1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
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Hugh Masekela
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Hugh Ramopolo Masekela is a South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, composer and singer. He is the father of American television host Sal Masekela and he is known for his jazz compositions, as well as for writing well-known anti-apartheid songs such as Soweto Blues and Bring Him Back Home. Masekela was born in Kwa-Guqa Township, Witbank, South Africa and he began singing and playing piano as a child. At the age of 14, after seeing the film Young Man with a Horn and his first trumpet was given to him by Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, the anti-apartheid chaplain at St. Peters Secondary School. Huddleston asked the leader of the then Johannesburg Native Municipal Brass Band, Uncle Sauda, soon, some of his schoolmates also became interested in playing instruments, leading to the formation of the Huddleston Jazz Band, South Africas first youth orchestra. By 1956, after leading other ensembles, Masekela joined Alfred Herberts African Jazz Revue, since 1954, Masekela has played music that closely reflects his life experience. The agony, conflict, and exploitation South Africa faced during the 1950s and 1960s inspired and influenced him to make music and he was an artist who in his music vividly portrayed the struggles and sorrows, as well as the joys and passions of his country. His music protested about apartheid, slavery, government, the individuals were living. Masekela reached a population that also felt oppressed due to the countrys situation. Following a Manhattan Brothers tour of South Africa in 1958, Masekela wound up in the orchestra of the musical King Kong, written by Todd Matshikiza. King Kong was South Africas first blockbuster theatrical success, touring the country for a year with Miriam Makeba. The musical later went to Londons West End for two years and he was helped by Trevor Huddleston and international friends such as Yehudi Menuhin and John Dankworth, who got him admitted into Londons Guildhall School of Music. During that period, Masekela visited the United States, where he was befriended by Harry Belafonte and he attended Manhattan School of Music in New York, where he studied classical trumpet from 1960 to 1964. In 1964, Makeba and Masekela were married, divorcing two years later and he had hits in the United States with the pop jazz tunes Up, Up and Away and the number-one smash Grazing in the Grass, which sold four million copies. He also appeared at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, and was featured in the film Monterey Pop by D. A. Pennebaker. In 1974, Masekela and friend Stewart Levine organised the Zaire 74 music festival in Kinshasa set around the Rumble in the Jungle boxing match and he has played primarily in jazz ensembles, with guest appearances on recordings by The Byrds and Paul Simon. In 1984, Masekela released the album Techno Bush, from that album, in 1987, he had a hit single with Bring Him Back Home, which became an anthem for the movement to free Nelson Mandela. Here he re-absorbed and re-used mbaqanga strains, a style he has continued to use since his return to South Africa in the early 1990s and he also collaborated in the musical development for the Broadway play, Sarafina
3.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
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Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
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Uni Records
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Uni Records was a record label owned by MCA Inc. The brand, which featured a distinctive UNi logo, was established in 1966 by MCA executive Ned Tanen. In 1967, Uni took over management of MCAs newly acquired Kapp Records, Uni also operated Revue Records, a soul music subsidiary, from about 1966 to 1970. In 1971 Uni was merged with Kapp and the co-owned American Decca Records and that year, Regan left MCA to revive 20th Century Records for 20th Century Fox. In 1988, Uni was briefly revived by MCA Records as a niche hipster label, à la Sire Records, with a roster that included Transvision Vamp, & Rakim, Swans, Steve Earle, and a distribution deal with the Bronx-based hip hop label Strong City Records. By the end of 1989, however, Swans was dropped, the deal with Strong City was terminated, in 1991, MCA revamped the Uni moniker once more when it changed the name of its music distribution network from MCA Music Distribution Corp to Uni Distribution Corp. In 1996, in the wake of Seagrams purchase of MCA, in June 2001, it was renamed Universal Music & Video Distribution Corp. and it was changed again in 2006, after the sale of Universal Pictures to NBC, to Universal Music Distribution. 1967–1973, Mustard yellow label with green, blue and magenta swirls, followed by lime green colored Uni logo in yellow swirl. Many albums during this run were also pressed with custom labels, 1988–1989, Blue label with Uni logo in black at top. MCA Records List of record labels Hall, Claude, MCA Drops Vocalion, Decca, Kapp and Uni, Billboard, February 10,1973 Uni Records official site The Uni Records Story
6.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
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Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
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Instrumental
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An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics, or singing, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a Big Band setting. The music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments, if the instrumental section highlights the skill, musicality, and often the virtuosity of a particular performer, the section may be called a solo. If the instruments are percussion instruments, the interlude can be called a percussion interlude or percussion break and these interludes are a form of break in the song. One example of a genre in which both vocal/instrumental and solely instrumental songs are produced is blues, another example of a genre in popular culture is Hip Hop, Pop, and R&B. Many upcoming or rising artists in Hip Hop, Pop, and R&B will find an instrumental online on a website, like www. beatsbytoon. com, an instrumental version of a song which otherwise features vocals is also known as a -1. The opposite of instrumental music, that is, music for voices alone, without any accompaniment instruments, is a cappella, an Italian phrase that means in the chapel. In early music, instruments such as trumpet and drums were considered outdoor instruments, a capella music exists in both Classical music choir pieces and in popular music styles such as doo wop groups and Barbershop quartets. Some recordings which include brief examples of the voice are typically considered instrumentals. An ominous statement at the end Inclusion of field recordings which may or may not contain non-lyrical words, a few songs categorized as instrumentals may even include actual vocals, if they appear only as a short part of an extended piece. Falling just outside that definition is Theme From Shaft by Isaac Hayes. com with a sample of each
9.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
10.
The Friends of Distinction
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The Friends of Distinction were an American vocal group best known for their late 1960s hits, Grazing in the Grass, Love or Let Me Be Lonely, and Going in Circles. Founded by Harry Elston and Floyd Butler, The Friends of Distinction also included Jessica Cleaves, the Friends of Distinction formed in 1968 in Los Angeles with original members Floyd Butler, Harry Elston, Jessica Cleaves, and Barbara Jean Love. Butler and Elston had worked together in The Hi-Fis in the mid 1960s, other members of the Hi-Fis were Marilyn McCoo and Lamont McLemore, who would later co-found The Fifth Dimension. The Friends of Distinction were discovered by American football player Jim Brown, who also discovered Earth, Wind & Fire, and were signed to RCA Records. The Friends first major hit, Grazing in the Grass, was an Elston-sung vocal cover version of a hit by Hugh Masekela. Released in March 1969, this record went Top 5 on both the pop and soul charts in the U. S. peaking at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June. The follow-up ballad Going in Circles also charted highly, hitting #15 in November. When Love took time off during her pregnancy, Charlene Gibson replaced her, singing lead on the Friends third hit, Love or Let Me Be Lonely, the Friends were prolific between 1969 and 1971, releasing five albums, with a sixth in 1973. They also released singles, including Check It Out and a cover of Neil Sedakas Time Waits For No One. The group quit touring in 1975, and broke up soon afterward, Cleaves sang with Earth, Wind & Fire for a number of years. Going in Circles has been covered by Isaac Hayes, The Gap Band and Luther Vandross, Grazing in the Grass was redone by Disney television star Raven-Symone. In 1990, Elston and Butler planned to revive the Friends of Distinction and he had already written songs for the group and one composition he co-wrote, Check It Out, was a hit for the group Tavares. Elston formed a new quartet, also called the Friends of Distinction, Jessica Cleaves died on May 2,2014, from a stroke at the age of 65. The Friends of Distinction at AllMusic The Friends of Distinction at Soul Tracks
11.
Gold Star Studios
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Gold Star Studios was a major independent recording studio located in Los Angeles, California, United States. For more than thirty years, from 1950 to 1984, Gold Star was one of the most influential, the studio was renowned for its unique custom-designed recording equipment, which was designed and built by Gold, as were its famed echo chambers. In the mid-1950s, aspiring pop star and future recording legend Phil Spector began hanging out at local studios, including Gold Star and he eventually won the confidence of Gold Stars house producer-engineer Stan Ross, who took Spector under his wing and taught him the basics of record production. In the early 1960s, Spector used Gold Star as the venue for most of his famous Wall of Sound recordings. The studio was renowned for its echo chambers, according to Gold, who designed the chambers after years of research and experimentation, they were built in an area of about 20 ft x 20 ft and were complementary trapezoids 18 ft long. The walls were thick, specially-formulated cement plaster on heavy isolation forms, entry into the chambers was through a series of 2 ft by 2 ft doors, and the opening was only about 20 in wide and high. Gold Star was responsible for what is believed to be the first commercial use of the technique called flanging. Donna Loren, a cast member of Shindig, recorded there early in her career on the Crest label. Jazz artists who recorded there include Gerry Mulligan, Chet Baker, Oscar Moore, The Hi-Los, singer-songwriter Johnette Napolitano, co-founder of Concrete Blonde, was the studios receptionist in the early 1980s. Shifting economics caused Gold Star to close its doors in 1984, several months after the studios were vacated, a fire destroyed the building. A mini-mall was later constructed on the site, on March 11,2011, Ross died of complications following an operation to correct an abdominal aneurysm. Official website Gold Star Studios discography at Discogs David Gold Interview - NAMM Oral History Library
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Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
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Contemporary R&B
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Contemporary R&B, also known as simply R&B, is a music genre that combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop and dance. The genre features a record production style, drum machine-backed rhythms, an occasional saxophone-laced beat to give a jazz feel. Electronic influences are becoming a trend and the use of hip hop or dance-inspired beats are typical, although the roughness. Contemporary R&B vocalists are often known for their use of melisma, popularized by such as Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Craig David, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston. That same year, Teddy Riley began producing R&B recordings that included hip hop influences and this combination of R&B style and hip hop rhythms was termed new jack swing and was applied to artists such as Bobby Brown, Keith Sweat, Al B. Guy, Jodeci and Bell Biv DeVoe, the style became less popular by the end of the 1990s, but later experienced a resurgence. In 1990 Mariah Carey released Vision of Love as her debut single and it was immensely popular peaking at number 1 in many worldwide charts including the Billboard Hot 100, and it propelled Mariahs carrier. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma. During the mid-1990s, Whitney Houstons The Bodyguard, Original Soundtrack Album sold over 40 million copies becoming the best-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jacksons self-titled fifth studio album janet. which came after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, sold over twenty million copies worldwide. Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No.1 hits, including One Sweet Day, Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single Fantasy, with Ol Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool. In the late 1990s, neo soul, which added 1970s soul influences to the hip hop soul blend, arose, led by such as DAngelo, Erykah Badu. Hill and Missy Elliott further blurred the line between R&B and hip hop by recording both styles, beginning in 1995, the Grammy Awards enacted the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, with II by Boyz II Men becoming the first recipient. The award was received by TLC for CrazySexyCool in 1996, Tony Rich for Words in 1997, Erykah Badu for Baduizm in 1998. At the end of 1999, Billboard magazine ranked Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson as the first, simultaneously, in the second half of the 1990s, The Neptunes and Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporary R&B and hip hop music. R&B acts such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, in 2001, Alicia Keys released Fallin as her debut single. It peaking at one on the Billboard Hot 100, Mainstream Top 40
14.
Psychedelic soul
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It came to prominence in the late 1960s and continued into the 1970s, playing a major role in the development of funk and disco. Pioneering acts included Sly and the Family Stone, Jimi Hendrix, mainstream acts that developed a psychedelic sound included the Supremes and Stevie Wonder. Acts that achieved notability with the sound included the Chambers Brothers, the 5th Dimension, Edwin Starr, and George Clintons Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles. Following the lead of Jimi Hendrix in psychedelic rock, in the late 1960s psychedelia began to have a impact on African American musicians. Influenced by the civil movement, it had a darker. Other Motown acts soon followed into psychedelic territory, including established performers like the Supremes with Reflections, Love Child, psychedelic influences could also be heard in the work of Stevie Wonder and in Marvin Gayes socially conscious work from Whats Going On. George Clintons interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin-offs, took the genre to its most extreme lengths, making funk almost a religion in the 1970s. And Your Ass Will Follow, and Maggot Brain, and Parliament album Osmium, producing over forty singles, including three in the US top ten, and three platinum albums. Acts like Earth, Wind & Fire, Kool & the Gang, and Ohio Players, who began as psychedelic soul artists, incorporated its sounds into funk music and eventually the disco which partly replaced it
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RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
16.
Cover version
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
17.
Al Casey (jazz guitarist)
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Albert Aloysius Casey known professionally as Al Casey, was a jazz guitarist who was a member of Fats Wallers band during the 1930s and early 1940s. Casey was born in Louisville, Kentucky to Joseph and Maggie B. Johnson Casey and he grew up in New York City and attended DeWitt Clinton High School. He was a prodigy who started playing violin, then ukulele. He began playing guitar in 1930 and met Fats Waller in 1933, the following year, at the age of eighteen, he became a member of Wallers band. He made many recordings with the band, and he is noted for having played the solo in Buck Jumpin, after Wallers death in 1943, he went out on his own and led a trio. For two consecutive years the 1940s, he was voted best guitarist in Esquire magazine, beginning in 1957, he was a member of a rhythm and blues band led by King Curtis. Four years later he dropped out of music, though he returned in the 1970s to record with Helen Humes, another absence followed until 1981, when he joined the Harlem Jazz and Blues Band and remained with it for the next twenty years. He died of cancer on September 11,2005. During his career, Casey worked with Louis Armstrong, Chu Berry, Coleman Hawkins, Lionel Hampton, Billie Holiday, Billy Kyle, Frankie Newton, Clarence Profit, Art Tatum, according to jazz researcher Eric B. Borgman, Caseys birthdate may be incorrect, while double-checking his birthdate with U. S. census records he found Albert Casey listed as being 2 and 1/2 years old in the 1920 Kentucky census that was recorded on January 9,1920. Borgman says this shows a 1917 birthdate and he further suggests that September may also be incorrect. This new birthdate information would suggest that Casey was actually about 88 years old when he died, New York Times, Obituary, September 13,2005. More Questions Than Answers Al Casey discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs
18.
Anthony Terran
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Anthony Tony Terran was an American trumpet player and session musician. He was part of The Wrecking Crew, which was a group of musicians in Los Angeles, California. The Wrecking Crew was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame on November 26,2007. Regarded as one of the most versatile players in the music business. Terran received the Most Valuable Player award from the National Academy of Recording Arts, Terran was in high school when he started working on live radio shows in Buffalo, NY. In 1944, he arrived in Los Angeles after touring with Horace Heidt, in 1945, he began working with Bob Hope, and then with Desi Arnaz in 1946. His relationship with Arnaz helped shape Cuban/Latin music in the United States, Tony is the last surviving member of the Desi Arnaz Orchestra from the I Love Lucy television show. He had the distinction of playing on the first filmed television sitcom, Terran had one marriage from 1963–1976 to singer/dancer Avalon Adele Kirkham and has five children, Aprile Lanza Boettcher, Mark Terran, David Terran, Eve Terran and Jennifer Terran. Terran died in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 90, hal Blaine and the Wrecking Crew. Official website Tony Terran at AllMusic Tony Terran discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Tony Terran at the Internet Movie Database Tony Terran on Facebook
19.
Harry Bluestone
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Harry Bluestone was a British violinist who composed music for TV and Movie. He was prolific and worked mainly on composing with Emil Cadkin, earlier on, he was a violinist and freelanced on radio in the 1930s with Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman and the Dorsey Brothers. Some of his compositions were featured on APM Music. He retired in 1987 and died of tuberculosis in Studio City, blostein in England on September 30,1907 and apparently went to New York as a boy. He took up the violin at an age, and the liner notes on his Artistry in Jazz album reveal “he performed the Bruch G-Minor Violin Concerto to critical acclaim when only 7 years old. ”As a teenager. Harry graduated from the Institute of Musical Art, and freelanced on radio programmes in the 1930s with the Dorsey Brothers, Benny Goodman. He played with Bix Beiderbecke, Bunny Berigan and Red Nichols, Bluestone had his own 15-minute radio show, recorded for Brunswick Records and was hired by Paramount Studios as its concertmaster. After the war, Bluestone set up his own orchestra which backed Jo Stafford and he also got a first taste of the music library business as production manager for Standard Transcriptions. Among his discoveries while recording in France was singer Robert Clary and he also wrote books in the 1980s on playing violin, guitar and trumpet. Bluestone lived with his wife Le Bluestone and he died of complications of Parkinsons disease in 1992
20.
Stevie Wonder
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Stevland Hardaway Morris, known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century, Wonder signed with Motowns Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth, Wonder is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday a holiday in the United States. In 2009, Wonder was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace, in 2013, Billboard magazine released a list of the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles charts 55th anniversary, with Wonder at number six. Stevie Wonder was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1950, the third of six children of Calvin Judkins and Lula Mae Hardaway, when Wonder was four, his mother left his father and moved to Detroit with her children. She changed her back to Lula Hardaway and later changed her sons surname to Morris. Wonder has retained Morris as his legal surname and he began playing instruments at an early age, including piano, harmonica and drums. He formed a partnership with a friend, calling themselves Stevie and John, they played on street corners. Before signing, producer Clarence Paul gave him the name Little Stevie Wonder, because of Wonders age, the label drew up a rolling five-year contract in which royalties would be held in trust until Wonder was 21. He and his mother would be paid a stipend to cover their expenses, Wonder received $2.50 a week. Wonder was put in the care of producer and songwriter Clarence Paul, tribute to Uncle Ray was recorded first, when Wonder was still 11 years old. Mainly covers of Ray Charless songs, it included a Wonder and Paul composition, the Jazz Soul of Little Stevie was recorded next, an instrumental album consisting mainly of Pauls compositions, two of which, Wondering and Session Number 112, were co-written with Wonder. At the end of 1962, when Wonder was 12 years old, he joined the Motortown Revue, at the Regal Theater, Chicago, his 20-minute performance was recorded and released in May 1963 as the album Recorded Live, The 12 Year Old Genius. A single, Fingertips, from the album was released in May. The song, featuring a confident and enthusiastic Wonder returning for a spontaneous encore that catches out the replacement bass player, was a No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 when Wonder was aged 13, making him the youngest artist ever to top the chart. The single was simultaneously No.1 on the R&B chart and his next few recordings, however, were not successful, his voice was changing as he got older, and some Motown executives were considering cancelling his recording contract. During 1964, Wonder appeared in two films as himself, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, but these were not successful either, sylvia Moy persuaded label owner Berry Gordy to give Wonder another chance. He also began to work in the Motown songwriting department, composing songs both for himself and his mates, including The Tears of a Clown, a No.1 hit for Smokey Robinson
21.
Eivets Rednow
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Eivets Rednow is an easy listening instrumental album by Stevie Wonder released on the Gordy Records label in 1968. The album was created as a follow-up to the easy listening instrumental single Alfie. A House Is Not a Home, another song by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, eivets Rednow is Stevie Wonder spelled backwards, Wonders name doesnt appear on the cover of the original releases. This was Wonders ninth studio album, released on November 20,1968, Wonder plays harmonica, drums, piano and clavinet on this album, though like his debut album, he doesnt sing on any of the tracks. On some reissues, How do you spell Stevie Wonder backwards is printed on the top corner of the sleeve in small print. This is also the first album that has song credits solely by Wonder himself
22.
Chet Atkins
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Chester Burton Chet Atkins known as Mr. He was primarily known as a guitarist and he also played the mandolin, fiddle, banjo, and ukulele. Atkins signature picking style was inspired by Merle Travis, other major guitar influences were Django Reinhardt, George Barnes, Les Paul, and, later, Jerry Reed. His distinctive picking style and musicianship brought him admirers inside and outside the country scene, among many honors, Atkins received 14 Grammy Awards and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He also received nine Country Music Association awards for Instrumentalist of the Year and he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum. Atkins was born on June 20,1924, in Luttrell, Tennessee and his parents divorced when he was six, after which he was raised by his mother. He was the youngest of three boys and a girl and he started out on the ukulele, later moving on to the fiddle, but traded his brother Lowell an old pistol and some chores for a guitar when he was nine. He stated in his 1974 autobiography, We were so poor, forced to relocate to Fortson, Georgia, outside of Columbus, to live with his father because of a critical asthma condition, Atkins was a sensitive youth who made music his obsession. Because of his illness, he was forced to sleep in a chair to breathe comfortably. On those nights, he played his guitar until he fell asleep holding it, while living in Fortson, he attended the historic Mountain Hill School. He returned in the 1990s to play a series of charity concerts to save the school from demolition, Atkins became an accomplished guitarist while he was in high school. He used the restroom in the school to practice, because it gave better acoustics and his first guitar had a nail for a nut and was so bowed that only the first few frets could be used. He later purchased an electric guitar and amp, but he had to travel many miles to find an electrical outlet. Later in life, he gave himself the honorary degree CGP. In 2011, his daughter Merle Atkins Russell bestowed the CGP degree on his longtime sideman Paul Yandell and she then declared no more CGPs would be allowed by the Atkins estate. His half-brother Jim was a successful guitarist who worked with the Les Paul Trio in New York, Atkins did not have a strong style of his own until 1939, when he heard Merle Travis picking over WLW radio. This early influence dramatically shaped his unique playing style, whereas Traviss right hand used his index finger for the melody and thumb for bass notes, Atkins expanded his right-hand style to include picking with his first three fingers, with the thumb on bass. Chet Atkins was a ham radio general class licensee, formerly using the call sign WA4CZD, he obtained the vanity call sign W4CGP in 1998 to include the CGP designation
23.
Boney James
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Boney James, is a saxophonist, songwriter and producer. In 2009 Billboard magazine named James the No.3 Billboard Contemporary Jazz Artist of the Decade, Boney James is a four-time Grammy Award nominee and a Soul Train Award winner. He has also honored with two NAACP Image Award nominations for Best Jazz Album. He has accumulated four RIAA Certified Gold Records, according to the Boston Globe, Lets make something perfectly clear, James is not a smooth jazz player. He even weaved his way through the audience, never missing a beat and all, Boney James took up the clarinet at the age of eight, switching to sax when he was ten. Boney spent his teen years in New Rochelle, New York and became musically influenced by the R&B Motown genre and saxophonist Grover Washington. When James was fourteen his family moved to Los Angeles, where he joined a band that opened for acts like Flora Purim. Another member of early band was John Shanks, now a successful pop producer. James eventually received a degree in history from UCLA, but began playing music full-time after graduation, James learned to play keyboards and in 1985 he joined Morris Days band. His R&B influence was strengthened by seven years of touring and sessions as a sideman with Day. It was on the road with Crawford in 1986 that he earned his now-famous moniker, in the early 1990s while on tour with Bobby Caldwells band James met engineer and producer Paul Brown, beginning a 10-year period of collaboration. In 1992 Boney released his album as a leader, Trust. Following the records success, James was signed by the Warner Brothers label in 1994 and he released the RIAA Certified Gold Records, Seduction, Sweet Thing and Body Language on Warner Brothers. In 2000 he collaborated with trumpeter Rick Braun on an album called Shake it Up and their duets include the now classic updated version of Hugh Masakelas Grazin in the Grass. James began co-producing his records with Brown in 1997, and assumed the role of sole producer starting with his Pure album in 2003. Following a string of chart-topping albums, in 2006 James moved to Concord Records and his 2009 album, Send One Your Love earned him a Grammy nomination for Best Traditional R&B Performance. James 2013 album The Beat received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Instrumental Album, on May 15,2010, James was involved in a car crash coming home from a performance when he was rear ended by a drunk driver. James suffered a jaw, two shattered teeth and facial lacerations
24.
Rick Braun
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He had also thought of being a doctor or a musician but chose musician because he didnt excel at math and credits his high school music teacher with preparing him. In the 1970s, Braun attended the Eastman School of Music, with that band, they won a competition and worked with Miles Davis producer Teo Macero for two albums. In 1981, he released an album as a vocalist in Japan for Teichiku Records. As a songwriter, he worked on REO Speedwagons song Here With Me and also TV and film such as Midnight Caller. Some of the artists with whom he recorded include guitarist Jeff Golubs Avenue Blue, as a musician, Braun has also faced several struggles including alcoholism from touring so much in the 1980s and had a dark tone in his albums into the 1990s. His first major album was 1995s Beat Street which received so much attention that his manager called him and he also collaborated with saxophonist Boney James on a remake of the Hugh Masekelas Grazing in the Grass. Braun also performs in the band BWB, with saxophonist Kirk Whalum, in 2005, he and saxophonist Richard Elliot co-founded ARTizen Music Group and once had Rykodisc as a distributor. One of his influences was Freddie Hubbard, and Braun composed a song, Freddie Was Here in 2008, which he recorded on his album, All it Takes, in tribute to Hubbard, who died that year. Allmusics Scott Yanow listed him as one of the first trumpeters to become in instrumental pop music in the 1990s following Chuck Mangione in the 1980s, Braun also won Gavin Reports Artist of the Year twice. New Age Music & New Sounds Vol.67 – Liberty Here With Me Official website
25.
Larry Harlow (musician)
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Larry Harlow is an American salsa music performer, composer and producer. He was born into a musical American family of Jewish descent, Harlow is the son of Rose and Buddy Kahn, and brother of Andy Harlow. His mother was a singer with the stage name Rose Sherman in New York. His father was the bandleader at the Latin Quarter in New York under the name Buddy Harlowe, the young Harlow, is affectionately nicknamed el Judio Maravilloso. Harlow is a noted salsa bandleader and multi-instrumentalist, although he plays piano. The first garnered a gold disc and spawned La Lotería, the company’s biggest selling 45 rpm to date, Larry Harlow excelled at an early age at various instruments. The music and culture of New York’s Latino community led him to Cuba where he began a study of Afro-Cuban music. Larry and his orchestra, Orquesta Harlow, was the second orchestra signed to the Fania label, Harlow also produced over 106 albums for various artists and over 50 albums on his own besides the ones he produced for Fania. Larry Harlow continues to perform with Fania Among his most popular albums were Abran Paso, larrys opera Hommy was credited as integral to Celia Cruzs comeback. He also appeared with the Fania All-Stars in the movies Our Latin Thing, Live in Africa, in 2005 he contributed to The Mars Voltas album Frances the Mute, on which he played a piano solo toward the end of LVia LViaquez. He also played piano with the group in some live shows, in 2008, Larry Harlow was presented with a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Harlow currently resides in New York with his wife, and regularly continues to lead and perform with Larry Harlow, heavy Smokin Bajándote, Gettin Off El Exigente Me and My Monkey Ambergris
26.
Willie Mitchell (musician)
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William Lawrence Mitchell was an American trumpeter, bandleader, soul, R&B, rock and roll, pop and funk record producer and arranger who ran Royal Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. Born and raised in Ashland, Mississippi, Mitchell moved to Memphis when he was in high school, at the age of eight, he began to play the trumpet. While in high school, he was a player in popular local big bands. Known at the studio as Papa Willie, Mitchell earned his nickname by taking over the reins of Hi Records in 1970. Mitchells productions have been noted for featuring a hard-hitting bass drum sound. A trumpeter and bandleader in his own right, Mitchell released a number of singles for Hi Records as an artist in the 1960s. It peaked at #43 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1968, through the 1980s Mitchell ran his own independent record label, Waylo Records. Acts on the label included Billy Always and Lynn White, in 1987 Joyce Cobb recorded several singles for Waylo, one of which made it to No.3 on the British R&B charts, Another Lonely Night. He and Al Green revived their successful recording partnership in 2003 when Green recorded I Cant Stop and their 2005 follow-up project was Everythings OK. Mitchell died in Memphis on January 5,2010, from a cardiac arrest and his final work was producing the final Solomon Burke studio album, Nothings Impossibile, released in June 2010
27.
Dexys Midnight Runners
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Dexys are an English pop band with soul influences, who achieved their major success in the early to mid-1980s. They are best known in the UK for their songs Come On Eileen and Geno, by 1985, the band consisted only of Rowland and long-standing members Helen OHara and Billy Adams. The band broke up in 1987, with Rowland becoming a solo artist, after two failed restart attempts, Dexys was reformed by Rowland in 2003 with new members, as well as a few returning members from the bands original lineup. Dexys released their album in 2012 and a fifth followed in 2016. After the breakup of their previous band the Killjoys, Kevin Rowland and Kevin Al Archer founded the band in 1978 in Birmingham, the midnight runners referred to the energy the Dexedrine gave, enabling one to dance all night. While recruiting members for the new band, Rowland noted that Anyone joining Dexys had to give up their job and we had nothing to lose and felt that what we were doing was everything. Big Jim Paterson, Geoff JB Blythe, Steve Babyface Spooner, Pete Saunders, Pete Williams and John Jay formed the first line-up of the band, by summer 1979, Bobby Jnr Ward replaced Jay on drums. Clash manager Bernard Rhodes then signed them and sent them into the studio to record a Rowland-penned single, Burn It Down, which Rhodes renamed to Dance Stance. After a series of opening for The Specials, who wore suits on stage to create an image. Rowland said of the sound and look in January 1980. Wed rather be our own movement, a unified image became very important to the group, with Rowland commenting We wanted to be a group that looked like something. A formed group, a project, not just random, Dance Stance, which Rhodes produced, was released on the independent Oddball Records, which Rhodes owned, and which was distributed by EMI. Although it was named single of the week by Sounds, it stalled at number 40 in the British charts, Rowland said, We learned that early on, that the wrong producer can totally screw your record up. As a result, Dexys fired Rhodes and signed directly to EMI, Both Saunders and Ward left the band, to be replaced by Andy Leek and Andy Stoker Growcott. Building on the success of Dance Stance, Dexys next single. It featured the bands Late Night Feelings imprint on the single, Rowland wrote about Washington as he had seen one of his performances aged 11 with his brother. Just because Ive been on Top of the Pops doesnt mean I should get any more respect, I didnt want people asking for my autograph all of the time. Pete Saunders returned to the band temporarily, replacing Leek, to record their debut album, Dexys debut LP, Searching for the Young Soul Rebels, which featured Geno, was released in July 1980
28.
Radio Disney
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Radio Disney Networks broadcasts three separated digital channels, Radio Disney, Radio Disney Country and Radio Disney Junior, via radio stations HD channel or by online stream sites. Recently Radio Disney has become a Mainstream Top 40 Indicator reporter on Nielsen-BDS eventually being upgraded to monitored status with Nielsen-BDS, Radio Disney is also a monitored reporter on the Mediabase 24/7 Top 40 panel. The network is headquartered in Burbank, California, on August 13,2014, Disney announced that it would sell its remaining Radio Disney stations, with the exception of KDIS in Los Angeles. Disney announced that it would begin to syndicate Radio Disney through affiliations with HD Radio subchannels, Disney had for a long time be involved in the music business building off its success in movies and TV shows, which later became Disney Music Group. However, with radio, Disney was not committed to the medium only doing a few shows, Radio Disney is Disneys third foray into radio. In late 1955, Walt Disney started The Magic Kingdom radio show—running Monday through Fridays, even before the 1996 Disney-CC/ABC merger, Disney and ABC Radio considered as early as 1992 planned for a childrens radio network but dropped the idea. Starting on July 31,1994, Disney started a radio show, Live From Walt Disney World. In November 1995, ABC Radio Networks and Childrens Broadcast Corp. reached an agreement for ABC Radio to provide marketing and sales to Radio AAHS. After Disneys acquisition of CC/ABC, Disney had ABC Radio cancel the agreement in August 1996 plus announced the start of its own childrens network and ended AAHSs Disney World broadcasting rights. Radio Disney was test launched in November 1996 in four markets, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Salt Lake City and Birmingham, on August 26,1997, Radio Disney was launched in Los Angeles on KTZN-AM. A nationwide roll out occurred in 1998 with 28 stations affiliating by August 1998 with an expected 63 stations by the end of 1999, Radio Disney purchased KAAM for $12 million and switched the station to the network in July. In 1998, the network was based out of its Dallas station, the network ran its Radio Disney Project Family Initiative from July 1 to September 15,2003 with family-themed programming and events to get family to sign on to the Radio Disney Family Pledge. Radio Disney began being carried by SiriusXM in 2002, Disney entered a joint venture to launch Capital Disney digital radio channel in Britain and operated from 2002 until June 29,2007. In 2004, Disney paid the former Childrens Broadcasting Corporation $12.4 million in a lawsuit settlement, also, as part of the 10th anniversary, Radio Disney held the Totally 10 Birthday Concert on July 22,2006 at the Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim, California. It also included a live webcast on the Radio Disney website. A second concert was held in Dallas, Texas on November 18,2006 at the Dallas Convention Center, Disney spun off and merged on June 12,2007 its ABC Radio Networks with Citadel Broadcasting into Citadel Communications while retaining its ESPN Radio and Radio Disney networks and stations. Operational duties of Radio Disney were transferred to the companys Disney–ABC Cable Networks Group, in March 2008, Radio Disney and Gracenotes signed a licensing agreement starting immediately that allow the lyrics be seen along with the song online on Radio Disney Internet Radio Player. The channel began streaming live on iTunes Radio Tuner in August 2008, in November 2008, Radio Disney relocated its main operations from Dallas to Los Angeles
