1.
Downtown Jacksonville
–
Downtown Jacksonville is the historic core and central business district of Jacksonville, Florida USA. It comprises the earliest area of the city to be developed and is located in its center along the narrowing point of the St. Johns River. The area features offices for major corporations such as CSX Corporation, Fidelity National Financial, EverBank, Bank of America, Prudential Financial, Wells Fargo, AT&T, histories of the city report that there was once an Indian village at the site called Ossachite. White settlement in the area began during Floridas British period, when the East Florida government built the Kings Road to connect St. Augustine with the British colonies to the north. A ferry and tavern were built, and when Spanish rule resumed in Florida, the settlement that became Jacksonville largely formed from two land grants issued in 1816, one to Maria Taylor, née Suarez, and one to Juan LeMaestre. Hart eventually convinced his neighbors to join him in donating land for the venture, the settlement was named Jacksonville after Andrew Jackson, who had become popular among many Floridians for his actions in the First Seminole War. The town grew in fits and starts, it saw disruption during the Second Seminole War, during the American Civil War, Jacksonville was home to many Union sympathizers, and was occupied for most of the war by Union troops who took the city four separate times. The war devastated Jacksonville and caused half the population to flee. On May 3,1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire started at a fiber factory. Known as the Great Fire of 1901, it was one of the worst disasters in Florida history, in just eight hours, it destroyed the business district and left approximately 10,000 residents homeless. Architect Henry John Klutho was a figure in the reconstruction of the city. Multiple definitions of Downtown Jacksonville are in common use, often, the name Downtown is used exclusively for the historical core. This is bounded roughly by State Street to the north, Hogans Creek to the east, the St. Johns River to the south, and this definition is used, for example, by the Jacksonville Historic Preservation Commission and their book, Jacksonvilles Architectural Heritage. However, the City of Jacksonville and other use a wider definition that includes not only the Downtown Core. In this definition, the boundaries are State Street to the north, the St. Johns River to the east, under the broader definition, Downtown Jacksonville is divided into several districts or neighborhood. In addition to the historical Downtown Core, the most commonly used districts are, the Southbank, also known as the Northbank, is Jacksonvilles traditional city center and what most people associate with Downtown and Jacksonville in general. The Downtown Core is sometimes divided into additional, smaller districts. Downtown Vision, Inc. refers to the blocks to north of Church Street, the City of Jacksonvilles Downtown Master Plan further restricts the Central Civic Core to south of Church Street and east of Main Street, separating the rest of the area into other districts
2.
Jacksonville, Florida
–
Jacksonville is a seaport city and the seat of Duval County, Florida, United States. With an estimated 868,031 residents as of 2015, Jacksonville is the most populous city in both the state of Florida and the southeastern United States. It is estimated to be the 12th most populous city in the United States and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,603,497 and is the 34th largest in the United States and fourth largest in the state of Florida. The city is situated on the banks of the St. Johns River, in the First Coast region of North Florida, prior to European settlement, the Jacksonville area was inhabited by Native American people known as the Timucua. In 1564, the French established the colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River. In 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain, Jacksonville is the cultural, commercial and financial center of North Florida. A major military and civilian deep-water port, the citys riverine location supports two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Floridas third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Jacksonville is also home to several colleges and universities, including University of North Florida, Jacksonville University and Florida State College at Jacksonville. The area of the city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 16th century, the beginning of the era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20,1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, the Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustines position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, the British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
3.
History of Florida
–
The history of Florida can be traced back to when the first Native Americans began to inhabit the peninsula as early as 14,000 years ago. They left behind artifacts and archeological evidence, written history begins with the arrival of Europeans to Florida, the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León in 1513 made the first textual records. The state was the first mainland realm of the United States to be settled by Europeans, thus,1513 marked the beginning of the American Frontier. Florida was under rule by Spain, France, and Great Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries before becoming a territory of the United States in 1821. Two decades later, in 1845, Florida was admitted to the union as the 27th US state, since the 19th century, immigrants have arrived from Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. Florida is nicknamed the Sunshine State due to its climate and days of sunshine. A diverse population and urbanized economy have developed, in 2011 Florida, with over 19 million people, surpassed New York and became the third largest state in population. The economy has developed over time, starting with natural resource exploitation in logging, mining, fishing, and sponge diving, as well as ranching, farming. The tourism, real estate, trade, banking, and retirement destination businesses followed, the foundation of Florida was located in the continent of Gondwana at the South Pole 650 Mya. When Gondwana collided with the continent of Laurentia 300 Mya, it had moved further north,200 Mya, the merged continents containing what would be Florida, had moved north of the equator. By then, Florida was surrounded by desert, in the middle of a new continent, when Pangaea broke up 115 mya, Florida assumed a shape as a peninsula. The emergent landmass of Florida was Orange Island, a low-relief island sitting atop the carbonate Florida Platform which emerged about 34 to 28 million years ago, when glaciation locked up the worlds water, starting 2.58 million years ago, the sea level dropped precipitously. It was approximately 100 metres lower than present levels, as a result, the Florida peninsula not only emerged, but had a land area about twice what it is today. Florida also had a drier and cooler climate than in recent times. There were few flowing rivers or wetlands, paleo-Indians entered what is now Florida at least 14,000 years ago. Across large areas of Florida, fresh water was only in sinkholes. As a result, most paleo-Indian activity was around the watering holes, sinkholes and basins in the beds of modern rivers have yielded a rich trove of paleo-Indian artifacts, including Clovis points. Excavations at an ancient stone quarry yielded crude stone implements showing signs of wear from deposits below those holding Paleo-Indian artifacts
4.
Great Chicago Fire
–
The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10,1871. The fire killed up to 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles of Chicago, Illinois, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless. The fire started at about 9,00 p. m. on October 8, the shed next to the barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire, but city officials never determined the exact cause of the blaze. There has, however, been much speculation over the years, the most popular tale blames Mrs. OLearys cow, who allegedly knocked over a lantern, others state that a group of men were gambling inside the barn and knocked over a lantern. Still other speculation suggests that the blaze was related to fires in the Midwest that day. The fires spread was aided by the use of wood as the predominant building material in a style called balloon frame. More than two thirds of the structures in Chicago at the time of the fire were made entirely of wood, with most of the houses, all of the citys sidewalks and many roads were also made of wood. In 1871, the Chicago Fire Department had 185 firefighters with just 17 horse-drawn steam engines to protect the entire city. The initial response by the department was quick, but due to an error by the watchman, Matthias Schaffer. These factors combined to turn a small barn fire into a conflagration, when firefighters finally arrived at DeKoven Street, the fire had grown and spread to neighboring buildings and was progressing towards the central business district. Firefighters had hoped that the South Branch of the Chicago River, all along the river, however, were lumber yards, warehouses, and coal yards, and barges and numerous bridges across the river. As the fire grew, the southwest wind intensified and became superheated, causing structures to catch fire from the heat, around 11,30 p. m. flaming debris blew across the river and landed on roofs and the South Side Gas Works. With the fire across the river and moving rapidly towards the heart of the city, about this time, Mayor Roswell B. Mason sent messages to nearby towns asking for help. When the courthouse caught fire, he ordered the building to be evacuated, at 2,30 a. m. on the 9th, the cupola of the courthouse collapsed, sending the great bell crashing down. Some witnesses reported hearing the sound from a mile away, as more buildings succumbed to the flames, a major contributing factor to the fire’s spread was a meteorological phenomenon known as a fire whirl. As overheated air rises, it comes into contact with cooler air and these fire whirls are likely what drove flaming debris so high and so far. Such debris was blown across the branch of the Chicago River to a railroad car carrying kerosene. The fire had jumped the river a second time and was now raging across the north side
5.
1906 San Francisco earthquake
–
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5,12 a. m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. As a result, about 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed, the events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a disaster in Californias history. The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, the 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, the maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet, geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet. The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the moment magnitude scale is 7.8. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earths crust took place both before and after the earthquakes impact. Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, the main shock epicenter occurred offshore about 2 miles from the city, near Mussel Rock. Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and inland as far as central Nevada, a strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds, there were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, because of evidence of the degree of local earth displacement. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, at the time,375 deaths were reported, partly because hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths is uncertain today, and is estimated to be roughly 3,000 at minimum. Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area, nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, in Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles south to a new channel just north of Marina
6.
Spanish moss
–
Instead, it is a flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae which grows hanging from tree branches in full sun through partial shade. Formerly this plant has been placed in the genera Anoplophytum, Caraguata, the northern limit of its natural range is Northampton County, Virginia, with unsubstantiated colonial-era reports in southern Maryland where no populations are now known to be extant. The primary range is in the southeastern United States, through Argentina and it has been introduced to similar locations around the world, including Hawaii and Australia. The plant has no roots and its brown, green, or yellow flowers are tiny. It propagates both by seed and vegetatively by fragments that blow on the wind and stick to tree limbs, Spanish-moss is an epiphyte which absorbs nutrients and water through its leaves from the air and rainfall. While it rarely kills the tree upon which it grows, it can become so thick that it shades the trees leaves. In the southern U. S. Spanish-moss shelters a number of creatures, including rat snakes, one species of jumping spider, Pelegrina tillandsiae, has been found only on Spanish-moss. Chiggers, though assumed to infest Spanish-moss, were not present among thousands of other arthropods identified in one study. It was introduced to Hawaii in the 19th century, and became a popular ornamental, on Hawaii it is often called Peles hair after Pele the Hawaiian goddess. The term Peles hair is used to refer to a type of filamentous volcanic glass. Spanish-moss has been used for various purposes, including building insulation, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, in the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats. In 1939 over 10,000 tons of processed Spanish-moss was produced and it is still collected today in smaller quantities for use in arts and crafts, or for beddings for flower gardens, and as an ingredient in the traditional wall covering material bousillage. In some parts of Latin America, Spanish moss is used in Nativity scenes, in the desert regions of the southwestern United States, dried Spanish-moss plants are used in the manufacture of evaporative coolers, colloquially known as swamp coolers. These are used to cool homes and offices much less expensively than using air conditioners, a pump squirts water onto a pad made of Spanish-moss plants. A fan then pulls air through the pad and into the building, evaporation of the water on the pads serves to reduce the air temperature, thus cooling the building. J. A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants
7.
Savannah, Georgia
–
Savannah is the oldest city in the U. S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia, a strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgias fifth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area, Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe. Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta. On February 12,1733, General James Oglethorpe and settlers from the ship Anne landed at Yamacraw Bluff and were greeted by Tomochichi, the Yamacraws, Mary Musgrove often served as an interpreter. The city of Savannah was founded on that date, along with the colony of Georgia, in 1751, Savannah and the rest of Georgia became a Royal Colony and Savannah was made the colonial capital of Georgia. By the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Savannah had become the southernmost commercial port of the Thirteen Colonies, British troops took the city in 1778, and the following year a combined force of American and French soldiers failed to rout the British at the Siege of Savannah. The British did not leave the city until July 1782, Savannah, a prosperous seaport throughout the nineteenth century, was the Confederacys sixth most populous city and the prime objective of General William T. Shermans March to the Sea. Early on December 21,1864, local authorities negotiated a surrender to save Savannah from destruction. Savannah was named for the Savannah River, which derives from variant names for the Shawnee. The Shawnee destroyed another Native people, the Westo, and occupied their lands at the head of the Savannah Rivers navigation on the fall line and these Shawnee, whose Native name was Ša·wano·ki, were known by several local variants, including Shawano, Savano, Savana and Savannah. Still other theories suggest that the name Savannah originates from Algonquian terms meaning not only southerners, Savannah lies on the Savannah River, approximately 20 mi upriver from the Atlantic Ocean. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 108.7 square miles. Savannah is the port on the Savannah River and the largest port in the state of Georgia. It is also located near the U. S. Intracoastal Waterway, Georgias Ogeechee River flows toward the Atlantic Ocean some 16 miles south of downtown Savannah. Savannahs climate is classified as humid subtropical, in the Deep South, this is characterized by long and almost tropical summers and short, mild winters. Savannah records few days of freezing temperatures each year, due to its proximity to the Atlantic coast, Savannah rarely experiences temperatures as extreme as those in Georgias interior. Nevertheless, the temperatures have officially ranged from 105 °F, on July 20,1986, down to 3 °F
8.
Raleigh, North Carolina
–
Raleigh is the capital of the state of North Carolina, the seat of Wake County in the United States. Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its oak trees. The city covers a area of 142.8 square miles. The U. S. Census Bureau estimated the population as 451,066 as of July 1,2015. It is also one of the cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County, Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham and Chapel Hill. The Triangle nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham and Wake Counties, partway between the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U. S. Census Bureaus Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area, the Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013. Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County, with a small portion extending into Durham County. Raleigh is an example in the United States of a planned city. It was chosen as the site of the capital in 1788. The city was laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center. Raleigh is home to cultural, educational, and historic sites. The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts in Downtown Raleigh features three venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek is a large music amphitheater located in southeast Raleigh, one U. S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh. Bath, the oldest town in North Carolina, was the first nominal capital from 1705 until 1722, the colony had no permanent institutions of government until the establishment at the new capital New Bern in 1743. In December 1770, Joel Lane successfully petitioned the North Carolina General Assembly to create a new county, on January 5,1771, the bill creating Wake County was passed in the General Assembly. The county was formed from portions of Cumberland, Orange, the county gets its name from Margaret Wake Tryon, the wife of Governor William Tryon
9.
William Sherman Jennings
–
William Sherman Jennings was an American politician. He served as the 18th Governor of Florida after being a lawyer, county judge and he was born near Walnut Hill, Illinois, and attended public schools in Marion County. Jennings graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1883, then studied law at the Union College of Law in Chicago, and finished his law studies in Chicago under the supervision of his brother, Charles E. Jennings, who was the States Attorney for Marion County. He came to Florida in 1885 and settled in Brooksville, Florida, in 1887, he was appointed circuit court commissioner, and became county judge of Hernando County, Florida in 1888. Jennings resigned his office as county judge in 1893 to serve in the Florida House of Representatives, after his term ended, he served as a Colonel in the Florida militia, was president of the Brooksville town council and chairman of the Democratic committee. Jennings campaigned for and was elected governor in 1900, taking the oath of office on January 8,1901, during his term in office, he introduced the statewide primary election system, replacing the previous method of nominating candidates for political office at a convention. The first statewide election was conducted in 1902. It was also Jennings idea to drain and develop the Everglades by cutting the natural rock dams in the rivers of south Florida and his term ended on January 3,1905. He moved to Jacksonville, then Florida’s largest city, where he established a law practice. He divided his time between a home in Jacksonville and a farm and timber holdings in Clay County near Middleburg, in 1905, he was appointed by Governor Napoleon B. Broward as General Counsel for the Internal Improvement Fund, the agency responsible for administering public lands. The new governor also favored the development of the Everglades, so in this position, Jennings met May Mann at her father’s home near Brooksville, and began a courtship. Mays father, Austin Mann, had been a Florida Senator and had just won election to the house of representatives. When the legislative session began in January,1891, May went to Tallahassee to serve as her fathers aide, with responsibility for her fathers appointments, correspondence, Jennings went to Tallahassee to continue his courtship. He married May Mann on May 12,1891 and they were escorted down the aisle by the full legislative membership, the newlyweds lived in Brooksville in the William Sherman Jennings House. The couple had one child, a son, Sherman Bryan Jennings, politics and the law were prominent in his family. In addition to his brother, who was a lawyer and state attorney, he was a first cousin to William Jennings Bryan, congressman and three-time Democratic presidential nominee. At one point, the controversy became so heated that Jennings and Lincoln Hulley, Jennings died on February 27,1920 in St. Augustine, Florida and was buried in Jacksonville, Florida
10.
Martial law
–
It is usually imposed temporarily when the government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public, such incidents may occur after a coup détat, when threatened by popular protest, to suppress political opposition, or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law may be declared in cases of natural disasters, however, most countries use a different legal construct. Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan as well as the Southern Reconstruction following the U. S. Civil War. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal, the Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in November 1828—effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people and it would remain in force for more than three years, the longest period of martial law in Australian history. Brunei has been under a law since a rebellion occurred on 8 December 1962 known as the Brunei Revolt and was put down by British troops from Singapore. e. The military does not administer justice, which remains in the hands of the courts, the Act has been invoked three times, During World War I, World War II, and the October Crisis of 1970. In 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced by the Emergencies Act, during the colonial era, martial law was proclaimed and applied in the territory of the Province of Quebec during the invasion of Canada by the army of the American Continental Congress in 1775–1776. It was also applied twice in the territory of Lower Canada during the 1837–1838 insurrections and it was imposed until April 27,1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4,1838, this time by acting Governor John Colborne, in Egypt, a State of Emergency has been in effect almost continuously since 1967. Following the assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat in 1981, state of emergency was declared, Egypt has been under state of emergency ever since, the Parliament has renewed the emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006, but after the Dahab bombings in April of that year, state of emergency was renewed for another two years. In May 2008 there was an extension to June 2010. In May 2010, the state of emergency was extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to Terrorism. Public demonstrations are banned under the legislation, under martial law the source of power is not the people, not the parliament, not the constitution, not a Holy Text, but solely the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The military issued in its announcement the end of the State of Emergency as soon as order is restored in Egypt. Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the power to declare a State of Emergency
11.
Militia
–
For instance, the members of some U. S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance, some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include, Forces engaged in defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, a subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation, a private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military, economic, an official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries, such as the Army Reserve, National Guard, the national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries, in France the equivalent term Milice has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, as regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated, the militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions. They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution, a decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos, allowing instead their promotion on military merit. The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts and these irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts. This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army, provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, Sarmiento, Avellaneda and Roca. Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia-Abkhazia War of 1992–1993, in the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected. Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted force was more efficient than a militia. A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War, following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force. In the beginning, members didnt have uniforms and often paraded in business attire and they were given instruction on guerrilla warfare, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces. After World War I, multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages, only to many of them occupied by Slovene
12.
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Jacksonville)
–
The former St. Andrews Episcopal Church building, also known as Old St. Andrews, is an historic building located at 317 Florida Avenue in downtown Jacksonville, Florida. It was originally an Episcopal church, but closed when the relocated to the suburbs in 1960. On May 4,1976, the edifice was added to the U. S. National Register of Historic Places, in the 1990s it was purchased by the City of Jacksonville and turned over to the Jacksonville Historical Society, and now serves as the societys headquarters. St. Andrews Episcopal Church was designed by architect Robert S. Schuyler in the Gothic Revival style, Schuyler also designed St. Peters Church in Fernandina, built in 1881, as well as chapels in Waldo, Fairbanks, Pablo Beach, and Lake Santa Fe. St. Andrews was built in 1887 on a level using brick masonry and contained a massive front corner tower with louvered belfry. It stood at 317 Florida Avenue, now 317 A. Phillip Randolph Boulevard, beginning with World War II, the area along the river north of the city center experienced an economic boom as dozens of industrial operations moved in. Liberty Ships were built to support the war effort, the Gator Bowl Stadium was erected in 1949 and construction began on the Mathews Bridge, which opened in 1953. Jacksonville Baseball Park began construction in 1954, the once quiet neighborhood had become undesirable, and residents began to move elsewhere. Residential development in the suburbs increased dramatically, and membership at St. Andrews fell to the point that it could no longer support itself, Old St. Andrews Episcopal Church was deconsecrated, closed and boarded up. The once thriving area around the church declined, and by the late 1970s the building had fallen into disuse, vacant for almost three decades, the building was a tremendous challenge for historic preservation. The City of Jacksonville gave the Jacksonville Historical Society the rights to the if it could restore it. According to the JHS website, many thought that the condition of the structure was beyond repair. However, a $242,000 preservation grant was secured from the state of Florida in 1996, restoration began in 1996 and was completed on April 18,1998, with the structure becoming the new home of the Jacksonville Historical Society. Since restoration the building is seen as one of the finest specimens of architecture in Duval County. It was the site of the ESPN Super Bowl XXXIX party in January 2005, fL-352, St. Andrews Parish Episcopal Church,317 Florida Avenue, Jacksonville, Duval County, FL,2 photos,9 data pages,1 photo caption page
13.
Duval County Courthouse
–
The Duval County Courthouse is the local courthouse for Duval County, Florida. It houses courtrooms and judges from the Duval County and Fourth Judicial Circuit Courts, the new facility is located Downtown Jacksonville, Florida, it was built starting in 2009 and opened in 2012. Duval County was created on August 12,1822 and was part of St. Johns County. Although the countys area was huge, it more than twenty years before the first courthouse was constructed during the 1840s. A second courthouse was constructed in 1886, but was burned in the Great Fire of 1901, the third courthouse was constructed in 1902 and closed in 1958. A new courthouse funded by the Better Jacksonville Plan was planned in 2000, the first courthouse erected in Duval County was constructed of wood during the 1840s where Forsyth and Market Street intersect. It was burned to the ground during the Civil War and it took another twenty years before it was replaced with a brick building, constructed in 1886, which lasted until the Great Fire of 1901, which destroyed most of downtown Jacksonville. After the fire, the courthouse was one of the first buildings reconstructed, the exterior brick walls of the old courthouse remained mostly intact and were utilized in the creation of a new armory building. That structure became part of the Lanier Building, which was demolished in 2003, rutledge Holmes designed the 1902 courthouse, which had a stone exterior. The architect incorporated up to seven floors in the design. Instead, when space was required, an annex was added in 1914. An architecturally modern courthouse was constructed on East Bay Street and dedicated in 1958, ten years before consolidation, the 1902 courthouse was demolished, the 1914 annex was preserved and later expanded to include the site of the 1902 courthouse and still functions as a county office building. The 2000 Census counted over three-quarters of a people in Duval County. The Bay Street facility had been overcrowded for many years and additional space was desperately needed, state law required the local government to construct a new facility. Mayor John Delaney proposed the Better Jacksonville Plan, a $2.25 billion package of projects, the referendum on the Better Jacksonville Plan passed on September 5,2000, and planning for the courthouse commenced. Costs were estimated at $190 million, with another $20 million built into the budget for contingency, Construction was awarded to Cannon Design. In 2003 Delaney left office and was succeeded by John Peyton, Construction continued under Cannon, but budget and size estimates fluctuated. Peyton stopped work on the complex on October 28,2004
14.
Henry John Klutho
–
Henry John Klutho was an American architect known for his work in the Prairie School style. He helped in the reconstruction of Jacksonville, Florida after the Great Fire of 1901—the largest-ever urban fire in the Southeast—by designing many of the new buildings built after the disaster and this period lasted until the beginning of World War I. Several Jacksonville architects began their careers in the offices of Kluthos firm, Klutho was born in Breese, Illinois, a small midwest town. He lived there until the age of 16, when he left for St. Louis, when he became interested in architecture, he moved to New York City to learn more, and became an architect. Klutho read about the Great Fire of 1901 in the New York Times and he finished his current projects in New York and quickly moved to Jacksonville. Other projects soon followed, including the new City Hall and private homes, during a business trip to New York City in 1905, Klutho met Frank Lloyd Wright, and the event changed Kluthos life. The new style appealed to Klutho, whose style changed to adopt the fresh ideas, in what is now the Springfield Historic District, he drew plans for the Klutho Apartments, the Claude Nolan Cadillac Building, the Florence Court Apartments and his own home. He also was involved in the design of buildings in the Avondale, in March,1910, Klutho agreed to design a building for Jacob and Morris Cohens department store, to be named the St. James Building. Among the proposals sent to the Cohens was a design for a building with four floors. Klutho proposed a mixed use design that would contain small shops on the first floor exterior with the department store in the interior, the third and fourth floors would contain offices for rent. He convinced the brothers that their structure would become the center of commerce for Jacksonville, Klutho not only designed the building, but acted as construction manager using the fast-track method, whereby work begins prior to design completion. Remarkably, the project was finished in less than a year, the structure was named the St. James Building, and it was Kluthos crowning achievement. When dedicated on October 21,1912, it was the largest structure in Jacksonville, the St. James Building was the featured article in The Western Architect and Kluthos work was highlighted throughout the magazine in June,1914. The most striking feature was a 75 octagonal glass dome. The elevators were open cages, giving passengers a view of the store, the building exterior was decorated with large abstract terra-cotta ornaments. Later generations in Jacksonville did not appreciate the creativity and style of his designs and his contributions to the rebirth of the city were mostly ignored, except by his colleagues. On this, he quoted Desiderius Erasmus, In the land of the blind, Klutho lived to be 91, but had little money, making his later years difficult. Following his death, much of his work was razed or renovated, James Building Thomas V. Porter House Alexander St. Presented by the State Archives of Florida
15.
Prairie School
–
Prairie School was a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style, most common to the Midwestern United States. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the prairie landscape. The Prairie School developed in sympathy with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement begun in the late 19th century in England by John Ruskin, William Morris, and others. Many talented and ambitious young architects had been attracted by building opportunities stemming from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 was supposed to be a heralding of the city of Chicagos rebirth. But many of the young Mid-western architects of what would become the Prairie School were offended by the Greek, in reaction, they sought to create new work in and around Chicago that would display a uniquely modern and authentically American style, which came to be called Prairie. The designation Prairie is due to the dominant horizontality of the majority of Prairie style buildings which echoes the wide, flat, treeless expanses of the mid-Western United States. The Prairie School is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Louis Sullivan or Frank Lloyd Wright, although the Prairie School originated in Chicago, some Prairie School architects moved away spreading the influence well beyond the Midwest. A partial list of Prairie School architects includes, The Prairie School houses were related to the American Arts and Crafts movement, an alternative to the then-dominant Classical Revival Style. Some firms, like Purcell & Elmslie, however, consciously rejected the term Arts and Crafts for their work, the Prairie School was also heavily influenced by the Idealistic Romantics and the Transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In turn, the Prairie School architects influenced subsequent architectural idioms, particularly the Minimalists and Bauhaus, architectural historians have debated the reasons why the Prairie School went out of favor by the mid-1920s. Perhaps a serious consideration of one of its own members would be worth their serious attention. Mahonys and Griffins work in Australia and India, notably the collection of homes at Castlecrag, isabel Roberts Veterans Memorial Library in St. Cloud, Florida, is another. The House at 8 Berkley Drive at Lockport, New York was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, the Oak Circle Historic District is a historic district in Wilmette, Illinois, United States. It primarily consists of fifteen single-family homes representative of the Prairie School, the Oak Circle Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21,2001, it was the first historic district to be designated in Wilmette. Several not-for-profit organizations and on-line communities have formed to educate people about the Prairie School movement
16.
Frank Lloyd Wright
–
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures,532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment and this philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater, which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home and his creative period spanned more than 70 years. In addition to his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and he often designed interior elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a lecturer in the United States. His colorful personal life made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time, Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was an orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer, William Wright met and married Anna Lloyd Jones, a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister, Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Annas brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States, both of Wrights parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. According to his biography, his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings and she decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infants ambition. In 1870 the family moved to Weymouth, Massachusetts, where William ministered to a small congregation, in 1876, Anna visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia where she saw an exhibit of educational blocks created by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. The blocks, known as Froebel Gifts, were the foundation of his innovative kindergarten curriculum, Anna, a trained teacher, was excited by the program and bought a set with which young Wright spent much time playing. The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions, the Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in Madison, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society, although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children. Soon after Wright turned 14, his parents separated, Anna had been unhappy for some time with Williams inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection, William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. At this time he changed his name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honor of his mothers family
17.
Dyal-Upchurch Building
–
The Dyal-Upchurch Building is a six-story,43, 747-square-foot historic building in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located at 4 East Bay Street, and was designed by architect Henry John Klutho, on April 17,1980, it was added to the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. Following Jacksonvilles Great Fire of 1901, the building was the first multi-story structure built in the downtown area. Construction began on a building, but demand for office space spurred the addition of a sixth floor. As the name states, Dyal-Upchurch was a Georgia investment company that moved to Jacksonville after the fire, frank Upchurch had interests in turpentine and lumber, while Benjamin Dyal owned a sawmill. The company ceased business in Jacksonville after 1924, the Atlantic National Bank was founded shortly after the Dyal-Upchurch building opened in May,1902 and was located on the first floor until their own building was constructed in 1909. Other tenants have included an office of the National Weather Service, an office for the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, law offices. The Husk Jennings advertising company bought the building in 1998 for $1.6 million and spent $600,000 to renovate the top floor, where the firm relocated. In May,2002, the city established the Downtown Historic Preservation and Revitalization Trust Fund with $7 million to assist companies that purchase, the fund could pay up to half the cost of exterior work and one-fifth of interior work with a $1 million cap per building. That was sufficient incentive for Husk Jennings to begin a $1.72 million restoration of the rest of the building, for which the city kicked in almost $340,000. Cameron Kuhn, a developer from Orlando, Florida, purchased the building in December,2005 for $4.5 million. The Dyal-Upchurch building was repossessed by The Jacksonville Bank in January, and sold on February 28,2009 for $3.73 million to A. Duda & Sons of Oviedo, Florida
18.
Jacksonville Public Library
–
The Jacksonville Public Library is the public library system of Jacksonville, Florida. It primarily serves Jacksonville and Duval County, and is used by the neighboring Baker, Nassau, Clay. It is one of the largest library systems in the Florida, a division of the city government, the library has the third largest group of city employees after the citys Fire Department and Sheriffs Office. There are twenty branches and a Main Library in the system, located downtown near City Hall and Hemming Plaza, the Main Library opened in November 2005, replacing the Haydon Burns Library. Designed by architect Robert A. M. Stern, the new library is almost three times the size of the Haydon Burns building, the North Laura facility is 300,000 square feet with the capacity to hold one million books. A 600-space parking garage across from the building on Duval Street makes the Main Library easily accessible. State-of-the-art technology offers 250 public computers, satellite, and video conferencing capabilities with infrastructure to support future technologies, on April 18,2012, the AIA Florida Chapter placed the Jacksonville Public Library – Main Library on its list of Florida Architecture,100 Years. In addition to the Library and the Conference Center, the Library building hosts a bookstore, the BOOKtique bookstore, run by the Friends of the Library, opened concurrently with the Library. In 2013, the BOOKtique was closed to make way for The Lounge @303 North, after a year and a half of legal wrangling and construction, on May 14,2007, Shelbys Café opened inside the concession space in the Main Library. Unfortunately, the concession stand closed in 2011, highlands – Dunn Avenue, serving the Northside. Pablo Creek – Beach Blvd between Hodges and Kernan serving the Southside, southeast – Deerwood Park Blvd serving the Southside. Charles D. Webb Wesconnett – 103rd Street serving the Westside, Argyle – Near the Argyle Forest subdivision serving the Westside. Beaches – A1A in Neptune Beach, bradham*Brooks Northwest – Edgewood Avenue serving the Northside. Brentwood – Pearl St serving the urban core, dallas A. James Graham – Myrtle Avenue serving the urban core. Mandarin – Kori Road serving the Mandarin area, Maxville – Maxville Blvd serving the Maxville area. Murray Hill – Edgewood Avenue South serving the urban core, raiford A. Brown Eastside – Harrison St serving the urban core. Regency Square – Regency Square Blvd serving the Arlington/Regency area, San Marco – The San Marco Branch on LaSalle Street serves the San Marco neighborhood South Mandarin – San Jose Blvd near the St. Johns County border. University Park – University Blvd North serving the Arlington area including Jacksonville University, west – Chaffee Road serving the Westside
19.
Laura Street Trio
–
The Laura Street Trio is a group of three historic buildings located on and near Laura Street in downtown Jacksonville, Florida. The three buildings, constructed in the wake of the Great Fire of 1901, are architecturally significant, the oldest of the three, the Old Florida National Bank, also known as the Marble Bank, sits on the corner of Forsyth and Laura Streets. It was originally built as the Mercantile Exchange Bank in 1902, architect Edward H. Glidden designed it in the Classical Revival style. In 1905 it was bought by Florida Bank & Trust, predecessors to the modern Florida National Bank and it was renovated again in 1916 to include a large banking room with a skylight, plaster detailing, and a coffered ceiling. By the 1990s, however, the building had been sold, the second of the three buildings to be built, the Bisbee Building was constructed between 1908 and 1909, adjacent to the Marble Bank on Forsyth Street. It was designed by prominent Jacksonville architect Henry J. Klutho in a Chicago School-influenced Prairie Style and it was constructed amid a race against two other ten-story projects,121 Atlantic Place and the Seminole Hotel, to build Jacksonvilles first ever skyscraper. The Bisbee won the race, but 121 Atlantic Place was slightly taller, as with the other buildings, the Bisbee Building was eventually left empty and rapidly deteriorated. The Florida Life Building was also designed by Klutho, between 1911 and 1912 and it stands next to the Marble Banks back wall, and is the only one of the Trio that actually faces Laura Street. It was constructed at the time as Kluthos St. James Building. Standing 45 meters and 11 floors high, it was Jacksonvilles – and Floridas – tallest building when it was built, like the Bisbee Buildings, it is an example of Kluthos Chicago-influenced Prairie Style. On April 18,2012, the AIAs Florida Chapter placed the Florida Life Building on its list of Florida Architecture,100 Years. The building was constructed for the Florida Life Insurance Company, but the firm folded in 1915, in 1994, its then owners, Nations Bank, removed the original capitals on the top floor, doing structural damage in the process. Like the other buildings, the Florida Life building fell into disrepair, in the 2000s the Laura Street Trio were recognized as some of Jacksonvilles most significant – and endangered – historic buildings. In 2002, under Mayor John Delaney, the City of Jacksonville purchased all three buildings to transfer them to a developer who could restore them. Orlando developer Cameron Kuhn purchased the Laura Street Trio, as well as the nearby Barnett National Bank Building, in June 2011 Atkins Group requested $5 million in historic tax credits to move forward with Phase I of the project. Bing aerial List of Jacksonvilles tallest buildings
20.
Morocco Temple
–
The Morocco Temple is a historic Shrine building in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located at 219 Newnan Street, and was designed by New York City architect Henry John Klutho, on November 29,1979, it was added to the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. The building is the oldest Shrine temple in Florida, the grand building was erected in 1910-11 in the prairie style of architecture using Egyptian-themed symbols. The entrance was a large battered architrave featuring a massive transom atop short columns in the Egyptian revival style, the three levels included a main floor, a 1,500 seat auditorium and a balcony. The structure was constructed using reinforced concrete and stuccoed brick exterior walls with terracotta ornamentation. Inside, many windows and light fixtures used color-tinted glass, the walls were covered with a polychromatic faience tile portraying ancient Egyptian symbols. Oil-painted murals illustrated the Freemasons’ and Shriners’ history, with scenes of Jesus, King Solomon, the auditorium was 90 feet wide with the roof supported by steel trusses. Access to the balcony was via two curved floating reinforced concrete stairways, the auditoriums ceiling was painted dark blue and imbedded with hundreds of pieces of glass that would reflect light, giving the appearance of stars. The curtain on stage was decorated with views of Arabia, in the 1910s, when Jacksonville was the Winter Film Capital of the World, Oliver Hardy was a member of the local temple. President William Howard Taft delivered a speech there in 1912, as did Theodore Roosevelt, shirley Temple was one of numerous celebrities who appeared at the Morocco Temple. The facility was used for many major events and conventions. The Morocco Temple was the auditorium in town until the Jacksonville Civic Auditorium was constructed in 1960. Kluthos design was damaged in the late 1950s when the metal cornice was removed from the front. The tall ground floor windows on both sides were obscured, at the same time, an addition was constructed on the south side that extended beyond the front entrance, creating an unbalanced design. The Shriners decided to move to the suburbs in the early 1980s and they wanted more space and room to park, plus too many of their members were getting mugged leaving at night according to Hugh Powell, the buildings current owner. In the early 1980s the Shriners built a new facility on the south side and their old building was purchased in 1984 by the Cecil W. Powell & Company, an insurance broker. A huge renovation was required to create offices, however, because the building was on the National Register of Historic Places, the changes were required to retain the basic integrity of the structure. The stage was transformed into an atrium, and the murals were refurbished and encased with glass, the auditorium was destroyed when an additional floor was constructed, but the vertical windows on the buildings sides were uncovered
21.
St. James Building
–
The St. James Building is a historic building in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida, currently housing Jacksonville City Hall. It was designed by architect Henry John Klutho and opened in 1912, one of many structures in downtown Jacksonville designed by Klutho after the Great Fire of 1901, it is considered his masterpiece. The building is located at 117 West Duval Street, on the site of the St. James Hotel. It was designed as a building containing the Cohen Bros. The department store closed in 1987, leaving the building empty, in 1993 it was purchased by the City of Jacksonville under the River City Renaissance plan, with the intention of remodeling it as the new City Hall. On April 18,2012, the American Institute of Architectss Florida Chapter placed the building on its list of Florida Architecture,100 Years, St. James Hotel The original St. James Building was a hotel constructed and owned by investors from Connecticut following the American Civil War. In addition to lodging for 500 guests, it boasted a passenger elevator, the facility included a laundry, barbershop, wine room, telegraph office and reading rooms. Touring orchestras performed concerts for the guests, who included society people, celebrities, at the peak of Jacksonville’s popularity,65,000 people spent the winter in north Florida. The hotel was so prominent that the square across the street. Jacksonvilles Great Fire of 1901 destroyed most of the city, including the original St. James, the owner of the St. James property, J. R. Campbell, wanted to rebuild, but did not have the resources. Jacob and Morris Cohen purchased the St. James property by from the Windsor after agreeing not to build a hotel, Cohen Brothers Department Store In March 1910, Klutho agreed to design a building for the Cohen Brothers department store. Among the proposals sent to the Cohens was a design for a building with four floors. Klutho proposed a mixed use design that would contain small shops on the first floor exterior with the department store in the interior, the third and fourth floors would contain offices for rent. He convinced the brothers that their structure would become the center of commerce for Jacksonville, Klutho not only designed the building, but acted as construction manager using the fast-track method, whereby work begins prior to design completion. The project was finished in less than a year and a half, the structure was named the St. James Building, and it was Kluthos crowning achievement. When dedicated on October 21,1912, it was the largest structure in Jacksonville, the St. James Building was the featured article in The Western Architect and Kluthos work was highlighted throughout the magazine in June 1914. The most striking feature was a 75 ft octagonal glass dome. The elevators were open cages, giving passengers a view of the store, the building exterior was decorated with large abstract terra-cotta ornaments
22.
FreshMinistries
–
FreshMinistries is an interfaith, non-profit organization based in Jacksonville, Florida whose goal is to eradicate poverty, improve race relations and build stronger communities. The group is working to improve lives and bring hope to those living in distressed conditions. The organization was founded in 1994 by Rev. Dr. Robert V. Lee, III, the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals mirror the FreshMinistries goals to eliminate poverty. All programs and partnerships interlock and build upon one another to create solutions to address the causes of poverty that affect all communities. Current initiatives include, Fresh Futures Youth Program, helping more than 100 young people each year gain life skills, Fresh Futures is a year-round educational and youth employment initiative for youth ages 14–19. The program focuses on using education and social outreach to help adolescents set healthy goals, succeed in school and work, qualifying students are placed in summer jobs, thanks to partnerships with employers throughout the community. Fresh Path Youth Program, offering a new start to youth who have come into contact with the justice system. LifePoint Career Institute, which has trained more than 900 unemployed and underemployed individuals for employment in the hospitality, eighty-seven percent of program graduates gain employment and retain their jobs for more than 9 months. The Institute provides training, at no cost to students, in nursing, hospitality and in the near future, lifeSkills lessons include job-specific training, self-management, money management, problem solving, time management, grooming, and developing self-esteem. Job search assistance includes classes on setting personal goals, workplace procedures, resume writing, completing applications, work ethics, in addition, LifePoint provides a substantial computer learning center. Programs include, Hospitality training,10 weeks of training in a simulated hotel environment, certified Nursing Assistant exam preparation, including eight weeks of training in a simulated hospital environment. BSEC was voted International Business Incubator of the Year by the National Business Incubator Association in 2010, aquaponics, In 2015, FreshMinistries received a $1.98 million grant from the U. S. Economic Development Administration to launch a training center in the U. S. Virgin Islands. Tom and Betty Petway made a $1 million gift donation in December,2003, the couple had worked with the organization since the late 1990s and respected the work the group does. The organization needs the financial backing to continue the work it has started in the community, including assisting with other service organizations, FreshMinistries used the money for several existing programs, including the Beaver Street Enterprise Center business incubator, youth programs, college internships and financial literacy initiatives. The grant funded Siyafundisa, an initiative to provide onoing HIV/AIDS prevention programs in Africa, the grant is the largest the ministry has received. 2015 – FreshMinistries receives a $1.98 million grant from the U. S, economic Development Administration to launch an aquaponics training center in the U. S. Virgin Islands. 2014 – FreshMinistries receives a $1.5 million grant from the U. S. Department of Labor to fund FreshPath,2010 - Beaver Street Enterprise Center named a finalist in National Business Incubation Association’s 2010 Incubator of the Year award in the nontechnology category
23.
Springfield (Jacksonville)
–
Springfield is a historic neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida, United States, located to the north of downtown. Established in 1869, it experienced its greatest growth from the early 1880s through the 1920s, the Springfield Historic District is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and contains some of the citys best examples of 19th and early 20th century architecture. The boundaries of Springfield are well defined, Hogans Creek lies along its south edge, and railroad lines are found on the north and east. Boulevard defines the limit of the district where a later commercial strip abuts the earlier residential area. Contemporary with the residential area are two commercial strips along Main and Eighth Streets which join at the heart of the district. The district contains 119 city blocks in an area of approximately 500 acres, Hogans Creek separates the residences of Springfield from the downtown business district. North of the few buildings rise above two stories and parks and tree lined streets are common. The blocks of the district are laid out in a regular grid, with named streets running north and south. Most of the blocks have alleys, usually arranged in an H pattern, a few streets retain their original brick pavers and granite curbstones, but the majority are now covered with asphalt and have concrete curbs. Sidewalks feature both the earlier hexagonal pavers and modern poured concrete sections, trees lend considerable distinction to the neighborhood. There is, however, no great concentration of such elements, Springfield was established as a residential community in 1871 by developer John H. Norton. Its concentrated physical development began about 1882 with the formation of the Springfield Development Company, the Great Fire of 1901 consumed much of central Jacksonville, leaving many of the citys most prominent and wealthy citizens homeless. Smoke from the fire was reportedly so heavy it could be seen as far away as North Carolina, the fire lasted 8 hours and consumed 146 city blocks,3268 buildings, and killed seven people. After the fire, many of the Jacksonvilles residents who lost homes in the relocated to Springfield. Contributing buildings in the date from about 1885 to approximately 1930. 20th century types include Prairie School, Bungalow, and Mediterranean, construction was, therefore, limited to the occasional vacant lot or those sites where older structures had been lost or required replacement. At the time the district was listed in the National Register, of that number,1,686 were classified as residential. The great majority of buildings,1,595, were wood frame, there were 1,294 buildings of two stories in height and 10 three-story structures
24.
Hotel Roosevelt fire
–
At the time, the Hotel Roosevelt was one of two luxury hotels in the citys downtown, with many restaurants and businesses on its ground floor, including a ballroom and a barber shop. At the end of year, the Hotel Roosevelt hosted hundreds of travelers who came to attend the Gator Bowl. The fire started in the ballrooms ceiling, the old ceiling, which was deemed a fire hazard, was not removed when the new ceiling was installed, providing kindling for the fire, which started from faulty wires. Mayor W. Haydon Burns immediately called for assistance from the U. S. Navy, the airmen helped the patrons out of the building, and transported them to a nearby parking lot, where ambulances were already waiting. The fire was extinguished by 9,30 a. m. after a day of recovering the dead, firefighters found 21 residents dead in their beds from smoke inhalation. In addition, assistant chief J. R. Romedy collapsed of an attack during the initial rescue efforts. One of those who survived the fire was 1964 Miss America Donna Axum, property damage to the Hotel Roosevelt was immense, and the hotel was closed in 1964, with most of the hotels businesses and staff relocating to the equally upscale Hotel George Washington. After much renovation, the building was re-opened as a retirement home and the Jacksonville Regency House, the former Hotel Roosevelt, located on Adams Street in downtown, is still standing. The building was placed in the National Register of Historic Places in February 1991, memorials are still held to remember those who died in the fire, the most recent gathering occurred in December 2003, for the 40th anniversary of the blaze. The building was renovated in recent years and is now known as The Carling, the Jacksonville Fire Museum page on the Hotel Roosevelt Fire
25.
History of Jacksonville, Florida
–
The city of Jacksonville, Florida began to grow in the late 18th century as Cow Ford, settled by British colonists. Its major development occurred in the nineteenth century, when it became a winter vacation destination for tourists from the North. Its development was halted or slowed by the Great Fire of 1901, the Florida Land Bust of the 1920s, since the late 20th century, the city has experienced steady growth, with a new federal building constructed in downtown in 2003. Since 1940, Jacksonville has also been a port for the United States Navy. The city is a metropolis with over a million citizens. Due to its consolidated city-county government structure, it has the largest municipal population among Florida cities, archaeological evidence indicates 6,000 years of human habitation in the area. Pottery has been dating to 2500 BC, nearly the oldest in the United States. In the 16th century, the beginning of the record period, the area was inhabited by the Mocama. They had a society, well-adapted to the environmental conditions of the area. In 1513, Spanish explorers landed in Florida and claimed their discovery for Spain, the first Europeans to visit the area were Spanish missionaries and explorers from this period. In February 1562, French naval officer Jean Ribault and a 150 settlers arrived seeking land for a haven for the French Huguenots, Protestants suffering religious persecution in France. Ribault explored the mouth of the St. Johns River before moving north and establishing the colony of Charlesfort on what is now Parris Island, Ribault returned to France for supplies, but tensions from French Wars of Religion had broken out during his absence. His return to Florida was delayed as a result, without leadership or provisions, the colonists abandoned Charlesfort. In 1564 Ribaults former lieutenant, René Goulaine de Laudonnière, launched a new expedition to found a colony on the St. Johns River, on June 22,1564, the settlers established Fort Caroline atop the St. Johns Bluff. Laudonnière made an alliance with the tribe of Timucua Indians. He also forged friendly relations with their competitors, the Utina tribe, Ribault intended to resupply Fort Caroline in early 1565, but was again delayed. As a result, the colony faced famine, three mutinies, and eventually warfare with the Utina, Ribault finally reached the fort with a relief expedition in the summer, and assumed command of the settlement. In the meantime, the Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés had established the colony of St. Augustine 35 miles to the south, with the mission to displace the French
26.
Jacksonville Business Journal
–
The Jacksonville Business Journal is a weekly newspaper and daily website in Jacksonville, Florida. Part of the American City Business Journals, it covers news in Jacksonville. The paid-circulation newspaper is published on Fridays and an edition of the newspaper is also published. The web site publishes business news and information throughout the week, a daily email of the days news is available for email subscribers. The Jacksonville Business Journal sells display advertising and classified advertising for its weekly newspaper and online advertising for its web site
