1.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
2.
New York Stock Exchange
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The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
3.
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
4.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
7.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
8.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
9.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
10.
Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
11.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
12.
Media market
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They can coincide or overlap with one or more metropolitan areas, though rural regions with few significant population centers can also be designated as markets. Conversely, very large areas can sometimes be subdivided into multiple segments. Market regions may overlap, meaning that people residing on the edge of one market may be able to receive content from other nearby markets. They are widely used in measurements, which are compiled in the United States by Nielsen Media Research. Nielsen measures both television and radio audiences since its acquisition of Arbitron, which was completed in September 2013, markets are identified by the largest city, which are usually located in the center of the market region. In the United States, radio markets are generally a bit smaller than their counterparts, as broadcast power restrictions are stricter for radio than TV. AM band and FM band radio ratings are separated, as are broadcast. This information is used by advertisers to determine how to reach a specific audience, a Television Market Area is a group of counties in the United States covered by a specific group of television stations. The term is used by the U. S, governments Federal Communications Commission to regulate broadcast, cable, and satellite transmissions, according to the Code of Federal Regulations, at 47 CFR §76.51 and FCC. gov. The TMAs not only have control over local broadcasts. These market areas can also be used to define restrictions on rebroadcasting of broadcast television signals, generally speaking, only stations within the same market area can be rebroadcast. The only exception to rule is the significantly viewed list. Virtually all of the United States is located within the boundaries of exactly one TMA, a similar term used by Nielsen Media Research is the Designated Market Area, and they control the trademark on it. DMAs are used by Nielsen Media Research to identify TV stations that best reach an area, there are 210 Nielsen DMAs in the United States,56 of which are metered. TMAs may cover a larger area than the stations that serve it. This is particularly true in markets that have hilly or mountainous terrain that is ill-suited for digital broadcasting, in these cases, the outlying areas of a TMA may only be served by cable and satellite, or perhaps by small translators. Conversely, a small market such as Erie, Pennsylvania may have stations where their signal spills well over into neighboring TMAs. Arbitron at one time also maintained similar areas for television ratings, there were 286 ADIs in the United States
13.
Raycom Media
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Raycom Media, Inc. is an American television broadcasting company based in Montgomery, Alabama. It is owned by the Retirement Systems of Alabama, an agency of the Alabama state government, in 1994, Ellis bought Raycom Sports, a 15-year-old sports marketing firm. Two years later, Ellis sold Raycom to a group funded by Retirement Systems of Alabama. The three groups merged to form Raycom Media, in 1998, Raycom merged with Malrite Communications, owner of five stations in the South and Midwest. In August 2005 it acquired the Liberty Corporation and in the process sold a dozen of its stations to Barrington Broadcasting, the merger closed at the start of 2006. As of January 1,2008, Lincoln Financial Sports was officially merged into Raycom Sports, on August 10,2015, Raycom announced that it would purchase stations owned by Drewry Communications for $160 million. The sale was completed on December 1, Raycom Media has been involved in a torrent of controversies. These issues have ranged from discrimination, nationally televised blackouts to poor working conditions, Raycom Media has had a history of numerous incidents of failing to provide its viewers television coverage during highly viewed transmissions. In 2014, Raycom’s “viewers in dozens of markets across the country couldn’t tune into the NFL season opener on NBC Thursday night” according to USA Today, in another 2014 blackout, more than 50 TV stations were shut off due Raycom Media’s inability to provide viewing. The company’s executives were accused of demanding unreasonable price hikes that could not be met. On March 16th,2017, Raycom Media failed for a time since July of 2015 “to renew their retransmission consent agreement. ”This led to viewers in 23 markets without access to television coverage. There was an outcry from viewers on Twitter following the incident, in 2014, Raycom Media had some internal violations that came to light involving terminating employee with disability. A lawsuit against Raycoms WOIO Channel 19 alleged sexually hostile work environment in its advertising department. ”Raycom has had a instances of employees being associated with traffic incidents due to strenuous working conditions. In 2015, a Raycom Media employee from the KCBD station in Lubbock “ran over a guy and then drove away. ”The lawsuit also claimed the station did not acknowledge its involvement, nor did it preserve the evidence. As a result of being struck, Hammond “sustained and suffered severe injuries to his head, arms, legs, torso, neck and back. Raycom Media’s executives “decided to settle before the lawsuit every got to court. ”In 2016, Don Logana, “an investigative reporter, Raycom Media hasnt provided any future information on preventive measures. Raycom owns a 20% stake in Frankly, a San Francisco-based social media company that owns Raycoms digital provider WorldNow, stations are arranged alphabetically by state and by city of license. Notes, – built and signed-on by Raycom Media, – owned by Aflac and Ellis Communications prior to the formation of Raycom Media in 1996
14.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
15.
WALB
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WALB is the NBC-affiliated television station for Southwestern Georgia that is licensed to Albany. It broadcasts a high definition signal on VHF channel 10 from a transmitter along the Colquitt. Owned by Raycom Media, WALB has studios on Stuart Avenue in Albany, the station signed on the air on April 7,1954 as WALB-TV and was owned by Gray Communications along with WALB-AM1590 and The Albany Herald. When the radio studios were built back in 1953, Stuart Avenue was a dirt road running through a pecan grove. For its first three years on-air, WALB-TV transmitted a signal on VHF channel 10 from a tower at its studios. As the first television outlet in Albany, it was a primary NBC affiliate with secondary relations with ABC, the latter network was dropped in 1955 when it shut down and ABC remained on WALB until 1980 when WVGA started up in Valdosta. The stations first tower near Doerun was built in 1957, the radio station was sold in 1960 to Allen Woodall, Sr. and became known as WALG to distinguish itself from the television station. In March 1976, a fire destroyed WALBs main broadcasting facilities, until 1983, it was the default NBC affiliate for Tallahassee, Florida. Although WTWC-TV has been that areas affiliate since then, WALB still provides city-grade coverage to almost all of the Georgia side of the Tallahassee market and Grade B coverage to the city itself. WALB dropped the -TV suffix to its sign in 1993, even though channel 10. In 1996, Gray bought WCTV in Tallahassee, the Federal Communications Commission told Gray that it could not keep both WCTV and WALB due to channel 10s aforementioned coverage in Tallahassee. At the time, the FCC normally did not allow common ownership of two stations with large signal overlaps, and would not even consider a waiver for a city-grade overlap. As a result, Gray sold WALB to Cosmos Broadcasting, the division of Liberty Corporation. Liberty sold off its business in 2000, and Cosmos came directly under the Liberty banner. However, Gray still maintains Albany administrative offices and it returned to its hometown in WSWG in Valdosta that serves Albany. WALBs original digital signal on UHF channel 17 started operating from the Doerun tower in 2001, WALB launched NBC Weather Plus in 2005 on a new second digital subchannel. Known as WALB 24/7 Weather, the service gave continuous forecasts for up to thirty cities around Southwestern Georgia, after NBC Weather Plus shut down in December 2008, WALB-DT2 became part of This TV. In March 2006, the station was sold to Raycom Media after that company merged with Liberty and it violated Federal Communications Commission rules regarding station ownership because Raycom already owned Fox affiliate WFXL
16.
WJHG-TV
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WJHG-TV is the NBC-affiliated television station in Panama City, Florida. It broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 18 from a transmitter on SR20 in unincorporated Youngstown. Owned by Gray Television, the station is sister to low-powered CBS affiliate WECP-LD, syndicated programming for WJHG includes, Jeopardy. Wheel of Fortune, Rachael Ray, and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire and it became known by many people as Wait Just A Darn Minute because it would frequently go off-the-air with technical problems. Mel Wheeler purchased the station in 1957, and in 1960, James Harrison Gray bought the station, WJHG dropped CBS in the 1960s after WTVY in Dothan, Alabama became the default CBS affiliate for Panama City as well. That stations transmitter is located in the Panama City market even though its primary coverage area is the Wiregrass Region of Southeastern Alabama. In 1982, WMBB and WJHG switched networks with this station going back to NBC, in 1998, WJHG was almost sold when the Phipps family sold WCTV in Tallahassee to Gray Communications. This would have violated the FCCs pre-1996 ownership rules because WJHGs grade B signal covers the western parts of the Tallahassee market. The 1996 Telecommunications Act allowed for overlapping fringe signals so Gray kept WJHG, in 2002, Gray bought most of Benedek Broadcastings stations whose transmitter provides a signal that covers all the way from Fort Walton Beach, Florida to Troy, Alabama. By this time, signal contours were no longer an issue, meanwhile, WTVY has run WJHG stories focusing on Panama City and the coast. Sometimes, WTVY will run its own stories on Panama City, Gray launched low-powered WRGX-LD as a Dothan-based NBC affiliate on June 1,2013 ending WJHGs availability in the Dothan market. On June 28,2010, WJHG began broadcasting their newscasts in 16,9 enhanced definition widescreen, the station used the Circle 7 logo as far back as the 1950s without objection from ABC. In 1982, when Gray Communications switched WJHGs network affiliation to NBC, ABC ordered WJHG to cease using the logo, station manager Ray H. Holloway produced archival film and still photographs that showed the local station had been using the Circle 7 logo longer than the network. In order to bring the matter to a quick and satisfactory end, the modification was minor but enough to pacify executives at ABC in New York City who were upset over the stations decision to defect to NBC. However, there are non-ABC stations still using designs similar to the Circle 7 logo including two of Sunbeam Televisions stations, the stations digital signal relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 8 to channel 7. On December 19,2012, WJHG received a permit to move from VHF channel 7 to UHF channel 18. WJHGs move to digital channel 18 and WECPs to channel 29 took place on May 21,2015, with the FCC issuing the stations license on June 5,2015
17.
KTVE
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KTVE, virtual channel 10, is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to El Dorado, Arkansas, United States, that also serves Monroe and West Monroe, Louisiana. Owned by Mission Broadcasting and operated by Nexstar Media Group, the station is operates as part of a duopoly with Fox affiliate KARD, KTVE maintains transmitter facilities located northwest of Huttig, Arkansas, while the two stations share studios located on Pavilion Road in West Monroe. KTVE’s signal can be seen in 18 counties and parishes in Arkansas, on certain occasions, the signal can be seen as far north as Hot Springs, Arkansas, as far east as Jackson, Mississippi, and as far west as Texarkana, Texas. For many years, it was known as Region 10, because when the station moved operations from El Dorado to Monroe, it kept a full news, advertising sales. For a number of years, the 5,00 p. m. newscast was broadcast from the El Dorado studio, the KTVE calls were originally assigned to UHF channel 32 in Longview, TX. KTVE Longview, which was a CBS affiliate, was on the air from 1953 to 1955, the station debuted on December 3,1955 as KRBB-TV and was owned by three men, Dr. Joe F. Rushton, W. C. Blewster, and William M. Bigley under the company name South Arkansas TV Company, in 1957, Representative Oren Harris owned the station for one year with Rushston, Blewstar, and Bigley. On November 7,1958, upon erecting a larger transmitter to better cover the Monroe/El Dorado area, in 1960, the station was sold to Veterans Broadcasting Company, who owned then-NBC affiliate WROC-TV in Rochester, New York. It began broadcasting in color in 1961 and was purchased by J. B and it was a primary NBC affiliate, sharing ABC with KNOE-TV. For many years, the station had two news studios—one in Monroe and one in El Dorado, however, KTVE closed its Monroe studios sometime in the early 1970s. On December 6,1981, KTVE rejoined NBC while KLAA became an ABC affiliate, the first program the station aired as a full-time NBC affiliate was a football game between the New England Patriots and Miami Dolphins. Originally, the wanted to return to being a primary NBC affiliate with secondary ABC affiliation. In 1983, Gray moved KTVEs main studio to Kilpatrick Blvd in Monroe, it retained a satellite studio in El Dorado with only a few staff members. This led to complaints from Arkansas viewers that KTVE only featured stories from the Louisiana side of the market. In the late 1990s, the Federal Communications Commission forced KTVE to adopt a split-anchor format as a condition of renewing its license, during the weekday morning and weekday 5,00 pm newscasts, one anchor was stationed in Monroe, while another was stationed in El Dorado. This condition is no longer enforced by the FCC, KTVE does still report news from El Dorado. In 1996, Piedmont Television acquired KTVE from Gray Communications, KTVE originally aired Louisiana Lottery numbers during the stations 10 p. m. newscast until KNOE complained to the FCC in 1997. In 2002, KTVE took over the operations of KARD through a marketing agreement
18.
WKYT-TV
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WKYT-TV is the CBS-affiliated television station in Lexington, Kentucky, United States, serving the east-central part of Kentucky. It broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 36 from a transmitter east of the intersection of I-75. Owned by Gray Television, WKYT maintains studios on Winchester Road, the station is also received on cable and satellite throughout much of eastern, southern and northern Kentucky. In addition, the newscasts are also carried on Charter Spectrum digital channel 422 in portions of Northern Kentucky located near the Cincinnati metropolitan area. WKYT signed on September 30,1957 as WKXP-TV, owned by Community Broadcast Partners and it was a primary CBS affiliate, sharing ABC with WLEX-TV. After only one year, Community Broadcast Partners merged with what eventually became Taft Broadcasting, the new owners changed the calls to the current WKYT-TV. Taft also switched the primary affiliation to ABC, relegating CBS to secondary status. This was an unusual arrangement for a two-station market, especially one as small as Lexington. In most two-station markets, ABC, as the smallest and weakest network, was relegated to secondary clearances on one or both of the existing stations, Kentucky Central Insurance Company bought the station in 1967. When WBLG-TV signed on in 1968, WKYT opted to return to CBS full-time, in 1985, Kentucky Central bought WKYH-TV in Hazard, changed its calls to WYMT-TV and made it a semi-satellite of WKYT. While WYMT has its own studios in Hazard and airs its own newscasts, WKYT was the first, and at present only, Lexington station with any presence at all in the eastern portion of the market. In 1993, after a protracted fraud investigation forced Kentucky Central into bankruptcy, WKYT, at this stage, WKYT was known on air as KYT instead of WKYT. On August 21,2007, WKYT began broadcasting its CWKYT second digital subchannel in high definition and this made it one of a handful of stations in the country who transmit their main channel and at least one subchannel in HD. Since the move to digital channel 36 in September 2010, CWKYTs over-the-air transmission reverted to 4,3 SD, although the digital cable feed remained in HD and WKYTs main channel remained in 720p. As of June 18,2013, WKYTs main signal has been upgraded to full 1080i HD, the stations digital channel is multiplexed, WKYT-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 27, on April 16,2009. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 13, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 27. On August 22,2009, WKYT-DT filed a petition of rulemaking with the Federal Communications Commission to move to digital UHF channel 36 due to reception issues, the FCC issued a Report & Order approved the petition on October 22. On December 12,2009, WKYT filed a minor application for a construction permit
19.
WYMT-TV
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WYMT-TV, channel 57, is the CBS-affiliated television station for the Eastern Mountain Coal Fields region of Kentucky, licensed to Hazard. It broadcasts a high definition signal on VHF channel 12 from a transmitter south of the city in Perry County. Owned by Gray Television, the station is sister to Lexingtons CBS affiliate WKYT-TV and it has studios on Black Gold Boulevard off the KY15 bypass in Hazard. Beginning February 26,2010, the station stretched non-HD programming from 4,3 aspect ratio to 16,9 aspect ratio, beginning April 15,2014, the station began broadcasting its newscasts in HD, using robotic HD cameras, and introducing new graphics and music. It began broadcasting on analog UHF channel 57 as WKYH-TV on October 20,1969, prior to its inception, some counties in southeastern Kentucky were among the last remaining parts of the country unable to clearly receive a commercial television signal over the air. Kentucky Educational Television had set up a transmitter there the year before, although this area is considered part of the Lexington market, none of that citys television signals covered the area at the time. Lexington was a market, and UHF stations dont get good reception in rugged terrain. This area has long been one of the poorest in the nation, such conditions made the Lexington stations unwilling to set up even low-powered satellites in this area. Instead, WKYH was founded by local businessman Bill Gorman, who served as mayor of Hazard from 1978 until his death in 2010, V. Martin Ogrosky served as News Director and in other posltions along with William Bill Helton, William Bill Gorman, Jr, and others. In keeping with the strong musical traditions, country, bluegrass. These shows lasted well into the 1980s after country-music programs had fallen out of favor even on other Southern stations, throughout its entire run as WKYH, the stations on-air look was very primitive, even by small-market standards. Much of its equipment had been bought as surplus from other stations and this was especially true of the transmitter, by the early 1980s the stations signal had deteriorated to the point of unacceptability. Matters werent helped by the fact that the coverage area is very mountainous. It didnt even have a generator for newscasts. The station was unable to get a feed, forcing station engineers to rely on microwave links from WLEX-TV in Lexington and WCYB-TV in Bristol. WCYB was used as a backup in case WLEX preempted an NBC show to local programming. Whenever the microwave system failed, WKYH was forced to switch to and from WLEX or WCYBs signal, when this happened, WKYH sometimes aired WLEX or WCYBs commercials or station IDs when it was unable to cover them up in time. In 1985, Gorman sold the station to Kentucky Central Insurance Company, the new owner changed the calls in September to the current WYMT, meaning Were Your Mountain Television
20.
WRDW-TV
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WRDW-TV, channel 12, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Augusta, Georgia, USA. WRDW-TV is owned by Atlanta-based Gray Television, and is a station of NBC affiliate WAGT. WRDW-TV shares call letters with radio station WRDW in Augusta, owned by Beasley Broadcast Group, the stations digital signal is multiplexed, WRDW-TV commenced operations in February 1954, it is the second-oldest television station in Augusta. The station was owned by Radio Augusta, the parent company of the original WRDW radio. WRDW-TV has been Augustas CBS affiliate for its history, owing to its radio sisters long affiliation with the CBS Radio Network. However, it shared ABC with then-primary NBC affiliate WJBF, in 1956 Radio Augusta was sold to the Morris family and their company, Southeastern Newspapers, publishers of the Augusta Chronicle. On September 1,1967, WJBF switched its affiliation to ABC. This was very unusual for a market, especially one as small as Augusta. However, WJBFs namesake owner, J. B. Fuqua, wanted to get that station in line with two ABC affiliates he had just purchased, WTVW in Evansville, Indiana and KTHI-TV in Fargo, North Dakota. When WATU appeared as the third station in late 1968, NBC allowed WRDW-TV. This situation mostly shut WATU out of access to network programming, channel 12 continued to split NBC with WJBF until WATU resumed broadcasting in 1974 with a primary NBC affiliation. At that time, channel 12 finally became a full-time CBS station, in 1960 the Morrises exited Augusta broadcasting, with channel 12 being sold to what would eventually become Rust Craft Broadcasting. Magazine publisher Ziff-Davis purchased Rust Craft in 1979, channel 12 was sold along with then sister stations in Saginaw, Michigan, Rochester, New York, Chattanooga, Tennessee and Steubenville, Ohio to Television Station Partners in 1983. Television Station Partners sold off all of its stations in early January 1996, ever since CBS began broadcasting the Masters Tournament in 1956, WRDW has been the de facto flagship station of the annual golf tournament played at Augusta National Golf Club. The stations digital signal is multiplexed, WRDW-TV previously carried weather information on 12.3. In January 2011, it was replaced with The Country Network, syndicated programming featured on this station includes Jeopardy. Wheel of Fortune, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Dr. Oz Show, Rachael Ray, until Gray Television, Inc. purchased WRDW, the station had been a solid runner-up to longtime leader WJBF. In the mid-90s, WRDW began a steady growth to overcome WJBF in several newscasts
21.
WCTV
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WCTV is the CBS-affiliated television station for South Georgia and Floridas Big Bend. Owned by Gray Television, WCTV has studios on Halstead Boulevard in Tallahassee, on cable, the station is available on channel 9 on Comcast Xfinity and channel 6 in most outlying areas of the market, and in high definition on Xfinity channel 433. WCTV was Tallahassee and southwest Georgias first, and until 1960 its only television station, the station first signed on on September 15,1955, using channel 6, from studios on North Monroe Street in Tallahassee. WCTV was originally owned by John H. Phipps, Florida State University had managed to have the FCC reserve that channel for noncommercial use so it could put WFSU-TV on the air. UHF was not considered viable at the time, until the 1964 FCC requirement that all new sets have all-channel capability, UHF stations were un-viewable without a converter, and even with one, the picture quality was marginal at best. Additionally, the FCC had just collapsed a portion of southwest Georgia into the Tallahassee market. This could provide coverage of Tallahassee and north central Florida as well as southwestern Georgia. By this time, the FCC had changed its regulations to allow a station to operate its main studio outside its city of license, as a result, WCTV has been a Tallahassee station from the very beginning. However, it operated a studio in Thomasville for many years. The station originally carried programming from all three networks, but was a primarily an NBC affiliate, after only a year on the air, it switched to CBS and has been affiliated with that network ever since. However, it carried a secondary ABC affiliation and it is still the only commercial VHF station in the market. It was the commercial station in the area until WECA-TV began operations in 1976. It was owned by the Phipps family until being sold to Gray Communications, now Gray Television, grays purchase of WCTV forced the company to sell WALB-TV, its flagship station in Albany, because WALBs signal has city-grade quality in most of the Georgia side of the market. WALB had doubled as the NBC affiliate for Tallahassee until WTWC signed on in 1983, in 2004, Gray purchased WSWG in Valdosta, a UPN affiliate for the Albany market. The station dropped UPN in September of that year and is now a CBS Affiliate as a semi-satellite of WCTV, the acquisition created a strong combined signal with just under 50% overlap. WCTV had been the default CBS affiliate for Albany for many years, in March 2006, WCTV moved from its longtime studios on County Road 12 in northern Leon County to new facilities on Halstead Boulevard in Tallahassee. The location formally housed the now-defunct Floridas News Channel, a cable-only operation, on February 17,2009, WCTV shut off its analog signal on channel 6, and became digital-exclusive on UHF channel 46. WSWG, in Valdosta, Georgia, operates as a semi-satellite of WCTV, as such, that station transmits all CBS programming and most local newscasts as provided by its parent but airs separate commercials and legal identifications
22.
WVLT-TV
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WVLT-TV is the CBS television network affiliate station serving Knoxville, Tennessee, the 58th DMA in America according to Nielsen Media Research. On cable, the station is available on channel 5 on Comcast Xfinity, WVLT-TV debuted on October 18,1953 as WTSK-TV on channel 26. It was Tennessees first UHF station, and the television station in East Tennessee. The station was a CBS affiliate, but also shared ABC programming with WROL-TV, channel 26 found the going difficult at first, since television manufacturers werent required to build in UHF tuning capability at the time. Viewers needed a converter to watch WTSK, and even then the picture quality was marginal at best. In addition, most of East Tennessee is very mountainous, in 1954, the stations original local owners sold the station to South Central Communications, a radio company in Evansville, Indiana, who changed its calls to WTVK. When WBIR-TV signed on in 1956 and took the CBS affiliation, however, it spent most of the next 20 years as a very distant third in the ratings. While this was due in part to ABC being a weaker network. Many viewers didnt get a signal from channel 26 until cable arrived in Knoxville in the 1970s. In fact, many viewers got a signal from WLOS-TV in Asheville, North Carolina. In September 1979, the station swapped affiliations with WATE-TV and became an NBC affiliate, by this time, ABC had become the highest-rated network in the country, and was seeking to affiliate with stronger stations. Under the circumstances, ABC jumped at the chance to move its programming to long-dominant WATE-TV, even as NBC dominated the ratings in the 1980s, channel 26 stayed in the local ratings basement. However, it did win the rights to broadcast a daily show from the 1982 Worlds Fair. The program was hosted by Jim Hess and Jim Hampton and featured news updates with WTVK news anchors including Melinda Kramer. S and it became one of the few stations in America to have been a primary affiliate of all Big 3 networks. Soon after the move to the VHF band, South Central sold the station to an ownership group in 1992. Current owner Gray Communications, now Gray Television, bought the station in 1996, the new owners changed the callsign to the current WVLT-TV on February 10,1997. On January 9,2011, channel 8s 11 p. m. newscast became the first in the Knoxville market to originate in high definition, on April 20,2013, WVLT became the last station in the market to add a weekend morning newscast. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 30, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 8
23.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
24.
WITN-TV
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WITN-TV is the NBC-affiliated television station for Eastern North Carolinas Inner Banks. Licensed to Washington, it broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 32 from a transmitter in Grifton Township along NC118. Owned by Gray Television, it has studios on East Arlington Boulevard in Greenville, the station signed-on September 28,1955 from facilities on U. S.17 in Chocowinity. It was the second television outlet to launch after Greenvilles WNCT-TV. It was an NBC affiliate from the start but shared secondary ABC relations with WNCT until the 1963 sign-on of WNBE-TV in New Bern. WITN aired an analog signal on VHF channel 7 from the regions highest transmitter at that time, the station was originally owned by North Carolina Television, a consortium of radio stations from Northeastern North Carolina. Majority ownership was held by the owners of WITN radio, the company held onto the television station until 1985 when it was sold to Aflac. It added the -TV suffix to its sign on July 31,1978. In 1997, Aflac sold its group to Retirement Systems of Alabama which merged with Ellis Communications to form Raycom Media. However, Raycom could not keep WITN due to a significant signal overlap with Wilmingtons WECT, WITNs city-grade signal reaches the northern portion of the Wilmington market. What was then known as Gray Communications bought the station in 1997 and it has been broadcasting a full-power digital signal since June 2006. On January 7,2009, a high definition feed of WITN was launched on DirecTV and it switched to digital-only broadcasting on June 12. However, WITN has been digital-only since February 19,2009, in June 2013, the station moved from its longtime home outside Washington to new high definition-ready studios in Greenville. In addition to offering network and syndicated programming, WITN was also a multimedia rights partner for East Carolina University Athletics from 1998 to 2014. WNCT-TV recently picked up the ECU sports package, just as the school moved its programs to the American Athletic Conference Originally and it picked up MyNetworkTV on September 28,2009 after the areas Ion Television owned-and-operated station WEPX-TV dropped the programming service. At that point, local programming was reduced to overnights. Eventually, a new digital subchannel signed-on and began offering a 24-hour live feed of WITNs own Doppler weather radar. On January 17,2013, it separated programming from MyNetworkTV and MeTV onto dedicated digital subchannels, however, WITN-DT2 simulcasts WITN-DT3 during overnight periods
25.
KOLN
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KOLN, VHF channel 10, is the CBS-affiliated television station for Lincoln, Nebraska. Owned by Gray Television, KOLN serves a large swath of southeast, the stations studios are located on North 40th Street in Lincoln, with a central Nebraska bureau located on North Locust Street in Grand Island. KOLNs transmitter is just west of Seward, while KGINs transmitter is just west of Kenesaw, KOLN/KGINs sister stations include KSNB-TV, acquired by Gray in 2013 and simulcast on a digital subchannel of KOLN/KGIN. It previously broadcast MyNetworkTV and MeTV programming, along with central Nebraska-specific newscasts, since KSNBs signal is spotty in Lincoln itself KOLN and KGIN continued to simulcast it on their second subchannel, while MyNetworkTV and MeTV programming moved to KOLN and KGINs third subchannel. KOLN-TV signed on for the first time on February 18,1953, on channel 12 as Nebraskas third television station and it was owned by Cornhusker Radio and Television Corporation along with KOLN radio. Shortly after launching, it was purchased by broadcasting pioneer John Fetzer, in February 1954, Fetzer purchased Lincolns other TV station, KFOR-TV, channel 10, which had launched a few months after KOLN. The station was originally the DuMont Television Network affiliate for the Omaha/Lincoln market, however, after a year on the air, Fetzer persuaded the Federal Communications Commission to merge Lincoln with the Hastings/Kearney market in central Nebraska. Lincoln has long been the center for central Nebraska. He also wanted an affiliation with a stronger network, although Fetzer had a very good relationship with CBS, there was little prospect of taking the CBS affiliation from Omahas KMTV. Soon after the FCC made Lincoln the center of the new Lincoln/Hastings/Kearney market, Omaha wouldnt have a primary ABC affiliate again until KETV signed on in 1957. DuMont shut down in 1956, and KOLN dropped the remaining ABC shows from the schedule in 1957, during the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. Over the next few years, KOLN signed on translator after translator across its vast and mostly rural coverage area, kGIN-TV debuted on October 1,1961, as a satellite of KOLN, since then, the two stations have been known on-air as 10/11. During the 1960s, KOLN/KGIN frequently broadcast games of the Detroit Tigers, Fetzer began selling off his stations in the 1980s. KOLN/KGIN was among the last to be sold, going to Gillett Communications in 1984, Gillett sold the pair to Busse Broadcasting in 1987 to make room for Gilletts acquisition of the Storer Broadcasting stations. Busse merged with current owner Gray Communications, now Gray Television, until KLKN signed on in 1996, KOLN was the only commercial station in Lincoln, making it one of the largest cities in the country with only one full-power commercial station. The western half of the market had full network service, it was served by KGIN, ABC affiliate KHGI-TV, later, future sister station KSNB-TV broke off from NTV and joined with Grand Island-based KTVG to become the Fox affiliate for the western half of the market. This resulted in a market that had little basis in television reality. It was only truly realized when direct-broadcast satellite gained more penetration at the turn of the century, despite being the only station in the market, KOLN had no need to air other networks programming
26.
WEAU
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WEAU is the NBC-affiliated television station for Western Wisconsin that is licensed to Eau Claire. It broadcasts a high definition digital on UHF channel 38 from a transmitter, north of Fairchild, along the Eau Claire, owned by Gray Television, the station has studios on South Hastings Way/U. S. Syndicated programing on WEAU includes Wheel of Fortune, Inside Edition, Jeopardy. and Steve Harvey and this low-powered station airs from a transmitter in La Crescent, Minnesota and provides over-the-air service of NBC to viewers in La Crosse unable to receive WEAU due to area topography. However, WEAU is considered the primary NBC affiliate for that area and is the only available on cable. WEAU-TV signed-on December 17,1953 under the ownership of Central Broadcasting Company and this ownership group was led by a predecessor to Morgan Murphy Media and also included the Eau Claire Leader-Telegram along with WEAU radio. It has always been a primary NBC affiliate but initially carried programs from CBS, ABC, during the late-1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. One of the first well-known personalities on WEAU was Sheriff Bob Dawson who hosted a show during the 1950s and 1960s. The station initially broadcast from a tower immediately behind the WEAU studios on South Hastings Way in Eau Claire. A new tower, approximately 1,000 feet tall, was built in the location in 1956 44°39′50″N 90°57′41″W before an approximately 2. The tower in Eau Claire is now topped by the transmitter of rival ABC affiliate WQOW. Morgan Murphy sold off WEAU radio in 1959, in 1962, wEAU-FMs call letters were switched to WAXX-FM in 1977, and in 1978, the country format was moved exclusively to WAXX-FM with the AM station becoming WAYY. In 1984, George N. Gillett Jr. purchased the Post Corporation stations including WEAU-TV. WAXX and WAYY were spun off to Central Communications at the time, and in 1985. WEAU resumed providing weather services to those same six stations, now under the ownership of Maverick Media, on September 11,2006. Gillett began defaulting on some of his purchases in the late-1980s culminating in 1990 when he sold WEAU to Busse Broadcasting, owner of KOLN in Lincoln, Nebraska and KGIN in Grand Island, Nebraska. In 1998, Gray Communications Systems and Cosmos Broadcasting teamed up to purchase the Busse stations with WEAU going to Cosmos, Cosmos then traded WEAU back to Gray in exchange for WALB in Albany, Georgia. The station turned off its transmitter at 12,30 p. m. on February 16,2009. At around 1 oclock, WEAUs digital signal relocated from channel 39 to channel 13, on October 1,2012, WEAU dropped the -TV suffix from its call sign
27.
Media cross-ownership in the United States
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Media cross-ownership is the ownership of multiple media businesses by a person or corporation. These businesses can include broadcast and cable television, film, radio, newspaper, magazine, book publishing, music, video games, and various online entities. Much of the debate over concentration of ownership in the United States has for many years focused specifically on the ownership of broadcast stations, cable stations, newspapers. Over time the amount of media merging has increased and the number of outlets have increased. That translates to fewer companies owning more media outlets, increasing the concentration of ownership, in 1983, 90% of US media was controlled by 50 companies, today, 90% is controlled by just 5 companies. *Although Viacom and CBS Corporation have been separate companies since 2006, as such, Paramount Home Entertainment handles DVD/Blu-ray distribution for most of the CBS Corporation library. Owns all of the supermarket tabloids in the U. S. the National Enquirer, Star Magazine, Globe Magazine, National Examiner. Owns Audience Network, Root Sports, and GSN, along with the DirecTV satellite service, a previous incarnation of AT&T held a monopoly on telephone service in most of the U. S. until it was forcibly broken up in 1984. Discovery Communications Owns Discovery Channel, American Heroes Channel, Animal Planet, Destination America, Discovery Family, Science, Investigation Discovery, james L. Dolan Controls AMC Networks, The Madison Square Garden Company, and MSG Networks. Dolans family members also own the Cleveland Indians and the newspaper Newsday, gannett Company Owns the national newspaper USA Today. Its largest non-national newspaper is The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona, the company also previously held a number of television stations, which are now the autonomous company Tegna, Inc. and syndication company Multimedia Entertainment. IHeartMedia Owns a large number of stations across the country, Premiere Networks. Also owns the largest U. S. outdoor advertising company Clear Channel Outdoor, parent company Bain Capital also owns a share in The Weather Channel. Microsoft Owns MSN, the search engine Bing, a minority stake in the networking site Facebook, Microsoft Office. News Corp Owns the Wall Street Journal and the New York Post, the magazines Barrons and SmartMoney, previously owned a number of radio networks, which are now held by Cumulus Media. Scripps Networks Interactive Owns HGTV, Food Network, DIY Network, Cooking Channel, Travel Channel, Great American Country, other assets include wrestling promotion Ring of Honor, Tennis Channel, and sports syndicator American Sports Network. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution included a provision that protected “freedom of the press” from Congressional action, the United States government opted to declare the entire broadcast spectrum to be government property and license the rights to use the spectrum to broadcasters. After several years of experimental broadcast licensing, the United States licensed its first commercial station, KDKA
28.
Liberty Corporation
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The Liberty Corporation was a media corporation originally based out of Greenville, South Carolina. At its peak, The Liberty Corporation owned 15 network-affiliated television stations across the Midwest, Liberty was founded in 1919 when W. Frank Hipp, a former top agent at Spartanburg-based Southeastern Life Insurance Company, stuck out on his own. Within a decade, Liberty had grown enough to buy his former employer. It entered broadcasting in 1930, when it bought WIS in Columbia—the start of what would become the Broadcasting Company of the South, under Francis Hipp, who succeeded his father in 1943, Liberty reorganized as a holding company, The Liberty Corporation, in 1967. Liberty sold its insurance subsidiaries, Liberty Life and Pierce National Life, Cosmos was then folded directly into the Liberty banner. After the sale of its division, the company employed approximately 1,400 people. The executive officers included chairman and CEO W. Hayne Hipp, president and COO James M. Keelor, in August 2005, Liberty agreed to be bought out by Raycom Media. Raycom paid $987 million, or $47.35 per Liberty share, the acquisition was completed in February 2006. After closing the deal, Raycom sold a number of stations and they included ABC affiliate WWAY-TV in Wilmington, North Carolina to Morris Multimedia and CBS affiliate KGBT-TV in Harlingen, Texas to Barrington Broadcasting. – Indicates that it was built and signed on by Liberty, note,1 Raycom acquired WMBFs construction permit from Liberty, prior to the stations sign-on in 2008
29.
Great Recession
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The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country, in terms of overall impact, the International Monetary Fund concluded that it was the worst global recession since World War II. According to the US National Bureau of Economic Research the recession, as experienced in that country, began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the Great Recession was related to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and U. S. subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–09. The Great Recession has resulted in the scarcity of valuable assets in the market economy, under the academic definition, the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009. In the broader, lay sense of the word however, many use the term to refer to ongoing hardship. The Great Recession met the IMF criteria for being a recession, requiring a decline in annual real world GDP per‑capita. According to the U. S. National Bureau of Economic Research the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand. Further, the U. S. shadow banking system had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the regulatory oversight. US mortgage-backed securities, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world, the emergence of sub-prime loan losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With loan losses mounting and the fall of Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008, the global recession that followed resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices. Several economists predicted that recovery might not appear until 2011 and that the recession would be the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s, Economist Paul Krugman once commented on this as seemingly the beginning of a second Great Depression. Governments and central banks responded with fiscal and monetary policies to national economies. The recession has renewed interest in Keynesian economic ideas on how to combat recessionary conditions, economists advise that the stimulus should be withdrawn as soon as the economies recover enough to chart a path to sustainable growth. Income inequality in the United States has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas, median household wealth fell 35% in the US, from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011. The majority report of the U. S, Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, composed of six Democratic and four Republican appointees, reported its findings in January 2011. There were two Republican dissenting FCIC reports, one of them, signed by three Republican appointees, concluded that there were multiple causes. He wrote, When the bubble began to deflate in mid-2007, There are several narratives attempting to place the causes of the recession into context, with overlapping elements. Four such narratives include, There was the equivalent of a run on the shadow banking system
30.
Young Broadcasting
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Young Broadcasting, LLC was an American media company that owned or operated 12 television stations in 10 markets with a total U. S. television household coverage of 5. 9%. The company was known as Young Broadcasting Inc. and was the outgrowth of the ad representation firm Adam Young Inc. which was founded in 1944 by Adam Young. Previously a public company, Young Broadcasting voluntarily declared Chapter 11 Bankruptcy on February 13,2009 to restructure its debts. Deborah A. McDermott was named President and CEO of the new company, in which Standard General L. P. an American hedge fund, on November 12,2013, privately held Young Broadcasting acquired a controlling interest in Media General through a reverse merger. Following the merger, the new company was owned 67.5 percent by Young shareholders and 32.5 percent by Media General shareholders, the newly merged company would continue to operate as Media General with headquarters in Richmond, Virginia and trade on the New York Stock Exchange. And subsequently WKRN-TV/Nashville and WTEN/Albany, New York in 1989 from Knight Ridder, Los Angeles independent KCAL-TV was purchased from The Walt Disney Company in 1996 and later sold to Viacom in 2002. Also in 1996, Young purchased KWQC-TV/Davenport, Iowa from Broad Street Television, L. P. and KELO-TV/Sioux Falls, South Dakota from Midcontinent Media, in 2000, Young Broadcasting purchased NBC affiliate KRON-TV/San Francisco, California from Chronicle Publishing Company. Fortunes for KRON and its new owners would soon take a sharp decline when NBC chose to affiliate with San Jose-based KNTV, KRON became an independent station in 2002 and eventually took affiliation with MyNetworkTV in 2006. The company voluntarily declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy on February 13,2009 with the U. S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. The massive debt load Young incurred from its purchase and ownership of KRON was widely believed to have been a factor to the companys 2009 bankruptcy declaration. On July 22,2009, a New York bankruptcy judge approved a plan transferring ownership of Young, the plan included Gray Television coming in as an outside party and advise on operations of Young-owned stations in seven markets through December 31,2012. Young invested $25 million in its stations, which led to an overhaul of news production in 2011. Master control automation for its stations and asset management operations were upgraded in 2012, in 2011, Young hired Cox Reps to represent it for national sales and will establish a dedicated Young Broadcasting sales team based in New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. Young’s previous rep firm, ceased operations in February 2011 after Cox was brought on board, on June 6,2013, it was announced that New Young would merge with Media General. The enlarged Media General would own 30 stations, reaching 14% of the United States, on November 8, the FCC approved the merger. The merger closed on November 12, Media General would then be absorbed to Nexstar Media Group in 2017. Stations are arranged in order by state and city of license. Notes,1 Owned by Shield Media, LLC, Young operated these stations through shared services agreements,2 Owned by Venture Technologies Group, Young operated WHTV through a shared services agreement with WLNS
31.
KGNS-TV
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KGNS-TV is the NBC-affiliated television station for Laredo, Texas and the Mexican city of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. It broadcasts a high definition signal on VHF channel 8 from a transmitter northwest of Laredo. Owned by Gray Television as a station to low-powered CBS affiliate KYLX-LD. KGNS can be seen on Charter Spectrum channel 10 and in high definition on digital channel 860 as well as on Dish Network and DirecTV. KGNS originally went on air January 7,1956 as KHAD-TV, it has been a primary NBC affiliate since its sign on, but the station initially held secondary affiliations with CBS and ABC. CBS programming moved to KVTV in December 1973 and ABC programming moved to present-day Univision affiliate KLDO-TV in December 1984, donrey Media Group bought the station on September 1,1958. In 1985, KGNS was purchased by Century Development Corporation, in 1990 the station began a Spanish language newscast. By 1998, KGNS gained an affiliation with United Paramount Network lasting at least until 2000 while definitively off the station by 2004. Then move to cable only on Time Warner Cable Channel 16, while in 2000, the WB affiliate was a cable only KTXW, which by 2010 was on a subchannel of the station. In April 2002, the Spanish news staff resigned their jobs forcing the station to run a sitcom then replacing it with English language news. In 2004, the station was purchased by SagamoreHill Broadcasting, the sale to SagamoreHill was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on December 1,2005. On January 24,2006, The WB and CBS Corporation-owned UPN announced that the two networks would cease broadcasting and merge into a new broadcast network called The CW. On September 18,2006, KGNS-TV rebranded KTXW Time Warner Cable channel 19 as The CW Laredo starting its CW programming, with the subsequent sign-on of digital subchannel 8.2, the subchannel began broadcasting KTXW bringing the channel over-the-air coverage throughout the market. In 2010, local Spanish language news returned to the station on Telemundo affiliated subchannel 3, on November 4,2013, Gray Television announced a deal to acquire Yellowstone Holdings for $23 million. The sale was competed on December 31, on November 6,2013, KGNS-TV reached an agreement with the ABC Television Network to add the ABC affiliation, originally slated to launch February 2014 on channel 8.2. The ABC affiliation began on July 1,2014, making The CW available in Laredo exclusively on Time Warner Cable via the national feed of The CW Plus. The CW programming wouldnt be seen over the air in Laredo area until October 2015, as KYLX-LP picked up the affiliation. It broadcasts its main programming NBC on channel 8.1 in 1080i HD, ABC programming on subchannel 8.2 in 720p HD and Telemundo programming in 480i SD on subchannel 8.3
32.
KGWN-TV
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KGWN-TV is the CBS-affiliated television station for Cheyenne, Wyoming. It broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 30 from a transmitter in unincorporated Laramie County between I-80/U. S. Owned by Gray Television, KGWN has studios on East Lincolnway/East 14th Street/I-80 Business/U. S, syndicated programming on the station includes Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Wheel of Fortune, Judge Judy, and Dr. Phil among others. It operates a digital translator, K19FX-D channel 19, in Laramie from a transmitter in unincorporated Albany County near the Medicine Bow National Forests northwestern boundary. KSTF in Scottsbluff, Nebraska operates as a semi-satellite of KGWN and this station broadcasts a high definition digital signal on UHF channel 29 from a transmitter along N-71 at the Scotts Bluff and Sioux County line. It can also be seen locally in Nebraska on Charter channel 6, KSTF also airs separate legal identifications and local commercial inserts during all programming. Although KSTFs master control and most internal operations are based out of KGWNs Cheyenne facility, it maintains a sales office on North 10th Street/N-71 Business in Gering. There is no separate web address for KSTF, but Nebraska-specific headlines are provided through KGWNs website, as of September 2008, KGWN broadcast a separate CBS feed on its second digital subchannel that specifically focused on Northern Colorado. Although Northern Colorado is part of the Denver market, KGWN has long claimed Northern Colorado as part of its coverage area. It provides city-grade coverage of Fort Collins, Loveland, and Greeley and it also provides grade B coverage as far south as Longmont and Boulder. It has long carried on cable systems in Fort Collins, Loveland. Additionally, many systems in Wyoming carry both KGWN and KCNC. Although identified as an outlet in its own right, KGWN-DT2 was actually operated as another semi-satellite of KGWN. It cleared all network programming as provided through its parent as well as syndicated shows although some programs were seen at a different time, KGWN-DT2 also aired separate identifications and commercials. At part of its focus on Colorado, the station aired a separate newscast weeknight at 10. On December 19,2013, KGWN announced that it would close Northern Colorado 5, the 5.2 slot has since been replaced with an NBC affiliate. Most programming, including news, on this comes from sister station KCWY-DT of Casper. However, it brands as NBC Cheyenne, and airs separate identifications, KGWN operates the areas CW affiliate on a third digital subchannel, which carries the branding Cheyenne CW
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KCWY-DT
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KCWY-DT, channel 13, is the NBC affiliate television station for most of Wyoming. KCWYs programming is also simulcast on the digital subchannels of KGWN-TV channel 5 in Cheyenne, K19FX-D channel 19 in Laramie. All stations, except K28HL-D, are owned by Gray Television, KCWY signed on the air in February 2001 as an affiliate of the Pax TV network. On September 1,2003, KCWY became the new NBC affiliate in the Casper market after NBC severed its affiliation with longtime affiliate KTWO-TV, KCWY launched its first newscast on September 22,2003. In 2008,2011 and 2012, the Wyoming Association of Broadcasters named KCWY its Television Station of the Year, on November 4,2013, Gray Television announced a deal to acquire Yellowstone Holdings for $23 million. As a result of the acquisition, KCHY-LP was consolidated with KGWN-TV, the sale was completed on December 31. Gray launched CW Plus on a subchannel of KCWY on January 26,2015
34.
Hoak Media
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Hoak Media Corporation was a broadcast media company based in Dallas, Texas. Hoak once owned eighteen television stations, all in medium and small-markets, mostly in the Great Plains states, Hoak Media was established in August 2003. On November 20,2013, Gray Television announced that it would purchase Hoak Media and Parker Broadcasting, excluding KREX, KFQX and WMBB, some of Hoaks stations were originally going to be sold to Excalibur Broadcasting and they would have been operated by Gray under local marketing agreements. On December 19, it was announced that KREX and WMBB would be sold to Nexstar Broadcasting Group, the sale was completed on June 13,2014. Those silent stations were sold off to minority interests. The sale was completed on December 1, completing the disestablishment of Hoak, stations are arranged alphabetically by state and by city of license. Notes,1 Owned by Parker Broadcasting, Hoak operated these stations under Local marketing agreements,2 From 2009 to 2015, KAUZ was operated under a SSA by Drewry Communications. On June 5,2012, all of Hoaks stations were pulled from Dish Network after they failed to renew a carriage agreement
35.
KNDB
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KNDB, channel 26, is a television station serving Bismarck, North Dakota. It broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 26 from a transmitter near St. Anthony. Owned by Legacy Broadcasting, the offices were located on East Broadway Avenue in Bismarck. It serves as an affiliate of Heroes & Icons, KNDM, channel 24, in Minot, North Dakota operates as a semi-satellite of KNDB for the northern portion of the Bismarck/Minot market. KNDM simulcasts all programming from KNDB, but airs separate commercials and this outlet broadcasts a high definition digital signal on UHF channel 26 from a transmitter southwest of Minot. The station maintained a sales office on 32nd Avenue SW in Minot. The station could also be seen on cable channel 4 in most areas, there was a high definition feed provided on Midcontinent digital channel 604 and SRT digital channel 504. From 1999 until 2014, KNDB was known as KNDX, the subchannels inherited KNDX/KXNDs slots on area cable systems. The stations signed on in November 1999 as KNDX and KXND, prior to K38HAs inception, cable television subscribers in the Williston area received Denvers KDVR on cable for Fox programming. Dickinson also received KDVR, especially as they were in Mountain Time Zone, rural cable subscribers south of Dickinson have received and continue to receive KOTA-TV from Rapid City for Fox programming. At the outset, KNDX and KXND also carried UPN programming during late nights, until 2005, KNDX and KXND were known collectively as West Dakota Fox. That year, the changed their monikers in favor of the station identities for their area. The LMA between both stations allowed KBMY/KMCY to share the facilities, staff, and some equipment of KNDX/KXND, on November 20,2013, Excalibur Broadcasting announced it would purchase KNDX/KXND for $7.5 million. On March 25,2014, Prime Cities requested that the FCC dismiss the sale to Excalibur, on May 1,2014, Gray purchased KNDX/KXNDs non-license assets and assumed control of the stations through a local marketing agreement. At midnight on June 13,2014, the full power signals of KNDX and KXND went off the air, and Fox programming were moved to a DT2 subchannel of KFYR-TV and its NBC North Dakota satellite stations. On August 27,2014, Gray announced that it would sell KNDX and KXND to Legacy Broadcasting, in preparation for the sale, on December 2,2014 KXND changed its call letters to KNDM, two weeks later, on December 15, KNDX became KNDB. The sale was completed on December 15, the stations added Bek Sports in 2015, carrying area high school sports, in collaboration with KRDK-TV4 in Fargo/Grand Forks. KNDM shut down its signal, over UHF channel 24
36.
KMLU
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KMLU, channel 11, is a MeTV-affiliated television station serving the El Dorado, Arkansas/Monroe, Louisiana market, licensed in Columbia, Louisiana. Owned by Legacy Broadcasting, KMLUs transmitter is located in Columbia, the station launched in December 1998 as KAQY, the new ABC affiliate for the market. KMLU signed on December 10,1998, as ABC affiliate KAQY, returning that network to the market after its previous affiliate, KARD, became a Fox affiliate in 1994. It was owned by businessman Charles Chatelain, who owned Fox affiliate KADN in Lafayette, LA and several other small TV stations in south Louisiana, via Monroe Broadcasting. On June 23,2008, original local owner Monroe Broadcasting filed an application with the FCC to sell KAQY to Parker Broadcasting for $10 million, included in the application were proposed agreements to allow Hoak Media, then-owner of KNOE-TV, to operate the station. The sale was completed on October 9,2008, as a result, all four major network affiliates in the Ark-La-Miss became operated by two companies. On November 20,2013, Gray Television announced it would purchase Hoak Media, KAQY was to be acquired by Excalibur Broadcasting, and remain under an LMA with KNOEs new owners. However, upon the closing of the sale on June 13, Gray would continue to operate KAQY in the interim, at which it would later move its programming to a subchannel of KNOE. A month later, KAQY signed off, and its programming was moved to KNOEs digital subchannels, on November 28,2014, the stations call letters were changed to KMLU. The sale was completed on December 15, channel 11 remained silent for approximately one year. FCC Coverage Map Query the FCCs TV station database for KMLU BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KMLU-TV
37.
KNHL
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KNHL channel 5 is a television station in Hastings, Nebraska affiliated with the SonLife Broadcasting Network. As KHAS-TV, it served as the NBC affiliate for the western side of the Lincoln-Hastings-Kearney market. The station is owned by Legacy Broadcasting, the station was rebroadcast on translator K02HJ in Ord on channel 2 and K35AL in Lexington on channel 35. Both translators broadcast an analog signal and it took its calls from KHAS radio, which Seaton had founded in 1940. In 1967, it was one of the first stations in the area to acquire color broadcasting equipment, in 2005, Greater Nebraska Television sold the stations to Hoak Media. The stations studio was located north of Hastings on U. S.281, the transmitter tower was located next to the studio. KHAS-TV was formerly rebroadcast on translator station K14IY in Holdrege, this translator went dark in 2009, KHAS-TV was later also carried on K35AL analog channel 35 in Lexington, Nebraska. K35AL formerly carried programming from sister station KNOP-TV but Lexington is in the Lincoln/Hastings/Kearney market while North Platte is a separate market, both local and national programming on KHAS was carried in high definition. Starting around 2004, KHAS began branding itself as a full-market NBC station and it identified as Hastings/Kearney/Grand Island/Lincoln on-air and on its Website. It was also available on the Lincoln DirecTV and Dish Network feeds as the local NBC station, boosting its potential audience to over 700,000 people across Nebraska and Kansas. In June 2012, KHAS and other Hoak-owned stations were pulled from Dish Network after they failed to renew a carriage agreement, on November 20,2013, Gray Television announced it would purchase Hoak Media in a $335 million deal. As Gray already owned KOLN/KGIN, KHAS was to be sold to Excalibur Broadcasting, on December 1,2014, the call letters became KNHL. The sale was completed on December 15, Legacy returned KNHL to the air June 6,2015 as an affiliate of the SonLife Broadcasting Network. In September 2010, KHAS-TV digital subchannel 5.2 switched from a standard definition simulcast to This TV and it identified locally as This Nebraska. On November 1,2013, KHAS replaced This TV with Cozi TV, KNHL shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on December 1,2008. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 21 to VHF channel 5. Due to Nebraskas cold winter weather, the elected to make the transition early rather than on the national February 17,2009 analog shutoff date. The digital signal on channel 5 is one of only 48 US full-power stations to broadcast digitally using a low-VHF/Band I channel, KHAS-TV produced 16 hours of local news per week, with 3 hours each weekday and 30 minutes on Saturday and Sunday
38.
KRDK-TV
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KRDK-TV, UHF digital channel 38, is a television station serving Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States, which is affiliated with multiple networks on various digital subchannels. It is licensed to Valley City, its transmitter is located near Galesburg, the station launched in December 1954 as KXJB-TV, the CBS affiliate for the market. KXJB consolidated with NBC affiliate KVLY-TV in 2003 under a local marketing agreement and its CBS programming was moved to KVLYs second digital subchannel in December 2014, and KXJBs license was sold to the minority-owned Major Market Broadcasting, who re-christened the station KRDK-TV. The station returned to the air during January 2015 carrying several digital television networks, as of October 2016, KRDKs main Cozi TV channel is carried on most cable television systems on channel 4 in most areas of the market. There is a high definition signal offered on Midco digital channel 4, the station is also offered on DirecTV channel 44 and Dish Network channel 5. The 2, 060-foot high KXJB-TV mast, located near Galesburg, channel 4 signed on July 1,1954 as KXJB-TV, owned by John Boler, with studios in Valley City, North Dakota and a 1, 085-foot tall transmitter tower near Pillsbury. KXJB was co-owned with the KX Television network in western North Dakota until 1971, KXJB moved its main studios to Fargo in 1963, and completed construction of its current 2, 060-foot tall tower site near Galesburg in 1966. It was also an affiliate of the NTA Film Network, when West Acres Shopping Center opened in 1972, KXJB-TV had a studio in the mall, located roughly where the food court is today. The station broadcast its daytime local-origination programs from the mall and also its early evening newscast, the West Acres studio was closed in less than two years. KXJB was one of only three CBS stations not to air the Late Show with David Letterman when it premiered, though Fox affiliate KVRR aired Late Show until KXJB began airing it in 1994. Sioux City, Iowa affiliate KMEG also declined to alter its syndicated lineup, along with the lame duck CBS affiliate WITI in Milwaukee and this led Sioux City to become known as the home office on Late Show, KMEG began airing the show in 1994. KXJB-TVs tower location was intended to provide a strong signal to both the Fargo-Moorhead and Grand Forks metro areas. The station was known as CBS35 and was carried on Midcontinent cable channel 21 in Grand Forks, KXJB was still carried on Midcontinent cable channel 4 in Grand Forks while KXJC was on the air. KXJC was launched to compete against WDAZ, which has given Forum Communications a competitive advantage in the market, although KXJC was considered a separate station in its own right, it was a semi-satellite of KXJB. It simulcasted most of KXJBs network and syndicated programming, but produced separate weeknight newscasts and aired its own commercials, in April 2003, KXJC went silent and its license was later cancelled. The move came several months after an agreement for NBC affiliate KVLY-TV to manage KXJB was announced, in 2003, Catamount entered into a local marketing agreement with KVLY-TVs then owner, Wicks Group. In 2004, the station was consolidated into KVLYs facilities, in November 2005, KXJB became the second major network affiliate in Fargo to broadcast in high definition. In 2006, KXJB and KVLY were each sold to different owners, KXJB to Parker Broadcasting, hoaks acquisition of KVLY was approved by the FCC on November 17,2006, while the sale of KXJB was approved in January 2007
39.
KREX-TV
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KREX-TV, virtual channel 5, is the CBS-affiliated television station for most of western Colorado, based in Grand Junction. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, it operates its digital signal on VHF channel 2, KREX-TV also operates a satellite station in Montrose, Colorado, KREY-TV. KREY transmits from Flattop Mesa, a hill northeast of Montrose, due to its relatively weak signal and the areas very uneven terrain, the station uses six translators to relay its signal to the Uncompaghre Valley and surrounding San Miguel mountain communities. Local studios are located on North 1st Street in Montrose, KREY previously produced short news inserts during KREXs weeknight newscasts, though this has since ended. Formerly, KREX-TV operated two additional stations, KREZ-TV channel 6 in Durango, Colorado and KREG-TV channel 3 in Glenwood Springs. KREZ had made attempts at regional news programs over its 30 years as a semi-satellite of KREX. Eventually, the cost of supplying a 270-mile microwave link to Durango plus the relatively small revenue base led to the sale of KREZ in 1995 and it is now a satellite of Albuquerques KRQE. KREG had previously operated as independent station KCWS from 1984 to 1985. In 2017, following the merger of Nexstar Broadcasting Group and Media General, KREG, in addition to KREY, KREX operates the largest translator network of any commercial station in Colorado, comprising 60 low-power repeaters. Channel 5 first went on the air on May 22,1954 as KFXJ-TV, Howell had founded KFXJ in Edgewater, south of Denver, in 1926. It quickly established itself as one of the stations in Denver. In response, Howell moved KFXJ to Grand Junction in 1931, intrigued by the growth of television, Howell made plans to sign on a television sister in 1951, but a delay in delivering the 343-foot tower pushed the sign-on date back three years. Channel 5 shared a studio with its sister on Hillcrest Manor. Howell had built the art-deco and block glass structure in 1931 for the radio station, at the time, Hillcrest Manor was the highest populated point in the city. The stations broadcast tower was located on the next to the studio building. The station carried programming from all four networks, but was a primary CBS affiliate and it lost DuMont when that network shut down in 1956, but continued carrying programs from CBS, NBC and ABC. During the late 1950s, the station was briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. In 1956, Howell moved the KFXJ calls to a newly opened satellite station on channel 10, located some 65 miles south in Montrose, the Grand Junction stations then changed their calls to KREX-AM-TV, after their founder
40.
WMBB
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WMBB is the ABC-affiliated television station for Panama City, Florida. It broadcasts a high definition signal on VHF channel 13 from a transmitter in unincorporated Youngstown along the Bay. Owned by the Nexstar Media Group, the station has studios on Harrison Avenue/US231 in Downtown Panama City, when it first took to the air, the channel was originally an NBC network affiliate. On February 28,1977, WDTB was sold to Octagon Broadcasting, upon the change, Octagon changed the stations call sign to the current WMBB. Originally, the station was positioned to be the NBC affiliate for Tallahassee as well since the market did not have one until April 21,1983, when WTWC began. At the time, its transmitter was in Frink, Calhoun County, in addition, many viewers in the capital city already received NBC from Albany, Georgias WALB which provided a better signal to the area. On January 4,1982, WMBB made the switch to ABC swapping with crosstown rival WJHG. It was also around this time that station moved from its location in Downtown Panama City to its current location on Harrison Avenue that formerly housed a Buick dealership. The new facilities offered three times the space of the previous location, central Time on May 18,1989, an Air Force F-15 fighter jet clipped a wire at WMBBs Frink tower. This caused the tower, antenna, and transmitter to be completely destroyed, not long after this incident, the channel was sold once again. This time, it joined Spartan Communications of Spartanburg, South Carolina as construction of new transmission equipment got underway, the company completed the acquisition on April 12,1990. On August 6 of that year, WMBB began broadcasting from a new 1, 500-foot state-of-the-art antenna. This allowed for viewing of the station in the western half of the market including the rapidly growing southern Walton County area. In 1993, WMBB became one of several ABC affiliates across the country that refused clearance to the ABC show NYPD Blue, instead, it aired syndicated programming during the timeslot. Then-General Manager Hugh Roche kept the show off the station until 1997 when the ratings system was adopted by the networks. By the time WMBB finally allowed the program to air, it was the last station in the country to lift its ban on the show, in March 2000, this station became one of thirteen in a package acquired by Media General worth $605 million. Later that year, Media General purchased the Jackson County Floridan newspaper, WMBB then established a Jackson County Bureau and used the resources of the Floridan to cover Jackson County as well. This caught the eye of the Federal Communications Commission because of the ownership of a newspaper
41.
Nexstar Media Group
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Nexstar Media Group is a publicly traded American telecommunications company headquartered in Irving, Texas. The companys portfolio consists of 171 television stations across the U. S. most of whom are affiliates with the four major U. S. television networks located in small to medium-sized markets. It also operates all of the owned by an affiliated company, Mission Broadcasting. Nexstar Media Group was founded as the Nexstar Broadcasting Group on June 17,1996, the first television station bought by Nexstar was WYOU in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Nexstar bought WYOU from Diversified Communications, the sale was completed on September 28 of that year. Nexstar promptly fired two beloved anchors and laid-off several long-term staff-members, Perry Sook promised that WYOU would be Nexstars flagship station and he kept an office right off the newsroom for many years. In one memorable moment in Sooks time there, the version of the Robert Mitchum movie The Big Sleep aired on a Sunday afternoon. The production staff was amused to see Sook running down the hallway from his office to the Master Control suite when full frontal nudity appeared on screen during the movie, in 1998, Nexstar purchased WBRE-TV in Wilkes-Barre, PA. Because this was in the market as WYOU, WYOU was sold to Mission Broadcasting. This began the first ever Shared-services agreement between stations, wYOUs sales staff was kept in Scranton while the production and news operations were moved to WBREs offices in Wilkes-Barre. WYOUs staff who were not laid-off were fired by Nexstar, hired by Mission, Mission Broadcasting then paid Nexstar to operate and control the production and news gathering operations while Mission kept the sales and management team. In 2003, Nexstar acquired Quorum Broadcasting, on March 20,2009, Nexstar operated television stations that were owned by Four Points Media Group, through and outsourcing agreement. In July 2012, Nexstar agreed to purchase 11 stations and Inergize Digital Media from Newport Television with two going to affiliate Mission Broadcasting. On September 16,2013, Nexstar announced that it would acquire WOI-DT, KCAU-TV, Nexstar immediately took over the stations operations through a time brokerage agreement. On March 5,2014, the Federal Communications Commission approved the sale of these stations to Nexstar outright, KCAU continues to use Citadels standardized news sets, graphics and logos. On November 6,2013, Nexstar announced that it would purchase the Grant stations for $87.5 million. Due to Federal Communications Commission ownership regulations, one of the stations, KLJB, was spun off to Marshall Broadcasting, the sale was completed on December 1,2014. On March 13,2014, Nexstar announced that it would purchase Internet Broadcasting, the providers were merged to form Lakana, led by former ETG CEO Phillip Hyun
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KFQX
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KFQX is a television station in Grand Junction, Colorado, broadcasting digitally on UHF channel 15 as an affiliate of Fox. Owned by Mission Broadcasting, the station is operated under a LMA by Nexstar Media Group, for its first few years, KFQX offered delayed rebroadcasts of KREXs newscasts. In 2005, the station began simulcasting programming from former Fox owned-and-operated KDVR in Denver. Today, the simulcasts include a weekday morning newscast, a weeknight newscast at 5,30. It also offers some of KREXs weekday newscasts at noon,5 and 10 p. m. On November 20,2013, Gray Television announced it would purchase Hoak Media, KFQX will be sold to Excalibur Broadcasting, however, Gray will sell KREX and Excalibur will sell KFQX due to ownership limits, Gray already owns KKCO and operates Excalibur-owned KJCT. On December 19, Gray announced that KREX and its satellites will be sold to Nexstar Broadcasting Group, while KFQX will be sold to Mission Broadcasting, the sale of KREX was completed on June 13. Nexstar will provide services to KFQX, while it awaits FCC approval, the sale was approved on February 27,2017. The sale was finalized on March 31, a fire knocked KREX, KFQX and KGJT-LP off the air on Sunday January 20,2008 at approximately 8,45 AM local time. The stations building and 50 years worth of archives are a total loss, official site Query the FCCs TV station database for KFQX Query the FCCs TV station database for KXHD-LP BIAfns Media Web Database -- Information on KFQX-TV
$882.7 million USD (2017)[2]