by their heavy tool belts. A diver searching for bodies drowned later, bringing the total fatalities for the collapse to 19, in a subsequent Royal Commission inquiry, the bridge collapse was attributed to miscalculation by bridge engineers. A temporary arm, holding the fifth anchor span, was deemed too light to bear the weight, Stompin Tom Connors paid a musical tribute to the fallen ironworkers with the song The Bridge Came Tumbling Down on his 1972 album My Stompin Grounds. Jimmy Deans 1962 song Steel Men is a ballad about the Second Narrows bridge disaster, gary Geddes 2007 book of poetry, entitled Falsework, is based on the collapse of the bridge. com
29.
Knight Street Bridge
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It is located to the east of the Oak Street Bridge. Besides spanning the river, the bridge provides access to Mitchell Island. The bridge has a length of 1436 metres and has clearances of 12.2 by 79.2 metres over the north channel, the northern section carries six lanes of traffic, while the southern section carries four. The bridge has the distinction of having the most bridge motor vehicle accidents in BC, in addition, the bridges interchange with Marine Drive is in the top three intersections for motor vehicle accidents in BC. TransLink, the transportation authority, is responsible for the bridge. The bridge was built to replace an obsolete span linking the end of Fraser Street with No.5 Road in Richmond via Mitchell Island. The Fraser Street Bridge was a through truss built in 1905 with a span on the northern side of Mitchell Island. The channel was difficult to navigate, making collisions with ships, the height of the Knight Street bridge alleviated this problem. The construction of the Knight Street Bridge took 5 years, costing about $15 million including the approaches, electric heating cables were installed in the deck to minimize the use of de-icing salt in the winter. The bridge also carries a water pipe and a gas pipe, the bridge opened on January 15,1974, and the Fraser Street Bridge was dismantled the next month. The impact caused the boom to bend and the crane to slide off the barge and sink, water supply to Mitchell Island via the bridge was shut down for 25 days, and an emergency bypass water supply from Vancouver was installed. The incident prompted the City of Richmond to install a water main to Mitchell Island in 2002. List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada
30.
Lions Gate Bridge
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The term Lions Gate refers to The Lions, a pair of mountain peaks north of Vancouver. Northbound traffic on the heads in their general direction. A pair of cast concrete lions, designed by sculptor Charles Marega, were placed on side of the south approach to the bridge in January 1939. The total length of the bridge including the viaduct is 1,823 m. The length including approach spans is 1,517.3 m, the main span alone is 473 m, the height is 111 m. Prospect Point in Stanley Park offered a good high end to the bridge. The bridge has three lanes, the use of which is indicated by signals. The centre lane changes direction to accommodate for traffic patterns, the traffic volume on the bridge is 60,000 -70,000 vehicles per day. Trucks exceeding 13 tonnes are prohibited, as are vehicles using studded tires, the bridge forms part of Highways 99 and 1A. On March 24,2005, the Lions Gate Bridge was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, starting about 1890, bridge builders saw that a bridge across the first narrows was becoming a possibility. However, many saw it as necessary in order to open up development on the North Shore. The decision was put to the electorate of Vancouver in 1927, but the first plebiscite was defeated, however, he was able to convince the Guinness family to invest in the land on the north shore of Burrard Inlet. They purchased 4,700 acres of West Vancouver mountainside through a syndicate called British Pacific Properties Ltd, on December 13,1933, a second plebiscite was held and this time, it was passed by a 2 to 1 margin. The 1933 bylaw authorizing construction included a provision mandating that “no Asiatic person shall be employed in or upon any part of the undertaking or other works. ”The bridge was designed by the Montreal firm Monsarrat and Pratley, which was later responsible for the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge in Halifax, Nova Scotia using a similar design. Other companies involved in the construction of the include, Swan Wooster Engineering, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas. Canron Western Constructors, Dominion Bridge Company, American Bridge Company, construction began on March 31,1937. After one and a half years and a cost of $5,873,837.17, on May 29,1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth presided over the official opening during a royal visit to Canada. A toll of 25 cents was charged for each car, on January 20,1955, the Guinness family sold the bridge to the province for $5,959,060, and on April1,1963 the toll was removed
31.
Moray Bridge
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Moray Bridge, originally christened The Middle-arm Swing Bridge in October 1957, is a low-level one-way swing bridge in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. It connects Grant McConachie Way on Sea Island, where the Vancouver International Airport is located, the bridge is also called the Moray Channel Bridge has a swing section is 58 metres long. The bridge handles traffic coming from Sea Island. It was a bridge until the completion of the nearby Sea Island Bridge. The bridge passes over the Middle Arm of the Fraser River and was frequently called the Middle Arm Bridge. List of crossings of the Fraser River
32.
No. 2 Road Bridge
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The No.2 Road Bridge is a low-level four-lane bridge in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. It connects Sea Island, where the Vancouver International Airport is located, for west Richmond residents who drive to work in Vancouver, this bridge is the route of choice, replacing the role held previously by the Dinsmore Bridge. The bridges span starts as No.2 Road on Lulu Island, the site of the speed-skating oval for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the Richmond Olympic Oval, is located at the southern foot of the bridge, to the east. List of crossings of the Fraser River
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Pattullo Bridge
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The Pattullo Bridge is a through arch bridge that crosses the Fraser River and links the city of New Westminster, to the city of Surrey in British Columbia. The bridge was named in honour of Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, the 22nd Premier of British Columbia. The first regular crossing of the Fraser River started in 1882, and was operated by a ferry named K de K. During the late 1890s, the need for a new bridge became apparent after the ferry was deemed insufficient to handle future traffic demands. The first bridge started construction in 1902, with completion in 1904, the bridge was built with two decks, the upper deck handling vehicular traffic and the lower deck functioning as a railway bridge. Again, growing traffic demands prompted the construction of a bridge in 1936. The bridge was designed by supervising engineer Major W. G. Swan, the Pattullo Bridge was opened to traffic on November 15,1937 by Premier Duff Pattullo, with a total cost of $4 million. The bridge was tolled at 25¢ per crossing, but was then removed in 1952. The old bridge, now known today as the New Westminster Rail Bridge was converted to use only. The Pattullo Bridge is 1,227 meters in total length, the bridge has no barrier of any sort in the centre, making it highly prone to head-on collisions, especially at excessive speed or in bad weather. On January 2,2006, four people were killed in a T-bone collision between two cars on the approach lane. However, traffic analysis showed that significant congestion would result in Surrey and New Westminster, a more controversial proposal is to install photo radar on the bridge to enforce the existing speed limit. Thus far, the provincial Liberal government has ruled out the idea of bringing back photo radar, oversized commercial vehicles are prohibited from using the bridge, as mandated by the British Columbia Commercial Vehicle Safety and Enforcement agency. Around 3 a. m. on January 18,2009, the 60-foot -long wooden trestle on the south side of the bridge connecting the steel and concrete structure to the earthen berm sustained damage, and had to be completely rebuilt. Initially, it was estimated that the bridge would be closed for 4–6 weeks, however, by reusing a temporary bridge structure used on the Canada Line project, the bridge was reopened on Monday, January 26. On July 31,2008, TransLink opted to replace the bridge, in June 2014, the Metro Vancouver Mayors Council determined that a new, 4-lane, tolled replacement bridge was to be built, and to demolish the existing structure. Construction is expected to place between 2019 to 2023, though funding has not yet been secured. Over the course of 2016, rehabilitation work commenced on bridge deck repairs to keep the bridge operational until a replacement is built, between May 2 to August 26, the bridge was reduced to one lane of traffic in each direction, with full bridge closures on selected days
34.
Pitt River Bridge
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The Pitt River Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge that spans the Pitt River between Port Coquitlam and Pitt Meadows in British Columbia, Canada. The bridge is part of Highway 7, carrying Lougheed Highway across the river, the current bridge opened on October 4,2009. The bridge includes a 380 m cable stay bridge structure,126 m of multi-span approaches, total project cost for the bridge was $200 million The original Pitt River Bridge span opened in 1957 by Premier W. A. C. The second span was built in the 1978, the mid-swing span of the south span sometimes did not seat properly in the closed position, becoming stuck and causing very long traffic line-ups, but this problem was fixed many years ago. The control house also operated the control system. Each of the two spans had two lanes, during the morning and evening commute times, a counterflow lane was opened so that the traffic was three lanes in one direction and one lane in the other. The original bridges were replaced with a bridge and a free-flowing interchange to replace the Mary-Hill Bypass–Lougheed intersection. On October 4,2009, four lanes of the new bridge opened to general traffic, the new span has been engineered to allow for different lane allocations in the future, including an 8th lane and possible rapid transit. It also allows for up to 16 meters of clearance for marine traffic. The new bridge structure was built between the two bridges, which were subsequently demolished, all demolition was completed on November 22,2010
35.
Port Mann Bridge
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The Port Mann Bridge is a 10-lane cable-stayed bridge that opened to traffic in 2012. It is currently the second longest cable-stayed bridge in North America and was the widest bridge in the world until the opening of the new Bay Bridge in California. The new bridge replaced a steel bridge that spanned the Fraser River. The old bridge consisted of three spans with an orthotropic deck carrying five lanes of Trans-Canada Highway traffic, with spans of three steel plate girders and concrete deck. The total length of the previous Port Mann was 2,093 m, the main span was 366 m, plus the two 110 m spans on either side. Volume on the old bridge was 127,000 trips per day, approximately 8 percent of the traffic on the Port Mann bridge was truck traffic. The previous bridge was the longest arch bridge in Canada and third-longest in the world at the time of its inauguration, the old Port Mann Bridge opened on June 12,1964, originally carrying four lanes. It was named after the community of Port Mann, through which the end of the bridge passed. At the time of construction, it was the most expensive piece of highway in Canada, the first civilian to drive across the bridge was CKNW reporter Marke Raines. He was not authorized to cross, so he drove quickly, in 2001 an eastbound HOV lane was added by moving the centre divider and by cantilevering the bridge deck outwards in conjunction with a seismic upgrade. On January 31,2006, the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation introduced the Gateway Program as a means to address growing congestion, the Port Mann / Highway 1 project added another HOV lane and will provide cycling and pedestrian access. The multi-use pedestrian/bicycle path opened July 1,2015, a bus service was reintroduced over the Port Mann Bridge for the first time in over 20 years. However, critics claimed that the new bridge only delayed the reintroduction of bus service on the bridge, the new bus rapid transit service is now operated in the HOV lanes along Highway 1 from Langley to Burnaby. The estimated construction cost was $2.46 billion, including the cost of the Highway 1 upgrade, of this, the bridge itself comprised roughly a third. The total cost, including operation and maintenance, was expected to be $3.3 billion, now that the new bridge is completed, the existing bridge, which was more than 45 years old, has been taken down. The project was intended to be funded by using a public-private partnership, development Group was chosen as the preferred developer. Group included the Macquarie Group, Transtoll Inc. Peter Kiewit Sons Co. although a memorandum of understanding had been signed by the province, final terms could not be agreed upon. As a consequence, the decided to fund the entire cost of replacement
36.
Queensborough Bridge
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Queensborough Bridge is a highway bridge in New Westminster, British Columbia. It was built in 1960 by the City of New Westminster, the bridge spans the north arm of the Fraser River for road access from the main part of New Westminster to the suburb of Queensborough at the east end of Lulu Island, giving the bridge its name. It has since become a part of Highway 91A feeder to Highway 91 to the south, Queensborough was a toll bridge until bought by the provincial government in November 1966. In 2008, the exit has been upgraded into a better intersection with Marine Way. List of crossings of the Fraser River Bridges of Greater Vancouver Queensborough Bridge at Structurae
37.
Sea Island Connector
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Sea Island Connector is a low-level three-lane one-way bridge in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. It connects Bridgeport Road on Lulu Island with Grant McConachie Way on Sea Island and it handles traffic heading into Sea Island. Across from this bridge is the Moray Bridge, a drawbridge which handles traffic coming from Sea Island, the bridge was built in order to relieve the traffic jams on the Moray Bridge. List of crossings of the Fraser River
38.
Westham Island Bridge
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The Westham Island Bridge is a partially single-lane, wood-deck truss bridge located in Ladner, British Columbia. The bridge passes over Canoe Pass in the Fraser River Estuary, the bridges length is approximately 325 m. The bridge was constructed between 1909 and 1912 and has undergone extensive refitting over the years, electrical operation of the swing span was adapted in 1974. Previous to that time the bridge was operated by lifting a steel plate in the deck of the bridge. The operator would walk in a circle to open the span for marine traffic. The bridge still has this manual capacity, remarkably a single-armed gentleman operated the bridge in this fashion until the age of 71, retiring when the electrical motor was installed. TransLink contracts Mainroad Contracting Ltd. and improves the load restriction to 50 tonnes, part of the bridge consists of one of the few remaining wooden Howe Trusses in existence and has been recognized and storied by both Canadian and National Geographic Societies. It is a chosen location for film and TV productions. One of the most famous was an episode of the X-Files TV series, the bridge is a favorite of photographers in general and particularly bird-watchers as Westham Island Road is also the only route by road to the Riefel Island Bird Sanctuary. It is one of the oldest swing-bridges operating in BC, transLink, the regional transportation authority, is responsible for the bridge. The bridge opens on request for marine traffic, vessels should call the bridge operator on VHF channel 74. Heritage Award for Westham Island Bridge Westham Island Bridge Westham 100 Year Story
39.
New Westminster Bridge
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The New Westminster Bridge crosses the Fraser River and connects New Westminster with Surrey, British Columbia, in Canada. The New Westminster Bridge was constructed in 1904 and was built with two decks. The lower deck was used for traffic, and the upper deck was used for automobile traffic. With the opening of the Pattullo Bridge in 1937, the deck was removed. The bridge was the method of transport across the Fraser until the Pattullo Bridge opened in 1937. Prior to that to cross part of the river meant using the K De K ferry which would dock at the present day Brownsville location which is part of the Bridgeview neighbourhood of Surrey. List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada List of bridges Archival photos of the bridge from the New Westminster Public Library
40.
Second Narrows Bridge
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The Second Narrows Rail Bridge is a vertical lift railway bridge that crosses the Burrard Inlet and connects Vancouver with the North Shore. As the name suggests, it is located at the narrowing of the Burrard Inlet. The original Second Narrows Bridge was constructed in 1925, and was the first bridge to connect Vancouver with the North Shore over the bore of the narrows. This bridge was constructed, by John Stewart and Northern Construction, with a car deck, after being hit by a number of ships and being out of service for 4 years, in 1933 the provincial government bought the bridge and installed a lift section of the deck. In 1960 a new larger and higher 6 highway lane Second Narrows Bridge was completed alongside the original bridge. In 1994 the new bridge was renamed the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing in honor of the ironworkers who died in accidents while building it. However, the new bridge is commonly referred to as the Second Narrows Bridge. The 1926 railbridge was replaced in 1969 by CN Rail with a larger, higher lift bridge, a bridgetender activates cables and counterweights to raise the span. Unless moving a train across the Burrard inlet, the section is always in the up position to allow ships to go underneath. The Lions Gate Bridge spans the first narrows of Burrard Inlet, the current CN Second Narrows railway bridge has a vertical clearance of 46 meter at the main lift span fully raised. The vertical lift section of the Second Narrows Railway Bridge provides 137 meters clear navigation width between rubbing fenders, however, the Ironworkers Second Narrows road bridge has a vertical clearance of 44 meters and the shipping channel where the maximum vertical clearance is available is 110 metres wide. Amid the hullaballoo of the Klondike Gold Rush were schemes to build a railway from Vancouver to the Dawson gold fields, of course the first stage in this would be to bridge Burrard Inlet and then build a railway north. John Hendry floated the Vancouver, Westminster, and Yukon Railway which built a line from Ladner to Westminster and this line was paired with the Great Northern Railway who also wanted trackage into Vancouver. In the process, various other railroads all became involved in the scheme, the Canadian Northern Railway, Milwaukee Road. The bridge itself would be owned by the Federal Government as they had control of harbours and shipping, one of the main reasons was that there was very little space on the south shore for wharves, thus railways wanted to develop the North Shore. The south side was occupied by another railway, a company was floated, the Burrard Inlet Bridge and Tunnel Company, and contracts were issued to span the tidal bore. A one-point, a causeway was planned to dam the narrows, alas, World War I intervened, as did the bankruptcy of all the interested railways. With it went dreams of the bridge and rails up Indian Arm, Capilano, however, the predecessor railways did sign contracts to build a bridge and a new Hotel Vancouver
41.
Middle Arm Bridge
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The Middle Arm Bridge is one of 3 transit-only bridges in Metro Vancouver. It spans the middle arm of the Fraser River, linking Lulu Island with the Vancouver International Airport on Sea Island and it is used by the airport branch of the Canada Line, which opened in August 2009. The bridge is a box girder prestressed concrete bridge, and is built using cost-efficient cantilever construction, the integrated arch form is designed to appear minimal, while adequately supporting the weight of the trains that cross it. The Moray Bridge, a bridge nearby, was also previously referred to as the Middle Arm Bridge
Media related to Granville Street Bridge (1889) at Wikimedia Commons
