1.
Beer festival
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A beer festival is an event at which a variety of beers are available for purchase. There may be a theme, for instance beers from a particular area, frick beer British beer festivals focus on draught real ale, although bottled beers and ciders are often included. There is also an emphasis on variety as well as volume, festivals can be organised by the Campaign for Real Ale, pubs, brewers, social and sporting societies or charities. CAMRA festivals are run by volunteers under the direction of local branches, pub festivals use professional bar staff and there is usually no entry fee. Larger British beer festivals are held in large indoor venues. Casks of ale from different brewers, numbering in the hundreds, are placed on stillage behind rows of trestle tables, staff serve beer directly from the cask and take payment in the form of cash or tokens purchased at the entrance. Cooling is achieved using wet sacking or blankets for evaporative cooling or though refrigerated cooling saddles, glasses are distributed at the entrance to the venue, usually for a small deposit although often included in the entrance fee, often bearing a design specific to the festival. A beer list is available, often indicating where in the venue the different casks will be situated. Food is usually available, and entertainments and games such as live music, medium-sized festival are typically held in meeting halls or marquees. These include festivals organised by local CAMRA branches, or by clubs and they may be themed, emphasising beers from a certain region or in a particular style, for instance the National Winter Ales festival. If a pub is well-provided with handpumps, it can put on a festival by rotating guest beers rapidly through them. Alternatively a temporary stillage may be set up inside the bar, pub-based festivals usually last a weekend. The pubco Wetherspoons holds simultaneous festivals twice-yearly in all the hundreds of branch in its chain and it claims its festivals are Britains largest. The number of different beers that can be provided in a pub festival ranges from about 15 to about 100, in all British festivals the beer is sold in quantities of half or full pints. From 2006 the GBBF additionally served beer in nips, for the benefit of those who wish to sample many beers without consuming excessive amounts of alcohol, Beer festivals are held across the United Kingdom. Notable ones include, The Great British Beer Festival held annually in August in London is the largest beer festival in the UK organised by the Campaign for Real Ale. The GBBF, founded in 1977, was attended by over 66,000 people in 2006 when 350,000 pints of ale were consumed over the five days. The Peterborough Beer Festival is the biggest outdoor CAMRA real ale festival in the UK and is the second largest beer festival in the UK behind the Great British Beer Festival
2.
Campaign for Real Ale
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The Campaign for Real Ale is an independent voluntary consumer organisation headquartered in St Albans, England, which promotes real ale, real cider and the traditional British pub. With over 185,000 members, it is now the largest single-issue consumer group in the UK, the original name was the Campaign for the Revitalisation of Ale. On 31 March 2016, founder Michael Hardman returned to chair a Revitalisation Project Steering Group, the aim of the Revitalisation Project is to review the organisations purpose. CAMRAs stated aims are to, Protect and improve consumer rights, promote quality, choice and value for money. Support the public house as a focus of community life, Campaign for greater appreciation of traditional beers, ciders and perries as part of our national heritage and culture. Seek improvements in all licensed premises and throughout the brewing industry, cAMRAs campaigns include promoting small brewing and pub businesses, reforming licensing laws, reducing tax on beer, and stopping continued consolidation among local British brewers. It also makes an effort to promote less common varieties of beer, including stout, porter, CAMRA does not support the promotion and sale of keg based craft beer in the UK. CAMRAs Internal Policy document states that real ale can only be served without the use of additional carbonation, in 2009, CAMRA announced that it had reached the 100,000 members mark and subsequently went on to pass the 150,000 members mark in 2013. Member benefits include a newspaper, Whats Brewing and a quarterly BEER magazine. In recent times CAMRA has obtained benefits for its members from some commercial organisations and it is governed by a voluntary unpaid national executive, elected by the membership. The local branches are grouped into 16 regions across the UK, the current National Chairman is Colin Valentine, who took over from Paula Waters in February 2010. Tim Page, who succeeded Mike Benner, has been Chief Executive since November 2014, CAMRA members receive a monthly newspaper called Whats Brewing and a quarterly colour magazine called Beer. It also runs the Great British Beer Festival, a event held in London at which a large selection of cask ales. It also maintains a National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors to help bring greater recognition and protection to Britains most historic pubs, in 2013 CAMRA launched public access to a national pub database website called Whatpub. com which is maintained by CAMRA members through the branches structure. CAMRA supports and promotes many beer and cider festivals around the country each year, which are organised by local CAMRA branches around the UK. Generally, each festival charges a fee which varies depending upon the area. A festival programme is also provided, listing the drinks available for tasting and providing a brief description of each beverage. Members often get discounted or free entrance to CAMRA festivals, the Campaign also organises the annual Great British Beer Festival in August
3.
Cask ale
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Cask ale or cask-conditioned beer is unfiltered and unpasteurised beer which is conditioned and served from a cask without additional nitrogen or carbon dioxide pressure. Cask ale is also referred to as real ale in the United Kingdom. The Histories of Herodotus, written in 424 BC, refers to casks of palm-wood filled with wine being moved by boat to Babylon, stout wooden barrels held together with an iron hoop were developed by the north European Celts during the Iron Age for storing goods. Over the centuries other methods have developed for preserving and storing beer but this method is still used. Bottled beers were commonplace by the 17th century for the well off who wished to drink outside of public inns, but while the middle and upper classes could indulge themselves with such expensive luxuries, the ordinary folk continued to drink their beer served direct from the cask. But as beer developed and became paler and lower in alcohol, so it more difficult to keep it fresh tasting in the cask. By the late 19th century commercial refrigeration and Louis Pasteurs flash heating method of sterilisation prolonged the life of beer, in Britains cooler climate these methods did not catch on at this time. Not all beer in mainland Europe is pasteurised, there are plenty of examples of unfiltered, unpasteurised beers, but these will commonly be served from a container under pressure. Traditionally draught beer came from barrels, also called casks. An additional benefit of the switch to metal casks was that staling from oxygen in the air could be reduced, subsequently, in the early 1960s a form of metal cask, known as a keg, was introduced which allowed for more efficient cleaning and filling in the brewery. Also kegs have a concave bottom whilst the barrel or cask design allows sediment to be retained in the cask. Lastly, kegs have straight sides unlike the traditional barrel or cask shape, by the early 1970s most beer in Britain was keg beer, filtered, pasteurised and artificially carbonated, and most British brewers used carbon dioxide for dispensing keg beers. This led to beers containing more dissolved gas in the glass than the traditional ale, by contrast, in Ireland, where stout was dominant, the use of a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen for dispensing prevented the beer from becoming over-carbonated. In 1971 the Campaign for Real Ale was founded in Britain to save what they came to term real ale, the heart of the definition is the maturation requirements. If the beer is unfiltered, unpasteurised and still active on the yeast, it is a real ale, it is irrelevant whether the container is a cask or a bottle. This is beer which is regarded as Real Ale. It is obtained by decanting, or re-racking, Real Ale from one cask to another, the ale in the first cask/container will have already been fined, taking the majority of the yeast to the bottom of the cask. Ale should only be re-racked immediately before delivery to the point of service, cask ale usually has finings added which drag the yeast to the bottom, when the finings have cleared the beer it is said to have dropped bright and the beer will look clear rather than cloudy
4.
Champion Beer of Britain
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The Champion Beer of Britain is an award presented by the Campaign for Real Ale, at their annual Great British Beer Festival in early August. Beers can qualify for the Champion Beer of Britain in three ways, CAMRA tasting panels judge the beers in their area of the UK. The recommendations of these panels are put forward to 6 regional panels, votes from CAMRA members via a form in Whats Brewing, the CAMRA newsletter. Category winners are then re-judged to determine the supreme champion — the Supreme Champion Beer Of Britain, up until 2015, the Supreme Champion was be announced at the GBBF. The cahnge was made to raise the profile of the competition, the judges of the competition usually include professional brewers, beer writers, and respected beer enthusiasts. The focus of the judging is whether the judges actually enjoy the beer, while the award is prestigious, winning has sometimes caused problems for smaller breweries who have been unable to meet the demand for their champion beers caused by the newfound fame and publicity. Beers are split into categories depending on their style or strength The Old Ales & Barley Wines category has been renamed over the years, the award was first presented in 1991. In 1992 the category was split into two - Old Ales and Barley Wines. The new Old Ales category was renamed in 1993 to Old Ales & Strong Milds, changed again to Old Ales & Strong Ales in 1994, the Strong Ale category was changed in 1991 to Strong Bitter, with the Strong Milds joining the Old Ales category. Since 1996 the Old Ales & Strong Milds, Barley Wines, key Blue background indicates beers that were named Supreme Champion after winning in their category. From 1990 onwards Gold, Silver and Bronze awards were made instead of just having an overall winner, successor to the Strong Ale category. Strong Milds were transferred to the Old Ales category, Champion Winter Beer of Britain Results. Champion Bottled Beer of Britain Results
5.
Beer style
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Beer style is a term used to differentiate and categorize beers by factors such as colour, flavour, strength, ingredients, production method, recipe, history, or origin. In 1989, Fred Eckhardt furthered Jacksons work publishing The Essentials of Beer Style, although the systematic study of beer styles is a modern phenomenon, the practice of distinguishing between different varieties of beer is ancient, dating to at least 2000 BC. The flavour may include the degree of bitterness of a due to bittering agents such as hops, roasted barley, or herbs. Yeasts that ferment at warmer temperatures, usually between 15.5 and 24 °C, form a layer of foam on the surface of the fermenting beer, which is why they are referred to as top-fermenting yeasts. Yeasts that ferment at considerably lower temperatures, around 10 °C, have the ability to process a chemical known as raffinose. These yeasts collect at the bottom of the beer and are therefore referred to as bottom-fermenting yeast. The majority of beer in production today is fermented in this way and is called lager, beers of spontaneous fermentation produced in Belgium using wild strains of yeast are referred to as lambic. Styles of beer go back at least to Mesopotamia, the Alulu Tablet, a Sumerian receipt for best ale written in Cuneiform found in Ur, suggests that even in 2050 BC there was a differentiation between at least two different types or qualities of ale. The work of Bedrich Hrozny on translating Assyrian merchants tablets found in Hattusa, documents reveal comments on different local brewing methods or ingredients. Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia wrote about Celts brewing ale in Gaul and Spain in a number of different ways, anglo-Saxon laws reveal they identified three different ales, while the Normans mention cervisae and plena cervisia in the Domesday Book. By the 15th century brewers in Germany and the Low Countries were using hops to flavour and preserve their ale, this new style of ale was called beer. When this trend came to Britain and brewers of beer in Southwark, London, started to take away from the traditional brewers of unhopped ale. Laws were passed favouring either beer or ale for a number of years, at the same time, brewers in Bavaria were storing beer in cool caves during the summer months in order to stop it spoiling. The beer became known as lager from the German word lagern, although beers using naturally dried malt would have been pale-coloured, by the 17th century most malts in Europe would have been dried over a fire, resulting in a dark coloured beer. When coke started to be used for roasting malt in 1642, by 1703 the term pale ale was starting to be used, though the beer it described was a lightly hopped ale, very different from more bitter modern versions. Jacksons book had an influence in North America where the writer Fred Eckhardt was also starting to explore the nature of beer styles. The wine importing company Merchant du Vin switched to importing beers mentioned in Jacksons book, small brewers started up, producing copies and interpretations of the beer styles Jackson described. Beers may be categorized based on a number of factors, the visual characteristics that may be observed in a beer are colour, clarity, and nature of the head
6.
Porter (beer)
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Porter is a dark style of beer developed in London from well-hopped beers made from brown malt. The name was first recorded in the 18th century, and is thought to come from its popularity with street, the history and development of stout and porter are intertwined. The name stout as used for a beer is believed to have come about because strong porters were marketed under such names as Extra Porter, Double Porter. The term Stout Porter would later be shortened to just Stout, for example, Guinness Extra Stout was originally called Extra Superior Porter and was only given the name Extra Stout in 1840. In 1802 John Feltham wrote a version of the history of porter that has used as the basis for most writings on the topic. Very little of Felthams story is backed up by contemporary evidence, Feltham badly misinterpreted parts of the text, mainly due to his unfamiliarity with 18th-century brewing terminology. Feltham claimed that in 18th-century London a popular beverage called three threads was made consisting of a third of a pint each of ale, beer and twopenny. About 1730, Feltham said, a brewer called Harwood made a beer called Entire or Entire butt. Porter is mentioned as early as 1721, but no writer before Feltham says it was made to replicate three threads, instead, it seems to be a more-aged development of the brown beers already being made in London. Before 1700, London brewers sent out their very young. Porter was the first beer to be aged at the brewery and it was the first beer that could be made on any large scale, and the London porter brewers, such as Whitbread, Truman, Parsons and Thrale, achieved great success financially. Early London porters were strong beers by modern standards, early trials with the hydrometer in the 1770s recorded porter as having an OG of 1.071 and 6. 6% ABV. Increased taxation during the Napoleonic Wars pushed its gravity down to around 1.055, the popularity of the style prompted brewers to produce porters in a wide variety of strengths. These started with Single Stout Porter at around 1.066, Double Stout Porter at 1.072, Triple Stout Porter at 1.078 and Imperial Stout Porter at 1.095, as the 19th century progressed the porter suffix was gradually dropped. The large London porter breweries pioneered many advances, such as the use of the thermometer. The use of the latter transformed the nature of porter, the first porters were brewed from 100% brown malt. Now brewers were able to measure the yield of the malt they used. When the malt tax was increased to pay for the Napoleonic War
7.
Stout
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Stout is a dark beer made using roasted malt or roasted barley, hops, water and yeast. Stouts were traditionally the generic term for the strongest or stoutest porters, typically 7% or 8%, produced by a brewery. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, milk stout, and imperial stout, the most common variation is dry stout, exemplified by Guinness Draught, the worlds best selling stout. The first known use of the stout for beer was in a document dated 1677 found in the Egerton Manuscript. The name porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark beer that had been made with roasted malts. Because of the popularity of porters, brewers made them in a variety of strengths. Porter originated in London, England in the early 1720s, within a few decades, porter breweries in London had grown beyond any previously known scale. Large volumes were exported to Ireland, where by 1776 it was being brewed by Arthur Guinness at his St. Jamess Gate Brewery, in the 19th century, the beer gained its customary black colour through the use of black patent malt, and became stronger in flavour. Originally, the adjective stout meant proud or brave, but later, after the 14th century, the first known use of the word stout for beer was in a document dated 1677 found in the Egerton Manuscript, the sense being that a stout beer was a strong beer. Stout still meant only strong and it could be related to any kind of beer, as long as it was strong, in the UK it was possible to find stout pale ale, for example. Later, stout was eventually to be associated only with porter, because of the huge popularity of porters, brewers made them in a variety of strengths. The beers with higher gravities were called Stout Porters, there is still division and debate on whether stouts should be a separate style from porter. Usually the only deciding factor is strength, with beer writers such as Michael Jackson writing about stouts and porters in the 1970s, there has been a moderate interest in the global speciality beer market. In the mid 1980s a survey by What’s Brewing found just 29 brewers in the UK and Channel Islands still making stout, milk stout is a stout containing lactose, a sugar derived from milk. Because lactose cannot be fermented by beer yeast, it adds sweetness, body, milk stout was claimed to be nutritious, and was given to nursing mothers, along with other stouts, such as Guinness. The classic surviving example of milk stout is Mackesons, for which the original brewers claimed that each pint contains the energising carbohydrates of 10 ounces of pure dairy milk. With milk or sweet stout becoming the dominant stout in the UK in the early 20th century, it was mainly in Ireland that the non-sweet or standard stout was being made. As standard stout has a dryer taste than the English and American sweet stouts, though still sometimes termed Irish or dry stout, particularly if made in Ireland, this is the standard stout sold and would normally just be termed stout
8.
Beer in Belgium
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Beer in Belgium varies from pale lager to lambic beer and Flemish red. There are approximately 180 breweries in the country, ranging from international giants to microbreweries, on average, Belgians drink 84 litres of beer each year, down from around 200 each year in 1900. Most beers are bought or served in bottles, rather than cans, using the correct glass is considered to improve its flavor. Brewing in Belgium dates back at least to the age of the first crusades in the 12th century, under the Catholic Churchs permission, local French and Flemish abbeys brewed and distributed beer as a fund raising method. The relatively low-alcohol beer of that time was preferred as an option to available drinking water. What are now traditional, artisanal brewing methods evolved, under abbey supervision, the Trappist monasteries that now brew beer in Belgium were occupied in the late 18th century primarily by monks fleeing the French Revolution. However, the first Trappist brewery in Belgium did not start operation until 10 December 1836 and that beer was exclusively for the monks and is described as dark and sweet. The first recorded sale of beer was on 1 June 1861, in the 16th and 17th century, a beer termed crabbelaer was the most popular beer in Ghent, at the peak of its popularity, more than 50 different breweries produced more than 6 million liters a year. Other kinds of beer brewed in Ghent were klein bier, dubbel bier, clauwaert, dubbele clauwaert, the brewing of Trappist beers takes place in Trappist monasteries. Only eleven monasteries currently meet these qualifications, six of which are in Belgium, Trappist beer is a controlled term of origin, it tells where the beers come from, it is not the name of a beer style. Beyond saying they are mostly top-fermented, the Trappist beers have very little in common stylistically, the current Belgian Trappist producers are, Achel, sells Blonde, Brune, Extra Blonde, Extra Brune. Chimay sells Red Label, White Label and Blue Label, orval sells a unique dry hopped 6. 2% amber beer. Rochefort sells three dark beers,6, Westmalle sells Dubbel and Tripel, Westvleteren sells Green Cap or Blonde, Blue Cap and Yellow Cap. In addition to the above, a beer is sometimes brewed for consumption by the Brothers or sold on site. The designation abbey beers originally applied to any monastic or monastic-style beer, after introduction of an official Trappist beer designation by the International Trappist Association in 1997, it came to mean products similar in style or presentation to monastic beers. In other words, an Abbey beer may be, produced by a non-Trappist monastery — e. g. Monastic orders other than the Trappists can be and are included in this arrangement, what connoiseurs now recognize as Trappist breweries began operations in 1838. Several French monasteries, however, maintained working breweries for 500+ years before the French Revolution disrupted religious life across the northern French province of Wallonia, commercial Abbey beers first appeared during Belgiums World War I recovery. Although Abbey beers do not conform to rigid brewing styles, most tend to include the most recognizable and distinctive Trappist styles of brune, strong pale ale or tripel, as of 2011 eighteen certified Abbey beers existed, Abbaye de Cambron, brewed in Silly by Brasserie de Silly
9.
Beer in Germany
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Beer is a major part of German culture. In 2012, Germany ranked third in terms of beer consumption, behind the Czech Republic. The Reinheitsgebot, sometimes called the German Beer Purity Law or the Bavarian Purity Law in English, was a regulation concerning the production of beer in Germany. In the original text, the ingredients that could be used in the production of beer were water, barley, and hops. After its discovery, yeast became the fourth legal ingredient, for top-fermenting beers, the use of sugar is also permitted. There is a dispute as to where the Reinheitsgebot originated, thuringians point to a document which states the ingredients of beer as water, hops, and barley only, and was written in 1434 in Weißensee. It was discovered in the medieval Runneburg near Erfurt in 1999, before its official repeal in 1987, it was the oldest food-quality regulation in the world. Weizenbier and Weißbier are the standard German names for wheat beer – Weizen is German for wheat, weizenbock is the name for a strong beer or bock made with wheat. Roggenbier – a fairly dark beer made with rye, somewhat grainy flavour similar to bread,4. 5-6% ABV, berliner Weisse – a pale, very sour, wheat beer brewed in Berlin. The beer is served with raspberry or woodruff flavoured syrup. Leipziger Gose – an amber, mildly sour, wheat beer with an addition of salt, Hefeweizen – an unfiltered wheat beer. Kristallweizen – a filtered wheat beer, characterized by a clear appearance as opposed to the cloudy look of a typical Hefeweizen. Kottbusser – an heirloom style originating in the city of Cottbus, typically containing oats, honey and molasses in addition to wheat, export — a pale lager brewed around Dortmund that is fuller, maltier and less hoppy than Pilsner. Germanys most popular style in the 1950s and 1960s, it is now becoming increasingly rare. Helles — a malty pale lager from Bavaria of 11-12° Plato,4. 5-5% ABV Kölsch — pale, light-bodied, top-fermented, beer which, maibock — a pale, strong lager brewed in the Spring. Märzen — medium body, malty lagers that come in pale, amber, the type of beer traditionally served at the Munich Oktoberfest. Pilsener — a pale lager with a body and a more prominent hop character. By far the most popular style, with two thirds of the market
10.
Beer in the United States
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Beer in the United States is manufactured by more than 3,000 breweries, which range in size from industry giants to brew pubs and microbreweries. The United States produced 196 million barrels of beer in 2012, in 2011, the United States was ranked fifteenth in the world in per capita consumption, while total consumption was second only to China. After the repeal of Prohibition, the industry consolidated into a number of large-scale breweries. The most common style of beer produced by the big breweries is American lager, Beer styles indigenous in the United States include amber ale, cream ale, and California common. More recent craft styles include American Pale Ale, American IPA, India Pale Lager, Black IPA, native American tribes brewed beer in the lands of the United States prior to European arrival, but didnt use barley. One recipe was composed of maize, birch sap and water, on February 5,1663 Nicholas Varlett obtained from Peter Stuyvesant a patent for a brewery on Castle Point in Hoboken, New Jersey. The brewing traditions of England and the Netherlands ensured that colonial drinking would be dominated by beer rather than wine, until the middle of the 19th century, British-style ales dominated American brewing. This changed when the longer shelf-life lager styles brought by German immigrants turned out to be profitable for large-scale manufacturing and shipping. The hops in lager had preservative qualities, while non-hopped local ales of the time quickly turned sour and were a risk to drink. Steam beer, the first uniquely American beer style, evolved in the San Francisco area during the 19th century and it was born out of the desire to produce lager beer without the use of refrigeration. After prohibition ended, the Anchor Brewing Company was left as the producer of steam beer. The company was near closure in 1965, whereupon Fritz Maytag, great-grandson of the Maytag Corporation founder, rescued the brewery, Anchor has since trademarked the term Steam Beer and all subsequent renditions of the style are now termed California common. Headquartered in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, it is currently the largest American-owned brewery, one of the earliest large-scale brewers was Best Brewing, a Milwaukee brewery built by German immigrant Phillip Best in the 1840s. It began shipping its beer to Chicago and St. Louis the following decade, first by ferry and eventually by rail, the Weston Brewing Company was first established in 1842 by German immigrant John Georgian. Georgian brought the tradition of brewing with him when he settled in Weston. In creating the brewery, the Weston Brewing Company became one of the first lager breweries in the United States, in St. Louis, a prosperous German soap maker, Eberhard Anheuser, purchased a struggling brewery in 1860. His daughter married a brewery supplier, Adolphus Busch, who took over the company after his father-in-laws death, Busch soon toured Europe, discovering the success of Bohemian lager, and introduced Budweiser beer in 1876. Anheuser-Busch, and its Budweiser beer, would go on to be the largest brewery, the company innovated the use of refrigeration in rail cars to transport its beers, which helped make bottled Budweiser the first national beer brand in the United States
11.
Cider
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Cider is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. The juice of any variety of apple can be used to make cider, the addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the alcoholic content of the resulting beverage. Cider is popular in the United Kingdom, especially in the West Country, the UK has the worlds highest per capita consumption, as well as its largest cider-producing companies. Cider is also popular in other European countries including Ireland, Portugal, France, northern Italy, central Europe also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in UK law, it must contain at least 35% apple juice, although CAMRA says that real cider must be at least 90% fresh apple juice. In the US, there is a 50% minimum, in France, cider must be made solely from apples. Perry is a product made from fermented pear juice. Ciders can be classified from dry to sweet and their appearance ranges from cloudy with sediment to completely clear, and their colour ranges from almost clear to amber to brown. The variations in clarity and colour are mostly due to filtering between pressing and fermentation, some apple varieties will produce a clear cider without any need for filtration. Both sparkling and still ciders are made, the variety is the more common. Modern, mass-produced ciders closely resemble sparkling wine in appearance, more traditional brands tend to be darker and cloudier. They are often stronger than the varieties and taste more strongly of apples. Almost colourless, white cider has the apple juice content as conventional cider but is harder to create because the cider maker has to blend various apples to create a clearer liquid. White ciders tend to be sweeter and more refreshing and they are typically 7-8 % ABV in strength. Black cider, by contrast, is dry amber premium cider which has an content of 7-8 % ABV. The descriptor black usually comes after the name such as Union Black. Apples grown for consumption are suitable for making, though some regional cider-makers prefer to use a mix of eating and cider apples. There are many hundreds of varieties of cultivars developed specifically for cider making, once the apples are gathered from trees in orchards they are scratted into what is called pomace or pommage
12.
Perry
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Perry is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented pears, similar to the way cider is made from apples. It has been common for centuries in England, particularly in the Three Counties, it is made in parts of South Wales and France, especially Normandy. In more recent years, commercial perry has also referred to as pear cider. The National Association of Cider Makers, on the hand, disagrees, insisting that the terms perry. An over twenty-fold increase of sales of industrially manufactured pear cider produced from often imported concentrate makes the matter especially contentious, as with cider apples, special pear cultivars are used to make Perry. Perry pears are thought to be descended from wild hybrids, known as wildings, communis, brought to northern Europe by the Romans, and the now-rare wild pear Pyrus communis subsp. Perry pears are higher in tannin and acid than eating or cooking pears, the majority of perry pear varieties in the UK originate from the counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire in the west of England. Of these, most originate in parishes around May Hill on the Gloucestershire/Herefordshire border, the standard reference work on these varieties of pear was published in 1963 by the Long Ashton Research Station, since then many varieties have become critically endangered or lost. There were over 100 varieties, known by over 200 local names, in the UK the most commonly used variety is the Blakeney Red. Unsuitable for eating, it produces superior perry, Perry pear trees can live to a great age, and can be fully productive for 250 years. Their size often led to them being planted to provide a windbreak for apple orchards, after initial fermentation, the drink undergoes a secondary malolactic fermentation while maturing. Perry pears often have higher levels of sugar than cider apples, including unfermentable sugars such as sorbitol and they also have a very different tannin content to cider apples, with a predominance of astringent over bitter flavours. The presence of sorbitol can also give perry a mild laxative effect, Perry from Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire made from traditional recipes now forms a European Union Protected Geographical Indication. In the medieval period, France retained its association with pear growing, by the sixteenth and seventeenth century, however, perry making had become well established in the west of England, where the climate and soil was especially suitable for pear cultivation. Smaller amounts were produced in other cider-producing areas such as Somerset. Many farms and estates had their own orchards, and many varieties of pear developed that were unique to particular parishes or villages. Whereas perry in England remained a dry, still drink served from the cask, Normandy perry developed a bottle-fermented. Another competing brand of light perry, Lambrini, is manufactured in Liverpool by Halewood International and it now dominates the light perry market and has a somewhat downmarket image in Britain
13.
Olympia, London
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Olympia is an exhibition centre, event space and conference centre in West Kensington, London, England. The venue is home to a range of trade and consumer exhibitions, conferences. The nearest railway station is Kensington which is a London Overground station, a London Underground station, the nearest underground stations are Barons Court, Hammersmith, Shepherds Bush and West Kensington. The direct District Line spur to the only runs on weekends. Olympias story began in May 1884, john Whitley had created the National Agricultural Hall Company with the aim of building and operating the countrys largest covered show centre. Opened on 26 December 1886 as the National Agricultural Hall, it changed its name to Olympia in keeping with its ideals. It was built by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby and covered an area of 4 acres, the Grand Hall was said to be the largest building in the United Kingdom to be covered by one span of iron and glass. Olympia London now features four event venues and a conference centre, the event venues are Olympia Grand, Olympia National, Olympia Central and Olympia West. Having secured the site, the National Agricultural Hall Company commissioned Henry Edward Coe to design the building and he had already designed the Agricultural Hall in Islington twenty five years before and took its barrel-roof form as the basis for the new building. With fixed seating for 9000 people and at nearly an acre in size, the roof had to be high –115 ft at the apex – to enable its great weight to be carried down as near vertically as possible. The structure is strong, with the hurricane of 1987 achieving no more than the destruction of a loose ventilation hatch. The roof of the hall was erected in twelve weeks in midwinter in 1885 and its non-putty patent glazing ensuring free expansion and contraction of 2,500 sheets of quarter inch plate glass. The glass was replaced in 1991 with a sealed heat treated solar reflective system. There is a legend that surrounds the ‘Prince’s Apartments’ which is a suite tacked on to the side of the hall on two floors. This suite appears on the original plans under this name, the story goes that the suite was used by Edward, Prince of Wales for his amorous liaisons before he became King in 1901 – he had a notorious eye for the ladies. The block was rebuilt in 1937 as management offices and meeting rooms but is known as the ‘Prince’s Suite’. The other building of note was the stunning Minor Hall, long since renamed as the Pillar Hall and this is a sumptuous oak-panelled banqueting room with marble columns and a richly moulded and decorated ceiling. It is one of London’s least known public rooms, Olympia opened its doors on 26 December 1886
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Earls Court Exhibition Centre
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It was located in Earls Court within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and was the largest such venue within central London. The founder was John R. Whitley and the first exhibition included performances by Buffalo Bill Cody as part of the American Exhibition and this was followed by Four National Exhibitions, the title of C. Lowes 1892 book about Earls Court and its founder and it was also used as one of the venues for both the 1948 and 2012 Olympic Games. It was served by two London Underground stations, Earls Court and West Brompton, opposite its entrances on Warwick Road and Old Brompton Road respectively. In 2013 plans to demolish Earls Court were approved in order to make way for a new residential and retail estate on the site, demolition work began on the site in December 2014. Before 1887 Earls Court was farm land attached to Earls Court Manor, with the arrival of a multiplicity of railway companies, and before London Underground became distinct from the cross country railways, the tracks formed a triangle which became waste ground. The introduction of two Underground stations, and a network of rails trapped the land. The idea of introducing entertainment to the area was brought about by John Robinson Whitley, Whitley did not profit from his efforts, yet his desire had decided the future of Earls Court and its purpose in later years. In 1895 the Great Wheel, a huge Ferris wheel, was created for Imre Kiralfys Empire of India Exhibition, a plaque in the press centre commemorates some of these facts and that Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor to the shows. Kiralfy had built Earls Court in the style of the 1893 Chicago White City for the Columbian Exposition, in 1935 Earls Court was sold and the new owners decided to construct a show centre to rival any other in the world and to dominate the nearby Olympia exhibition hall. The plan was to create Europes largest structure by volume, the project did not go exactly to plan, it ran over budget and was late in completion. The Earls Court Motor Show immediately followed and later the Commercial Vehicle show, in spite of all the problems during the latter part of its construction, the project was eventually completed at a cost of £1.5 million. Following the construction of Earls Court Two, this building became known sometimes as Earls Court One. In response to the drastic need to increase space, Earls Court Two was constructed at a cost of £100 million. The barrel-roofed hall links with Earls Court One and the halls 17,000 sq m floor was entirely column-free, the hall was opened by Princess Diana on 17 October 1991 for the Motorfair. Earls Court Two was demolished by Capco Plc in 2015 and it was situated on land originally occupied by a mass of sheds linked to the Lillie Bridge Engineering and Railway Depot. Earls Court hosted many shows and exhibitions throughout the years, including the Earls Court Motor Show the Ideal Home Show, each summer from 1950 to 1999 Earls Court was home to the Royal Tournament, the first, oldest and biggest military tattoo in the world. For this the area now occupied by Earls Court Two became a stables, artillery, notable historic exhibitions at the centre include, The American Show,1887
15.
Pub games
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Pub games are games played in or outside pubs and bars, particularly traditional games that are or were played in English pubs. Most are indoor games, though some are played outdoors, e. g. in the pub garden or on the village green, richard Boston in Beer and Skittles reveals that the first regulation for national control of pubs was about pub games. Henry VIIs statute of 1495 restricted the indoor games which were distracting Tudor pubmen from archery, gaming activities associated with pubs included card games such as cribbage, throwing games such as darts, physical sports such as cricket, and blood sports such as cock fighting. Aunt Sally was traditionally played in pubs and fairgrounds, an Aunt Sally was originally a figurine head of an old woman with a clay pipe in her mouth, or subsequently a ball on a stick. The object was for players to throw sticks at the head in order to break the pipe, the game bears some resemblance to a coconut shy, or skittles. Today, the game of Aunt Sally is still played as a pub game in Oxfordshire, the ball is on a short plinth about 10 cm high, and is known as a dolly. The dolly is placed on a metal spike and players throw sticks or short battens at the dolly. Bar billiards in its current form started in the UK in the 1930s, the tables were made by the Jelkes company of Holloway Road in London, and sold to many pubs. The game is played mostly in southern England and Jersey on a table without side and corner pockets. On the playfield are normally placed three skittles--guarding the highest scoring holes, the aim of the game is to score as many points as possible by potting balls down the holes before either the time runs out or a skittle is knocked over. The last ball can only be potted by getting it into the 100 or 200 point hole after bouncing off one cushion, devil among the tailors is a form of table skittles. The game involves 9 small skittles arranged in a 3 x 3 square, the wooden ball hangs from a string or chain attached to the top of a vertical wooden post rising from one corner of the box. The aim of the game is to knock down the skittles by swinging the ball in an arc round the post, in the picturesque name, the devil refers to the ball and the tailors are the skittles. Pitch penny involves throwing coins across the room and into a carved in the seat of a wooden bench. Ringing the bull involves swinging a bulls nose-ring, which is attached to a string, there is a vibrant and thriving tradition of playing this game at what is reputedly the oldest pub in England, Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem in Nottingham. The game was adopted by the settlers of the Caribbean islands. Shove hapenny is played by two players on a small, smooth board, normally made of slate, a number of parallel lines or grooves run horizontally across this board. Hapennies or similarly-sized coins or metal discs are placed at one end of the board and are shoved with a flick of the hand
16.
Covent Garden
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Covent Garden is a district in London on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martins Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the square, now a popular shopping and tourist site, and with the Royal Opera House. The area was settled in the 7th century when it became the heart of the Anglo-Saxon trading town of Lundenwic. By 1200 part of it had been walled off by Westminster Abbey for use as arable land, referred to as the garden of the Abbey and Convent, and later the Covent Garden, it was seized by Henry VIII and granted to the Earls of Bedford in 1552. The 4th Earl commissioned Inigo Jones to build fine houses to attract wealthy tenants. Jones designed the Italianate arcaded square along with the church of St Pauls, the design of the square was new to London and had a significant influence on modern town planning, acting as the prototype for new estates as London grew. By 1654 a small open-air fruit-and-vegetable market had developed on the side of the fashionable square. Gradually, both the market and the area fell into disrepute, as taverns, theatres, coffee-houses. By the 18th century it had become a well-known red-light district, an Act of Parliament was drawn up to control the area, and Charles Fowlers neo-classical building was erected in 1830 to cover and help organise the market. The market grew and further buildings were added, the Floral Hall, Charter Market, by the end of the 1960s traffic congestion was causing problems, and in 1974 the market relocated to the New Covent Garden Market about three miles south-west at Nine Elms. With the postcode WC2, Covent Garden falls within the London boroughs of Westminster and Camden, the area has been served by the Piccadilly line at Covent Garden tube station since 1907, the journey from Leicester Square, at 300 yards, is the shortest in London. What would become the Strand on the boundary of the future Covent Garden was used during the Roman period as part of a route to Silchester. Excavations in 2006 at St Martin-in-the-Fields revealed a late Roman grave and these revealed Covent Garden as the centre of a trading town called Lundenwic, developed around 600 AD, which stretched from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. Alfred the Great gradually shifted the settlement into the old Roman town of Londinium from around 886 AD onwards, leaving no mark of the old town, a document from 1200 AD mentions a walled garden owned by the Benedictine monks of the Abbey of St Peter, Westminster. A later document, dated between 1250 and 1283, refers to the garden of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster. By the 13th century this had become a 40-acre quadrangle of mixed orchard, meadow, pasture and arable land and this is how it was recorded from then on. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540, Henry VIII took the land belonging to Westminster Abbey for himself and his son, Edward VI, granted it to John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, in 1552. The Russell family, who in 1694 were advanced in their peerage from Earl to Duke of Bedford, held the land until 1918
17.
Alexandra Palace
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Alexandra Palace is a historic entertainment venue in Alexandra Park, London. It is located between Muswell Hill and Wood Green, in the north of the city and it was originally opened in 1873 but was rebuilt in 1875 following a destructive fire. It was designed to serve as a centre of recreation, education and entertainment. Intended as The Peoples Palace and later nicknamed Ally Pally, in 1936 it became the home of the worlds first regular public high-definition television service, operated by the BBC. Although other facilities soon superseded it after the war, Alexandra Palace continued to be used by the BBC for many years and its radio, the original studios A and B still survive in the south-east wing with their producers galleries and are used for exhibiting original historical television equipment. The original Victorian theatre with its stage machinery also survives, the theatre and stage structure is on English Heritages Buildings at Risk register. Alexandra Palace became a building in 1996, at the instigation of the Hornsey Historical Society. There is also a pub, ice rink and palm court, the Great Northern Palace Company had been established by 1860 but was initially unable to raise financing for the construction of The Palace of the People, as the project was initially called. The building stock was acquired from the 1862 International Exhibition held in South Kensington. Alexandra Park was opened to the public on 23 July 1863, however, the Palace of the People, or the Peoples Palace, remained as alternative names. In September 1865 construction commenced but to a design by John Johnson, the structure covers some 7.5 acres. In 1871 work started on a line to connect the site to Highgate station. Work on both the railway and the palace was completed in 1873 and, on 24 May of that year, Alexandra Palace, the palace was built by Lucas Brothers, who also built the Royal Albert Hall in South Kensington at around the same time. Sims Reeves sang on the day before an audience of 102,000. Only 16 days later, Alexandra Palace was destroyed by a fire also killed three members of staff. Only the outer walls survived, a exhibition of a collection of English pottery and porcelain. With typical Victorian vigour, it was rebuilt and reopened on 1 May 1875. The new Alexandra Palace contained a hall, art galleries
18.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
19.
Bingley Hall
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Bingley Hall in Birmingham was the first purpose-built exhibition hall in Great Britain. It was built in 1850 and burned down in 1984, the International Convention Centre now stands on the site. This exhibition was visited by Charles Darwin, and also on 12 November by Prince Albert, bingley House was built about 1760 as Byngas Hall and was the home of James Farmer, whose daughter married Charles Lloyd. The house and its land were bought by a company in order to build the railway tunnel for the Birmingham, Wolverhampton. Bingley Hall was built by Messrs Branson and Gwyther, for £6,000 in six weeks in 1850 and it was built in the Roman Doric style using red and blue bricks. Covering one and a quarter acres internally, it measured 224 feet by 221 feet, used 11,700 feet of 21-inch glass, and had ten entrance doors. During its life, it was used as a venue for the Birmingham Dog Show, cattle shows, chrysanthemum shows, circus, boxing, cinema and it had a cycle track used for competitions. It was used as a meeting space. Gladstone held a meeting in November 1888, following Joseph Chamberlains split from the Liberal Party over Irish Home Rule. The speech was recorded by the journal Political World on an Edison phonograph shipped from New York – the first political speech recorded, chamberlain himself spoke there before an audience of some 10,000 people in November 1903, during his campaign for fiscal reform. The hall was used repeatedly for meetings and conversions by various non-conformist religions, including the Elim Pentecostal Church in 1930, the International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall now stand in its place
20.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
21.
Brighton
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Brighton /ˈbraɪtən/ is a seaside resort on the south coast of England. It is part of the county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman. The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone was documented in the Domesday Book, Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses. Brighton continued to grow as a centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841. Many of the attractions were built in the Victorian era, including the Grand Hotel, the West Pier. Brighton attracted 7.5 million day visitors in 2015/16 and 4.9 million overnight visitors, Brighton has also been called the UKs hippest city, and the happiest place to live in the UK. Brightons earliest name was Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book, although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries. Brighton was originally a shortened form, first seen in 1660, it gradually supplanted the longer name. Brighthelmstone was the official name until 1810, though. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin, most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England. The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, an alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for stony valley is sometimes given but has less acceptance. Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church, the town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century. Poet Horace Smith called it The Queen of Watering Places, which is widely used. Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to Doctor Brighton, calling the one of the best of Physicians. London-by-Sea is well-known, reflecting Brightons popularity with Londoners as a resort, a commuter dormitory. The Queen of Slaughtering Places, a pun on Smiths description, the mid 19th-century nickname School Town referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time
22.
London Arena
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The London Arena was an indoor arena and exhibition centre, on the Isle of Dogs, in east London, England, it was demolished for housing in 2006. Seating capacity was up to 15,000, depending on the type of event held and it was the home of the London Knights ice hockey team, the London Towers basketball team and later the Greater London Leopards basketball team. First opened in 1989, the arena had a £10 million refit in 1998, the arena could seat up to 12,500 people. Events ranged from ice hockey and boxing through to music concerts, spectacor Management Group, the worlds largest private facility management company, took over ownership of the London Arena in 1994. The company managed arenas and stadiums in the US and Europe, including the Louisiana Superdome, the Mile High Stadium in Denver and the Ullevaal Stadium in Oslo. During 1998, SMG entered into an agreement with another American based company, Anschutz Sports Holdings. One of the reasons for the refit by joint owners. Along with this, the given to architects, HOK Sport, was to turn the arena into a major multi-entertainment centre. In 2005 the arena closed permanently and it was superseded as the main arena in east London by The O2 Arena, which is in The O2 entertainment complex. The arena was demolished in June 2006 and has replaced by a residential development. The first band to play at the London Arena were Duran Duran, in 1989, the Docklands Arena hosted the Great British Beer Festival. In 1989, Erasure recorded their live VHS, titled Wild, live at the London Arena, here on 11 December 1989 during on Wild. Then the VHS its published in 1990 and have two editions and available in LaserDisc but the American Edition, slipknot recorded their live DVD, titled Disasterpieces, here on 15 February 2002. S Club 7 filmed their concert at the arena, during their 2002 S Club Carnival Tour and was released on VHS/DVD in early 2003, in December 2005, it housed the annual Crisis Open Christmas event, organised by the London-based homelessness charity Crisis. This provides food, accommodation, various medical and social services, description at sportsvenue-technology. com Map sources for London Arena Pictures of the demolition of the London Arena
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
