1.
SABC 3
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SABC3 is a commercial South African Broadcasting Corporation television channel that carries programming in English and, as of April 2009, Afrikaans. It was created in 1996, after the SABC restructured its television channels and it inherited many of its programs from TV1, South Africas apartheid-era white channel. SABC3 is targeted at South Africas affluent English-speaking community, the primary target market is viewers aged 18 to 49. It screens a combination of programming from the United States and United Kingdom, as well as locally produced soap operas, talk shows. SABC3 ranks fourth out of South Africas five analogue channels in audience ratings, amongst the four SABC Channels, SABC3 is the only SABC channel to feature a large proportion of international series. SABC has deals with companies in the US and various television networks in the UK to air some series with a few months delay from their international airdates. SABC3 flights several highly rated South African-produced shows, the most popular being the soap opera Isidingo, SABC3 also licenses and produces local versions of international shows like NBCs The Apprentice and the BBCs The Weakest Link. As of the end of July 2007, SABC3 changed their look to a new age theme. Their new slogan is Stay with SABC3, as of April 2009, SABC3 also features some Afrikaans programming, like the new Afrikaans lifestyle programme Roer and the Dutch produced mini-series Stellenbosch. Surprisingly, June 2009 saw even more Afrikaans language programmes added, and as of Thursday evenings, List of South African media List of South African television channels Car Torque SABC3 official site SABC corporate site
2.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
3.
Nelson Mandela
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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the countrys first black head of state and the first elected in a representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism, ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family and he studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943, after the National Partys white-only government established apartheid—a system of racial segregation that privileged whites—he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. Mandela was appointed President of the ANCs Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he joined the banned South African Communist Party. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, in 1962, he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory, internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy. Mandela became a statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a figure for much of his life. Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours—including the Nobel Peace Prize—and became the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, given the forename Rolihlahla, a Xhosa term colloquially meaning troublemaker, in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was king of the Thembu people in the Transkeian Territories of South Africas modern Eastern Cape province, one of Ngubengcukas sons, named Mandela, was Nelsons grandfather and the source of his surname. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrates unreasonable demands
4.
Apartheid
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Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The countrys first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994, Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party during the countrys 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990, with the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900, the policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive, for instance, the Transvaal constitution barred nonwhite participation in church and state. Places of residence were determined by racial classification, from 1960 to 1983,3.5 million nonwhite South Africans were removed from their homes, and forced into segregated neighbourhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the population to ten designated tribal homelands, also known as bantustans. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans, Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations, some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed in appeasing most activist groups. In 1990, prominent ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela were released from detention, Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991, pending multiracial elections set for April 1994. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning separateness, or the state of being apart and its first recorded use was in 1929. The governors and assemblies that governed the process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters, in 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. Ordinance No.49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not for other Africans, the United Kingdoms Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 and this was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. The Glen Grey Act of 1894, instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold, in 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote, limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System. The Asiatic Registration Act required all Indians to register and carry passes, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill, which banned land sales to Indians. The United Party government began to move away from the enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II
5.
Christiaan Barnard
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Christiaan Neethling Barnard was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the worlds first human-to-human heart transplant on December 3,1967, and the second overall heart transplant. Growing up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, he studied medicine, upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experiment Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. On 3 December 1967, Barnard transplanted a heart from a person who had just died from an injury, with full permission of the donors family. However, Barnards second transplant patient Philip Blaiberg at the beginning of 1968 lived for nineteen months and was able to go home from the hospital. He retired as Head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after developing arthritis in his hands which ended his surgical career. During his remaining years, he established the Christiaan Barnard Foundation and he died in 2001 at the age of 78 after an asthma attack. Barnard grew up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, Union of South Africa and his father, Adam Barnard, was a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. One of his four brothers, Abraham, was a baby who died of a heart problem at the age of three. The family also experienced the loss of a daughter who was stillborn and who had been the twin of Barnards older brother Johannes. Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort West High School in 1940, and went to study medicine at the University of Cape Town Medical School and his father served as a missionary to mixed-race people and consequently was largely shunned by South African white citizens. His mother, the former Maria Elisabeth de Swart, instilled in the brothers the belief that they could do anything they set their minds to. Barnard did his internship and residency at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, after which he worked as a practitioner in Ceres. In 1951, he returned to Cape Town where he worked at the City Hospital as a Senior Resident Medical Officer and he completed his masters degree, receiving Master of Medicine in 1953 from the University of Cape Town. In the same year he obtained a doctorate in medicine from the university for a dissertation titled The treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Soon after qualifying as a doctor, Barnard performed experiments on dogs investigating intestinal atresia and he followed a medical hunch that this was caused by inadequate blood flow to the fetus. He was also able to cure the condition by removing the piece of intestine with inadequate blood supply, the mistake of previous surgeons had been attempting to reconnect ends of intestine which themselves still had inadequate blood supply. To be successful, it was necessary to remove between 15 and 20 centimeters of intestine. Jannie Louw used this innovation in a setting, and Barnards method saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Town
6.
Jan Smuts
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Field Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts OM, CH, ED, PC, KC, FRS was a prominent South African and British Commonwealth statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various posts, he served as prime minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 until 1924. Smuts subsequently lost the 1948 election to hard-line Afrikaners who created apartheid and he continued to work for reconciliation and emphasised the British Commonwealth’s positive role until his death in 1950. He led a Boer Commando in the Second Boer War for the Transvaal, during the First World War, he led the armies of South Africa against Germany, capturing German South-West Africa and commanding the British Army in East Africa. From 1917 to 1919, he was one of the members of the British Imperial War Cabinet. He became a marshal in the British Army in 1941. He was the man to sign both of the peace treaties ending the First and Second World Wars. A statue of him stands in Parliament Square and he was born on 24 May 1870, at the family farm, Bovenplaats, near Malmesbury, in the Cape Colony. His parents, Jacobus Smuts and his wife Catharina, were prosperous, traditional Afrikaner farmers, long established, Jan was quiet and delicate as a child, strongly inclined towards solitary pursuits. During his childhood, he went out alone, exploring the surrounding countryside, this awakened a passion for nature. As the second son of the family, rural custom dictated that he would remain working on the farm, however, in 1882, when Jan was twelve, his elder brother died, and Jan was sent to school in his brothers place. Jan attended the school in nearby Riebeek West and he made excellent progress here, despite his late start, and caught up with his contemporaries within four years. He moved on to Victoria College, Stellenbosch, in 1886, at Stellenbosch, he learned High Dutch, German, and Ancient Greek, and immersed himself further in literature, the classics, and Bible studies. His deeply traditional upbringing and serious outlook led to isolation from his peers. However, he made outstanding academic progress, graduating in 1891 with double First-class honours in Literature and Science. During his last years at Stellenbosch, Smuts began to cast off some of his shyness and reserve, and it was at time that he met Isie Krige. On graduation from Victoria College, Smuts won the Ebden scholarship for overseas study and he decided to travel to the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom to read law at Christs College, Cambridge. Smuts found it difficult to settle at Cambridge, he felt homesick and isolated by his age, worries over money also contributed to his unhappiness, as his scholarship was insufficient to cover his university expenses
7.
League of Nations
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The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, at its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a shift from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, however, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them, after a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain, the onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 26 years, the United Nations replaced it after the end of the Second World War on 20 April 1946 and inherited a number of agencies and organisations founded by the League. As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out, the organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its aims were to encourage governments to solve disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were held to help refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure consisted of a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League, at the start of the 20th century, two power blocs emerged from alliances between the European Great Powers. It was these alliances that, at the start of the First World War in 1914 and this was the first major war in Europe between industrialised countries, and the first time in Western Europe that the results of industrialisation had been dedicated to war. By the time the fighting ended in November 1918, the war had had an impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe. Anti-war sentiment rose across the world, the First World War was described as the war to end all wars, the causes identified included arms races, alliances, militaristic nationalism, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, a British political scientist, coined the term League of Nations in 1914, together with Lord Bryce, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group, later the League of Nations Union. The group became more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then governing Liberal Party. In Dickinsons 1915 pamphlet After the War he wrote of his League of Peace as being essentially an organisation for arbitration and conciliation
8.
Shaka
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Shaka kaSenzangakhona, also known as Shaka Zulu, was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom. He was born near present-day Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal Province, due to persecution as a result of his illegitimacy, Shaka spent his childhood in his mothers settlements where he was initiated into an ibutho lempi. In his early days, Shaka served as a warrior under the sway of Dingiswayo, the initial Zulu maneuvers were primarily defensive in nature, as Shaka preferred to apply pressure diplomatically, aided by an occasional strategic assassination. His changes to local society built on existing structures, although he preferred social and propagandistic political methods, he also engaged in a number of battles, as the Zulu sources make clear. In turn, he was assassinated by his own half brothers, Dingane. When Senzangakhona died in 1816 Shakas younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power as the heir to the Zulu chiefdom. Sigujanas reign was short however as Shaka, with the help of Dingiswayo and his half brother Ngwadi, had Sigujana assassinated in a coup that was relatively bloodless, when the Mthethwa forces were defeated and scattered temporarily, the power vacuum was filled by Shaka. He reformed the remnants of the Mthethwa and other regional tribes, when Dingiswayo was murdered by Zwide, Shaka sought to avenge his death. At some point Zwide barely escaped Shaka, though the details are not known. In that encounter Zwides mother Ntombazi, a Sangoma, was killed by Shaka. Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside, they devoured her and, in the morning, despite carrying out this revenge, Shaka continued his pursuit of Zwide. It was not until around 1825 that the two leaders met, near Phongola, in what would be their final meeting. Phongola is near the present day border of KwaZulu-Natal, a province in South Africa, Shaka was victorious in battle, although his forces sustained heavy casualties, which included his head military commander, Umgobhozi Ovela Entabeni. In Qwabe, Shaka may have intervened in a succession dispute to help his own choice, Nqetho, into power. As Shaka became more respected by his people, he was able to spread his ideas with greater ease, because of his background as a soldier, Shaka taught the Zulus that the most effective way of becoming powerful quickly was by conquering and controlling other tribes. His teachings greatly influenced the outlook of the Zulu people. The Zulu tribe soon developed a warrior mindset, which Shaka turned to his advantage, Shakas hegemony was primarily based on military might, smashing rivals and incorporating scattered remnants into his own army. He supplemented this with a mixture of diplomacy and patronage, incorporating friendly chieftains, including Zihlandlo of the Mkhize, Jobe of the Sithole and these peoples were never defeated in battle by the Zulu, they did not have to be
9.
Mark Shuttleworth
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Mark Richard Shuttleworth is a South African entrepreneur and space tourist who became the first citizen of an independent African country to travel to space. Shuttleworth funded and founded Canonical Ltd. in 2004 and as of 2013 and he currently lives on the Isle of Man and holds dual citizenship of South Africa and the United Kingdom. Shuttleworth obtained a Bachelor of Business Science degree in Finance and Information Systems at the University of Cape Town, as a student, he became involved in the installation of the first residential Internet connections at the university. Shuttleworth founded Thawte Consulting in 1995, a currently running company which specialized in digital certificates, in December 1999, Thawte was acquired by VeriSign, earning Shuttleworth R3.5 billion. In September 2000, Shuttleworth formed HBD Venture Capital, a business incubator, in March 2004 he formed Canonical Ltd. for the promotion and commercial support of free software projects, especially the Ubuntu operating system. In December 2009, Shuttleworth stepped down as the CEO of Canonical, in the 1990s, Shuttleworth participated as one of the developers of the Debian operating system. In 2004, he returned to the software world by funding the development of Ubuntu. In 2005, he founded the Ubuntu Foundation and made an investment of 10 million dollars. In the Ubuntu project, Shuttleworth is often referred to with the tongue-in-cheek title Self-Appointed Benevolent Dictator for Life, in September 2005, he purchased a 65% stake of Impi Linux. On 15 October 2006, it was announced that Mark Shuttleworth became the first patron of KDE and this patronship ended in 2012, together with financial support for Kubuntu, the Ubuntu variant with KDE as main desktop. On 17 December 2009, Mark announced that, effective March 2010, he would step down as CEO of Canonical to focus energy on product design, partnership, jane Silber, COO at Canonical since 2004, took on the job of CEO at Canonical. In September 2010, he received a degree from the Open University for this work. Shuttleworth and Kenneth Rogoff took part in a debate opposite Garry Kasparov and Peter Thiel at the Oxford Union, on 25 October 2013, Shuttleworth and Ubuntu were awarded the Austrian anti-privacy Big Brother Award for sending local Ubuntu Unity Dash searches to Canonical servers by default. A year earlier in 2012 Shuttleworth had defended the method used. Shuttleworth gained worldwide fame on 25 April 2002, as the second self-funded space tourist, flying through Space Adventures, he launched aboard the Russian Soyuz TM-34 mission as a spaceflight participant, paying approximately US$20 million for the voyage. Two days later, the Soyuz spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station, on 5 May 2002, he returned to Earth on Soyuz TM-33. In order to participate in the flight, Shuttleworth had to undergo one year of training and preparation, including seven months spent in Star City, Russia. While in space he had a conversation with Nelson Mandela and a 14-year-old South African girl, Michelle Foster
10.
Hendrik Verwoerd
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Verwoerd played an instrumental role in helping the far right National Party come to power in 1948 serving as their propagandist and political strategist. He eventually rose to party leader in 1958 and he greatly empowered, modernized and enlarged the police, secret police and army. Verwoerd ordered a secret all-out offensive against those who opposed apartheid, Verwoerd was a right wing authoritarian leader and Afrikaner nationalist. He was an advocate of the Afrikaner volk, language, culture. He held that belief that white control over South Africa could only continue if the races lived apart and he survived an assassination attempt in 1960, succumbing to a subsequent one in 1966. Prior to entering politics, Verwoerd was regarded as a brilliant social science professor at Stellenbosch University and he completed his undergraduate studies magna cum laude majoring in Sociology, Psychology and Philosophy. Verwoerd, continued his studies completing his Masters and Doctorate in both Social Psychology and Philosophy, upon his return to South Africa, he was appointed professor of Applied Psychology at Stellenbosch University at the age of 26. He was then appointed as head of the Sociology department in 1933. Verwoerd was prime minister during the establishment of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 and his term ended with his assassination on 6 September 1966 by Dimitri Tsafendas. Verwoerd was born in the Netherlands, thus making him the only South African prime minister who was not born in the country and he was the second child of Anje Strik and Wilhelmus Johannes Verwoerd, he had an elder brother named Leendert and a younger sister named Lucie. His father was a shopkeeper and a religious man who decided to move his family to South Africa in 1903 because of his sympathy towards the Afrikaner nation after the Second Boer War. Verwoerd went to a Lutheran primary school in Wynberg, a suburb of Cape Town, by the end of 1912 the Verwoerd family moved to Bulawayo, in what was then Rhodesia, where his father became an assistant evangelist in the Dutch Reformed Church. Hendrik Verwoerd attended Milton High School where he was awarded the Beit Scholarship, established through the generosity of the diamond magnate, Verwoerd received the top marks for English literature in the whole of Rhodesia. In 1917 the family moved back to South Africa because the congregation in Bulawayo appointed a minister of religion. His father took up a position in the church in Brandfort, due to the worldwide Spanish flu epidemic, the younger Verwoerd only sat for his matriculation exams in February 1919, achieving first position in the Orange Free State and fifth in South Africa. After his schooling, he proceeded to study theology at the University of Stellenbosch and he was regarded as a brilliant student and known to possess a nearely photographic memory. He was also a member of a club as well as a hiking club. In 1921 he graduated with honours and he applied for admission to the Theology School
11.
Albert Lutuli
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Inkosi Albert John Lutuli, also known by his Zulu name Mvumbi, was a South African teacher, activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner, and politician. Luthuli was elected president of the African National Congress, at the time an organisation that led opposition to the white minority government in South Africa. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the non-violent struggle against apartheid and he was the first African, and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas, to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The third son of Seventh-day Adventist missionary John Bunyan Lutuli and Mtonya Gumede, Albert Lutuli was born near Bulawayo in what was then called Rhodesia and his father died, and he and his mother returned to her ancestral home of Groutville in KwaDukuza, Natal, South Africa. He stayed with his uncle, Martin Lutuli, who was at time the elected chief of the Zulu Christians inhabiting the mission reserve area now covered by the Umzinyathi District Municipality. Lutuli attended the Adams College south of Durban, on completing a teaching course at Edendale, near Pietermaritzburg, Lutuli accepted the post of principal and only teacher at a primary school in rural Blaauwbosch, Newcastle, Natal. Here Lutuli was confirmed in the Methodist Church and became a lay preacher, to provide financial support for his mother, he declined a scholarship to University of Fort Hare. In 1928 he became secretary of the African Teachers Association and in 1933 its president and he was also active in missionary work. In 1933 the tribal elders asked Lutuli to become chief of the Zulu tribe in succession to his uncle, for two years he hesitated, but accepted the call in early 1936 and became a chieftain. He held this position until he was removed from his office by the Apartheid government in 1953 and their having done so notwithstanding, amongst his people he retained the use of the dignity chief as a pre-nominal style for the remainder of his life. In 1936 the government disenfranchised the only black Africans who had voting rights at that time — those in Cape Province, in 1948 the Nationalist Party, which was in control of the government, adopted the policy of apartheid and over the next decade the Pass Laws were tightened. In 1944 Lutuli joined the African National Congress, in 1945 he was elected to the Committee of the KwaZulu Provincial Division of ANC and in 1951 to the presidency of the Division. The next year he joined with other ANC leaders in organizing nonviolent campaigns to defy discriminatory laws, the government, charging Lutuli with a conflict of interest, demanded that he withdraw his membership in ANC or forfeit his office as tribal chief. Refusing to do either, he was dismissed from his chieftainship, a month later Lutuli was elected president-general of ANC, formally nominated by the future Pan Africanist Congress leader Potlako Leballo. Responding immediately, the government imposed two two-year bans on Lutulis movement, when the second ban expired in 1956, he attended an ANC conference only to be arrested and charged with treason a few months later, along with 155 others. In December 1957, after nearly a year in custody during the hearings, Lutuli was released. He stood close to the International Fellowship of Reconciliation that in 1957 opened a branch in Southern Rhodesia Another five-year ban confined him to a 15-mile radius of his home, the ban was temporarily lifted while he testified at the continuing treason trials. It was lifted again in March 1960, to permit his arrest for publicly burning his pass following the Sharpeville massacre, in the ensuing state of emergency he was arrested, found guilty, fined, given a suspended jail sentence, and finally returned to Groutville
12.
Chris Hani
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Chris Hani, born Martin Thembisile Hani, was the leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress. He was an opponent of the apartheid government, and was assassinated on 10 April 1993. Thembisile Hani was born on 28 June 1942 in the town of Cofimvaba. He was the fifth of six children and he attended Lovedale school in 1957, to finish his last two years. He twice finished two school grades in a single year, when Hani was 12 years old, after hearing his fathers explanations about apartheid and the African National Congress, he wished to join the ANC but was still too young to be accepted. In Lovedale school, Hani joined the ANC Youth League when he was 15 years old and he influenced other students to join the ANC. In 1959, at the University of Fort Hare in Alice, Eastern Cape, Hani studied English, Latin and modern and he did not participate in any sport, saying I would rather fight apartheid than play sport. Hani, in an interview on the Wankie campaign, mentioned that he was a Rhodes University graduate, at age 15 he joined the ANC Youth League. As a student he was active in protests against the Bantu Education Act, following his graduation, he joined Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the ANC. Following his arrest under the Suppression of Communism Act, he went into exile in Lesotho in 1963, because of Hanis involvement with Umkhonto we Sizwe he was forced into hiding by the South African government during which time he changed his first name to Chris. He received military training in the Soviet Union and served in campaigns in the Zimbabwean War of Liberation and they were joint operations between Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Zimbabwe Peoples Revolutionary Army in the late 1960s. The Luthuli Detachment operation consolidated Hanis reputation as a soldier in the army that took the field against apartheid. His role as a fighter from the earliest days of MKs exile was an important part in the fierce loyalty Hani enjoyed in some quarters later as MKs Deputy Commander. In 1969 he co-signed, with six others, the Hani Memorandum which was critical of the leadership of Joe Modise, Moses Kotane. In Lesotho he organised guerrilla operations of the MK in South Africa, by 1982, Hani had become prominent enough that he was the target of assassination attempts, and he eventually moved to the ANCs headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia. He supported the suspension of the ANCs armed struggle in favour of negotiations, Chris Hani was assassinated on 10 April 1993 outside his home in Dawn Park, a racially mixed suburb of Boksburg. He was accosted by a Polish far-right anti-communist immigrant named Janusz Waluś, Waluś fled the scene, but was arrested soon afterwards after Hanis neighbour, a white Afrikaner woman, called the police. Clive Derby-Lewis, a senior South African Conservative Party M. P. and Shadow Minister for Economic Affairs at the time, the Conservative Party of South Africa had broken away from the ruling National Party out of opposition to the reforms of P. W. Botha
13.
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
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The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging is a South African neo-nazi separatist political and paramilitary organisation, often described as a white supremacist group. Since its founding in 1973, it has dedicated to secessionist Afrikaner nationalism. In its heyday in the 1980s and 1990s, when the nation was moving toward sharing political power with Black people, when the Afrikaners National Party gained control of the government in the elections of 1948, it began to introduce official apartheid. The AWB was formed in 1973 by Eugène TerreBlanche and six other far-right Afrikaners, terreblanche remained the leader until he was murdered on his farm in 2010. TerreBlanche was succeeded as leader by Steyn van Ronge, by the late 20th century, media reported that the AWB represented Afrikaners who were not able to make the leap from the isolated dirt farms even with the huge boost of apartheid. On 7 July 1973 Eugène TerreBlanche, a police officer, called a meeting of several men in Heidelberg, Gauteng. TerreBlanche also worried about what he characterized as communist influences in South African society and he decided to form a group with six other like-minded persons, which they named the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, to promote Afrikaner nationalism. His associates elected him as head of the group, a position he held until he was killed on his farm in April 2010 and their objective was to establish an independent Boerestaat for Boer-Afrikaner people only. It was to be independent of apartheid South Africa, which they considered too left wing, during the 1970s and 1980s, the AWB attracted several thousand white South Africans as members. They opposed the reform of laws during the 1980s, harassing liberal politicians. TerreBlanche used his flamboyant oratorial skills and forceful personality to win converts, during the State of Emergency, AWB violence and murders of unarmed non-whites were reported. The AWB especially opposed the then-banned African National Congress, which worked to achieve rights for the indigenous native South Saharan Africans. The ruling National Party considered the AWB to be more than a fringe group. The group operated relatively unhindered until 1986, when police officers took the unprecedented step of using tear gas against the AWB when they disrupted a National Party rally. In 1988, the organisation was estimated to have had support amongst 5 to 7 percent of the white South African population, in the Nick Broomfield documentary film, His Big White Self, he claimed the organisation reached a peak of half a million supporters in its heyday. In the mid-1980s, the AWB instituted a Voedingskema, later called the Volkshulpskema, the scheme delivered a meal every day to 14,000 poor Afrikaner children in Pretoria. Certain farmers also donated vegetables on an almost weekly basis, in the winter, bedding was donated as well. Sympathetic mine owners and farmers arranged jobs for unemployed Afrikaners on the farms, Afrikaans singer Bles Bridges held a concert on 3 March 1987 in Pretoria and gave the 10,000 rand raised to the project
14.
Hansie Cronje
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Wessel Johannes Hansie Cronje was a South African cricketer and captain of the South African national cricket team in the 1990s. He died in a crash in 2002. He was voted the 11th greatest South African in 2004 despite having been banned from cricket for life due to his role in a match-fixing scandal, Cronje was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa to Ewie Cronje and San-Marie Cronje on 25 September 1969. He graduated in 1987 from Grey College in Bloemfontein, where he was the head boy, an excellent all round sportsman, he represented the then Orange Free State Province in cricket and rugby at schools level. He was the captain of his schools cricket and rugby teams, Cronje earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of the Free State. He had a brother, Frans Cronje, and a younger sister, Hester Parsons. His father Ewie had played for Orange Free State in the 1960s, Cronje made his first-class debut for Orange Free State against Transvaal at Johannesburg in January 1988 at the age of 18. In the following season, he was a regular, appearing in all eight Currie Cup matches plus being part of the Benson and Hedges Series winning team, scoring 73 as an opener in the final. In 1989–90, despite playing all the Currie Cup matches, he failed to make a century, during that season he scored his maiden century for South African Universities against Mike Gattings rebels. Despite having just turned 21, Cronje was made captain of Orange Free State for the 1990–91 season and he scored his maiden century for them against Natal in December 1990, and finished the season with another century and a total of 715 runs at 39.72. That season he also scored 159* in a 40-over match against Griqualand West, in 1992–93, he captained Orange Free State to the Castle Cup/Total Power Series double. In 1995, Cronje appeared for Leicestershire where he scored 1301 runs at 52.04 finishing the season as the leading scorer. In 1995–96, he finished the top of the batting averages in the Currie Cup. In 1997, Cronje played for Ireland as a player in the Benson and Hedges Cup and helped them to a 46-run win over Middlesex by scoring 94 not out. This was Irelands first ever win against English county opposition, later in the same competition, he scored 85 and took one wicket against Glamorgan. Cronjes form in 1991/92 was impressive especially in the format where he averaged 61.40. He earned a call up for the 1992 World Cup. During the tournament he played in eight of the nine games, averaging 34.00 with the bat
15.
South Africa national cricket team
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The South African national cricket team, nicknamed the Proteas, represents South Africa in international cricket. It is administered by Cricket South Africa, South Africa is a full member of the International Cricket Council with Test and One Day International status. As of 27 November 2016, South Africa has played 405 Test matches, winning 148, the team has played 564 ODIs, winning 348, losing 194 and tying six, with 16 no-results. Finally, it has played 91 Twenty20 Internationals, winning 54 and losing 36, on 20 August 2012, South Africa became the top ranked team in test cricket for the first time. 8 days later, on 28 August 2012, it became the first team to top the rankings in all three formats of the game, South Africa is currently ranked third in Tests, first in ODIs and third in T20Is by the ICC. South Africa first played cricket in 1889, though the players participating at the time were not aware of the fact. The South African cricket team toured England in 1947, at Trent Bridge, Captain Alan Melville and vice-captain, Dudley Nourse achieved a Test match record for a third wicket partnership of 319. The following year Nourse, 38-year-old captain of Natal, was appointed Captain for the 1948 MCC Test matches in South Africa and they continued to play regularly series of matches against England, Australia and New Zealand until 1970. The membership rules of the Imperial Cricket Conference meant that when South Africa left the Commonwealth in May 1961, despite the rules being changed in 1964 to allow other nations to be Associate members, South Africa did not reapply. Due to South African apartheid laws, which introduced legal racial segregation to the country in 1948, the anti-apartheid movement led the ICC to impose a moratorium on tours in 1970. This decision excluded players such as Graeme Pollock, Barry Richards, World class cricketers of their day like Clive Rice, Vintcent van der Bijl also never played Test Cricket despite their first class records. The ICC reinstated South Africa as a Test nation in 1991, South Africas first Test match after re-admission was played against the West Indies in April 1992. The match was played in Bridgetown, Barbados and South Africa lost by 52 runs, since South Africa have been reinstated they have achieved mixed success, and hosted the International Cricket Council Cricket World Cup in 2003. In 2003, South Africa were one of the favourites but were eliminated by one run in the stages after they had mistakenly counted the number of runs they needed. They have also had bad press for failing in vital matches in tournaments including the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy. With Donald retiring, Cronje banned for match-fixing and later killed in a crash, and Pollock also retiring from international cricket. Graeme Smith was made captain, although following injuries to Smith and Jacques Kallis, at the age of 29, he became the first non-white man to captain the once all-white South African cricket team. Due to a racial policy, the side was once required to contain black players
16.
Test cricket
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Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard. Test matches are played between national teams with Test status, as determined by the International Cricket Council. The two teams of 11 players play a match, which may last up to five days. It is generally considered the most complete examination of teams playing ability, the name Test stems from the long, gruelling match being a test of the relative strengths of the two sides. A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne from 12 to 17 March 1977, in October 2012, the International Cricket Council recast the playing conditions for Test matches, permitting day/night Test matches. The first day/night game took place between Australia and New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, on 27 November 2015, Test matches are the highest level of cricket although, statistically, their data forms part of first-class cricket. Matches are played between national teams with Test status, as determined by the International Cricket Council. As of December 2014, ten teams have Test status. Zimbabwes Test status was suspended, because of poor performances between 2006 and 2011, it returned to competition in August 2011. If the Associate team defeats the test nation, then they could be added as the new test country, a list of matches, defined as Tests, was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the mid-1890s. Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 1891–92 and 1929–30 are deemed to have Test status, in 1970, a series of five Test matches was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI. These matches, originally scheduled between England and South Africa, were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket because of their governments policy of apartheid. Although initially given Test status, this was withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations. Despite this, in 2005, the ICC ruled that the six-day Super Series match that took place in October 2005, some cricket writers and statisticians, including Bill Frindall, ignored the ICCs ruling and excluded the 2005 match from their records. The series of Test matches played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971/72 do not have Test status, there are currently ten Test-playing teams, representing individual nations except for England and the West Indies. Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council, teams that do not have Test status can play in the ICC Intercontinental Cup, specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests. In May 2016, ICC announced that it is contemplating the idea of two-tiers in Test match cricket, ICC hopes that this will help them draw more crowd and generate more revenue from the matches played between top tier teams. Promotion and relegation could be introduced into Test cricket as early as 2019 and this will give opportunities to more countries like Afghanistan and Ireland to play test cricket
17.
Steve Hofmeyr
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Steve Hofmeyr is a South African singer, songwriter, actor and TV Presenter. He has been involved in controversies throughout his professional career. Hofmeyr married actress Natasha Sutherland, whom he had met on the set of Egoli and they had two sons, Sebastian, born 13 December 2001 and Benjamin, born later. Hofmeyr also has three children by other women The couple was divorced after reports of numerous affairs dominated Hofmeyrs time in the spotlight in 2008. In December 2008, Hofmeyr allegedly assaulted Esmaré Weideman, editor of Huisgenoot and he was said to have blamed her and two other journalists for his divorce from Sutherland. Miss Weideman subsequently dropped her accusations, on 19 December 2013, Hofmeyr was arrested in Bronkhorstspruit for driving at 169 km/h in an 80 km/h zone and was released on bail of R500. He was subsequently fined R10,000 in the Bronkhorstspruit Magistrates Court on 23 January 2014, Hofmeyr married Janine van der Vyver on 26 January 2014. In 2008, van der Vyver, an instructor, revealed they had been seeing each other for 10 years. Hofmeyrs grandfather was Steve Hofmeyr Sr. a leader in the apartheid party Ossewabrandwag, in January 2007, there were reports that one branch of the News Cafe restaurant chain would not play Hofmeyrs song Pampoen. On 12 May 2011, Hofmeyr released the lyrics to his new song called Ons sal dit oorleef, the song is controversial, because Hofmeyr has threatened to include the word kaffir in the lyrics of the song. Hofmeyr removed the word in his song, citing that the word would offend his black friends. In 2011, he made public that he supports the organisation Expedition for Afrikaner Self-Determination, OASE describes itself as an advocacy group for Afrikaner self-determination in compliance with the international law and the guidelines of the international community. He is an avid pro-Afrikaner but mentioned that he maintains a political stance in an OASE public relations video. Hofmeyr was heavily criticised after performing the former South African national anthem, Die Stem and he went on to perform the anthem on international tours, and encouraged white South Africans to continue singing it, stating that it did not contain any form of hate speech. In October 2014, Hofmeyr wrote and published a tweet stating that he believed that black South Africans were the architects of apartheid on his public Twitter account and this prompted a significant public backlash. One of Hofmeyrs critics was puppeteer Conrad Koch and his puppet Chester Missing, on 27 November 2014, Hofmeyr failed to acquire a final protection order against Koch and his puppet in the Randburg Magistrates Court. Hofmeyr has given statements indicative of an apartheid denialist which has led various journalists, Steve Hofmeyr has lost the respect and support of the Afrikaans community because of his public racist outburst. Hofmeyrs controversial and extremist opinions rarely reflect the viewpoint of Afrikaans South Africans
18.
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
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Winnie Madikizela-Mandela is a South African activist and politician who has held several government positions and headed the African National Congress Womens League. She is a member of the ANCs National Executive Committee and she was married to Nelson Mandela for 38 years, including 27 years during which he was imprisoned. Although they were married at the time of his becoming president of South Africa in May 1994. Their divorce was finalised on 19 March 1996, though Winnie Mandela continued to be a presence in Mandelas life in years despite his remarriage in 1998. Winnie could be seen almost daily visiting her former husband Nelson Mandela at the Mediclinic heart hospital in Pretoria where he was receiving treatment and she was offered academic honours abroad. She was born in the village of eMbongweni, Bizana, Pondoland and she was born the fourth out of eight children, which included seven sisters and a brother. Her parents, Columbus and Gertrude, were both teachers, Columbus was a history teacher and a headmaster, and Gertrude was a domestic science teacher. Gertrude died when Winnie was nine, resulting in the break-up of her family as all the siblings were sent to live with different relatives, Madikizela-Mandela went on to become the head girl of her high school in Bizana. After she matriculated she went to Johannesburg to study social work at the Jan Hofmeyer School and she earned her degree in social work in 1956, and several years later earned a bachelors degree in international relations from the University of Witwatersrand. She held a number of jobs in various parts of what was then the Bantustan of Transkei, including with the Transkei government, living at times in Bizana, Shawbury. Her first job was as a worker at Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto. She met lawyer and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela in 1957 and she was 22 and standing at a bus stop in Soweto when Mandela first saw her and charmed her, securing a lunch date the following week. They married in 1958 and had two daughters, Zenani and Zindzi, Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1963 and released in 1990. The couple separated in 1992 and finalised the divorce in 1996 with an unspecified out-of-court settlement and her attempt to obtain a settlement up to US$5 million, half of what she claimed her ex-husband was worth, was dismissed when she failed to appear in court for a settlement hearing. When asked about the possibility of reconciliation in a 1994 interview, Winnie said, in fact, I am not the sort of person to carry beautiful flowers and be an ornament to everyone. Due to her activities, Winnie was regularly detained by the South African government. She was tortured, subjected to house arrest, kept under surveillance, held in confinement for over a year. She emerged as an opponent of apartheid during the later years of her husbands imprisonment
19.
F. W. de Klerk
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Frederik Willem de Klerk is a South African politician who served as the countrys State President from August 1989 to May 1994. He was the seventh and last head of state of South Africa under the apartheid era, De Klerk was also leader of the National Party from February 1989 to September 1997. He won the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize in 1991, the Prince of Asturias Award in 1992 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 along with Nelson Mandela for his role in the ending of apartheid. He was one of the deputy presidents of South Africa during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996, in 1997 he retired from active politics. He continues to remain active as a lecturer internationally, after the deaths of P. W. Botha in 2006 and Marais Viljoen in 2007, de Klerk is the last surviving State President of South Africa. The name de Klerk is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq, De Klerk noted that he is also of Dutch descent, with an Indian ancestor from the late 1600s or early 1700s. He is also said to be descended from the Khoi interpreter known as Krotoa or Eva, De Klerk graduated from Monument High School in Krugersdorp. De Klerk graduated in 1958 from the Potchefstroom University with BA, following graduation, de Klerk practised law in Vereeniging in the Transvaal. In 1959 he married Marike Willemse, with whom he had two sons and a daughter and he came from a family environment in which the conservatism of traditional white South African politics was deeply ingrained. His paternal great-grandfather was Senator Johannes Cornelis Jan van Rooy and his aunt was married to NP Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom. In 1948, the year when the NP swept to power in elections on an apartheid platform. His brother Willem is a liberal newspaperman and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. F. W. pronounced eff-veer, as he became known, was first elected to the House of Assembly in 1969 as the member for Vereeniging. De Klerk had been offered a professorship of law at Potchefstroom in 1972. In 1978, he was appointed Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Social Welfare, under Prime Minister and later State President P. W. He became Transvaal provincial National Party leader in 1982 and chairman of the Ministers Council in the House of Assembly in 1985, for most of his career, de Klerk had a very conservative reputation. The NPs Transvaal branch was historically the most staunchly conservative wing of the party and it thus came as a surprise when in 1989 he placed himself at the head of verligte forces within the governing party which had come to believe that apartheid could not be maintained forever. This wing favoured beginning negotiations while there was time to get reasonable terms
20.
Mahatma Gandhi
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights, the honorific Mahatma —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu and Gandhiji and he is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab, eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony, the last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating, among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Mahatma Gandhis birthday,2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and his father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan of Porbandar state. The Gandhi family originated from the village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State, in the late 17th or early 18th century, one Lalji Gandhi moved to Porbandar and entered the service of its ruler, the Rana. In 1831, Rana Khimojiraji died suddenly and was succeeded by his 12-year-old only son, as a result, Rana Khimojirajjis widow, Rani Rupaliba, became regent for her son. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his hand instead of his right. In 1841, Vikmatji assumed the throne and reinstated Uttamchand as his diwan, in 1847, Rana Vikmatji appointed Uttamchands son, Karamchand, as diwan after disagreeing with Uttamchand over the states maintenance of a British garrison. Although he only had an education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration
21.
Thabo Mbeki
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Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki is a South African politician who served nine years as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. R. Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority, on 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned judge Nicholsons judgment but the resignation stood. During his time in office the economy grew at a rate of 4. 5% per year. Mbeki created employment in the sectors of the economy and oversaw a fast-growing black middle class with the implementation of Black Economic Empowerment. This growth exacerbated the demand for trained professionals strained by emigration due to violent crime and he attracted the bulk of Africas Foreign Direct Investment and made South Africa the focal point of African growth. He was the architect of NEPAD whose aim is to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa, Mbeki has mediated in difficult and complex issues on the African continent including Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, and some important peace agreements. He oversaw the transition from the Organisation of African Unity to the African Union and his quiet diplomacy in Zimbabwe, however, is blamed for protracting the survival of Robert Mugabes regime at the cost of thousands of lives and intense economic pressure on Zimbabwes neighbours. He became a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement in the United Nations. Mbeki has received criticism for his stance on AIDS. He questions the link between HIV and AIDS and believes that the correlation between poverty and the AIDS rate in Africa was a challenge to the theory of AIDS. His fate was not helped by Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang and the overhaul of the industry in South Africa. His ban of antiretroviral drugs in public hospitals is estimated to be responsible for the deaths of between 330,000 and 365,000 people. Thabo Mbeki has also criticised for responding to negative comments made about his government by accusing critics of racism. Born and raised in Mbewuleni, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, Mbeki is one of four children of Epainette, the economist Moeletsi Mbeki is one of his brothers. His father was a stalwart of the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party and he is a native Xhosa speaker. Mbeki attended primary school in Idutywa and Butterworth and acquired a school education at Lovedale. In 1959, he was expelled from school as a result of student strikes, in the same year, he sat for matriculation examinations at St. Johns High School, Umtata. In the ensuing years, he completed British A-level examinations and undertook a degree as an external student with the University of London
22.
Gary Player
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Gary Player DMS, OIG is a retired South African professional golfer. At the age of 29, Player won the 1965 U. S. Open and became the only non-American to win all four majors, known as the career Grand Slam. Player became only the third golfer in history to win the Career Grand Slam, following Ben Hogan and Gene Sarazen, Player has won 165 tournaments on six continents over six decades and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974. Born in Johannesburg, Player has logged more than 25 million kilometres in travel and he has also authored or co-written 36 golf books. The Gary Player Stud Farm breeds thoroughbred horses, including 1994 Epsom Derby entry Broadway Flyer. He operates The Player Foundation, which has an objective of promoting underprivileged education around the world. In 1983, The Player Foundation established the Blair Atholl Schools in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2013 it celebrated its 30th Anniversary with charity golf events in London, Palm Beach, Shanghai and Cape Town, bringing its total of funds raised to over US$60 million. Gary Player was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, the youngest of Harry, when he was eight years old his mother died from cancer. Although his father was away from home working in the gold mines. The Virginia Park golf course in Johannesburg is where Player first began his affair with golf. At the age of 14, Player played his first round of golf, at age 16, he announced that he would become number one in the world. At age 17, he became a professional golfer, Player married wife Vivienne Verwey on 19 January 1957, four years after turning professional. Together they have six children, Jennifer, Marc, Wayne, Michele, Theresa and he is also a grandfather to 21 grandchildren. During the early days of his career Player would travel from tournament to tournament with wife, six children, nanny, Gary Player is the brother of Ian Player, a notable South African environmental educator and conservationist who saved the white rhino from extinction. Player is a supporter of Scottish football club Rangers F. C, Player is one of the most successful golfers in the history of the sport, ranking third in total professional wins, with at least 166, and tied for fourth in major championship victories with nine. Along with Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Jack Nicklaus, and Tiger Woods and he completed the Grand Slam in 1965 at the age of twenty-nine. Player was the second multiple winner from South Africa, following Bobby Locke, then was followed by Ernie Els. Player played regularly on the U. S. based PGA Tour from the late 1950s and he led the Tour money list in 1961, and went on to accumulate 24 career Tour titles
23.
Desmond Tutu
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Desmond Mpilo Tutu, CH is a South African social rights activist and retired Anglican bishop who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. He was the first black Archbishop of Cape Town and bishop of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa. Tutus admirers see him as a man who, since the demise of apartheid, has been active in the defence of human rights. He has campaigned to fight HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, homophobia and he has also compiled several books of his speeches and sayings. Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal, the second of four children of Zacheriah Zililo Tutu and his wife, Aletta Tutu, Tutus family moved to Johannesburg when he was twelve. His father was a teacher and his mother was a cleaner, here he met Trevor Huddleston, who was a parish priest in the black slum of Sophiatown. One day, said Tutu, I was standing in the street with my mother when a man in a priests clothing walked past. As he passed us he took off his hat to my mother, I couldnt believe my eyes—a white man who greeted a black working class woman. Although Tutu wanted to become a doctor, his family could not afford the training, Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College from 1951 to 1953, and went on to teach at Johannesburg Bantu High School and at Munsienville High School in Mogale City. However, he resigned following the passage of the Bantu Education Act, Tutu then attended Kings College London, where he received his bachelors and masters degrees in theology. During this time he worked as a curate, first at St Albans Church, Golders Green. He later returned to South Africa and became chaplain at the University of Fort Hare in 1967, from 1970 to 1972, Tutu lectured at the National University of Lesotho. In 1972, Tutu returned to the UK, where he was appointed vice-director of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches and he returned to South Africa in 1975 and was appointed Dean of St Marys Cathedral in Johannesburg. On 2 July 1955, Tutu married Nomalizo Leah Shenxane, a teacher whom he had met while at college and they had four children, Trevor Thamsanqa, Theresa Thandeka, Naomi Nontombi and Mpho Andrea, all of whom attended the Waterford Kamhlaba School in Swaziland. In 1975 he moved into what is now known as Tutu House on Sowetos well known Vilakazi Street which is also the location of a house in which the late Nelson Mandela once lived and he and his family were still living there in 2005. It is said to be one of the few streets in the world where two Nobel Prize winners have lived, in 1997, Tutu was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent successful treatment in the US. He subsequently became patron of the South African Prostate Cancer Foundation, beginning on his 79th birthday, Tutu entered a phased retirement from public life, starting with only one day per week in his office through February 2011. On 23 May 2011 in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, Tutu gave what was said to be his last major public speech outside of South Africa, Tutu honoured his commitments through May 2011 and added no more commitments
24.
Charlize Theron
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Charlize Theron is a South African and American actress and film producer. Theron became a U. S. citizen in 2007, while retaining her South African citizenship, in the late 2000s, she moved into the field of producing, both in television and film. In 2006, she produced the documentary East of Havana and she had producing credits on the films The Burning Plain and Dark Places, both of which she starred in. In 2012, she played Queen Ravenna in Snow White and the Huntsman and Meredith Vickers in Prometheus and she reprised her role of Queen Ravenna in the 2016 follow-up film The Huntsman, Winters War. In 2016, Time Magazine named her in the annual Time 100 most influential people list, Theron was born in Benoni, in the then-Transvaal Province of South Africa, the only child of Gerda Jacoba Aletta and Charles Jacobus Theron. Second Boer War figure Danie Theron was her great-great-uncle and she is from an Afrikaner family, and her ancestry includes Dutch, as well as French and German, her French forebears were early Huguenot settlers in South Africa. Theron is an Occitan surname pronounced in Afrikaans as and she grew up on her parents farm in Benoni, near Johannesburg. On 21 June 1991, Therons father, an alcoholic, physically attacked her mother, the shooting was legally adjudged to have been self-defence, and so her mother faced no charges. Theron attended Putfontein Primary School, a period during which she has said she was not fitting in, at thirteen, Theron was sent to boarding school and began her studies at the National School of the Arts in Johannesburg. Although Theron is fluent in English, her first language is Afrikaans, although seeing herself as a dancer, Theron at 16 won a one-year modelling contract at a local competition in Salerno and with her mother moved to Milan, Italy. After Theron spent a year modelling throughout Europe, she and her mother moved to the US, in New York, she attended the Joffrey Ballet School, where she trained as a ballet dancer until a knee injury closed this career path. As Theron recalled in 2008, I went to New York for three days to model, and then I spent a winter in New York in a windowless basement apartment. I was broke, I was taking class at the Joffrey Ballet, I realized I couldnt dance anymore, and I went into a major depression. My mom came over from South Africa and said, Either you figure out what to do next or you come home, at 19, Theron flew to Los Angeles, on a one-way ticket her mother bought for her, intending to work in the film industry. During the initial months there, she went to a Hollywood Boulevard bank to cash a cheque her mother had sent to help with the rent, when the teller refused to cash it, Theron engaged in a shouting match with him. Upon seeing this, talent agent John Crosby, waiting behind her, handed her his business card and subsequently introduced her to casting agents and she later fired him as her manager after he kept sending her scripts for films similar to Showgirls and Species. After several months in the city, she made her debut with a non-speaking role in the horror film Children of the Corn III. Her first speaking role was a supporting but significant and attention-garnering part as a hitwoman in 2 Days in the Valley
25.
Steve Biko
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Stephen Bantu Biko was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s, a Xhosa, Biko grew up in Ginsberg, Eastern Cape. In 1966, he began studying medicine at the University of Natal, here he was increasingly politicised and rose to a senior position in the National Union of South African Students. He developed the view that to white domination, black people had to organise independently. To this end he was a figure in the creation of the South African Students Organisation in 1968. Through SASO, Biko developed his Black Consciousness ideas, which were influenced by those of Frantz Fanon. The movement campaigned for an end to apartheid and the transition of South Africa toward universal suffrage, in 1972 Biko was involved in founding the Black Peoples Convention to promote BC ideas among the wider population. The government was concerned by his activities, and in 1973 they placed him under a banning order and he remained politically active and helped to organise Black Consciousness programs in the Ginsberg area, including the establishment of a healthcare centre. He received anonymous threats and was detained by security services on four occasions. Following his arrest in August 1977, Biko was tortured by state security officers and he sustained fatal head injuries, and died shortly after. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral, many of his writings were posthumously published for a wider audience, and his life was the subject of a book by his friend Donald Woods and later the 1987 film Cry Freedom. The National Party regime that ruled South Africa during Bikos lifetime claimed that he hated whites, more widely, Biko has been called a martyr of the anti-apartheid movement. Bantu Stephen Biko was born on 18 December 1946, the third child of Mzingayi Mathew Biko and Alice Mamcete Biko, he was born at his grandmothers house in Tarkastad, Eastern Cape. Mzingayi and Alice had married in Whittlesea, where the former worked as a policeman, Mzingayi was then transferred to Queenstown, Port Elizabeth, Fort Cox, and finally King Williams Town, where he and Alice settled in Ginsberg township. This was a settlement of around 800 families, with four families sharing a water supply. The township housed both Bantu African and Coloured individuals, and Xhosa, Afrikaans, and English were all spoken, there, Mzingaye worked at a clerk in the King Williams Town Native Affairs Office, while studying for a law degree by correspondence from the University of South Africa. Alice was employed in work, first for local white households. The name Bantu literally means people, although Biko interpreted this in terms of the saying Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu, among the nicknames that he acquired as a child were Goofy and Xwaku-Xwaku, the latter a reference to his unkempt appearance
26.
Mangosuthu Buthelezi
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Mangosuthu Buthelezi is a South African politician and Zulu tribal leader who founded the Inkatha Freedom Party in 1975 and was Chief Minister of the KwaZulu bantustan until 1994. He was Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa from 1994 to 2004, throughout much of the apartheid area, Buthelezi was considered one of the foremost black leaders. He played a key role in creating a framework for a solution to South Africas racial conflict. During the CODESA negotiations of the early 1990s, he represented the IFP, following the introduction of the universal franchise in the 1994 general election, Buthelezi led the IFP to join the government of national unity, led by Nelson Mandela. Buthelezi served as Minister of Home Affairs until 2004 and he continues to serve as both leader of the IFP and an MP, retaining his seat in the 2014 general election. In 1964 he played King Cetshwayo kaMpande in the film Zulu, Mangosuthu was born on 27 August 1928, in Mahlabathini, KwaZulu, to Chief Mathole Buthelezi and Princess Magogo kaDinuzulu, the sister of King Solomon kaDinuzulu. He was educated at Impumalanga Primary School, Mahashini, Nongoma from 1933 to 1943, then at Adams College, Amanzimtoti from 1944 to 1947. Mangosuthu studied at the University of Fort Hare from 1948 to 1950 and he was expelled from the university after student boycotts. He later completed his degree at the University of Natal, Buthelezi inherited the chieftainship of the large Buthelezi tribe in 1953, a position he still holds today. In 1970, Buthelezi was appointed leader of the KwaZulu territorial Authority, the emerging Black Consciousness Movement of the 1970s branded him an Apartheid regime collaborator, because of his strong anti-Communist belief. However, he consistently declined homeland independence and political deals until Nelson Mandela was released from prison, in 1975 Buthelezi started the IFP with the blessing of the African National Congress, but broke away from the ANC in 1979 and his relationship with the ANC sharply deteriorated. He was encouraged by Oliver Tambo, the President of the ANC mission in exile, in the mid 1970s it was clear that many in the Black Consciousness Movement were at odds with Buthelezis politics. For instance, during the funeral of Robert Sobukwe he was barred from attending the service since they argued that he was a collaborator of the Nationalist Government. The meeting that was held in London between the two organisations did not succeed in ironing out differences, in 1982 Buthelezi opposed the apartheid governments plan to cede the Ingwavuma region in northern Natal to the Swaziland government. The courts decided in his favour on the grounds that the government had not followed its own black constitution act of 1972 and he was also instrumental in setting up the teacher training and nursing colleges throughout the late 1970s and the early 1980s. He requested Harry Oppenheimer, his friend and ally, to establish Mangosuthu Technikon in Umlazi. In 1993 he broke the record for the worlds longest-ever speech in an address he gave to the Natal legislature, on 4 January 1974, Transvaal leader of the United Party Harry Schwarz met with Mangosuthu Buthelezi and signed the Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith. They agreed on a five-point plan for peace in South Africa
27.
Tony Leon
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Anthony James Tony Leon is a South African politician who served as leader of the opposition from 1999-2007 as leader of the Democratic Alliance. He led the DA from its inception in 2000, until his retirement from leadership in 2007, before that, he led the Democratic Party from 1994. He is the longest serving leader of the opposition in parliament since the advent of democracy in 1994. Although still a member of the DA, he served as the South African Ambassador to Argentina under the ANC government from 2009 to 2012. Leon is also a contracted columnist to Times Media Group Ltd, his columns appearing weekly or monthly in Business Day, Sunday Times, Leon was born and raised in Durban during the apartheid era. He was educated at Clifton Preparatory School and Kearsney College near Durban and his father Ramon Leon was a High Court Judge. Both his parents were active in the liberal, anti-apartheid Progressive Party, in 1974 at the age of 18 he became an organiser for the Progressive Party, one of the two opposition parties represented in parliament at the time. He has accredited Harry Schwarz and Helen Suzman as his biggest inspirations, in the same year he was elected to the Johannesburg City Council for Yeoville. When the results for the election were released, it was announced that the NP candidate Sam Bloomberg had won, however Harry Schwarz, his political mentor, uncovered that this was untrue, and Leon was declared the winner. He became leader of the opposition in the city council, in 1989 he was elected to Parliament for the Houghton constituency, representing the Progressive Partys successor, the Democratic Party. At the 1994 general elections, Leon was again elected to Parliament in the first democratic National Assembly, at the time, the Democratic Party was perceived as merely a minor party of white liberals, an oddity in the first non-racial democratic government of South Africa. Yet between 1994-1999 its seven members managed to become the most vocal, active and involved legislators, in 1998, Leon published his first book on the eve of the second democratic election, entitled Hope & Fear, Reflections of a Democrat. With the second elections in 1999 and the New National Party only retaining 28 seats, he became Leader of the Opposition as the DP took 38 seats. After the 2004 general elections, the DA under Leon had a vote increased by 2. 8% and these gains came at a cost to three of the five minor opposition parties, with only the Independent Democrats — a newcomer in the elections — also attracting support. On 26 November 2006, Leon announced that he would step down from the leadership of the DA in 2007, Leon, nevertheless, kept his seat in Parliament until 2009, when its term expired. Leon retired as leader of the DA on 5 May 2007 and he was succeeded by Helen Zille who was elected as the new party leader on 6 May 2007. On his retirement, former President Nelson Mandela said, Your contribution to democracy is enormous and you have far more support for all you have done than you might ever read about. One of South Africas leading political commentator, Justice Malala wrote about him and he was fearless when many were fearful, vocal when many had lost their voices, openly critical when many would only speak in whispers
28.
Brenda Fassie
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Brenda Nokuzola Fassie was a South African anti-apartheid Afropop singer. Affectionately called MaBrrr by her fans, she was described as the Queen of African Pop or the Madonna of The Townships or simply as The Black Madonna. Her bold stage antics earned a reputation for outrageousness, Fassie was born in Langa, Cape Town, as the youngest of nine children. She was named after the American singer Brenda Lee and her father died when she was two, and with the help of her mother, a pianist, she started earning money by singing for tourists. In 1981, at the age of 16, she left Cape Town for Soweto, Johannesburg, Fassie first joined the vocal group Joy and later became the lead singer for a township music group called Brenda and the Big Dudes. She had a son, Bongani, in 1985 by a fellow Big Dudes musician and she married Nhlanhla Mbambo in 1989 but divorced in 1991. Around this time she became addicted to cocaine and her career suffered, with very outspoken views and frequent visits to the poorer townships of Johannesburg, as well as songs about life in the townships, she enjoyed tremendous popularity. Known best for her songs Weekend Special and Too Late for Mama, in 1995, she was discovered in a hotel with the body of her female lover, Poppie Sihlahla, who had died of an apparent overdose. Fassie underwent rehabilitation and got her back on track. However, she still had problems and returned to drug rehabilitation clinics about 30 times in her life. From 1996 she released solo albums, including Now Is the Time, Memeza. Most of her albums became multi-platinum sellers in South Africa, Memeza was the album in South Africa in 1998. On the morning of 26 April 2004, Fassie collapsed at her home in Buccleuch, Gauteng, the press were told that she had suffered cardiac arrest, but later reported that she had slipped into a coma brought on by an asthma attack. The post-mortem report revealed that she had taken an overdose of cocaine on the night of her collapse, and she stopped breathing and suffered brain damage from lack of oxygen. Fassie was visited in the hospital by Nelson Mandela, Winnie Mandela, and Thabo Mbeki and she died aged 39 on 9 May 2004 in hospital without returning to consciousness after her life support machines were turned off. According to the South African Sunday Times and the managers of her music company and her manager, Peter Snyman, denied this aspect of the report. Her family, including her partner, were at her side when she died. She was voted 17th in the Top 100 Great South Africans and her son Bongani Bongz Fassie performed Im So Sorry, a song dedicated to his mother, on the soundtrack to the 2005 Academy Award-winning movie Tsotsi
29.
Patricia de Lille
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Patricia de Lille is a South African politician and Mayor of Cape Town. She was the founder and the leader of the Independent Democrats, on 15 August 2010, the ID merged with the Democratic Alliance, South Africas official opposition, and de Lille took on dual party membership until her party was fully dissolved in May 2014. On 14 March 2011, De Lille beat Grant Pascoe, Shehaam Sims and incumbent Dan Plato to become the DAs mayoral candidate in Cape Town and she was declared the mayor-elect by the IEC on 20 May 2011. De Lille was voted 22nd in the Top 100 Great South Africans, De Lille was born in 1951 in Beaufort West, and attended Bastiaanse Hoërskool. In 1974 she became a technician at a factory. She remained involved with the company until 1990. In 1988 she was elected as National Vice-President of The National Council of Trade Unions, in 1989 De Lille was elected onto the National Executive Committee of the Pan Africanist Movement. She also served on various portfolio Committees including Health, Minerals and Energy, Trade and Industry, Communications, the Rules Committee, later, she made use of parliamentary privilege to be a whistle-blower on the South African Arms Deal. De Lille led the call for an investigation into alleged corruption in South Africas purchase of weapons costing £4bn from British, the government rejected De Lilles calls for an independent inquiry to be led by Judge Willem Heath. De Lille said she was accused of being unpatriotic and embarrassing the country as a consequence of her efforts to investigate the Arms Deal, in an op-ed for The Sunday Times, De Lille predicted that the charges would be dropped, Am I angry. By letting these ANC crooks off the hook we are sending entirely the wrong message to our people, Government is saying that there is a way out for those who break the law. On the morning of the NPAs much-awaited announcement, De Lille was turned away from proceedings, being told that, as a member of the public, Leader of the Democratic Alliance Helen Zille met with the same fate. De Lille was awarded the Freedom of the City of Birmingham, Alabama and she was also awarded the 2004 Old Mutual South African Leadership Award in the Category of Woman Leadership. In July 2006 she was the first woman to be recognised as an Honorary Colonel in the South African National Defence Force, in August 2006 she received the City Press and Rapport Newspaper award as one of top 10 women in South Africa. This high level meeting was convened on 17 September 2006 in New York, a Markinor survey conducted in 2004 also found that De Lille was South Africas favourite opposition politician at the time. De Lille told reporters that the dissenters had been fired from the party for fraud, as Mayor of Cape Town, de Lille has been perceived to have had a conflict of interest regarding the private sector developments by friends of hers in Clifton. On 13 August 2010, after meetings with both the DA and ID executive, it was decided that the ID would indeed merge with the DA, on 15 August 2010, de Lille and DA Leader Helen Zille announced to the public that the ID would join the DA. City Mayors Mayor of the Month for May 2013 People by Patricia de Lille, at Peoples Assembly
30.
Johnny Clegg
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Sometimes called Le Zoulou Blanc, he is an important figure in South African popular music history, with songs that mix Zulu with English lyrics and African with various Western music styles. Clegg was born in Bacup, Lancashire, to an English father and a Rhodesian mother. His parents divorced when he was still an infant, and he moved with his mother to Rhodesia and then, at age 6, to South Africa, also spending less than a year in Israel during childhood. As an adolescent, Clegg developed an interest in Celtic music and he was first arrested at the age of 15 for violating apartheid-era laws in South Africa banning people of different races from congregating together after curfew hours. At the age of 17, he met Sipho Mchunu, a Zulu migrant worker with whom he began performing music, the partnership, which they named Juluka, was profiled in the 1970s television documentary Beats of the Heart, Rhythm of Resistance. Juluka was a musical partnership for the time in South Africa, with a white man. Just as unusually, the music combined Zulu, Celtic. Those lyrics often contained coded messages and references to the battle against apartheid. Politics found us, he told The Baltimore Sun in 1996, in a 1989 interview with the Sunday Times, Clegg denied the label of political activist. For me a political activist is someone who has committed himself to a particular ideology, I don’t belong to any political party. For example, the album Work for All picked up on South African trade union slogans in the mid-1980s, as a result of their political messages and racial integration, Clegg and other band members were arrested several times and concerts routinely broken up. The groups first album, Third World Child, broke sales records in several European countries. The band went on to several more albums, including Heat, Dust and Dreams. In one instance, the band such a large crowd in Lyon that Michael Jackson cancelled a concert there, complaining that Clegg. In 1993, the band dissolved after Dudu Zulu was shot, briefly reunited in the mid-1990s, Clegg and Mchunu reformed Juluka, released a new album, and toured throughout the world in 1996 with King Sunny Ade. Since then, Clegg has recorded solo albums and continues to tour the world. During one concert in 1999, he was joined onstage by South African President Nelson Mandela, during Mandelas illness and death in 2013, the video of the concert attracted considerable media attention outside South Africa. His song Scatterlings of Africa gave him his only entries in the UK Singles Chart to date, reaching No.44 in February 1983 with Juluka and 75 in May 1987 as Johnny Clegg and Savuka
31.
Helen Suzman
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Helen Suzman, DBE was a liberal South African anti-apartheid activist and politician. Suzman, a citizen of South Africa, was born Helen Gavronsky in 1917 to Samuel and Frieda Gavronsky. Suzman matriculated in 1933 from Parktown Convent, Johannesburg and she studied as an economist and statistician at Witwatersrand University. At age 19, she married Dr Moses Suzman, who was older than she was. She returned to university lecturing in 1944, later giving up her teaching vocation to enter politics and she was elected to the House of Assembly in 1953 as a member of the United Party for the Houghton constituency in Johannesburg. Suzman and eleven other members of the United Party broke away to form the Progressive Party in 1959. At the 1961 general election all the other Progressive MPs lost their seats and she was often harassed by the police and her phone was tapped by them. She had a technique for dealing with eavesdropping, which was to blow a whistle into the mouthpiece of the phone. She found herself more of an outsider because she was an English-speaking Jewish woman in a parliament dominated by Calvinist Afrikaner men. She was once accused by a minister of asking questions in parliament that embarrassed South Africa, to which she replied, It is not my questions that embarrass South Africa, it is your answers. Later, as parliamentary white opposition to apartheid grew, the Progressive Party merged with Harry Schwarzs Reform Party and it was renamed the Progressive Federal Party, and Suzman was joined in parliament by notable liberal colleagues such as Colin Eglin. She spent a total of 36 years in parliament and she visited Nelson Mandela on numerous occasions while he was in prison, and was present when he signed the new constitution in 1996. While working from within the system, she earned the respect of Nelson Mandela, always outspoken and independent, she spoke out against the regime but at times opposed Mr. Mandelas policies. She opposed economic sanctions as counter productive and harmful to poor blacks, after Mandelas release she was prominent among those. Who persuaded him to drop the ANCs revolutionary program in favour of a one, retaining a market economy. She continued to be a critic after the fall of Apartheid and she was critical of Mandela when he praised Muammar Qaddafi as a supporter of human rights. The ANC and SACP were critical of her method of opposition to Apartheid and she was denounced as an agent of colonialism and part of the system as well as for her failure to back sanctions. Former Queen of South Africa, Elizabeth II made her an honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1989 and she was voted #24 in the Top 100 Great South Africans TV series
32.
Pieter-Dirk Uys
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Pieter-Dirk Uys is a South African satirist, active as a performer, author, and social activist. Uys was born in Cape Town on 28 September 1945, to Hannes Uys, a Calvinist Afrikaner father, and Helga Bassel, Hannes Uys, a fourth-generation South African of Dutch and Belgian Huguenot stock, was a musician and organist in his local church. Bassel was a German concert pianist whom the Nazis expelled from the Reichsmusikkammer in 1935 as part of their campaign to root out Jewish artists. She later escaped to South Africa and managed to take her grand piano with her, with which she taught her daughter, Tessa Uys, Bassel spoke little about her Jewish past to her children. It was only after her suicide that they discovered she was fully Jewish, Uys and his sister had an NG Kerk upbringing and their mother encouraged them to embrace Afrikaner culture. He received a B. A. from the University of Cape Town where he began his career as an actor under the tutelage of Rosalie van der Gught, Mavis Taylor and Robert Mohr. His performances at this time included roles in Little Malcolm and His Struggle Against the Eunuchs, The Fantasticks and he later studied at the London Film School in the early 1970s. It was in one of his student films, an advertisement for milk and he then began a period in his dramatic career as a serious playwright. He switched to one-man revues at the height of the Apartheid era, Uys is particularly well known for his character Evita Bezuidenhout, a white Afrikaner socialite and self-proclaimed political activist. The character was inspired by Australian comedian Barry Humphriess character Dame Edna Everage, Evita is the former ambassadress of Bapetikosweti – a fictitious Bantustan or black homeland located outside her home in the affluent, formerly whites-only suburbs of Johannesburg. Evita Bezuidenhout is named in honour of Eva Perón, under Apartheid, Uys used the medium of humour and comedy to criticise and expose the absurdity of the South African governments racial policies. For many years, Uys lampooned the South African regime and its leaders, one of his characters, a kugel once said, There are two things wrong with South Africa, ones apartheid and the others black people. This was later attributed to Uys himself. Following South Africas first non-racial elections in 1994, Uys starred in a TV series, Funigalore, in which Evita interviewed Nelson Mandela, in the theatre, Uys/Evitas performances include You ANC Nothing Yet. He and his character are known for their tireless work in the frontline of HIV/AIDS activism and he is currently involved in teaching AIDS awareness to children and education in the use of condoms, travelling to schools all over South Africa. Uys also serves on the board of directors for the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, Uys converted the old railway station of Darling, where he lives, into a cabaret venue called Evita se Perron and performs there regularly. During 2004, Pieter-Dirk Uys took part in a Carte Blanche story, dealing with genetics and unlocking the mysteries of race and ethnicity, entitled So, Uys discovered that he has khoisan heritage from his mothers side. Uys received the Special Teddy Award 2011 at the Berlin International Film Festival for his commitment to AIDS education at South African schools and for his alter ego
33.
Paul Kruger
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Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger was one of the dominant political and military figures in 19th-century South Africa, and President of the South African Republic from 1883 to 1900. Born near the edge of the Cape Colony, Kruger took part in the Great Trek as a child during the late 1830s. He had almost no education apart from the Bible and, through his interpretations of scripture, in 1863 he was elected Commandant-General, a post he held for a decade before he resigned soon after the election of President Thomas François Burgers. Kruger was appointed Vice-President in 1877, shortly before the South African Republic was annexed by Britain as the Transvaal, Kruger served until 1883 as a member of an executive triumvirate, then was elected President. In 1884 he headed a deputation that brokered the London Convention. Kruger left for Europe as the war turned against the Boers in 1900 and spent the rest of his life in exile, refusing to return home following the British victory. After he died in Switzerland at the age of 78 in 1904, his body was returned to South Africa for a state funeral, the family was of Dutch-speaking Afrikaner or Boer background, of German, French Huguenot and Dutch stock. His paternal ancestors had been in South Africa since 1713, when Jacob Krüger, from Berlin and his mothers family, the Steyns, had lived in South Africa since 1668 and were relatively affluent and cultured by Cape standards. Krugers great-great-uncle Hermanus Steyn had been President of the self-declared Republic of Swellendam that revolted against Company rule in 1795, Bulhoek, Krugers birthplace, was the Steyn family farm and had been Elsies home since early childhood, her father Douw Gerbrand Steyn had settled there in 1809. The Krugers and Steyns were acquainted and Casper occasionally visited Bulhoek as a young man and he and Elsie married in Cradock in 1820, when he was 18 and she was 14. A girl, Sophia, and a boy, Douw Gerbrand, were born before Pauls arrival in 1825 and his mother died when he was eight, Casper soon remarried and had more children with his second wife, Heiletje. Beyond reading and writing, which he learned from relatives, Krugers only education was three months under a tutor, Tielman Roos, and Calvinist religious instruction from his father. In adulthood Kruger would claim to have never read any book apart from the Bible, in 1835 Casper Kruger, his father and his brothers Gert and Theuns moved their families east and set up farms near the Caledon River, on the Cape Colonys far north-eastern frontier. The Cape had been under British sovereignty since 1814, when the Netherlands ceded it to Britain with the Convention of London and they had given little thought to the idea of leaving the Cape. A group of emigrants under Hendrik Potgieter passed through the Krugers Caledon encampments in early 1836, Potgieter envisioned a Boer republic with himself in a prominent role, he sufficiently impressed the Krugers that they joined his party of Voortrekkers. Krugers father continued to give the religious education in the Boer fashion during the trek, having them recite or write down biblical passages from memory each day after lunch. At stops along the journey classrooms were improvised from reeds and grass, the Voortrekkers faced competition for the area they were entering from Mzilikazi and his Ndebele people, a recent offshoot from the Zulu Kingdom to the south-east. Kruger and the small children assisted in tasks such as bullet-casting while the women and larger boys helped the fighting men
34.
Jonty Rhodes
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Jonathan Neil Jonty Rhodes is a former South African Test and One Day International cricketer who played for the South African cricket team between 1992 and 2003. Rhodes was born in Pietermaritzburg, Natal Province, South Africa and he is commonly regarded as the greatest fielder in the modern era of cricket, if not all time. During his career he played club cricket for the University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg and first-class cricket for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club. Rhodes retired from Test cricket in 2000, and from one day cricket in 2003 after an injury during the 2003 Cricket World Cup. Rhodes also represented South Africa at hockey, and was chosen as part of the 1992 Olympic Games squad to go to Barcelona, however and he was also called up for trials to play in the 1996 Olympics but was ruled out by a hamstring injury. Rhodes scored his first Test century during the first Test of a three series against Sri Lanka at Moratuwa during the 1993–1994 season. Batting on the last day, Rhodes scored 101 not out, South Africa went on to win the series 1–0 by winning the second match and drawing the third. Rhodes announced his retirement from Test match cricket in 2001 in order to him to continue playing until the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa. His last Test match was on 6 August 2000 at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Rhodes made scores of 21 and 54 in the two innings. Sri Lanka went on to win the match by six wickets, Rhodes made his One Day International début against Australia in South Africas opening match of the 1992 Cricket World Cup at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 26 February 1992. Australia batted first, scoring 170, and Rhodes dismissed Craig McDermott via a run out, South Africa scored 171 to win the match by nine wickets, Rhodes was not required to bat. Rhodes shot to fame after South Africas fifth game of the World Cup, South Africa batted first, scoring 211 off 50 overs. Pakistans innings was reduced to 36 overs because of rain interruptions, inzamam-ul-Haq and Pakistan captain Imran Khan resumed the innings when play was restarted. With the score at 135/2 Inzamam, who was at the time on 48, the ball had rolled out towards Rhodes who ran in from backward point, gathered the ball and raced the retreating Inzamam to the wicket. Rhodes, with ball in hand, dived full length to break the stumps, the run out, the subject of a famous photograph, is still considered one of the more spectacular feats of that World Cup and the defining moment of Rhodes career. Pakistans innings faltered from then on, eventually finishing on 173/8 with South Africa winning by twenty runs, on 14 November 1993 Rhodes took a world record of five catches, to achieve the most dismissals by a fielder against the West Indies at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai. Rhodes announced that he planned to retire from One-Day International cricket after the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa, however, his tournament was cut short when he got injured in a match against Kenya. In Kenyas innings, Maurice Odumbe hit the ball in the air toward Rhodes, Rhodes dropped the catch and in the process broke his hand
35.
Leon Schuster
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Leon Ernest Schuks Schuster is a South African filmmaker, comedian, actor, presenter and singer. Schuster was drawn to the process at an early age. As child he and his brother Ottoh L would play practical jokes on his family, Schuster went to Hoërskool Jim Fouché in Bloemfontein, then studied for a BA degree at the University of the Orange Free State, where he played rugby for the first team. He returned to Jim Fouché as a teacher for two years, Schuster began working for the South African Broadcasting Corporation. During his time at the SABC, he created the Afrikaans radio series Vrypostige Mikrofoon with Fanus Rautenbach – which involved disguising his voice and playing phone pranks on unsuspecting victims. In 1982, he was approached by Decibel Records to compile a series of songs and his first record, Leon Schuster. His second album, Broekskeur, sold in excess of 40,000 units and this was followed by Briekdans and Leon Schuster –20 Treffers and his hit CD Hier Kom Die Bokke garnered an FNB Sama Music Award for Biggest Selling CD of 1995. His following CD, Gatvol in Paradise, sold in more than 125,000 units and gave rise to the unofficial Gauteng anthem, Gautengeling. On 16 September 2011 it was reported that Schusters next movie would be financed by the Walt Disney Company. In 2012, Schuster starred opposite funnyman Kenneth Nkosi in Mad Buddies, some even dub him as the best comedian South Africa has produced. He was rated at number #43 in SABCs greatest South Africans poll for his comedic work, Leon Schuster Broekskeur Waar En Wolhaar Briekdans Rugby You Must Be Joking. Im Gatvol Op Dun Eish Dra Die Bok My Mates - Die Bokke M
36.
Oliver Tambo
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Oliver Reginald Tambo was a South African anti-apartheid politician and revolutionary who served as President of the African National Congress from 1967 to 1991. Oliver Reginald Tambo was born on 27 October 1917, his father was Mzimeni and he was born in the village of Nkantolo in Bizana in eastern Pondoland in what is now Eastern Cape. He attended a school at Holy Cross Mission School, and then transferred to St. Peters in Johannesburg, Tambo matriculated in 1938 as one of the top students. After this Tambo qualified to do his university degree at the University of Fort Hare, in 1940 he, along with several others including Nelson Mandela, was expelled from Fort Hare University for participating in a student strike. In 1942 Tambo returned to his high school in Johannesburg to teach science. Tambo, along with Mandela and Walter Sisulu, were the members of the ANC Youth League in 1943, becoming its first National Secretary. The youth league proposed a change in tactics of the anti-apartheid movement and this programme advocated tactics such as boycotts, civil disobedience, strikes and non-collaboration. In 1955, Tambo became Secretary General of the ANC after Walter Sisulu was banned by the South African government under the Suppression of Communism Act, in 1958 he became Deputy President of the ANC and in 1959 was served with a five-year banning order by the government. In response, Tambo was sent abroad by the ANC to mobilise opposition to apartheid and he settled with his family in Muswell Hill, north London, where he lived until 1990. He was involved in the formation of the South African Democratic Front, in 1967, Tambo became Acting President of the ANC, following the death of Chief Albert Lutuli. In a 1985 interview, Tambo was quoted as saying, In the past, but now, looking at what is happening in South Africa, it is difficult to say civilians are not going to die. In 1985 he was re-elected President of the ANC and he returned to South Africa on 13 December 1990 after over 30 years in exile, and was elected National Chairperson of the ANC in July of the same year. Tambo died aged 75 due to complications from a stroke on 24 April 1993, the strong fight against apartheid brought Tambo to strike up a series of intense international relationships. In 1977 Tambo signed the first solidarity agreement between ANC and a Municipality, The Italian town of Reggio Emilia was the first city in the world to sign a pact of solidarity, the first one, called Amanda, departed from Genova in 1980. It was Tambo himself to ask Reggio Emilia to coin Isitwalandwe Medals, during his early years with the ANC Oliver Tambo was directly responsible for organizing active guerilla units. Along with his cohorts Nelson Mandela, Joe Slovo, and Walter Sisulu, of which one of the most notable was the Church Street bombing on 20 May 1983, which resulted in the death of 19 civilians and the wounding of a further 217. Such units had been authorised by Oliver Tambo, the ANC President, at the time of the attack, they reported to Joe Slovo as chief of staff, and the Church Street attack was authorised by Tambo. It claimed that 11 of the casualties were SAAF personnel and hence a military target, the legal representative of some of the victims argued that as administrative staff including telephonists and typists they could not accept that they were a legitimate military target
37.
Walter Sisulu
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Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the African National Congress, serving at times as Secretary-General and Deputy President of the organization. He was jailed at Robben Island, where he served more than 25 years imprisonment, Sisulu was born in Ngcobo in the Union of South Africa. His mother, Alice Mase Sisulu, was a Xhosa domestic worker and his father, Dickenson worked in the Railway Department of the Cape Colony from 1903 to 1909 and was transferred to the Office of the Chief Magistrate in Umtata in 1910. His mother was related to Evelyn Mase, Nelson Mandelas first wife, Dickenson did not play a part in his sons upbringing, and the boy and his sister, Rosabella, were raised by his mothers family, who were descended from the Thembu clan. Educated in a missionary school, he left in 1926 to find work. He moved to Johannesburg in 1928 and did a wide range of manual jobs and he founded Sitha Investments in 1939. It was situated at Barclay Arcade between West Street and Commissioner Street in the district of Johannesburg. Its objective is to help blacks and Indians to buy houses in Apartheid South Africa, during its operations, Sitha was the only black-owned estate agency in South Africa. He married Albertina in 1944, Nelson Mandela was his best man at their wedding, the couple had five children, and adopted four more. Sisulus wife and children were active in the struggle against apartheid. An adopted daughter, Beryl Rose Sisulu, served as ambassador from the Republic of South Africa to Norway and he joined the ANC in 1941. In 1943, together with Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo, he joined the ANC Youth League, founded by Anton Lembede and he later distanced himself from Lembede after Lembede, who died in 1947, had ridiculed his parentage. Sisulu was a political networker and had a prominent planning role in the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe and he was made secretary general of the ANC in 1949, displacing the more passive older leadership, and held that post until 1954. He also joined the South African Communist Party, as a planner of the Defiance Campaign from 1952, he was arrested that year and given a suspended sentence. In 1953, he travelled to Europe, the USSR, Israel and he was jailed seven times in the next ten years, including five months in 1960, and was held under house arrest in 1962. At the Treason Trial, he was sentenced to six years. He went underground in 1963, resulting in his wife being the first woman arrested under the General Laws Amendment Act of 1963 and he was caught at Rivonia on 11 July, along with 16 others. At the conclusion of the Rivonia Trial, he was sentenced to imprisonment on 12 June 1964
38.
J. R. R. Tolkien
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He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972, after Tolkiens death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his fathers extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the part of these writings. While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien and this has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the father of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy. In 2008, The Times ranked him sixth on a list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945, forbes ranked him the 5th top-earning dead celebrity in 2009. Tolkiens paternal ancestors were middle-class craftsmen who made and sold clocks, watches and pianos in London, the Tolkien family had emigrated from Germany in the 18th century but had become quickly intensely English. According to the tradition, the Tolkiens had arrived in England in 1756. Several families with the surname Tolkien or similar spelling live in northwestern Germany, mainly in Lower Saxony, however, this origin of the name has not been proven. A German writer has suggested that the name is likely to derive from the village of Tolkynen near Rastenburg. Although that village is far from Lower Saxony, its name is derived from the now-extinct Old Prussian language. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State to Arthur Reuel Tolkien, an English bank manager, the couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked. Tolkien had one sibling, his brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel. In another incident, a family servant, who thought Tolkien a beautiful child, took the baby to his kraal to show him off. When he was three, he went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of rheumatic fever before he could join them and this left the family without an income, so Tolkiens mother took him to live with her parents in Kings Heath, Birmingham. Soon after, in 1896, they moved to Sarehole, then a Worcestershire village, Mabel Tolkien taught her two children at home. Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil and she taught him a great deal of botany and awakened in him the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees, but his lessons were those concerning languages
39.
Ernie Els
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Theodore Ernest Ernie Els is a South African professional golfer. 1, he is known as The Big Easy due to his physical stature along with his fluid golf swing. He is one of six golfers to win both the U. S. Open and The Open Championship. Other highlights in Els career include topping the 2003 and 2004 European Tour Order of Merit, and winning the World Match Play Championship a record seven times. He was the career money winner on the European Tour until overtaken by Lee Westwood in 2011. He has held the one spot in the Official World Golf Ranking. Els rose to 15th in the rankings after winning the 2012 Open Championship. He was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2010, on his first time on the ballot, and was inducted in May 2011. When not playing, Els has a golf course design business, a foundation which supports golf among underprivileged youngsters in South Africa. He has written a golf instructional column in Golf Digest magazine for several years. Growing up just east of Johannesburg in, South Africa, he played, rugby, cricket, tennis and he was a skilled junior tennis player and won the Eastern Transvaal Junior Championships at age 13. It was around this time that he decided to exclusively on golf. Els first achieved prominence in 1984, when he won the Junior World Golf Championship in the Boys 13–14 category, Phil Mickelson was second to Els that year. Els won the South African Amateur Championship a few months after his 17th birthday, becoming the winner of that event. Els married his wife Liezl in 1998 in Cape Town and they have two children, Samantha and Ben, in 2008 after Els started to display an Autism Speaks logo on his golf bag it was announced that their then five-year-old son was autistic. Their main residence is at the Wentworth Estate near Wentworth Golf Club in the south of England, however, they also split time between South Africa and their family home in Jupiter, Florida, in order to get better treatment for Bens autism. In 1989, Els won the South African Amateur Stroke Play Championship, Els won his first professional tournament in 1991 on the Southern Africa Tour. He won the Sunshine Tour Order of Merit in the 1991/92, in 1993, Els won his first tournament outside of South Africa at the Dunlop Phoenix in Japan
40.
Miriam Makeba
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Zenzile Miriam Makeba, nicknamed Mama Africa, was a South African singer, actor, UN goodwill ambassador, and civil rights activist. Born in Johannesburg, Makeba was forced to find employment as a child after the death of her father. She had a brief and allegedly abusive first marriage at the age of 17, and gave birth to her only child in 1950, as well as surviving an episode of cancer. In 1959, Makeba had a role in the anti-Apartheid film Come Back, Africa, which brought her international attention, and led to her travelling to perform in Venice, London. In London, she met Harry Belafonte, who would become a mentor and she moved to New York City, where she became immediately popular, and recorded her first solo album in 1960. However, when she tried to return to South Africa for her mothers funeral in the year, she found her passport had been cancelled by the government. Her career in the US flourished, and she released songs and albums, including Pata Pata. Along with Belafonte she received a Grammy award for her 1966 album An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba, Makeba became involved with the civil rights movement against racial segregation in the US, and testified before the United Nations, asking for economic sanctions against the apartheid government. After the collapse of apartheid in 1990 Makeba returned to South Africa and she had a role in the 1992 film Sarafina. and was named a UN goodwill ambassador in 1999, in addition to campaigning for several humanitarian causes. She continued to perform until her death from an attack during a concert in Italy in 2008. She also made several songs critical of apartheid, and became a symbol of opposition to this system. Upon her death, South African President Nelson Mandela said that her music inspired a sense of hope in all of us. Zenzile Miriam Makeba was born in Johannesburg on 4 March 1932 and her mother Christina Makeba was a Swazi traditional South African healer, a sangoma, who also worked as a housemaid. Her father, Caswell Makeba, who died when she was six years old, was a Xhosa teacher, when she was eighteen days old, her mother was arrested for selling umqombothi, an African homemade beer brewed from malt and cornmeal. Her mother was sentenced to a prison term, so Miriam spent her first six months of life in jail. As a child, she sang in the choir of the Kilnerton Training Institute in Pretoria and her singing was remarked upon while she was at school. The family moved to Transvaal when Makeba was a child, after her fathers death, she was forced to find employment, and did domestic work for a while, and also worked as a nanny. She described herself as a shy individual at the time and her mother did domestic work for white families in Johannesburg, and therefore had to live quartered away from her family of six children
41.
Patrice Motsepe
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Patrice Tlhopane Motsepe is a South African mining magnate. He is the founder and executive chairman of African Rainbow Minerals, which has interests in gold, ferrous metals, base metals, and platinum. He also sits on several boards including being the non-executive chairman of Harmony Gold, the 12th largest gold mining company in the world. In 2012, Motsepe was named South Africas richest man, topping the Sunday Times annual Rich List with a fortune of R20.07 billion. In 2003, he became the owner of football club Mamelodi Sundowns, in 2013, he joined The Giving Pledge, committing to give half his wealth to charitable causes. Patrice was born to Augustine Motsepe, a schoolteacher turned small businessman and it was from this shop that Motsepe learned basic business principles from his father as well as first hand exposure to mining. He specialised in mining and business law at a time when the new government had begun the process of promoting black empowerment, in 1997, with gold prices at a low, he purchased marginal gold mines from AngloGold under favourable finance terms. AngloGold sold Motsepe six gold mine shafts for $7, 7million allowing him to repay the debt out of the earnings of the company now known as African Rainbow Minerals. This was repeated in a string of deals and Motsepe set up a firm to begin buying the operating mines that would become the source of his wealth, in 1999 he teamed up with two of his associates to form Greene and Partners Investments. The Black Economic Empowerment laws introduced after the 1994 elections have been instrumental in cementing Motsepe’s position in the industry in South Africa. A business must have a minimum of 26% black ownership to be considered for a mining license, Motsepe won South Africas Best Entrepreneur Award in 2002. In 2004 he was voted 39th in the SABC3s Great South Africans, in 2008 he was 503rd richest person in the world, according to the Forbes World Billionaires List. Since 2004, he has been a director of Absa Group. In 2002 when it was listed on the JSE Security Exchange, African Rainbow Minerals joined with Harmony Gold Mining Ltd. Motsepe is also the founder of African Rainbow Minerals Platinum Limited and ARM Consortium Limited, which later equally split ownership with Anglo American Platinum Corp Ltd. From 2005, Motsepe was Chairman of Teal Exploration and Mining Incorporated, Motsepe is also chairman of Ubuntu-Botho Investments, Non-Executive chairman of Harmony Gold Mining Co Ltd. and deputy Chairman of Sanlam Ltd. Motsepe has been president of South Africas Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Motsepe and Ubuntu-Botho Investments is to partner with insurance and financial services company Sanlam to found a private equity firm with a focus on African investments. Patrice is married to Dr. Precious Moloi, the couple have three children, patrice is also the brother of Tshepo Motsepe and the brother in law of the Deputy President of South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa. What a lot he’s got in The Sowetan of 6–7 March 2008, patrice Motsepes ups and downs Biography in Black Entrepreneur Profile African Rainbow Minerals website Nationalise Motsepes wealth News24
42.
Trevor Manuel
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Trevor Manuel was born in Kensington, during the apartheid era and was classified as a Cape Coloured. His mother, Philma van Söhnen, was a garment factory worker, according to Manuels family legend, his great-grandfather was a Portuguese immigrant, he had married an indigenous woman. Manuel grew up and was educated in the city and he matriculated from the Harold Cressy High School in 1973 and studied Civil and Structural Engineering, and later, during his detention, law. Manuel retired from politics in 2014. Manuel entered public life in 1981 as the General Secretary of the Cape Areas Housing Action Committee, in September 1985 Manuel was detained and then banned until 31 August 1990. However, Manuels ban was lifted on 25 March 1986 after it was ruled that it was not in line with the provisions of the Internal Security Act, on 15 August 1986 Manuel was again detained under the emergency regulations for almost two years until July 1988. He was released from detention under severe restrictions but promptly detained again in September 1988 and his release came with stringent restriction orders. After the unbanning of the African National Congress, Manuel was appointed as deputy co-ordinator in the Western Cape Province, at the ANCs first regional conference in 1990 Manuel was elected publicity secretary. At the ANCs 1991 national conference Manuel was elected to the National Executive Committee, in 1992 Manuel became head of the ANCs Department of Economic Planning. The World Economic Forum selected Manuel as a Global Leader for Tomorrow in 1994 and he is regarded highly by a broad section of the South African public and is widely viewed as one of the most competent South African ministers. South Africa reported its first budget surplus in 2007, a combination of increased prosperity, high commodity prices and a wider tax base were credited with the surge of revenue. Manuel increased spending for education, housing and sanitation, in the 2002 election to the ANCs National Executive Committee, Manuel placed first. At the ANC conference in Polokwane in December 2007, he was elected to the National Executive Committee. In April 2008 Manuel was announced chancellor of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, in September 2008, the International Monetary Fund commissioned a Committee on IMF Governance Reform, to be chaired by Manuel. This report was submitted in March 2009, Manuel explained the resignation as a principled gesture, and he expressed surprise at the markets reaction. He was retained in his post in the cabinet of Mbekis successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, on 2 March 2011, Manuel published an open letter to Jimmy Manyi, the spokesperson for the South African government, in which he accused him of racism and compared him to Hendrik Verwoerd. This letter was precipitated by the remarks that Manyi made about a change in the laws he had proposed in his previous position of Director-General of Labour. These changes affect the quota that employers in South Africa are to apply to their work force
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