1.
Skirt
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A skirt is the lower part of a dress or gown, covering the person from the waist downwards, or a separate outer garment serving this purpose. Most skirts are self-standing garments, but some skirt-looking panels may be part of another garment such as leggings, shorts, some fashion designers, such as Jean Paul Gaultier, have shown mens skirts. Modern skirts are made of light to mid-weight fabrics, such as denim, jersey, worsted. Skirts of thin or clingy fabrics are often worn with slips to make the material of the skirt drape better, a straw-woven skirt dating to 3900 BC was discovered in Armenia at the Areni-1 cave complex. Skirts have been worn by men and women from many cultures, such as the lungi, lehnga, kanga and sarong worn in South Asia and Southeast Asia, and the kilt worn in Scotland and Ireland. The earliest known culture to have females wear clothing resembling miniskirts were the Duan Qun Miao and this was in reference to the short miniskirts that barely cover the buttocks worn by women of the tribe, and which were probably shocking to observers in medieval and early modern times. In the Middle Ages, some upper-class women wore skirts over three metres in diameter at the bottom, at the other extreme, the miniskirts of the 1960s were minimal garments that may have barely covered the underwear when seated. Costume historians typically use the word petticoat to describe skirt-like garments of the 18th century or earlier, during the 19th century, the cut of womens dresses in western culture varied more widely than in any other century. Waistlines started just below the bust and gradually sank to the natural waist, skirts started fairly narrow and increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s, then fullness was draped and drawn to the back by means of bustles. In the 1890s the rainy daisy skirt was introduced for walking or sportswear and it had a significantly shorter hemline measuring as much as six inches off the ground and would eventually influence the wider introduction of shorter hemlines in the early 20th century. Beginning around 1915, hemlines for daytime dresses left the floor for good, broomstick skirt, a light-weight ankle-length skirt with many crumpled pleats formed by compressing and twisting the garment while wet, such as around a broomstick. Bubble dress/skirt, a voluminous skirt whose hem is tucked back under to create a “bubble effect” at the bottom, Cargo skirt, a plain utilitarian skirt with belt loops and numerous large pockets, based on the military style of Cargo pants and popularised in the 1990s. Crinoline, a full skirt supported by hoops or multiple petticoats. Hobble skirt, a long and tight skirt with a hem narrow enough to impede the wearers stride Kilt-skirt. Though traditionally designed as womens wear, it is fashioned to mimic the appearance of a mans kilt. Leather skirt, a made of leather Lehenga, a long, pleated skirt, often embroidered, worn mostly as the bottom part of the Gagra choli in North India. Mini-crini, a version of the crinoline, designed by Vivienne Westwood in the mid 1980s. Poodle skirt, a circle or near-circle skirt with an appliqued poodle or other decoration Puffball skirt, popular in the mid-late 1980s when it was inspired by Westwoods mini-crini
2.
Natural fiber
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Fiber or fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials and they can also be matted into sheets to make product such as paper or felt. Fibers are of two types, natural fiber, which consists of animal and plant fibers, and man-made fiber, which consists of synthetic fibers and regenerated fibers. The earliest evidence for humans using fibers is the discovery of wool, Natural fibers are made from plant, animal and mineral sources. Natural fibers can be classified according to their origin, the most used plant fibers are cotton, flax and hemp, although sisal, jute, kenaf, bamboo and coconut are also widely used. Hemp fibers are used for ropes and aerofoils because of their high suppleness. Hemp fibers are, for example, currently used as a seal within the heating, animal fibers generally comprise proteins such as collagen, keratin and fibroin, examples include silk, sinew, wool, catgut, angora, mohair and alpaca. Animal hair, Fiber or wool taken from animals or hairy mammals, E. g. sheeps wool, goat hair, alpaca hair, horse hair, etc. Silk fiber, Fiber secreted by glands of insects during the preparation of cocoons, avian fiber, Fibers from birds, e. g. feathers and feather fiber. After World War II, the build-up of synthetic fibers significantly decreased the use of natural fibers, now, with the increase of oil prices and environmental considerations, there has been a revival of natural fiber use within the textile, building, plastic and automotive industries. This interest is reinforced by the perspectives on the agro-industrial market and local productions, allowing economic development. France remains the greatest European hemp fiber producer with 50,000 tons yearly, france also produces the largest range of industrial seeds worldwide. China and Russia are also important producers, but the statistics in that field are not available, in the industrial domain, the consortium DAIFA group SAS have reached a leading position in Europe in the automotive plastics market. They specialize in injection and thermopress plastics reinforced with natural fibers, the use of natural fibers at the industrial level improves the environmental sustainability of the parts being constructed, especially within the automotive market. Within the building industry, the interest in natural fibers is mostly economical and technical, natural fibers allow insulation properties higher than current materials, coir Fiber International Year of Natural Fibres 2009 Mundo Material IJSG
3.
Hibiscus
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Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm-temperate. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and are known simply as hibiscus. The genus includes annual and perennial herbaceous plants, as well as woody shrubs and small trees. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ἱβίσκος, which was the name Pedanius Dioscorides gave to Althaea officinalis, the leaves are alternate, ovate to lanceolate, often with a toothed or lobed margin. The flowers are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, with five or more petals, color from white to pink, red, orange, peach, yellow or purple, flower color in certain species, such as H. mutabilis and H. tiliaceus, changes with age. The fruit is a dry five-lobed capsule, containing several seeds in each lobe and it is of red and white colours. It is an example of complete flowers, the hibiscus is the national flower of Haiti and is used in their national tourism slogan of Haïti, Experience It. The hibiscus species also represents several other nations, the Hibiscus syriacus is the national flower of South Korea, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is the national flower of Malaysia. The red hibiscus is the flower of the Hindu goddess Kali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess, the hibiscus is used as an offering to goddess Kali and Lord Ganesha in Hindu worship. In the Philippines, the gumamela is used by children as part of a bubble-making pastime, the flowers and leaves are crushed until the sticky juices come out. Hollow papaya stalks are then dipped into this and used as straws for blowing bubbles, together with soap, hibiscus juices produce more bubbles. The hibiscus flower is worn by Tahitian and Hawaiian girls. If the flower is worn behind the ear, the woman is married or in a relationship. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship, the hibiscus is Hawaiis state flower. Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie named her first novel Purple Hibiscus after the delicate flower, the bark of the hibiscus contains strong bast fibres that can be obtained by letting the stripped bark set in the sea to let the organic material rot away. Many species are grown for their flowers or used as landscape shrubs, and are used to attract butterflies, bees. Hibiscus is a hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden
4.
Cordyline fruticosa
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Formerly treated in the families Agavaceae and Laxmanniaceae, it is a woody plant growing up to 4 m tall, with leaves 30–60 cm long and 5–10-centimetre wide at the top of a woody stem. It produces 40–60-centimetre long panicles of small scented yellowish to red flowers that mature into red berries and it is native to tropical southeastern Asia, Papua New Guinea, Melanesia, northeastern Australia, the Indian Ocean, and parts of Polynesia. It is not native to either Hawaii or New Zealand but was introduced to both by Polynesian settlers, the species was spread from its native range throughout Polynesia as a cultivated plant. Its starchy rhizomes, which are sweet when the plant is mature, were eaten as food or as medicine, and its leaves were used to thatch the roofs of houses. The plant or its roots are referred to in most Polynesian languages as tī, māori ranked the sweetness of the plant above the other Cordyline species native to New Zealand. Leaves were also used to make items of clothing including skirts worn in dance performances, the Hawaiian hula skirt is a dense skirt with an opaque layer of at least 50 green leaves and the bottom shaved flat. The Tongan dance dress, the sisi, is an apron of about 20 leaves, worn over a tupenu, and decorated with some yellow or red leaves. In Vanuatu, Cordyline leaves, known locally by the Bislama name nanggaria, are tucked into a belt in traditional dances. Cordylines are often planted outside nakamals, in ancient Hawaiʻi the plant was thought to have great spiritual power, only kahuna and aliʻi were able to wear leaves around their necks during certain ritual activities. Tī leaves were used to make lei, and to outline borders between properties it was also planted at the corners of the home to keep ghosts from entering the home or property. To this day some Hawaiians plant tī near their houses to bring good luck, the leaves are also used for lava sledding. A number of leaves are lashed together and people ride down hills on them, ancient Hawaii also believe that the leaves has a medicinal use as antiseptic and diuretic. The roots of the tī plant were used as a glossy covering on surfboards in Hawaii in the early 1900s, Ti is a popular ornamental plant, with numerous cultivars available, many of them selected for green or reddish or purple foliage. In Hawaii, tī rhizomes are fermented and distilled to make okolehao, okolehao, a liquor made from Ti roots. Samoan plant names Flora of China, Cordyline fruticosa Sir Apenera Short, comparative Awareness, Modified Leaves of Cordyline fruticosa manifest at the same time with Poinsettia by Isidro A. T. Savillo
5.
Phormium tenax
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Phormium tenax is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island that is an important fibre plant and a popular ornamental plant. The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves, the fibre has been widely used since the arrival of Māori to New Zealand, originally in Māori traditional textiles and also in rope and sail making after the arrival of Europeans until at least WWII. It is a species in some of the Pacific islands. The blades of the plant contain cucurbitacins, which are poisonous to some animals, the jumping spider Trite planiceps lives predominantly in the rolled-up leaves of this species. Phormium tenax is a coastal cover plant associated with significant habitat such as the habitat for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin. Phormium tenax had many uses in traditional Māori society, many of these uses have largely fallen into disuse, though there is an upswing in the use of traditional materials in modern Māori art and craft. Flax is also used as a decorative and structural element in tukutuku, prior to the Great Depression of the 1930s, which decimated flax as an industry, there were two serious attempts by Europeans to breed for fibre. The first was by Wellington-based Leonard Cockayne about 1908, the second by Massey-based John Stuart Yeates in the late 1920s. They are easy to grow in a spot, especially in coastal areas with some protection in winter. They are frequently found in garden centres amongst plants with an appearance, notably Yucca. However, these are very different plants with different requirements, P. tenax and some cultivars can grow to a substantial size -4 m tall by 2 m broad. New Zealand Flax was cultivated on Saint Helena from the late 1800s to around 1966 for the production of string and rope, today the plants remain but the industry has stopped, they are considered an ecological problem. More recently several cultivars have been selected as garden plants, including, Bronze Baby - arching bronze leaves. Phormium, covering both species Flax in New Zealand James Hector, phormium tenax as a fibrous plant, second edition, New Zealand. Geological Survey Dept, New Zealand, published by G. Didsbury, Government Printer,95 pages Harakeke image gallery from Landcare Research - Manaaki Whenua
6.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
7.
Polynesia
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Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including the language family, culture, and beliefs. Historically, they were experienced sailors who used stars to navigate at night, the term Polynesia was first used in 1756 by French writer Charles de Brosses, and originally applied to all the islands of the Pacific. In 1831, Jules Dumont dUrville proposed a restriction on its use during a lecture to the Geographical Society of Paris, historically, these islands have also been referred to as the South Sea Islands. Polynesia is characterized by an amount of land spread over a very large portion of the mid. Most Polynesian islands and archipelagos, including the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa, are composed of volcanic islands built by hotspots, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and Ouvéa, the Polynesian outlier near New Caledonia, are the unsubmerged portions of the largely sunken continent of Zealandia. At first, the Pacific plate was subducted under the Australian plate, the Alpine Fault that traverses the South Island is currently a transform fault while the convergent plate boundary from the North Island northwards is called the Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone. The volcanism associated with subduction zone is the origin of the Kermadec. Out of approximately 300,000 or 310,000 square kilometres of land, over 270,000 km2 are within New Zealand, the Zealandia continent has approximately 3,600,000 km2 of continental shelf. The oldest rocks in the region are found in New Zealand and are believed to be about 510 million years old, the oldest Polynesian rocks outside of Zealandia are to be found in the Hawaiian Emperor Seamount Chain, and are 80 million years old. Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the Polynesian Triangle, geographically, the Polynesian Triangle is drawn by connecting the points of Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island. The other main island groups located within the Polynesian Triangle are Samoa, Tonga, there are also small Polynesian settlements in Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Caroline Islands, and in Vanuatu. An island group with strong Polynesian cultural traits outside of this triangle is Rotuma. The people of Rotuma have many common Polynesian traits but speak a non-Polynesian language, some of the Lau Islands to the southeast of Fiji have strong historic and cultural links with Tonga. However, in essence, Polynesia is a term referring to one of the three parts of Oceania. Some islands of Polynesian origin are outside the triangle that geographically defines the region. The Phoenix Islands and Line Islands, most of which are part of Kiribati, are geographically Polynesian islands, tracing Polynesian languages places their prehistoric origins in the Malay Archipelago, and ultimately, in Taiwan. Between about 3000 and 1000 BC speakers of Austronesian languages began spreading from Taiwan into Island Southeast Asia, there are three theories regarding the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia
8.
Africa
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Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
9.
Folk costume
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A folk costume expresses an identity through costume, which is usually associated with a geographic area or a period of time in history. It can also indicate social, marital and/or religious status, such costumes often come in two forms, one for everyday occasions, the other for festivals and formal wear. Following the outbreak of nationalism, the peasantry of Europe came to serve as models for all that appeared genuine. Their dress crystallised into so-called typical forms, and enthusiasts adopted that attire as part of their symbolism, in areas where Western dress codes have become usual, traditional garments are often worn at special events or celebrations, particularly those connected with cultural traditions, heritage or pride. International events may cater for non-Western attendees with a dress code such as business suit or national dress. In modern times, there are instances where traditional garments are required by sumptuary laws, in Bhutan, the traditional Tibetan-style clothing of gho and kera for men, kira and toego for women, must be worn by all citizens, including those not of Tibetan heritage. In Saudi Arabia, women are required to wear the abaya in public. Tibet – Chuba Inner Mongolia – Deel Japan – Kimono, Junihitoe, Sokutai Korea – Hanbok Mongolia – Deel Taiwan – Hanfu, Every ethnic group in the country has their national costume. Kebayas, sarongs and the Beskap jacket of the Javanese and the Kain batik, vietnam – Áo giao lĩnh, Áo dài, Áo tứ thân, Áo bà ba. Abkhazia – Chokha Armenia – Each region has its own style of folk costume, kuwait – Thawb Oman – Dishdasha Ossetia – Chokha Qatar – Kandura Palestine – Keffiyeh, Taqiyah, Palestinian costumes. Saudi Arabia – Thawb, Ghutrah, Agal, Bisht, Abaya, Jilbab, Niqab Syria – Dishdasha Turkey – Fez, Kaftan, Shalvar. United Arab Emirates – Kandura Yemen – Similar to Saudi Arabia, scotland – Highland dress, Kilt or trews, tam oshanter or Balmoral bonnet, doublet, Aboyne dress, and brogues or ghillies. Greek fishermans caps in many villages by the Aegean sea. Italy – Italian folk dance costumes, Roman clothing, Toga, Stola South Tyrol – Tracht, slovenia – Gorenjska noša Spain – Every autonomous region has its own national costume. For example, Bavarias well-known Tracht, Lederhosen and Dirndl, liechtenstein – Tracht, Dirndl Netherlands – Dutch cap, Klompen, poffer Switzerland – Every canton has its own specific design of a national costume. A good example is seen in the attire of Paul Bunyan. Deep South and other parts of the American South – Traditional Southern US wear includes white seersucker suits and string ties for men and these short pants remained commonplace among young urban American boys until the mid 20th century. Nantucket – Summer residents of Nantucket will often wear Nantucket Reds, amish, the Pennsylvania Dutch and some sects of Mormon fundamentalism preserve traditional 19th century clothing styles
10.
Clothing in Africa
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African clothing is the traditional clothing worn by the people of Africa. In some instances these traditional garments have been replaced by western clothing introduced by European colonialists, the Northwest Africans are less influenced by foreign elements and have remained more in antiquity. The Djellaba shares similar properties with the Grand boubou, the Dashiki, in Nigeria, women were head ties. In Sahelian Africa, the dashiki, Senegalese kaftan, and the grand boubou are worn more prominently, the dashiki is highly stylized and is rendered with an ornate V-shaped collar. In East Africa, the kanzu is the dress worn by Swahili speaking men. Women wear the kanga and the gomesi, in Southern Africa distinctive shirts are worn, like the long dresses they wear. For instance, South Africa is known for the Madiba shirt, whereas, in the Horn of Africa, the attire varies by country. In Ethiopia, men wear the Ethiopian suit and women wear the habesha kemis, in Somalia, men wear the khamis with a small cap called a koofiyad. There exist non-profit organizations in all societies that sell used clothes to for-profit companies in Africa. These white mans clothes are common in some parts of the continent. This used clothing is called Mitumba in some areas and is surrounded by some controversy, critics point to it as a threat to local clothing manufacturers and complain that it exploits consumers. Others argue that this used clothing provides useful competition for often expensive, African textiles National costume Zuria, a dress worn in Eritrea. 1970s in African fashion 1980s in African fashion 1990s in African fashion 2000s in African fashion 2010s in African fashion
11.
Balgha
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Balgha, also spelled balga, belgha, or belga, are heelless slippers made from leather. They are part of dress in the Maghreb. Balgha are worn by men and women of all social classes, penguin Books, ed. DK Eyewitness Travel Guide, Tunisia, Tunisia
12.
Agbada
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The grand boubou/bubu is one of the names for a flowing wide sleeved robe worn by men in much of West Africa, and to a lesser extent in North Africa, related to the dashiki suit. The name boubou derives from the Wolof word mbubb and it is known by various names, depending on the ethnic group wearing them, agbada, babban riga, mbubb, ksa or gandora, darraa Maghrebi Arabic, grand boubou and the English term of gown. The Senegalese boubou, a variation on the grand boubou described below, is known as the Senegalese kaftan. The female version worn in some communities is also known as a mboubou or kaftan and its origin lies with the clothing worn by the Islamic Tukulor, Mandé and Songhai peoples of the 8th-century Takrur and Ghana Empires, and 13th-century Mali and Songhai Empires. The use of the grand boubou as clothing became widespread throughout the West African region with the migration of semi-nomadic groups such as the Fulani, and traders such as the Dyula and Hausa. Comparing the grand boubou to the styles of Arabic Thawb suggests the grand boubou follows an archaic template to the contemporary male clothing of the Middle East. It has become the formal attire of many countries in West Africa, older robes have become family heirlooms passed on from father to son and are worn as status symbols. The boubou has female versions in Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, there is also the alternative female formal version of the boubou called the wrapper. There is a set etiquette to wearing the grand boubou, primarily in place to keep the over-gown above the ankles at any one time, thus, it is rare to see the grand boubous square shaped gown completely unwrapped. Through this, the grand boubou was historically worn by Chiefs of the Yoruba of Nigeria, Dagomba of Ghana, the Mandinka of the Gambia, the Susu of Guinea and the Temnes of Sierra Leone. Although usually a form of clothing, womens traditional clothing in much of Sahelian West Africa is of similar construction. In some places these are called the mboubou, in other regions of West Africa, the female formal clothing has been a boubou variant, called a kaftan, and in other places it is the wrapper and headscarf. Le Boubou—Cest Chic, Les boubous du Mali et dautres pays de lAfrique de lOuest - Book Review, new York, Facts on File,1994
13.
Dashiki
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The dashiki is a colorful garment for men widely worn in West Africa and also worn in other parts of Africa. It covers the top half of the body and it has formal and informal versions and varies from simple draped clothing to fully tailored suits. A common form is a loose-fitting pullover garment, with an ornate V-shaped collar and it is frequently worn with a brimless Kufi cap, which is worn in Islamic communities in Africa and the African diaspora, and a pair of pants. The dashiki originated in various West African countries bearing different cultural necessities, the name dashiki is derived from the Hausa word ʼdan ciki, which means shirt. The informal version of the dashiki is a print or embroidered dashiki. The first type consists of a dashiki, sokoto, and a matching kufi and this style is called a dashiki suit or dashiki trouser set and it is the attire worn by most grooms during wedding ceremonies. The second version consists of a shirt, matching kufi. The third type consists of a dashiki and matching trousers, a flowing gown is worn over these. This type is called a grand boubou or an agbada, there are several different styles of dashiki suits available from clothing stores. The type of shirt included in the set determines the name, the traditional dashiki suit includes a thigh-length shirt. The short sleeve, traditional style is preferred by purists, a long dashiki suit includes a shirt that is knee-length or longer. However, if the shirt reaches the ankles, it is a Senegalese kaftan, finally, the lace dashiki suit includes a shirt made of lace. A hybrid of the dashiki and caftan worn by females is a traditional male dashiki with a western skirt, grey is the traditional color for West African weddings. Most grooms wear white dashiki suits during wedding ceremonies, the most common non-traditional colors are purple and blue. Purple and lavender, the color of African royalty, blue, blue is the color of love, peace, and harmony. Black and red are the colors of mourning. The dashiki found a market in America during the Civil Rights Movement, the term dashiki began appearing in print at least as early as 1967. Reporting on the 1967 Newark riots in the Amsterdam News on July 22,1967, an article by Faith Berry in the New York Times Magazine includes it on July 7,1968
14.
Djellaba
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Djellaba /dʒᵻˈlɑːbə/ is a berber, long loose-fitting unisex outer robe with full sleeves, worn in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Traditionally, djellabas are made of wool in different shapes and colours, traditionally, djellabas reached down to the ground but lightweight djellabas are somewhat slimmer and shorter. Men often wear a light-coloured djellaba sometimes along with a traditional arab red fez hat and soft yellow babouche slippers for religious celebrations, almost all djellabas of both styles include a baggy hood called a qob that comes to a point at the back. The hood is important for both sexes, as it protects the wearer from the sun, and in earlier times was used as a defence against sand being blown into the face by strong desert winds. In colder climes, as in the mountains of Morocco and Algeria, it serves the same function as a winter hat, preventing heat loss through the head and protecting the face from snow. It is not uncommon for the hood to be used as a pocket during times of warm weather. Traditional djellabas are made of two types of material, cotton for summer wear and coarse wool for the winter. The wool is obtained from sheep living in the surrounding mountains. Abaya Bekishe Dashiki Jellabiya Jilbāb Kaftan Takchita Tallit Thawb Moroccan Clothing
15.
Head tie
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A head tie is a womens cloth head scarf that is commonly worn in many parts of Southern Africa and Western Africa. In South Africa and Namibia, the Afrikaans word doek is used for the head covering used among most elderly local women in rural areas. In other parts of the continent, terms like duku, dhuku, tukwi, the head scarf is used as an ornamental head covering or fashion accessory, or for functionality in different settings. Its uses or meaning can vary depending on the country and/or religion of those who wear it, in Ghana, opportunity to wear a duku usually falls on a religious day of Friday, Saturday or Sunday. This depends on whether the wearers are Muslim, Seventh-Day Adventists or Sunday church-going Christians, in Nigeria, the head-ties are known as gele, and can be rather large and elaborate. Although the gele can be worn for activities, the elaborate ceremonial ones are worn to weddings, special events. It is usually made of a material that is firmer than regular cloth, when worn, especially for more elaborate events, the gele typically covers a womans entire hair as well as her ears. The only part exposed is her face and earrings on the part of her earlobes. The gele is accompanied by traditional local attire that may or may not have the pattern as the headtie itself. Malawian head-ties are usually small and conservative compared to the Nigerian style, in addition, they are worn during sleep to protect the hair. In South African church services women may wear white dukus to cover their heads, at the International Pentecostal churches in South Africa, married women wear white dukus. The Shangaan women in Zimbabwe and South Africa wear dukus as accessories, at other social gatherings in Zimbabwe women may wear a dhuku. However,2016 saw resurgence of wearing doeks through the movement among students around South Africa. Headscarf Hijab Africastyles. com Anyiams. com Afrricastyles. com Bbc. co. uk Bbc. co. uk Africastyles. com
16.
Jellabiya
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The jellabiya is a traditional Sudanese and Egyptian garment native to the Nile Valley. It differs from the Arabian thawb in that it has a cut, no collar. In case of farmers, these sleeves can be very wide and they are then used to store small items such as tobacco or money. Jellabiya colours are white in the summer. During winter, thicker fabric in other such as grey, dark green, olive, blue, tan or striped fabrics are used. The garment is worn with an ammama. Bekishe Djellaba Hijab Jilbāb Thawb Qamis What is Gallabia
17.
Kente cloth
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Kente, known as nwentom in Akan, is a type of silk and cotton fabric made of interwoven cloth strips and is native to the Akan ethnic group of South Ghana. Kente is made in Akan lands such as Ashanti Kingdom, and it is also worn by many other groups who have been influenced by Akans. It is the best known of all African textiles, Kente comes from the word kenten, which means basket in Akan dialect Asante. Akans refer to kente as nwentoma, meaning woven cloth and it is an Akan royal and sacred cloth worn only in times of extreme importance and was the cloth of kings. Over time, the use of kente became more widespread, however, its importance has remained and it is held in high esteem with Akans. The Ewe people especially those from Agortime-Kpetoe of Ghana also claim that, according to their history weaving was the skill they came with when they migrated from Egypt through Nigeria to their present location in Ghana. Per the oral history of the people, during the Ashante wars they captured some of their men who were skilled in the weaving of Agbamevor. For that reason, the Ewes believe that the name Kete originates from the used to weave such cloths which is also the same name that has been corrupted into kente. The icon of African cultural heritage around the world, Akan kente is identified by its dazzling, multicolored patterns of colors, geometric shapes. Kente characterized by weft designs woven into every available block of plain weave is called adweneasa, the Akan people choose kente cloths as much for their names as their colors and patterns. Although the cloths are identified primarily by the found in the lengthwise threads. Names are derived from sources, including proverbs, historical events, important chiefs, queen mothers. West Africa has had a weaving culture for centuries via the stripweave method. Kente cloth has its origin in the Ashanti kingdom, and was adopted by people in Ivory Coast, the origin of kente is in the Akan empire of Bonoman. Most Akans migrated out of the area that was Bonoman to create various states, the Ewe people think that weaving of Kente originates with them although they are not claiming they for most invent the art of weaving. In addition, the Ewes suggest that the name Kente is derived from Kete which relates to the two alternating rhythmic actions associated with the weaving of the loom. The Pangi cloth made by the Maroons is a fabric with multi-colored vertical and horizontal stripes. With the female essence of life, a mild, gentle aspect of red purple—assoc, with feminine aspects of life, usually worn by women red—political and spiritual moods, bloodshed, sacrificial rites and death
18.
Kufi
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A kufi or kufi cap is a brimless, short, and rounded cap worn by men in many populations in North Africa, East Africa, Western Africa and Asia. It is also worn by men throughout the African diaspora and it is also commonly called a topi or tupi among the Indian subcontinent. In West Africa, a cap is the traditional hat for men. It is worn by Muslims, African Christians and African Jews, many grandfathers and other older men wear a kufi every day to symbolize their status as wise elders, religious people, or family patriarchs. Within the United States, it has become identified primarily with persons of West African heritage, who wear it to show pride in their culture, history, often made of kente cloth, mudcloth, or knitted or crocheted in a variety of yarns. Crown style kufis are the hat worn with formal West African attire. A formal dashiki suit will always include a crown style kufi, in the United States today, many African-Americans wear the kufi during weddings, funerals, graduations and Kwanzaa celebrations. Furthermore, people of mainly West African heritage of all faiths wear the kufi, a West African king or tribal chief may have royal or noble arms embroidered on the kufi. For members of the Christian faith, the kufi is unisex, crochet and knitted styles are preferred by young girls and infants. Traditionally, when worn by men, the kufi is a sign of peace, mourning, in the Yoruba language, Ade means crown, and fila means cap. The city of Kufi is located in Yorubaland near Ibadan, other West African names include fula, fila, and malo hat. This cap is called a kofia in the Swahili language of East Africa, in the United States, the West African name, kufi, is most commonly used. Smoking cap Kofia - cap worn in East Africa Taqiyah Fez Dashiki Womens wrapper, anyiam, Jumping the Broom in Style. Media related to Kufi at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Tagelmust
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The tagelmust is an indigo-dyed cotton garment, with the appearance of both a veil and a turban. The cloth may exceed ten meters in length and it is mostly worn by Tuareg Berber men, and is sometimes also used by men in other neighbouring ethnic groups, such as the Hausa or Songhai. In recent times, other colors have come into use, with the indigo veils saved for use on special occasions and it usually has many layers that cover the head, and it drapes down to loosely cover the neck. It is also worn by some French people as a scarf and it prevents the inhalation of wind-borne sand by its wearers in the Sahara region. Because of the scarcity of water, the tagelmust is often dyed by pounding in dried indigo instead of soaking it. The dye often permanently leaches into the skin of the wearer, and because of this, among the Tuareg, men who wear the tagelmust are called Kel Tagelmust, or People of the Veil. The tagelmust is worn only by males, and only taken off in the presence of close family. Alasho, a similar turban veil worn by Hausa men Philippi, sammlung Philippi, Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität
20.
Wrapper (clothing)
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The wrapper, lappa, or pagne is a colorful womens garment widely worn in West Africa. It has formal and informal versions and varies from simple draped clothing to fully tailored ensembles, the formality of the wrapper depends on the fabric used to create it. In West Africa, a kaftan or caftan is a womans robe. In French, this robe is called a boubou, pronounced boo-boo, the boubou is the traditional female attire in many West African countries including Senegal, Mali and other countries. The boubou can be formal or informal attire, the formality of the kaftan depends upon the fabric used to create it. In Yorubaland, Nigeria the wrapper is common, called an iro in the Yoruba language, the wrapper is usually worn with a matching headscarf or head tie that is called a gele in Yoruba, pronounced geh-leh. A full wrapper ensemble consists of three garments, a blouse, called a buba, pronounced boo-bah the iro and a called a head tie in English. Traditional male attire is called a agbada, a wrapper takes metres of quality fabric. White wrapper sets are worn during wedding ceremonies, pagne designates a certain cut and type of untailored cotton textile, especially in Francophone West and Central Africa. Enormously popular in much of tropical Africa, the pagne cloths usage and patterns may be used to by convey by the wearer a number of social and it is similar—though distinct in size, expected pattern, and usage—to the Khanga, Kikoy or Chitenge of East and Southern Africa. From the pagne any number of garments may be created or it can be used untailored as a wrap, headtie, skirt, the Portuguese pano for cloth has become the French pagne, Dutch paan, and others. It appears to have referred to East Asian textiles traded in East and West Africa. In the UK and North America, a wrapper is also a term for an informal house garment. Today, words such as housecoat and bathrobe or dressing gown are usually employed instead, batik—created with hot wax and dye. Fancy print—created by printing patterns on cloth, unlike expensive wax prints, the design is printed on one side of the cotton fabric. Fancy prints are made in Europe, India, and West Africa, the most popular fancy print is known as the traditional print. Kente is a fabric for anyone who is not a member of the Akan people. For Akans and many Ewes, kente is a formal cloth, mudcloth—created by making mud drawings on cotton
21.
Chapan
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Chapan or is a coat worn over clothes, usually during the cold winter months. Usually worn by men, these coats are adorned with intricate threading and come in a variety of colors and it is worn in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. A chapan cape was often worn by former Afghan president Hamid Karzai
22.
Deel (clothing)
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The deel is still commonly worn by both men and women outside major towns, especially by herders. In urban areas, deels are mostly worn by elderly people. The deel appears similar to a caftan or an old European folded tunic, deels typically reach to below the wearers knees and fan out at the bottom and are commonly blue, olive, or burgundy, though there are deels in a variety of other colors. The deel looks like a large overcoat when not worn, instead of buttoning together in the middle, the sides are pulled against the wearers body, the right flap close to the body with the left covering. On the right side of the wearer are typically 5 or 6 clasps to hold the top flap in place, there is one clasp below the armpit, three at the shoulder, and either one or two at the neckline. A deel is traditionally worn with a sash, usually made of silk but leather belts with large. The area between the flaps and above the belt creates a pocket in which Mongolians keep many things, Mongolian men will occasionally even carry silver bowl or cup. In Mongolia, the usage of the word deel has been extended to other long winter coats as well. Nevertheless, other Mongol regions, such as Bortala in Xinjiang retain the meaning of the word deel as the traditional garment. Deel design varies among cultures, ethnic groups and time periods to a certain degree, there are even distinct variations among different Mongol tribes mostly on the design of the upper chest opening edges. For instance the Khalkha Mongol deel opening edges are round while a Buryat deels is square and it can also vary among other tribes such as Chakhar, Torguud, and Uzemchin. Deels are designed for different occasions and environments, the design also varies due to function. There are deels for ceremonies like weddings and holidays and deels for daily wear, deels for special occasions have their outer layer made of silk while the common deels are usually made of wool, cotton and other relatively inexpensive materials
23.
Paranja
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Paranja from فرنجية is a traditional Central Asian robe for women and girls that covers the head and body. It is also known as the burqa in other languages and it is similar in basic style and function to other regional styles such as the Afghan chadari. The chasmband and paranja were used by women to cover themselves in cities in Central Asia. In Central Asian sedentary Muslim areas, women wore veils which shrouded the entire face and these were called paranja or faranji. The traditional veil in Central Asia worn before modern times was the faranji, tajikistan President Emomali has claimed that veils were not part of Tajik culture. The veil was attacked by the government of Atambaev, the Kyrgyz President, the part that covered the face, known as the chachvan, was heavy in weight and made from horsehair. It was especially prevalent among urban Uzbeks and Tajiks, the paranja was worn in Khorezm. It was also worn during the Shaybanids rule, in the 1800s, women were obliged to wear paranja when outside the house. Paranji and chachvon were by 1917 common among urban Uzbek women of the river basins. This was less frequently worn in the areas, and scarcely at all on the nomadic steppe. The unveiling by the Soviets was called the hujum in the Uzbek SSR, the paranja was worn in Central Asia in cities. The paranjas were burned on orders of the Communist Soviets, due to the fact that paranjas were worn by Tajiks and Uzbeks, in Bukhara none of the women could be seen by Lord Curzon in his travel there in 1886. Lord Curzon remarked I have frequently been asked since my return - it is the question which an Englishman always seems to ask first - what the women of Bokhara were like, I am utterly unable to say. I never saw the features of one between the ages of ten and fifty, the little girls ran about unveiled, in loose silk frocks, and wore their hair in long plaits escaping from a tiny skull-cap. Similarly the old hags were allowed to exhibit their innocuous charms, on the ground, I suppose, but the bulk of the female population were veiled in a manner that defied and even repelled scrutiny. Their chaussures consist of heavy boots, in which their little feet are fixed, enveloped in a mass of leather. Such a costume is not in itself attractive, but even so attired, ladies of rank and good character never venture to show themselves in any public place or bazaar. This becomes, after a while, one of the most disagreeable features of Khiva, mens faces, nothing but mens faces for weeks and months, until you long for the sight of a womans face, as you do for green grass and flowers in the desert
24.
Chinese clothing
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Chinese clothing is ancient and modern. Chinese clothing has varied by region and time, and is recorded by the artifacts and arts of Chinese culture, depending on ones status in society, each social class had a different sense of fashion in ancient China. Most Chinese men wore Chinese black cotton shoes, but wealthy higher class people would wear black leather shoes for formal occasions. Very rich and wealthy men would wear bright, beautiful silk shoes sometimes having leather on the inside. Women would wear silk shoes, with certain wealthy women practicing bound feet wearing coated Lotus shoes as a status symbol until in the early 20th century, mens shoes were usually less elaborate than womens. Chinese civil or military officials used a variety of codes to show their rank, the most recognized is the Mandarin square or rank bad In. Another code was also the use of hat knobs fixed on the top of their hats. The specific hat knob on ones hat determined ones rank, as there were twelve types of hat knobs representing the nine distinctive ranks of the civil or military position. Variations existed for Ming official headwear, in the Qing Dynasty different patterns of robes represented different ranks. The rise of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in many ways represented a new clothing styles were required to be worn by all noblemen, eventually, this style became widespread among the commoners. A new style of dress, called tangzhuang, included the changshan worn by men, Manchu official headwear differed from the Ming version, but the Qing continued to use the Mandarin square. It was around this time that foot binding became more popular, the abolition of imperial China in 1912 had an immediate effect on dress and customs. The largely Han Chinese population immediately cut off their queues they had forced to grow in submission to the overthrown Qing Dynasty. Sun Yat-sen popularised a new style of wear, featuring jacket. Adapted from Japanese student wear, this style of dress became known as the Zhongshan suit, for women, a transformation of the traditional qipao resulted in a slender form-fitting dress with a high cut. This new cheongsam contrasted sharply with the traditional qipao but has replaced it in modern fashion. In the early period, the traditional dudou underbodice was largely abandoned in favor of western-style corsets. Early in the Peoples Republic, Mao Zedong would inspire Chinese fashion with his own variant of the Zhongshan suit, meanwhile, Sun Yat-sens widow, Soong Ching-ling, popularized the cheongsam as the standard female dress
25.
Changshan
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A changshan in traditional Chinese dress is a long jacket or tunic worn by men. In function, it is considered the equivalent of the womens cheongsam. It is also known as a changpao or dagua and these types of dress were widely adopted beginning under the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty, who required that men in certain positions wear this style. It took more time for the majority of women to adopt the new style of qipao rather than hanfu, the Mandarin Chinese word changshan is cognate with the Cantonese term 長衫 chèuhng sàam. This was borrowed into English as cheongsam, unlike the Mandarin term, however, chèuhngsàam can refer to both male and female garments. In Hong Kong the term is used to refer to the body-hugging female garment rather than the male changshan. Because of the long British presence in Hong Kong, that usage has become reflected in the meaning of cheongsam in English. Changshan, along with qipao, were introduced to China during the Qing dynasty, the Manchus in 1636 ordered that all Han Chinese should adopt the changshan style of dress or face harsh punishment. However, after the 1644 fall of the Ming dynasty, the Manchu stopped this order, they required only that court, commoners were still allowed to wear the hanfu. Over time, the commoners adopted the changshan and qipao as their own dress, the traditional Chinese Hanfu style of clothing was gradually replaced. Over time, the Manchu style gained popularity, changshan was considered formal dress for Chinese men before Western-style suits were widely adopted in China. The male changshan could be worn under an overcoat, and topped with a fedora. This combination expressed an East Asian modernity in the early 20th century, the 1949 Communist Revolution ended the wearing of changshan and other traditional clothing in Shanghai. Shanghainese emigrants and refugees carried the fashion to Hong Kong, where it has remained popular, recently in Shanghai and elsewhere in mainland China, many people have revived wearing the Shanghainese changshan. Changshan are traditionally worn for formal pictures, weddings, and other formal Chinese events, a black changshan, along with a rounded black hat, was, and sometimes still is, the burial attire for Chinese men
26.
Cheongsam
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The cheongsam is a body-hugging one-piece Chinese dress for women, also known as qipao, and was ROCs mandarin gown. The stylish and often tight-fitting cheongsam or qipao that is best known today was created in the 1920s in Shanghai and made fashionable by socialites and upper class women. The English loanword cheongsam comes from chèuhngsāam, the Cantonese pronunciation of the Shanghainese term zǎnze or zansae, by which the original tight-fitting form was first known. The Shanghainese name was somewhat in contrast with usage in Mandarin and other Chinese dialects, where chángshān refers to an exclusively male dress and the female version is known as a qípáo. In Hong Kong, where many Shanghai tailors fled to after the communist revolution in China, the word keipo is either a more formal term for the female chèuhngsāam, or is used for the two-piece cheongsam variant that is popular in China. Traditionally, usage in Western countries mostly followed the original Shanghainese usage, during the Qing dynasty, certain social strata emerged. Among them were the Banners, mostly Manchu, who as a group were called Banner People, Manchu women typically wore a one-piece dress that retrospectively came to be known as the qípáo. The generic term for both the male and the forms of Manchu dress, essentially similar garments, was chángpáo. The qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body, or flared slightly in an A-line. Under the dynastic laws after 1636, all Han Chinese in the system were forced to adopt the Manchu male hairstyle of wearing a queue as did all Manchu men. Most Han civilian men voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing while Han women continued wearing Han clothing. Until 1911, the changpao was required clothing for Chinese men of a certain class, the qipao was a new fashion item for Han Chinese women when they started wearing it around 1925. The original qipao was wide and loose and it covered most of the womans body, revealing only the head, hands, and the tips of the toes. The baggy nature of the clothing also served to conceal the figure of the wearer regardless of age, with time, though, the qipao were tailored to become more form fitting and revealing. The modern version, which is now recognized popularly in China as the standard qipao, was first developed in Shanghai in the 1920s, People eagerly sought a more modernized style of dress and transformed the old qipao to suit their tastes. Slender and form fitting with a cut, it had great differences from the traditional qipao. It was high-class courtesans and celebrities in the city that would make these redesigned tight fitting qipao popular at that time, in Shanghai it was first known as zansae or long dress, and it is this name that survives in English as the cheongsam. Like the male changpaos they derive from, cheongsams in the beginning were always worn in conjunction with trousers, however, with the introduction of Western fashion during the Nanking decade, it became a popular choice to replace these with stockings
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Mao suit
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The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire traditionally known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and later as the Mao suit. Sun Yat-sen introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political, in the 1960s and 1970s the Mao suit became fashionable among Western European, Australian, and New Zealander socialists and intellectuals. It was sometimes worn over a turtleneck, when the Republic was founded in 1912, the style of dress worn in China was based on Manchu dress, which had been imposed by the Qing Dynasty as a form of social control. The majority-Han Chinese revolutionaries who overthrew the Qing were fueled by failure of the Qing to defend China, the Zhongshan suit is a similar development which combined Western and Eastern fashions. The Zhongshan suit was an attempt to cater to contemporary sensibilities without adopting Western styles wholesale, dr. Sun Yat-sen was personally involved, providing inputs based on his life experience in Japan, the Japanese cadet uniform became a basis of the Zhongshan suit. Over time, minor stylistic changes developed, the suit originally had seven buttons, later reduced to five. As a result, early Communist Party members adopted the attire as a mark of joining the Nationalist Party, after Sun Yat-sens death in 1925, popular mythology assigned a revolutionary and patriotic significance to the Zhongshan suit. The four pockets were said to represent the Four Virtues cited in the classic Guanzi, Propriety, Justice, Honesty, finally, unlike Western-style suits that are usually composed of two layers of cloth, the jacket is in a single piece—symbolizing Chinas unity and peace. In the 1920s and 1930s, civil servants of the Chinese government were required to wear the Zhongshan zhuang, the Mao suit remained the standard formal dress for the first and second generations of PRC leaders such as Deng Xiaoping. During the 1990s, it began to be worn with decreasing frequency by leaders of Jiang Zemins generation as more and more Chinese politicians began wearing traditional Western-style suits with neckties, Jiang wore it only on special occasions, such as to state dinners. Hu Jintao still wore the Mao suit, but only on special occasions, hu Jintao even showed up to a black tie state dinner in the United States wearing a business suit, attracting some criticism for being underdressed at a formal occasion. In the Xi Jinping administration, however, the Mao suit made a comeback as a diplomatic uniform, in Taiwan, the Zhongshan suit was seldom seen after the 1970s. The Mao suit is worn at the most formal ceremonies as a symbol of national sovereignty, Chinese paramount leaders always wear Mao suits for military parades in Beijing, even though the Vice President and other Politburo officials wear Western business suits. It is customary for Chinese leaders to wear Mao suits when attending state dinners, in this situation, the Mao suit serves as a form of evening dress, equivalent to a military uniform for a monarch, or a tuxedo for a president. The Mao suit also serves as a diplomatic uniform, although Chinese ambassadors usually wear Western business suits, many Chinese ambassadors choose to wear a Mao suit when they present their credentials to the head of state. The presentation ceremony is symbolic of the recognition that exists between the two countries, so it carries a higher level of formality than other diplomatic meetings. Barong Tagalog French Nehru jacket Gakuran Mandarin collar Madiba shirt Safari jacket Feldbluse Abacost Mao cap History of the Mao Suit
28.
Tangzhuang
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A tangzhuang is a type of Chinese jackets that originated at the end of the Qing dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by ordinary people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well, in Chinese communities, the Mao suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions. Tangzhuang are made in different colors, most commonly red, navy, gold, black, one common design is the use of Chinese characters as monograms such as Fu or Shou to spread good luck and wishes. At the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Shanghai in November 2001, Chinese clothing Cheongsam Changshan Mandarin collar Hanfu jiury. com on the Tangzhuang
29.
Japanese clothing
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There are typically two types of clothing that the Japanese wear, the Japanese clothing, such as kimonos, and Western clothing. Japanese culture has greatly impacted by the rest of the world throughout history. One of the most noticeable changes in Japanese culture is the clothing, traditional, while the traditional ethnic garments of Japan are still in use, they are mainly worn for ceremonies and special events, funerals, coming-of-age ceremonies, and festivals. In more recent years, western clothing is often in day-to-day life. While the westernization of fashions has continued at a rapid pace, modern Japanese fashion history might be conceived as the very gradual westernization of Japanese clothes. The woolen and worsted industries were completely a product of Japan’s re-established contact with the West in the 1850s and 1860s, before the 1860s, Japanese clothing consisted entirely of a great variety of kimono. They first appeared in the Jomon period, with no distinction between male and female, after Japan opened up for trading with the outside world, other clothing options started to come in. The first Japanese to adopt western clothing were officers and men of some units of the shoguns army, sometime in the 1850s these men adopted woolen uniforms worn by English marines stationed at Yokohama. To produce them could not have been easy, the cloth had to be imported. Perhaps the most significant of early adoption of Western styles was its public origin. For quite a while, the sector remained as major champion of the new garb. The style only grew from there, moving out from the military to other lifestyles, soon, courtiers and bureaucrats were urged to adopt Western clothing, which was thought to be more practical. The Ministry of Education ordered that Western-style student uniforms be worn in public colleges and universities, businessmen, teachers, doctors, bankers, and other leaders of the new society wore suits to work and at large social functions. Although western-style dress was becoming popular for workplaces, schools. Since World War II most areas have taken over by western clothing. Thus, by the opening of the century, western dress was a symbol of social dignity. However, the vast majority of Japanese stuck to their fashions, Western dress for street wear and Japanese dress at home remained the general rule for a very long time. An example of Eastern influence from Japan that spread to the rest of the world is evident in the late 1880s, an ordinary wool blanket was used as a shawl for women, and a red blanket was featured in Vogue for winter wear
30.
Hachimaki
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A hachimaki is a stylized headband in Japanese culture, usually made of red or white cloth, worn as a symbol of perseverance, effort, and/or courage by the wearer. These narrow strips of fabric are generally decorated with slogans, like 日本一. The historical origin of hachimaki is uncertain, one theory links the cloth to those worn by early religious ascetics. Another theory states that they originated in headbands worn by samurai that kept their helmets on, to absorb perspiration and this is similar to the purpose of the European cloth arming cap. Perhaps the most well known usage of the hachimaki was by the kamikaze pilots toward the end of World War II, kamikaze pilots would frequently don a hachimaki, usually with the kanji 神風, before flying to their deaths
31.
Kimono
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The kimono is a Japanese traditional garment. The word kimono, which means a thing to wear, has come to denote these full-length robes. The standard plural of the kimono in English is kimonos. The kimono is always used in important festival or formal moments, it is the representative of polite, Kimono has T-shaped, straight-lined robes worn so that the hem falls to the ankle, with attached collars and long, wide sleeves. Kimono are wrapped around the body, always with the side over the right and secured by a sash called an obi. Kimono are generally worn with traditional footwear and split-toe socks, today, kimono are most often worn by women and on special occasions. Traditionally, unmarried women wore a style of kimono called furisode, with almost floor-length sleeves, a few older women and even fewer men still wear the kimono on a daily basis. Men wear the kimono most often at weddings, tea ceremonies, professional sumo wrestlers are often seen in the kimono because they are required to wear traditional Japanese dress whenever appearing in public. Chinese fashion had a influence on Japan from the Kofun period to the early Heian period as a result of mass immigration from the continent. During Japans Heian period, the kimono became increasingly stylized, though one still wore a half-apron, called a mo, over it. During the Muromachi age, the Kosode, a single kimono formerly considered underwear, began to be worn without the hakama over it, and thus began to be held closed by an obi belt. During the Edo period, the sleeves began to grow in length, especially among unmarried women, since then, the basic shape of both the men’s and women’s kimono has remained essentially unchanged. Kimonos made with exceptional skill from fine materials have been regarded as great works of art, the formal kimono was replaced by the more convenient Western clothes and yukata as everyday wear. After an edict by Emperor Meiji, police, railroad men, the Western clothes became the army and school uniform for boys. After the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, kimono wearers often became victims of robbery because they could not run very fast due to the nature of the kimono on the body. The Tokyo Womens & Childrens Wear Manufacturers Association promoted Western clothes, between 1920 and 1930 the sailor outfit replaced the undivided hakama in school uniforms for girls. The 1932 fire at Shirokiyas Nihonbashi store is said to have been the catalyst for the decline in kimonos as everyday wear, kimono-clad Japanese women did not wear underwear and several women refused to jump into safety nets because they were ashamed of being seen from below. The national uniform, Kokumin-fuku, a type of Western clothes, was mandated for males in 1940, today most people wear Western clothes and wear the breezier and more comfortable yukata for special occasions
32.
Cheopji
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Cheopji is a Korean hair accessory decorating the chignon of ladies when they wear a ceremonial dress. It is usually made of silver, and a frog-shape is its common form, the use of cheopji began after Baljaegaeheok proclaimed by Yeongjo of Joseon. It was used routinely at court, but ordinary people were to use only when they wear a ceremonial dress
33.
Daenggi
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Daenggi is a traditional Korean ribbon made of cloth to tie and to decorate braided hair. There are several types of daenggi according to purpose, age, tteoguji daenggi, maegae daenggi, doturak daenggi, and deurim daenggi are used for ceremonial purpose. While jebiburi daenggi, doturank daenggi, jjok daenggi, and malttuk daenggi, the daenggi used for gungnyeo or count ladies during the Joseon Dynasty were negadak daenggi, and patip daenggi. Gache Hanbok Hwarot List of Korean clothing
34.
Gache
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The gache is a big wig worn by Korean women. Women of high social backgrounds and kisaeng wore them, like their western contemporaries Koreans considered bigger and heavier wigs to be more aesthetically pleasing. Also due to its costliness, some lower-class families took up to 6–7 years preparing a new gache wig for their new daughter-in-law, the gache also flourished in Goryeo, the Three Kingdoms, Balhae, the Gaya confederacy, and Gojoseon. They were decorated with objects, gold, jewels, silver, coral, jade. Certain decorations were reserved for royalty, in the 19th century, yangban women began to wear jokduri, a small hat that substituted for the gache. However gache still enjoyed vast popularity in kisaeng circles and traditional weddings, inclusive of its decorations, a gache usually weighs about 3 to 4 kg
35.
Hanbok
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Hanbok or Joseon-ot is the representative example of traditional Korean dress. It is characterized by vibrant colors and simple lines without pockets, in 1996, the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established Hanbok Day to encourage South Korean citizens to wear hanbok. Traditional womens hanbok consists of jeogori, a shirt or a jacket, and chima, a wrap-around skirt. The ensemble is often called chima jeogori, mens hanbok consists of jeogori and loose-fitting baji, Jeogori is the basic upper garment of the hanbok, worn by both man and women. It covers the arms and upper part of the wearers body, the basic form of a jeogori consists of gil, git, dongjeong, goreum and sleeves. Gil is the section of the garment on both front and back sides, and git is a band of fabric that trims the collar. Dongjeong is a white collar placed over the end of the git and is generally squared off. The goreum are coat-strings that tie the jeogori, womens jeogori may have kkeutdong, a different colored cuff placed at the end of the sleeves. Two jeogori may be the earliest surviving archaeological finds of their kind, one from a Yangcheon Heo Clan tomb is dated 1400-1450, while the other was discovered inside a statue of the Buddha at Sangwonsa Temple that has been dated to the 1460s. The form of Jeogori has changed over time, while mens jeogori remained relatively unchanged, womens jeogori dramatically shortened during the Joseon dynasty, reaching its shortest length at the late 19th century. However, due to efforts and practical reasons, modern jeogori for women is longer than its earlier counterpart. Nonetheless the length is still above the waist line, traditionally, goreum were short and narrow, however modern goreum are rather long and wide. There are several types of jeogori varying in fabric, sewing technique, chima refers to skirt, which is also called sang or gun in hanja. The underskirt, or petticoat layer, is called sokchima, according to ancient murals of Goguryeo and an earthen toy excavated from the neighborhood of Hwangnam-dong, Gyeongju, Goguryeo women wore a chima with jeogori over it, covering the belt. Although striped, patchwork, and gored skirts are known from the Goguryeo and Joseon periods and this waistband extended past the skirt fabric itself and formed ties for fastening the skirt around the body. Sokchima was largely made in a way to the overskirts until the early 20th century when straps were added. By the mid-20th century, some outer chima had also gained a sleeveless bodice, baji refers to the bottom part of the mens hanbok. It is the term for pants in Korean
36.
Jokduri
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A jokduri is a type of Korean traditional coronet worn by women for special occasions such as weddings. It consists of a crown which is covered with black silk. Its top is decorated with cloisonné ornaments, the crown is also called jokdu or jokgwan and is used mostly as an accessory. The upper part is hexagonal and the bottom is cylindrical. The form of jokduri gets narrower from the top to the bottom, jokduri can be used to display the wearers social status by being adorned with accessories made from gold or silver. It is said that the jokduri was derived from the Mongolian womans cap for outing and it began to be used in that period as intermarriages between Goryeo and the Yuan Dynasty of China happened. However, the jokduri during the Goryeo period is assumed to be bigger and higher than the one in the Joseon period, during the Joseon Dynasty, the jokduri became smaller and there was not much difference in the overall shape between the top and the bottom. During the reign of King Gwanghaegun, black silk began to be used for the covering whereas purple silk was used as the inner fabric, thereafter, as women enjoyed wearing a jokduri, it became almost a national style in fashion. In the late Joseon period, King Yeongjo and Jeongjo prohibited women from wearing gache and, instead, as Kinds of Jokguri is for wedding, funeral rites and rituals and used daily for the court. Hwagwan Ayam Gache Hanbok Hwarot Headgear Crown
37.
Manggeon
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It is usually made by weaving dyed horsehair. According to the legend, the earliest people who wore Wangjin were the Daoshi, one day, The Hongwu Emperor of Ming Dynasty wore common clothes to visit the folk and he saw a Daoshi wore Wangjin on top of his head. The Emperor asked the Daoshi what is it and then the Daoshi answered This is Wangjin, wear it on top of your head, the Emperor was really satisfied with this answer that contained meaning of united the country. After the Emperor returned to his palace, he ordered all the men in the country including the emperor to the ordinary people must wear Wangjin on their head. Since then, Wangjin became common headgear of adult men in the entire country, similar to Hanfu, Wangjin also spread to neighboring countries that had tributary relationships with the Ming Dynasty, such as Joseon. It is known as manggeon in Korean
38.
Pashtun clothing
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As a chiefly rural and nomadic population, the Pashtun dress of Afghanistan and Pakistan is typically made from light linens, and are loose fitting for ease of movement. The Pashtun dress includes local forms of the shalwar kameez, which are made for males and females. The traditional male dress includes the Khet partug and Perahan wa tunban, males usually wear kufi, Peshawari cap, turban, sindhi cap or pakul as traditional headgear. Pashtun Leaders sometimes wear a hat, like former President Hamid Karzai. The traditional female dress is the Firaq partūg, women typically wear solid-coloured trousers, a long kamīs shirt with a belt. Sometimes they will wear an encompassing burqa over this outfit or a tsādar on their head, more elaborate and fancier dresses are detailed with gold threading, gold beads, and come in many different colors on silk fabrics. These dresses are worn to special occasions and weddings. Many of the groups who live alongside the Pasthuns in Afghanistan, Pakistan have also adopted the dress because of comfort or popular culture. Peshawari chappal, a type of Pashtun footwear mostly worn in the Peshawar region Pashtun culture Shalwar Kameez Khet partug Peshawari Pagri Perahan tunban Firaq partug
39.
Pakol
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Pakol, or the Afghan Hat, is a soft, round-topped mens hat, typically of wool and found in any of a variety of earthy colours, brown, black, grey, or ivory, or dyed red using walnut. Before it is put on, it resembles a bag with a round, the wearer rolls up the sides nearly to the top, forming a thick band, which then rests on the head like a beret. Pakols ancestor is perhaps the remarkably similar ancient Macedonian kausia hat, the Chitralis are considered descendants of ancient Greeks. It gained popularity in Nuristan a few centuries ago. It is now very commonly worn in Swat and Dir in Pakistan. The word Pakol is derived from Chitrali Khowar language which means round cap and this cap is originated in somewhere between Chitral and Gilgit. Later Pashtuns of adjoining areas like Swat, Dir in Pakistan and Nuristan region of Afghanistan adopted it, according to the internationally known scholar on Afghanistan, Louis Dupree, the pakul is the regional headgear worn by the men of Nuristan, a region in northwest Afghanistan. Since they are made in Chitral, Pakistan, they are also referred to as Chitrali caps. In the 1980s, the Pakul was worn by a unit of the Afghan Mujahideen who fought against the Soviets. Today, they are worn by the forces of the United Front and he was assassinated in September,2001. Since then this Chitrali cap is famous in Afghanistan, the patti is first sewn into the shape of a cylinder, about a foot or more long. One end of the cylinder is capped with a piece of the same material. The woollen cylinder is then inverted and fitted onto a wooden block. The rim of the cylinder is then rolled up to the top. Today there are two varieties of cap, Chitrali Pkol and Gilgit feather hat also called Shati. In Gilgit-Baltistan, the white cap is more popular and worn with a peacock plume stuck in the folds, like a badge. The deep blue and green of the feather, set against the white of the cap, is quite eye catching. Because of the material, the pakol is basically a cold weather cap. Because of this, several authors, some even deeply acquainted with Afghanistan, have sometimes condoned definitions like “Tajik hat” or “Panjshiri hat”, actually, it could be termed by the same right, “Nuristani hat” or “Chitrali hat”, would come closer to the historical truth
40.
Gho
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The gho or gô is the traditional and national dress for men in Bhutan. On festive occasions, it is worn with a kabney, the government of Bhutan requires all men to wear the gho if they work in a government office or school. Men are also required to wear the gho on formal occasions, in its modern form, the law dates from 1989, but the driglam namzha dress code is much older
41.
Kira (Bhutan)
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The kira is the national dress for women in Bhutan. It is a dress consisting of a rectangular piece of woven fabric. It is wrapped and folded around the body and is pinned at both shoulders, usually with silver brooches, and bound at the waist with a long belt, the kira is usually worn with a wonju inside and a short jacket or toego outside. A rachu is worn over the traditional dress kira
42.
Dhoti
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The dhoti, also known as vesti, dhuti, mardani, dhoteé, chaadra, dhotra, and pancha, is a traditional mens garment, worn in the Indian subcontinent mainly by Indian, Nepalese and Bangladeshi people. It is worn predominantly in the countries of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and it is the national dress of the Madhesh region of southern Nepal, worn mainly by Nepalis of Madhesi, Tharu and Maithali ethnicity. It is a piece of unstitched cloth, usually around 4.5 metres long, wrapped around the waist. The word dhoti is derived from dhauti, meaning to cleanse or wash, in the context of clothing, it simply refers to the cleansed garment which was worn during shrauta sacrifices or religious sessions in general. They also wear a loose, unstitched cloth, shorter than the pancha, hare Krishna, known for its distinctive dress code, prompts Western adherents to wear pancha, usually of saffron or white cloth folded in a traditional style. Mahatma Gandhi invariably wore a pancha on public occasions but, as he was aware that it was considered indecent to do so in countries, was shocked when a friend wore one in London. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was known for wearing a silk dhoti
43.
Dupatta
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Dupatta is a long, multi-purpose scarf that is essential to many South Asian womens suits and matches the womans garments. The dupatta is most commonly used with shalwar kameez and the kurta, the dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress. The word dupatta is a combination of du- meaning two, and patta meaning strip of cloth, originally from Sanskrit, Dupatta veil is believed to have evolved from ancient Uttariya veil, worn by women in ancient period as part of three-piece attire. Dupatta is worn in many regional styles across South Asia, originally, it was worn as a symbol of modesty. While that symbolism still continues, many today wear it as just a decorative accessory, there is no single way of wearing the dupatta, and as time evolves and fashion modernizes, the style of the dupatta has also evolved. A dupatta is worn across both shoulders and around head. However, the dupatta can be worn like a cape around the entire torso, the material for the dupatta varies according to the suit. There are various modes of wearing dupatta, when not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with the ends thrown over each shoulder. When the dupatta is worn with the salwar-kameez it is allowed to flow down the front. In current fashions, the dupatta is draped over one shoulder. Another recent trend is the dupatta, which is more a scarf or a stole, often worn with kurtas. Essentially, the dupatta is often treated as an accessory in current urban fashion, when entering a mosque, dargah, church, gurdwara or mandir, it is the habit in the Indian subcontinent for women to cover their head with a dupatta. Indian Dupatta From Behind the Veil, an article about the dupatta
44.
Clothing in India
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Clothing in India varies depending on the different ethnicity, geography, climate and cultural traditions of the people of each region of India. In urban areas, western clothing is common and uniformly worn by people of all social levels, India also has a great diversity in terms of weaves, fibers, colours and material of clothing. Colour codes are followed in clothing based on the religion and ritual concerned, for instance, Hindu ladies wear white clothes to indicate mourning, while Parsis and Christians wear white to weddings. The clothing in India also encompasses the wide variety of Indian embroidery, Indias recorded history of clothing goes back to the 5th millennium BC in the Indus Valley civilization where cotton was spun, woven and dyed. Bone needles and wooden spindles have been unearthed in excavations at the site, the cotton industry in ancient India was well developed, and several of the methods survive until today. Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian described Indian cotton as a wool exceeding in beauty, Indian cotton clothing was well adapted to the dry, hot summers of the subcontinent. The grand epic Mahabharata, composed by about 400 BC, tells of the god Krishna staving off Draupadis disrobing by bestowing an unending saree upon her, most of the present knowledge of ancient Indian clothing comes from rock sculptures and paintings in cave monuments such as Ellora. Recent analysis of Harappan silk fibres in beads have shown that silk was made by the process of reeling, a process known only to China until the early centuries AD. According to the Greek historian Arrian, The Indians use linen clothing, as says Nearchus, made from the flax taken from the trees, and this flax is either whiter in colour than any other flax, or the people being black make the flax appear whiter. They have a linen frock reaching down halfway between the knee and the ankle, and a garment which is partly thrown round the shoulders, the Indians who are very well-off wear earrings of ivory, for they do not all wear them. Nearchus says that the Indians dye their beards various colours, some that they may appear white as the whitest, others dark blue, others have them red, others purple and those who are of any rank have umbrellas held over them in the summer. They wear shoes of white leather, elaborately worked, and the soles of their shoes are many-coloured and raised high, evidence from the 1st century AD shows some cultural exchanges with the Greeks. Indo-Greek influence is seen in the Greco-Buddhist art of the time, the Buddhas were portrayed as wearing the Greek himation, which is the forerunner of the modern saṃghāti that forms a part of the Kasaya of Buddhist monks. During the Maurya and Gupta period, the continued to wear the three piece unstitched clothing as in Vedic times. The main items of clothing were the Antariya made of cotton or muslin, tied to the waist by a sash called Kayabandh. New trade routes, both overland and overseas, created an exchange with Central Asia and Europe. Romans bought indigo for dyeing and cotton cloth as articles of clothing, trade with China via the Silk road introduced silk textiles into India. The Chinese had a monopoly in the trade and kept its production process a trade secret
45.
Lungi
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It is particularly popular in regions where the heat and humidity create an unpleasant climate for trousers. Unlike dhotis, which are linear like sheets, lungis are sometimes sewn into a shape like a skirt. They are especially worn in hot regions, there are also cheaper open lungis, in identical dimensions but not sewn into a tube shape. The standard adult lungi is 115 cm in height and 200 cm in length, childrens lungis are available in approximately 2/3 of this size. They are normally woven from cotton and come in a variety of designs, silk lungis are available for ceremonial purposes such as weddings. The most common styles are either solid-colored or plaid, reflecting the relative ease, blue is particularly popular, since it fades to pleasant tones in contrast to other colors. Regardless of the design or color, lungis are often lined at the top, depending on local tradition, lungis can be worn by men and/or women. They are tied or fastened in various ways, and can be used in different cultural activities, ranging from normal daily life to elaborate wedding ceremonies. For daily purposes, a double twist knot is most popular. However, it is common for wearers to simply tie a double pretzel knot from 2 points on the upper border. The lungis length can also be adjusted, for example, by tucking in the lungi at the waist to make it resemble a short skirt, the lungi is the most commonly seen dress of Bangladeshi men, although it is not normally worn for formal occasions. In Bangladesh, lungis are worn by men, almost universally indoors, elaborately designed tartan cotton, batik, or silk lungis are also often presented as wedding gifts to the groom in a Bangladeshi wedding. The typical Bangladeshi lungi is a tubular shape, as opposed to the single sheet worn in other parts of South. In Bangladesh, the industry is concentrated in Sirajganj, Kustia. Bangladeshi women do not traditionally wear lungis, although non-Bengali tribal women do wear similar garments in some parts of southeastern Bangladesh, in April 2013, the Baridhara Housing Society—a housing society in Dhaka—banned lungi, and began refusing entry to those who wore them. However, many opposed the ban, taking to social media such as Facebook. A march took place on 13 April to oppose the ban, meanwhile, U. S Ambassador Dan W. Mozena has been seen wearing a lungi in front of his house. Some famous lungi companies in Bangladesh are Pakiza Lungi, ATM Lungi, and Allaher dan Lungi House In Ethiopia, as the climate is very hot in the Afar region, the Lungi makes the perfect garment
