Green Howards

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The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment; 19th Regiment of Foot)
XIX-cap-badge.jpg
Green Howards cap badge
Active 20 November 1688 – 6 June 2006
Country  Kingdom of England (1688–1707)
 Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
 United Kingdom (1801–2006)
Branch  British Army
Type Line infantry
Role Light infantry
Size One battalion
Garrison/HQ Richmond Barracks, North Yorkshire
Colors Green Facings
March Quick – The Bonnie English Rose
Slow – Maria Theresa
Anniversaries Alma (20 September)
Commanders
Last Colonel in Chief King Harald V of Norway
Last Colonel Field Marshal Peter Inge KG, GCB, PC, DL
Insignia
Tactical Recognition Flash Green Howards TRF.svg

The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment), frequently known as the Yorkshire Regiment until the 1920s,[1] was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, in the King's Division. Raised in 1688, it served under various titles until it was amalgamated with the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire and the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding), all Yorkshire-based regiments in the King's Division, to form the Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot) on 6 June 2006.

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Soldier of 19th regiment, 1742

The regiment was raised by Colonel Francis Luttrell in 1688 from independent companies of infantry in Devon.[2] It embarked for Flanders in spring 1692 and saw action at the Battle of Steenkerque in August 1692,[3] the Battle of Landen in July 1693 and the Siege of Namur in summer 1695 during the Nine Years' War.[4] The regiment returned to England in March 1696.[5] The regiment returned to Flanders in spring 1710 and took part in the siege of Douai in summer 1710 during the War of the Spanish Succession.[6] The regiment returned to Flanders again in 1744 and saw action at the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745,[7] the Battle of Rocoux in October 1746[8] and the Battle of Lauffeld in July 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession.[9] The regiment returned to England in winter 1748.[10] The regiment was known by the names of its various colonels until 1751, when it became the 19th Regiment of Foot.[11]

The regiment took part in the capture of Belle Île in April 1761 during the Seven Years' War.[12] In 1782, all regiments of foot without a special designation were given a county title "to cultivate a connection with the County which might at all times be useful towards recruiting"[13] and so the regiment was redesignated the 19th (1st North Riding of Yorkshire) Regiment.[11] The regiment also saw action at the Siege of Seringapatam in April 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.[14]

The Two Howards[edit]

The regiment was known as the Green Howards from 1744. At that time, regiments were known by the name of their colonel. The 19th regiment's colonel was Hon. Sir Charles Howard. However, at the same time, the 3rd Regiment of Foot had been commanded by its colonel Thomas Howard, since 1737. To tell them apart (since they both would have been known as 'Howard's Regiment of Foot'), the colours of their uniform facings were used to distinguish them. In this way, one became 'Howard's Buffs' (eventually simply The Buffs), while the other became the Green Howards. Although the Green Howards were referred to unofficially as such from then on, it was not until 1921 that the regiment was officially retitled as the Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment).[15] Under the Childers Reforms, all non-royal English infantry regiments were to wear white facings from 1881. In 1899, the regiment was able to reverse this decision with the restoration of the grass green facings formerly worn by the 19th Foot.[16]

Kandyan Wars[edit]

In April 1801 the regiment was deployed to Ceylon for service in the Kandyan Wars.[14] The regiment lost 6 officers and 172 other ranks in a massacre there in June 1803 and then remained on the island to enforce British rule.[17] The regiment did not return to England until May 1820.[18]

The Victorian era[edit]

The regiment saw action at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and at the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854 during the Crimean War and then saw action again during the Indian Rebellion.[19] In 1875, Princess Alexandra, Princess of Wales presented new colours to the 1st Battalion at Sheffield, and consented to the regiment bearing her name, thus becoming the 19th (1st Yorkshire North Riding – Princess of Wales's Own) Regiment of Foot.[20] The regiment adopted a cap badge consisting of the Princess's cypher "A" combined with the Dannebrog or Danish cross and topped by her coronet. The Princess became Queen Alexandra in 1901, and was the regiment's Colonel-in-Chief from 1914 until her death in 1925.[21]

Childers Reforms[edit]

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Richmond Barracks in North Yorkshire from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment.[22] Under the reforms the regiment amalgamated with the militia battalions and rifle volunteers in its designated regimental district and became The Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment) on 1 July 1881.[23]

A 3rd (Militia) Battalion, formed from the 5th West York Militia in 1881 was a reserve battalion. It was embodied in December 1899, and 700 men embarked on the SS Assaye in February 1900 for service in South Africa during the Second Boer War.[24] Many of the officers and men returned home in May 1902 on the SS Sicilia.[25]

The 4th (Militia) Battalion, formed from the North York Rifles in 1881 was also a reserve battalion. It was embodied for service on 5 May 1900, disembodied on 2 July 1901, and re-embodied again for service during Second Boer War in South Africa. 555 officers and men returned to Southampton by the SS Tagus in October 1902, following the end of the war, and was disbanded at the Richmond barracks.[26]

In July 1902, the regiment was redesignated as Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment).[21][27]

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve;[28] the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.[29][11]

First World War[edit]

Regular Army[edit]

The 1st Battalion remained in India as part of the 2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade in the 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division throughout the war and then took part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.[30] The 2nd Battalion landed at Zeebrugge as part of the 21st Brigade in the 7th Division in October 1914 for service on the Western Front.[30] The 2nd Battalion held the Menin crossroads for 16 days during the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914 sustaining heavy casualties.[31]

Territorial Force[edit]

The 1/4th and 1/5th Battalions landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the York and Durham Brigade in the Northumbrian Division in April 1915 for service on the Western Front.[30] Both battalions saw action at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915.[31]

New Armies[edit]

The 6th (Service) Battalion landed at Suvla Bay in Gallipoli as part of the 32nd Brigade in the 11th (Northern) Division in August 1915; the battalion was evacuated to Egypt in January 1916 and then moved to France in July 1916 for service on the Western Front.[30] The 7th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 50th Brigade in the 17th (Northern) Division in July 1915 for service on the Western Front.[30] The 8th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 69th Brigade in the 23rd Division in August 1915 also for service on the Western Front.[30] The 9th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 69th Brigade in the 23rd Division in August 1915 also for service on the Western Front but moved to Italy in November 1917 and then returned to France in September 1918.[30] The 10th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 62nd Brigade in the 21st Division in September 1915 also for service on the Western Front.[30] The 12th (Service) Battalion, formed as the "Middlesbrough Pals" by the Mayor and Town of Middlesbrough, landed at Le Havre as pioneer battalion to the 40th Division in June 1916 also for service on the Western Front.[30] The 13th (Service) Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 121st Brigade in the 40th Division in June 1916 also for service on the Western Front but, after returning to the United Kingdom in June 1918, moved to Murmansk in November 1918.[30]

Second World War[edit]

Men of D Company of the 1st Battalion, Green Howards occupy a captured German communications trench during the breakout at Anzio, Italy, 22 May 1944.

During the Second World War, the regiment was again increased in size, although not to as large an extent as in the 1914–1918 conflict. In all, twelve battalions saw service: the 1st, with 15th Infantry Brigade of the 5th Infantry Division, and 2nd regular army Battalions, the 4th and 5th Territorial Army Battalions, both serving with the 150th Infantry Brigade of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, the 6th and 7th Battalions (both formed as 2nd Line duplicates of the 4th and 5th, when the Territorial Army was doubled in size in 1939, served with 69th Brigade, originally with the 23rd (Northumbrian) Division but later the 50th Division), the 8th was formed for home defence, the 9th was formed for garrison duty (and later converted into the 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, serving with the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division from March 1942), the 10th was formed by the conversion of the 2nd East Riding Yeomanry (a war-time duplicate of this yeomanry unit) in 1940 and subsequently becoming the 12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion attached to the 5th Parachute Brigade and part of the 6th Airborne Division[32] The 11th, 12th and 13th were all formed in 1940.[11][33]

Men of the Green Howards mopping up German resistance near Tracy Bocage, Normandy, France, 4 August 1944. A knocked out half-track is visible on the left.

In 1942, the 12th Battalion was converted to armour as the 161st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, but retained its Green Howards cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps as did all other infantry units converted in the same way.[34] In October 1943 it was then converted again, this time to the reconnaissance role, as 161st (Green Howards) Regiment in the Reconnaissance Corps. It never went into action as a regiment, but provided a replacement squadron to the 43rd (Wessex) Reconnaissance Regiment, which had suffered heavy losses when its transport was sunk on the way to France to fight in the Battle of Normandy.[35]

Post War[edit]

From 1949 to 1952, the regiment took part in the campaign against Chinese and Malayan Communist Insurgents in Malaya. Over the next 30 years it served in Afghanistan, Suez, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Libya, Belize, Berlin and Northern Ireland.[33] It was deployed during the Falklands War in 1982 when one Regimental Officer, Gavin Hamilton, was killed in action.[36] It also saw action during the First Gulf War in 1991 and during the Bosnian War from 1996 to 1997.[33]

Amalgamation[edit]

Green Howards Memorial, Crépon

In March 2006 at a farewell dinner at Dunster Castle in Somerset, the regiment paid farewell to HM King Harald V, its retiring Colonel-in-chief.[37] Until the regiment's rebadging, the Green Howards was one of five remaining line infantry regiments that had not been amalgamated in their entire history, a claim shared with The Royal Scots, The 22nd (Cheshire) Regiment, The Royal Welch Fusiliers and The King's Own Scottish Borderers. However, on 6 June 2006 the regiment amalgamated with the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire and the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding), all Yorkshire-based regiments in the King's Division, to form the Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot).[11] The official rebadging took place on 6 June 2006, whilst elements of the regiment were stationed in Bosnia and Kosovo.[33]

A and B (Green Howards) companies of the Tyne-Tees Regiment, based in Scarborough and Middlesbrough respectively, merged with the Prince of Wales's Own Regiment and Duke of Wellington's Regiment companies of the East and West Riding Regiment to form the 4th Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment.[38] Following further mergers, in 2012, the 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards) was removed from the order of battle.[39]

Traditions[edit]

Each year, all companies in the battalion took part in a competition, consisting of sports and military skills tests, to win the right to be named 'King Harald's Company', after the regiment's Colonel-in-Chief. The winning company was given a special flag bearing the King's personal cypher, the Company Sergeant Major was presented with a special pace stick, and all members of the company were permitted to wear a special red badge on the arm of their uniform.[40]

Regimental Museum[edit]

The Green Howards Regimental Museum is located in the old Trinity Church in the centre of the market place in Richmond, North Yorkshire.[41]

Battle honours[edit]

The regiment's battle honours were as follows:[11]

Victoria Cross recipients[edit]

Soldiers of the Green Howards awarded the Victoria Cross (VC)

Colonels[edit]

Colonels of the regiment were:[11]

19th (The 1st Yorkshire North Riding) Regiment of Foot - (1782)[edit]

The Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment) - (1881)[edit]

Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment) - (1902)[edit]

The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment) - (1921)[edit]

  • 1939–1949: Gen. Sir Harold Edmund Franklyn, KCB, DSO
  • 1949–1959: Maj-Gen. Alfred Eryk Robinson, CB, DSO
  • 1959–1965: Brig. George Wilfred Eden, CBE
  • 1965–1975: Maj-Gen. Desmond Spencer Gordon, CB, CBE, DSO, JP
  • 1975–1982: Brig. John Britton Oldfield, OBE, DL
  • 1982–1994: F.M. The Rt. Hon. Peter Anthony Inge, The Baron Inge, KG, GCB
  • 1994–2003: Gen. Sir Francis Richard Dannatt, KCB, CBE, MC
  • 2003–2006: Brig. John Stewart Wadsworth Powell, OBE

Alliances[edit]

Present:

Past:

  • Canada The York Rangers

Bond of Friendship:

Unofficial:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "No. 28121". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 March 1908. p. 2157. 
  2. ^ Cannon, p. 2
  3. ^ Cannon, p. 3
  4. ^ Cannon, p. 4
  5. ^ Cannon, p. 5
  6. ^ Cannon, p. 7
  7. ^ Cannon, p. 10
  8. ^ Cannon, p. 11
  9. ^ Cannon, p. 12
  10. ^ Cannon, p. 13
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "The Green Howards". Regiments.Org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2012. 
  12. ^ Cannon, p. 14
  13. ^ Royal Warrant dated 31 August 1782
  14. ^ a b Cannon, p. 19
  15. ^ Army Order 509/1920, in effect 1 January 1921
  16. ^ Eric Hamilton, Bulletin of the Military History Society, Special Issue No.1, 1968
  17. ^ Cannon, p. 21
  18. ^ Cannon, p. 26
  19. ^ "Green Howards (Alexandra Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment)". National Army Museum. Retrieved 28 October 2016. 
  20. ^ "The Norwegian Link". Friends of the Green Howards. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
  21. ^ a b "Evolution of a Name". Green Howards Museum. Retrieved 20 May 2014. 
  22. ^ "Training Depots 1873–1881". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2016.  The depot was the 4th Brigade Depot from 1873 to 1881, and the 19th Regimental District depot thereafter
  23. ^ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881. pp. 3300–3301. 
  24. ^ "The War - Embarcation of Troops". The Times (36078). London. 1 March 1900. p. 7. 
  25. ^ "The War - Troops returning home". The Times (36753). London. 28 April 1902. p. 8. 
  26. ^ "The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home". The Times (36871). London. 12 September 1902. p. 5. 
  27. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36813). London. 7 July 1902. p. 6. 
  28. ^ "Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907". Hansard. 31 March 1908. Retrieved 20 June 2017. 
  29. ^ These were the 3rd Battalion (Special Reserve), with the 4th Battalion at South Parade in Northallerton (since demolished) and the 5th Battalion at North Street in Scarborough (since demolished) (both Territorial Force). The 4th Battalion moved to Thirsk Road in Northallerton in 1911.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Baker, Chris. "The Yorkshire Regiment". The Long, Long Trail. The British Army in the Great War. Retrieved 28 July 2012. 
  31. ^ a b Beckett, p. 136
  32. ^ "12th (Yorkshire) Battalion, The Parachute Regiment at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2014. 
  33. ^ a b c d "The Green Howards Campaigns and Wars". Green Howards Museum. Retrieved 28 July 2012. 
  34. ^ Forty, p. 51
  35. ^ "161st (Green Howards) Reconnaissance Regiment". Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2012. 
  36. ^ "Soldiers remember Falklands hero". The Northern Echo. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
  37. ^ "Green Howards mark end of link". Yorkshire Post. 16 March 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
  38. ^ "A short history of the Yorkshire Volunteers". Yorkshire Volunteers. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
  39. ^ "Yorkshire Regiment regimental history". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 
  40. ^ Powell, p. 265
  41. ^ "Green Howards Regimental Museum". Green Howards. Retrieved 12 March 2016. 

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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