1.
San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
4.
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)
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Opened in 2002, the cathedral serves as the mother church for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. It is also the seat of Archbishop José Horacio Gómez. The structure replaced the Cathedral of Saint Vibiana, which was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Under Cardinal Roger Mahony, the cathedral was constructed in postmodern architecture, there was considerable controversy over its deconstructivist and modernist design, as well as the high costs to complete the building. The cathedral is named in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of the Angels. The cathedral is known for enshrining the relics of Saint Vibiana. It is the church to approximately five million professed Catholics in the archdiocese. The cathedral was designed by the Pritzker Prize-winning Spanish architect Rafael Moneo, using elements of postmodern architecture, the church and the Cathedral Center feature a series of acute and obtuse angles while avoiding right angles. Contemporary statuary and appointments decorate the complex, prominent of these appointments are the bronze doors and the statue called The Virgin Mary, all adorning the entrance and designed by Robert Graham. The organ is opus 75 of Dobson Pipe Organ Builders of Lake City, dobsons Opus 75 has a total of 6,019 pipes. It is the 89th largest pipe organ in North America and the 143rd largest in the world, the St. Vibiana instrument was rebuilt in 1988 by Austin Organs The organ case is approximately 60 feet high, and is located approximately 24 feet above the floor. To meet earthquake-stability requirements, the pipes and case are supported by an internal steel frame. In addition to the church, the grounds also include a mausoleum, gift shop, cafeteria, conference center. The relics of Saint Vibiana are interred in the mausoleum, as are the remains of several past bishops, archbishops, the size of the cathedral is 6,038 square meters. The Cathedral of Saint Vibiana had served as the cathedral of the Los Angeles see since its completion in 1876, soon after its completion, the diocese noted it to be of inferior construction quality and also too small for Los Angeles rapidly growing population. In 1904, Bishop Thomas James Conaty gained permission from the Holy See to build a new cathedral to be named after Our Lady of Guadalupe, however, an economic downturn in 1907 put a stop to the project, a Catholic parish church was later built on the site. That cathedral was never built, however, as Cantwell died in 1947 and his successor, James Francis McIntyre, decided that building churches, McIntyre gained permission from donors to redirect money donated to Cantwells cathedral fund to fund construction of churches and schools. The 1994 Northridge earthquake severely damaged the Cathedral of Saint Vibiana, in January 1995 the archdiocese announced plans to build a new cathedral on the Saint Vibiana site, plans which necessitated the demolition of the old cathedral
5.
San Diego High School
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San Diego High School is an urban public high school located on the southern edge of Balboa Park, in San Diego, California, United States. It is the second oldest high school in the San Diego Unified School District, one of the oldest public schools in all of California, the school was established in 1882, initially named Russ School after lumberman Joseph Russ, who donated the lumber to build the school. The school was built in the Italian Villa style with a roof, ironwork parapet. It consisted of two stories and eight rooms, in 1888 a high school was added, with three teachers. The high school took over the upper floor, elementary and primary students occupied the lower floor. The first commencement was held in 1889, with four students graduating, in 1893 high school students took over the entire school, which was renamed Russ High School. In 1906 the school building was moved several hundred feet to allow for construction of a new school, the original building was stripped of its ornamentation and was used for storage, dressing rooms, and a cafeteria. By 1902 the school had become overcrowded and a new school, San Diego High School, was built on the original site, the new building, designed by F. S. Allen, contained 65 rooms and was built in the Gothic Revival style and it was built of brick with a veneer of granite. Students thought it resembled a castle and nicknamed it The Grey Castle, in 1913 a polytechnic school was added, with three additional Gothic style buildings housing classes in manual arts, domestic arts, and fine arts. By 1913 there were 55 teachers and 1518 students, the school reached its peak attendance,3327 students, in 1928. Balboa Stadium, just east of the school, was dedicated in 1915. The 2,500 seat Russ Auditorium, just south of the school, was dedicated on May 13,1926. The first of four buildings constructed prior to 1933 was torn down along with the Russ Auditorium in 1973, Building 101, the current school, consisting of four concrete-block buildings with blue trim, was re-dedicated on November 6,1976. In 2012, the School of Communication shut down due to an insufficient number of students, in 2013 the School of Business and the School of LEADS combined to form the School of Business and Leadership, leaving four academies. At the end of the 2014-2015 academic year the academy was also closed down. San Diego High is home to three academies established within the scope of the California Department of Education California Partnership Academies program, the CPA model is a three-year program structured as a school-within-a-school. The first one, the Academy of Finance, was established in 2007 at the School of Business, the curriculum at Medtech Academy is based on the Biomedical Sciences program by Project Lead The Way
6.
San Diego State University
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San Diego State University is a public research university in San Diego, California, and is the largest and oldest higher education institution in San Diego County. Founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School, it is the third-oldest university in the 23-member California State University, SDSU has a Fall 2016 student body of 34,688 and an alumni base of more than 280,000. The Carnegie Foundation has designated San Diego State University a Doctoral University with Higher Research Activity, in the 2015–16 fiscal year, the university obtained $130 million in public and private funding—a total of 707 awards—up from $120.6 million the previous fiscal year. SDSU sponsors the second highest number of Fulbright Scholars in the State of California, since 2005, the university has produced over 65 Fulbright student scholars. The university generates over $2.4 billion annually for the San Diego economy, while 60 percent of SDSU graduates remain in San Diego, making SDSU a primary educator of the regions work force. Established on March 13,1897, San Diego State University first began as the San Diego Normal School and it was located on a 17-acre campus on Park Boulevard in University Heights. It opened with seven faculty members and 91 students, the curriculum was limited to English, history. In 1923, the San Diego Normal School became San Diego State Teachers College, by the 1930s the school had outgrown its original campus. In 1931 it moved to its current location on a mesa at what was then the edge of San Diego. In 1935, the school expanded its offerings beyond teacher education, in 1960, San Diego State College became a part of the California State Colleges system, now known as The California State University. Finally in 1972 San Diego State College became California State University, San Diego, John F. Kennedy, then the President of the United States of America, gave the graduation commencement address at San Diego State University on June 6,1963. Kennedy was given a doctorate degree in law at the ceremony. In 1964, this event was registered as California Historical Landmark #798, on May 29,1964, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a near-capacity audience in the Open Air Theater. King discussed his vision for the future and called for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, in April 2012, his Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama spoke at SDSUs Viejas Arena as part of his Compassion Without Borders tour. SDSU has had 10 presidents, two of whom served in an acting capacity, several structures on the campus are named in past presidents honor, such as Hardy Tower, Hepner Hall, and the Malcolm A. In March 2017 President Hirshman announced his intention to resign June 30,2017, samuel T. Black Edward L. Hardy Walter R. Hepner Malcolm A. Love Donald E. Walker Brage Golding Trevor Colbourn Thomas B, SDSU also offers 26 different teaching credentials. The university offers doctoral degrees than any other campus in the entire California State University
7.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
8.
La Jolla
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La Jolla is a hilly seaside community within the city of San Diego, California, United States occupying 7 miles of curving coastline along the Pacific Ocean within the northern city limits. The population reported in the 2010 Census was 46,781, Local Native Americans, the Kumeyaay, called this location mat kulaaxuuy, lit. land of holes. The topographic feature that gave rise to the holes is uncertain, it probably refers to sea-level caves located on the north-facing bluffs. It is suggested that the Kumeyaay name for the area was transcribed by the Spanish settlers as La Jolla, an alternative, pseudo-etymological suggestion for the origin of the name is that it is an alternate spelling of the Spanish word la joya, which means the jewel. Despite being disputed by scholars, this derivation of the name has been cited in popular culture. That supposed origin gave rise to the nickname Jewel City, during the Mexican period of San Diegos history, La Jolla was mapped as pueblo land and contained about 60 lots. When California became a state in 1850, the La Jolla area was incorporated as part of the chartered City of San Diego, in 1870 Charles Dean acquired several of the pueblo lots and subdivided them into an area that became known as La Jolla Park. Dean was unable to develop the land and left San Diego in 1881, a real estate boom in the 1880s led speculators Frank T. Botsford and George W. Heald to further develop the sparsely settled area. In the 1890s the San Diego, Pacific Beach, and La Jolla Railway was built, La Jolla became known as a resort area. To attract visitors to the beach, the railway built facilities such as a bath house, visitors were housed in small cottages and bungalows above La Jolla Cove, as well as a temporary tent city, erected every summer. The La Jolla Park Hotel opened in 1893, the Hotel Cabrillo was built in 1908 by Squire James A. Wilson and was later incorporated into the La Valencia Hotel. By 1900, La Jolla comprised 100 buildings and 350 residents, the first reading room was built in 1898. A volunteer fire brigade was organized in 1907, the city of San Diego established a fire house in 1914. Livery stable owner Nathan Rannells served successively as La Jollas volunteer fire captain, first police officer, the Bishops School opened in 1909. La Jolla High School was established in 1922, the La Jolla Beach and Yacht Club was built in 1927. In 1896 journalist and publisher Ellen Browning Scripps settled in La Jolla and she was wealthy in her own right from her investments and writing, and she inherited a large sum from her brother George H. Scripps in 1900. Unmarried and childless, she devoted herself to philanthropic endeavors, particularly those benefiting her adopted home of La Jolla and she commissioned many of La Jollas most notable buildings, usually designed by Irving Gill or his nephew and partner Louis John Gill. Her donations also launched the Scripps Memorial Hospital in 1924, the Scripps Metabolic Clinic, Ellen Browning Scripps also founded Scripps College, a womens college, in 1926
9.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
10.
Ethan Peck
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Ethan Gregory Peck is an American actor. He is best known for his work in the ABC Family series 10 Things I Hate About You, where he portrayed Patrick Verona, Peck is the grandson of actor Gregory Peck, and his first wife, Finnish-born Greta Kukkonen. Peck had many television appearances as a young actor, including playing a younger Michael Kelso in 2 episodes of That 70s Show. In his first film role, he co-starred in the cable film Marshal Law playing Jimmy Smits son and he appeared in the 1999 movie Passport to Paris starring Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen. More recently, Peck starred opposite Adam Rothenberg and Mariah Carey in the 2008 film Tennessee and that was followed with a co-starring role opposite Peter Coyote and Bebe Neuwirth in the film Adopt a Sailor. He received the Best Actor award at the 2009 Sonoma International Film Festival for his portrayal of Sailor, from 2009 to 2010, he starred on the television series 10 Things I Hate About You on ABC Family. In 2012 Peck played Prince Maxon for the adaptation of popular book The Selection. Neither the first or second pilot was picked up to go to series, born and raised in Los Angeles, Peck attended private schools in North Hollywood. He excelled in athletics and learned to play classical cello, Peck is the grandson of Gregory Peck and the son of Stephen Peck, and abstract artist Francine Matarazzo. He has one sister, Marisa Matarazzo, who is a fiction writer, after high school, Peck attended the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University, enrolling in the Experimental Theater Wing for 3 years, before leaving to further his growing acting career. Ethan Peck at the Internet Movie Database
11.
To Kill a Mockingbird (film)
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To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lees 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name and it stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. The film, considered to be one of the best ever made, received positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for eight, including Best Picture, in 1995, the film was listed in the National Film Registry. It also ranks twenty-fifth on the American Film Institutes 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time, in 2003, AFI named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. To Kill a Mockingbird marked the debuts of Robert Duvall, William Windom. The films young protagonists, Jean Louise Scout Finch and her brother Jeremy Atticus Jem Finch, live in the town of Maycomb, Alabama. The story covers three years, during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives. The childrens widowed father, Atticus, is a lawyer and has strong beliefs that all people are to be treated fairly, to turn the other cheek. He also allows his children to him by his first name. Early in the film, the children see their father accept hickory nuts, through their fathers work as a lawyer, Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town, aggravated by poverty, they mature quickly as they are exposed to it. The local judge appoints Atticus to defend a man, Tom Robinson, against an accusation of rape of a white girl. Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their fathers decision, later, as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson, a lynch mob arrives, which includes Mr. Cunningham. Scout, Jem and their friend, Dill, interrupt the confrontation, Scout, unaware of the mobs purpose, recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son, who is her schoolmate. Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses, at the trial, it is undisputed that Tom came to Mayellas home at her request to help with the chopping up of a chifforobe and that Mayella showed signs of having been beaten around that time. Among Atticus chief arguments is that Tom has a left arm. Atticus then points out that Mayellas father, Bob Ewell, is left handed, Atticus also states that the girl had not been examined by a doctor to check for signs of rape after the supposed assault. In his closing argument Atticus asks the all-white male jury to cast aside their prejudices, in taking the stand in his own defense, Tom denies he attacked Mayella, but states she kissed him
12.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
13.
The Keys of the Kingdom (film)
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The Keys of the Kingdom is a 1944 American film based on the 1941 novel The Keys of the Kingdom by A. J. Cronin. The film was adapted by Nunnally Johnson, directed by John M. Stahl and it stars Gregory Peck, Thomas Mitchell, and Vincent Price, and tells the story of the trials and tribulations of a Catholic priest who goes to China to evangelize. Father Francis Chisholm is visited in his old age by Monsignor Sleeth at his parish in Tweedside, the Monsignor informs Father Francis that the Bishop thinks it would be better if he retires, as Father Francis somewhat unorthodox recent teachings have become a distraction. The Monsignor retires to his room in the rectory, and finds Father Francis diary that recounts his story from 1878, as the Monsignor begins to read the diary, a flashback begins. One night during his childhood, Francis father was beaten by a mob during a rainstorm. As his mother attempts to lead her husband to safety, they die in a bridge collapse, leaving young Francis an orphan. He is raised by his aunt, and the next we see of Francis, he is leaving for the seminary with his childhood friend, Francis studies at seminary for a year, but is unsure about all of the Churchs teachings. He still finds himself in love with Nora, a girl from his home, however, he finds out that after he left, Nora had a child out of wedlock with another man, and she dies before Francis can return to see her. This prompts him to go back to seminary and follow through with his studies, Francis first two assignments as a priest are unfulfilling to him, so the Bishop asks Francis to be a volunteer missionary to China. Francis readily accepts the position, even though that means it would take him far from home as well as far from Judy, because the Church hadnt given the mission money for rice in over a year, the faith left them when the rice gave out. Francis rents a room in the city to evangelize, but because he has no money or influence. A young pilgrim named Joseph finds Francis in town, ] and restores his faith in his mission by offering to rebuild the church out of Christian duty. Francis then receives medical supplies from his childhood friend Dr. Willie Tulloch, Francis is summoned to the home of local official, Mr. Chia, to heal Chias only son of his infection. Joseph is apprehensive because if Chias son dies, Francis will be in danger and he saves the boy, but Chia and his household are ungrateful because Francis methods and faith were so contrary to the local tradition. A few weeks later, Chia comes to Francis in order to convert to Christianity, instead, Chia thanks Francis by giving the mission many acres of land and all of Chias workers in order to build a thriving mission. Two years later, the buildings are almost done, but the nuns arrive a day earlier than planned, Francis relationship with the Reverend Mother Maria-Veronica is tense, but they put aside personal differences when the town is the scene of a battle between republic and imperial troops. Willie visits from Scotland and is able to create a makeshift hospital, Willie is then shot, and eventually dies. The imperial general then gives Francis a choice, either all food and money from the mission are given to the general or the mission and everyone inside of it is destroyed
14.
The Yearling (film)
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The Yearling is a Technicolor family film drama directed by Clarence Brown, produced by Sidney Franklin, and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer about a young boy who adopts a trouble-making young deer. The screenplay by Paul Osborn and John Lee Mahin was adapted from Marjorie Kinnan Rawlingss novel of the same name, the film stars Gregory Peck, Jane Wyman, Claude Jarman, Jr. Chill Wills, and Forrest Tucker. The story was remade in the 1994 TV film The Yearling starring Peter Strauss, ezra Penny Baxter, once a Confederate soldier, and his wife Ora, are pioneer farmers near Lake George, Florida in 1878. Their son, Jody, a boy in his pre-teen years, is their only surviving child, Jody has a wonderful relationship with his warm and loving father. Ora, however, is haunted by the deaths of the three other children of the family. She is very somber, and is afraid that Jody will end up dying if she shows her love to him. Jody finds her somewhat unloving and unreasonable, with all of his siblings dead and buried, Jody longs for a pet to play with and care for. Penny is sympathetic and understanding, but Ora is disgusted, one day, when a rattlesnake bites Penny, they kill a doe and use its organs to draw out the poison. Jody asks to adopt the does orphaned fawn, Penny permits it, but warns Jody that the fawn will have to be set free when it grows up. When Jody goes to ask his young friend, Fodderwing, to name the fawn. However, Ma Forrester tells Jody that Fodderwing had said if he had a fawn he would name him Flag—for the critters waving white tail. Soon, Jody and Flag are inseparable, one year later, Flag has grown up and becomes a total nuisance to the household and farm, he eats newly-grown corn, destroys fences, and tramples on tobacco crops. Jody works hard and even help from Ora with the fence. During the night, Flag manages to jump the high fence, Penny orders Jody to take the deer out into the woods and shoot it. Jody takes the deer out, but does not have the courage to kill it, instead, he orders the deer to go away and never return. But Flag comes back to their property and devours crops again, Ora shoots Flag but only wounds the deer. Penny orders Jody to put the deer out of its misery, rather than let his pet deer be in agonizing pain, he follows his fathers orders. The loss of Jodys beloved pet deer proves too much for him to handle, overwhelmed with anger and despair, three days later, he is rescued by a friendly boat captain and returns home
15.
Gentleman's Agreement
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Gentlemans Agreement is a 1947 drama film which was based on Laura Z. Hobsons best selling novel of the same name. It concerns a journalist who poses as a Jew to research an exposé on antisemitism in New York City and it was nominated for eight Oscars and won three, Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress, and Best Director. The movie was controversial in its time, as was a film on the same subject, Crossfire. It was released on DVD as part of the 20th Century Fox Studio Classics collection, philip Schuyler Green is a widowed journalist who has just moved to New York City with his son Tommy and mother. Green meets with magazine publisher John Minify, who asks Green, at a dinner party, Phil meets Minifys divorced niece Kathy Lacey, a pre-school teacher, who turns out to be the person who originally suggested the story idea. The next day, Phil tries to explain anti-Jewish prejudice to his young, Green tells his mother that hes struck by the odd notion that the idea for the article came from a girl at the magazine. His mother replies, Why, women will be thinking next, Green and Minify agree to keep it secret that Phil is not Jewish. Phil has considerable difficulty getting started on his assignment and he realizes he can never feel what another person feels unless he experiences it himself. He recalls having lived as an Okie on Route 66 or as a coalminer for previous writing jobs, instead of tapping a man on the shoulder, thats when he decides to write, I Was Jewish for Six Months. Though Kathy seems to have views, when he reveals what he intends to do, she is taken aback. The strain on their due to Kathys subtle acquiescence to bigotry becomes a key theme in the film. At the magazine, Phil is assigned a secretary, Elaine Wales and she changed her name in order to get the job. After Phil informs Minify about Wales experience, Minify orders the magazine to adopt hiring policies that are open to Jews, Wales has reservations about the new policy, fearing that the wrong Jews will be hired and ruin things for the few Jews working there now. Phil meets fashion editor Anne Dettrey, who becomes a friend and potentially more. Phils childhood friend, Dave Goldman, who is Jewish, moves to New York for a job, Dave also experiences antisemitism, when some person in the armed forces tells him that he hates Jews, and gets into a brief fight before the prejudiced soldier is taken away. Housing is scarce in the city, but it is difficult for Goldman. When Phil tells Dave about his project, Dave is supportive, as Phil researches his story, he experiences several incidents of bigotry. When his mother becomes ill with a condition, the doctor discourages him from consulting a specialist with an obviously Jewish name
16.
Twelve O'Clock High
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The film was adapted by Sy Bartlett, Henry King and Beirne Lay, Jr. from the 1948 novel 12 OClock High, also by Bartlett and Lay. It was directed by King and stars Gregory Peck, Hugh Marlowe, Gary Merrill, Millard Mitchell, the film was nominated for four Academy Awards and won two, Dean Jagger for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and Thomas T. Moulton for Best Sound Recording. In 1998, Twelve OClock High was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant, convinced that it is the same jug, he buys it and journeys to the derelict airfield. Stovall remembers the events of 1942, when having recently arrived and been thrown into action, one reason is the strategy of daylight precision bombing of German targets and the corresponding losses to anti-aircraft fire and enemy aircraft. The commander, Colonel Keith Davenport, has too close to his men to instil discipline. His behavior prompts Savage to go to General Pritchard, the general of VIII Bomber Command. Following a disastrous mission in which the 918th loses seven bombers, General Pritchard relieves Davenport of command, in order to address discipline problems, Savage deals with everyone so harshly that the men begin to detest him. Savage fires Lieutenant Colonel Ben Gately, the popular Air Exec, busting him down to a commander and replaces him with the rough-and-ready Major Cobb. Upset by the contrast of Savages stern leadership with Davenports easygoing ways, Savage asks the Group Adjutant, Major Stovall, to delay processing their applications to buy him some time. A former pilot during World War I and an attorney in civilian life between the wars, Stovall knows how to use organizational red tape” to his advantage. Savage also acquires a surrogate son in Lieutenant Jesse Bishop, a Medal of Honor recipient who is Savages eyes, when the Inspector General arrives to investigate the unrest, Savage is packing ready to go but the pilots withdraw their requests to transfer. Savage also softens his attitude towards the men as he more closely involved with them. With enemy resistance intensifying as the air war advances deeper into Germany, missions become longer, riskier and many of Savages best men are shot down or killed. Pritchard tries to get Savage to return to a job at VIII Bomber Command. Reluctantly, Pritchard leaves him in command, after a particularly brutal mission, Savages iron will cracks. On the day of the first daylight bombing raid on Berlin, the redeemed Ben Gately takes his place as lead pilot and strike commander for the mission. While waiting for the return, Savage becomes catatonic. Only as they return to Archbury does Savage regain his composure, the story then returns to 1949 and Stovall pedals away on his bicycle
17.
Spellbound (1945 film)
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Spellbound is a 1945 American film noir psychological mystery thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It tells the story of the new head of a mental asylum who turns out not to be what he claims, the film stars Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck, Michael Chekhov and Leo G. Carroll. It is an adaptation by Angus MacPhail and Ben Hecht of the novel The House of Dr. Edwardes by Hilary Saint George Saunders, Dr. Constance Petersen is a psychoanalyst at Green Manors, a mental hospital in Vermont. She is perceived by the doctors as detached and emotionless. The director of the hospital, Dr. Murchison, is being forced into retirement and his replacement is Dr. Anthony Edwardes, who turns out to be surprisingly young. Dr. Petersen notices that Dr. Edwardes has a phobia about sets of parallel lines against a white background. She also soon realizes, by comparing handwriting, that man is an impostor. He confides to her that he killed Dr. Edwardes and took his place and he suffers from massive amnesia and does not know who he is. Dr. Petersen believes he is innocent and suffering from a guilt complex and he disappears overnight, leaving a note for her. At the same time, it becomes public knowledge that Dr. Edwardes is an impostor, Dr. Petersen manages to track him down, and starts to use her psychoanalytic training to break his amnesia and find out what really happened. Pursued by the police, Dr. Petersen and the travel by train to Rochester, New York where they stay with Dr. Brulov. The two doctors analyze a dream that John Brown had and they deduce that Brown and Edwardes had been on a ski trip together, and that Edwardes had somehow died there. Dr. Petersen and Brown go to the Gabriel Valley ski resort, near the bottom of the hill, Browns memory suddenly returns. He recalls that there is a precipice in front of them and he stops them just in time. He also remembers a traumatic event from his childhood – he slid down a rail with his brother at the bottom, accidentally knocking him onto sharp-pointed railings. This incident had caused him to develop a guilt complex and he also remembers that his real name is John Ballantyne. All is understood now, and Ballantyne is about to be exonerated, Ballantyne is convicted of murder and sent to prison. A heartbroken Dr. Petersen returns to her position at the hospital, Murchison lets slip that he had known Edwardes slightly, and didnt like him, contradicting his earlier claims
18.
The Gunfighter
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The Gunfighter is a 1950 American Western film starring Gregory Peck, Helen Westcott, Millard Mitchell and Karl Malden. This film was directed by Henry King, the film was the second of Kings six collaborations with Peck. A young, reckless cowboy named Eddie deliberately provokes an argument with the notorious gunfighter Jimmy Ringo, Ringo is widely known as the fastest draw in the West, making him the perpetual target of every young gunslinger eager to become famous as the man who shot Ringo. When Eddie ignores Ringos warnings and draws his weapon, Ringo has no choice, in the nearby town of Cayenne, Ringo settles into a corner of the largely deserted saloon. The barkeeper alerts Sheriff Mark Strett, an old friend of Ringos, Strett urges Ringo to leave, since his presence has already created a sensation in town, and it is only a matter of time until the brothers show up. Meanwhile, Ringo has to deal with Hunt Bromley, another young gunslinger keen to make a name for himself, and Jerry Marlowe, the bar girl, Molly —another old friend—eventually persuades Peggy to talk to Ringo. Ringo says that he is now older and wiser, and wants to leave his gunfighting past behind and he intends to settle down to a peaceful life in California, where people do not know him, and he wants Peggy to come with him. She refuses, but agrees to reconsider in a time, if he has kept his word. Ringo meets his son at last, although he does not reveal that he is his father, Ringos business in Cayenne is finished, but he has lingered too long. The three vengeful brothers have arrived, and lie in wait, but Strett and his deputies intercept them, Ringo bids farewell to Peggy, his son, and his friends, but as he departs the saloon, Bromley shoots him in the back, mortally wounding him. As Ringo lies dying, he tells Strett that he wants it known that he drew on Bromley—that Bromley shot him in self defense, Bromley protests that he doesnt want Ringos help—but Ringo explains to his killer that he is doing him no favors. Bromley, he says, will know how it feels to have every hotshot two-bit gunfighter out to kill him. He will become a magnet for trouble and he will learn, as Ringo did, that notoriety as a gunfighter is a curse that will follow him wherever he goes, making him an outcast and a target for the rest of his life. Strett orders Bromley out of his town, punctuating his order with a beating, in death, Ringo has finally found what he sought for so long, his wifes forgiveness and reconciliation. At his funeral, as Peggy proudly reveals to the townspeople for the first time that she is Mrs. Ringo, august Pennyfeather Ellen Corby as Mrs. Devlin David Clarke as Second Brother Alan Hale Jr. as Brother Homeier is the last surviving principal cast member. Film rights to The Gunfighter were originally purchased by Columbia Pictures, Wayne turned it down, despite having expressed a strong desire to play the part, because of his longstanding hatred for Columbias president, Harry Cohn. Columbia sold the rights to Twentieth Century Fox, where the role went to Peck, waynes final film, The Shootist, is often compared to The Gunfighter and contains numerous plot similarities. As in the movie, Ringo sought a reconciliation with his family, in California, in 1882
19.
Roman Holiday
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Roman Holiday is a 1953 American romantic comedy film directed and produced by William Wyler. It stars Gregory Peck as a reporter and Audrey Hepburn as a royal princess out to see Rome on her own, Hepburn won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance, the screenplay and costume design also won. It was written by John Dighton and Dalton Trumbo, though with Trumbo on the Hollywood blacklist, he did not receive a credit, instead, Trumbos credit was reinstated when the film was released on DVD in 2003. On December 19,2011, full credit for Trumbos work was restored, blacklisted director Bernard Vorhaus worked on the film as an assistant director under a pseudonym. It was shot at the Cinecittà studios and on location around Rome during the Hollywood on the Tiber era, the film was screened in the 14th Venice film festival within the official program. In 1999, Roman Holiday was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically and her doctor gives her a sedative to calm her and help her sleep, but she secretly leaves her countrys embassy. The sedative eventually makes her fall asleep on a bench, where Joe Bradley, not recognizing her, he offers her money so she can take a taxi home, but a woozy Anya Smith refuses to cooperate. Joe finally decides, for sake, to let her spend the night in his apartment. He is amused by her manner, but less so when she appropriates his bed. He transfers her to a couch, the next morning, Joe, having already slept through the interview Princess Ann was scheduled to give, hurries off to work, leaving her still asleep. When his editor, Mr. Hennessy, asks why Joe is late, Joe lies, Joe makes up details of the alleged interview until Hennessy informs him that the event had been canceled because the princess had suddenly fallen ill. Joe sees a picture of her and realizes who is in his apartment. Immediately seeing an opportunity, Joe proposes getting an exclusive interview, Hennessy, not knowing the circumstances, agrees to the deal and offers $5,000 if the interview is all Joe claims it will be, but bets Joe $500 that he will not succeed. Joe hurries home and, hiding the fact that he is a reporter and he also surreptitiously calls his photographer friend, Irving Radovich, to tag along to secretly take pictures. However, Ann declines Joes offer and leaves, Ann, enjoying her freedom, explores an outdoor market, buys a pair of shoes, and, on a whim, gets her long hair cut short. Joe follows and accidentally meets her on the Spanish Steps and this time he convinces her to spend the day with him. They see the sights, including the Mouth of Truth, a carved in marble which is said to bite off the hands of liars. When Joe shouts in pain and pulls his hand out of the mouth
20.
Moby Dick (1956 film)
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Moby Dick is a 1956 film adaptation of Herman Melvilles novel Moby-Dick. It was directed by John Huston with a screenplay by Huston, the film starred Gregory Peck, Richard Basehart, and Leo Genn. The music score was written by Philip Sainton, set in 19th century New England, the story follows the whaling ship Pequod and its crew. Leading them is Captain Ahab, who was almost killed in an encounter with the white whale. Now he is out for revenge, Peck later commented that he felt Huston himself should have played Ahab. Ironically, Huston had originally intended to cast his own father, the actor Walter Huston in the role, Peck went on to play the role of Father Mapple in the 1998 television miniseries adaptation of Melvilles novel, with Patrick Stewart as Ahab. Welles later used the salary from his cameo to fund his own production of Moby Dick. The Pequod was portrayed by, appropriately, the Moby Dick, built in England in 1887 as the Ryelands, the ship came into the hands of the film industry in the 50s, and was also used in Treasure Island. It was destroyed by fire in Morecambe, England in 1972, the schooners used were Harvest King and James Postlethwaite, both from Arklow, Ireland. Gregory Peck, comparing his performances in film and the 1998 Moby Dick miniseries. During a meeting to discuss the screenplay, Ray Bradbury informed John Huston that regarding Melvilles novel, bradburys novel Green Shadows, White Whale includes a fictionalized version of his writing the screenplay with John Huston in Ireland. Bradburys short story Banshee is another fictionalized account of what it was like to work with Huston on this film, in the television adaptation of the story for The Ray Bradbury Theater the Huston character was played by Peter OToole and the Bradbury surrogate by Charles Martin Smith. Huston had always wanted to make a film of Moby-Dick, unfortunately, Walter had died in 1950, before the film was financed. The film was bankrolled by brothers Walter, Harold, and Marvin Mirisch, the Mirisches made a deal with Warner Bros. in order to release the film. Under the agreement, Warners would distribute Moby Dick for seven years, after which all rights would revert to the Mirisch brothers company, the film began shooting in Wales at Hustons request. Parts of the movie were shot at the sea in front of Caniçal and it was also filmed in Las Canteras beach, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. Captain Alan Villiers commanded the ship for the film, many exterior scenes set in New Bedford were shot on location in Youghal, Co. The town has a house, originally called Linehans and at that time owned by Paddy Linehan
21.
The Big Country
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The Big Country is a 1958 American epic Western film directed by William Wyler and starring Gregory Peck, Jean Simmons, Carroll Baker, Charlton Heston and Burl Ives. The supporting cast features Charles Bickford and Chuck Connors, the picture was based on the serialized magazine novel Ambush at Blanco Canyon by Donald Hamilton. And was co-produced by Wyler and Peck, the opening title sequence was created by Saul Bass. The film is one of very few pictures in which Heston plays a supporting role instead of the lead. Ives won the Academy Award as Best Supporting Actor for his performance as well as the Golden Globe Award, the film was also nominated for an Academy Award for the musical score by Jerome Moross. Successful sea captain James McKay travels to the American West to join his fiancée Patricia at the ranch owned by her father, Henry Terrill. Terrill has been feuding with Rufus Hannassey, the patriarch of a poorer, less refined ranching clan, over water rights in the arid grazing lands of the high plains. Patricias friend, schoolteacher Julie Maragon, owns the Big Muddy, Julie allows all to water their cattle and refuses to sell or lease the Big Muddy to either side, so as to keep the fragile peace. McKay brings a pair of dueling pistols to the Major as a gift, but he repeatedly refuses to be provoked into proving his manhood, he tells the Major that his father died in a meaningless duel. He does nothing when Hannasseys trouble-making son Buck and his shiftless companions harass him and he also declines an invitation by Terrills foreman, Steve Leech, to ride an unbroken horse named Old Thunder. Consequently, everyone, including Patricia, considers him a coward, when the Major and his men ride to the Hannassey ranch in retribution for Bucks harassment of a Terrill guest, McKay declines to participate. Buck makes his escape from Terrills men while others in his posse are punished, alone at Terrills ranch except for ranch hand Ramon, McKay then breaks Old Thunder, after being thrown out of the saddle numerous times. He swears Ramon, the witness, to secrecy. Terrill hosts a Grand Gala to formally announce Patricias upcoming wedding, a ruffled and grizzled Hannassey, armed with a shotgun, spoils the festive mood when he confronts Terrill in front of all his guests over the brutal beating of his men. He threatens to start a war over Terrills steadfast practice of denying water to Hannasseys cattle. McKay rides out to the Big Muddy and persuades Julie to sell him the land, a search party, led by Leech, spends two days looking for McKay, believing he has become lost. McKay explains that he was never in danger, but Leech calls him a liar, again refusing to be goaded into a fight, McKay sees that both Patricia and her father are disappointed, they agree to reconsider their engagement. Early the next morning, before anybody else is up, McKay seeks out Leech to settle their quarrel and they fight, without witnesses, to an exhausted draw
22.
The Bravados
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The Bravados is a 1958 American western film directed by Henry King, starring Gregory Peck and Joan Collins. The CinemaScope film was based on a novel of the name written by Frank ORourke. Jim Douglas is a rancher pursuing four outlaws after the murder of his six months before. He rides into Rio Arriba, where four men, Alfonso Parral, Bill Zachary, Ed Taylor, sheriff Eloy Sanchez allows Douglas to see the men. In town, Douglas meets Josefa Velarde whom he met five years previously in New Orleans and she has been looking after her late fathers ranch. Douglas reveals he has a daughter, other townspeople include Gus Steimmetz, his daughter Emma and her fiance. The executioner, Simms, arrives, and aside from a drink with Douglas. Simms holds off until the town is at church, then, while pretending to evaluate the men he is to hang, the sheriff shoots and kills Simms, but the inmates leave the sheriff unconscious, escape and take Emma as a hostage. The wounded sheriff comes into the church with the news that the prisoners have escaped, a posse rides out immediately, but Douglas waits until morning. The posse is held up at a pass one of the four fugitives stays behind to cover the pass. Douglas catches up and corners Parral, who pleads for his life, Douglas kills him, then ropes another outlaw, Taylor, by the feet and hangs him upside-down from a tree. The two remaining fugitives reach the house of John Butler, a prospector and Douglass neighbor, Zachary kills Butler, after which Lujan steals a sack of coins Butler had. They see riders approaching and flee, leaving Emma behind and it turn out to be Josefa and Douglas, coming from different directions. The posse also arrives and finds Emma, raped by Zachary, Douglas goes back to his ranch to get fresh mounts, but finds that the fugitives have taken his last horses. He leaves Josefa with his daughter, at the Mexican border, Douglas enters a bar, finds Zachary and kills him in a gunfight. He then goes on to the home of the man, Lujan. When shown a photo of his Douglass murdered wife, Lujan insists he has never seen the woman before and he recalls that he and his companions rode past the ranch. Douglas points to Lujans sack and states that the men who killed his wife stole it, Lujan explains that he took the bag from Butlers dead hand, whereupon Douglas realizes that it was Butler who killed his wife
23.
Pork Chop Hill
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For the Korean War battles, see Battle of Pork Chop Hill. Pork Chop Hill is a 1959 American Korean War film starring Gregory Peck, Rip Torn and George Peppard. The film, which was the war film directed by Lewis Milestone, is based upon the book by U. S. military historian Brigadier General S. L. A. Marshall. It depicts the first fierce Battle of Pork Chop Hill between the U. S. Armys 7th Infantry Division, and Chinese and North Korean forces in April 1953. It is also the debut of Martin Landau and George Shibata, who was a West Point classmate of Lieutenant Joe Clemons. Higher command is shown as being unwilling to abandon or reinforce the hill. They will not reinforce the hill because the value of the hill is not worth further losses and they will not abandon the hill because it is a point of negotiation in the cease-fire talks. The American negotiators come to the conclusion that the Chinese are pouring soldiers into the battle for a militarily insignificant hill to test the resolve of the Americans in the negotiations, the decision is then made at the last minute to reinforce the hill. Marshall reportedly disliked the fact that he had sold the rights to his book for next-to-nothing. Strodes portrayal of an African American soldier is based on the 24th Infantry Regiment, like its cinematic portrayal, the real regiment was poorly trained, poorly equipped and poorly led. More than once when this unit was placed on the front lines. The regiment was considered so unreliable it was disbanded. Its personnel were reassigned to combat units just as in the film. Some of the shooting was conducted in California near Westlake Village. Peck, although not credited, directed a few scenes despite protests by Milestone, before the films premier in May 1959, United Artists cut the film by nearly 20 minutes. Director Lewis Milestone claimed changes were made because Veronique Peck, the wife of star Gregory Peck, while that claim stands as unconfirmed, the film does show signs of post-production editing, with segments of several excised scenes showing up under the main title credits. The New York Times applauded the films grim and rugged style, the way it captured the resentment of the American GIs, list of American films of 1959 Pork Chop Hill at the Internet Movie Database Pork Chop Hill at AllMovie Pork Chop Hill at the TCM Movie Database
24.
The Guns of Navarone (film)
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The Guns of Navarone is a 1961 British-American epic adventure war film directed by J. Lee Thompson. The screenplay by producer Carl Foreman was based on Alistair MacLeans 1957 novel The Guns of Navarone, the film stars Gregory Peck, David Niven and Anthony Quinn, along with Stanley Baker, Irene Papas, Gia Scala, James Darren and Anthony Quayle. In 1943, the Axis powers plan an assault on the island of Leros — where 2,000 British soldiers are marooned — to bully neutral Turkey into joining them with a display of their military strength. Rescue by the Royal Navy is prevented by two massive radar-directed superguns on the island of Navarone. When aerial bombing efforts fail, Allied Intelligence gathers a team of commandos to infiltrate Navarone, disguised as Greek fishermen on a decrepit fishing vessel, they sail across the Aegean Sea, where they successfully kill the crew of a German patrol boat coming aboard to inspect them. Later in the voyage Mallory confides to Franklin that Stavrou had sworn to him after the war, because Mallory was inadvertently responsible for the deaths of Stavrous wife. The team shipwreck on Navarones coast during a storm, Mallory leads the climb up the cliff, but Franklin badly injures his leg, the injury later becomes infected with gangrene. They rendezvous with local fighters, Spyros sister Maria and her friend Anna, who was once captured and tortured by the Germans before escaping. The mission is continually dogged by German soldiers, and the group is captured in the town of Mandrakos by Oberleutnant Meusel while trying to find a doctor for Franklin. While being interrogated by SS Hauptsturmführer Sessler, Stavrou pretends to grovel as theyre being interrogated and they escape in German uniforms, but leave Franklin behind to receive medical attention. In due course, Franklin is injected with scopolamine and gives up Mallorys misinformation, as Mallory had hoped, Mallory reluctantly prepares to execute Anna as punishment, but Maria shoots her instead. The team splits up, Mallory and Miller go for the guns, Stavrou and Spyros create distractions in town, assisted by local residents, Maria. Spyros dies in a stand-off with a German officer, and Brown from being stabbed during the boat theft, meanwhile, Mallory and Miller infiltrate the gun emplacement, but set off an alarm when they seal the doors behind them. Mallory and Miller proceed further towards the battery, where Miller then plants explosives on the guns, the Germans eventually gain entry into the gun cave, but Mallory and Miller make their escape by diving into the sea, reaching the stolen boat. A wounded Stavrou is helped aboard by Mallory, thus voiding the blood feud between them, the Allied destroyers appear on schedule, but the Germans find the explosives planted on the guns and begin to fire on the passing Allied flotilla. The hoist eventually descends low enough to trigger the explosives, which sets off the surrounding shells into destroying the guns. Mallorys team safely reaches the British convoy, but Stavrou decides to return to Navarone with Maria, Mallory and Miller, returning home, observe the aftermath of their success from a destroyer. The film was part of a cycle of big-budget World War II adventures that included The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Longest Day, the screenplay, adapted by producer Carl Foreman, made significant changes from the novel The Guns of Navarone by Alistair MacLean
25.
Cape Fear (1962 film)
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Cape Fear is a 1962 American psychological thriller film starring Robert Mitchum, Gregory Peck, Martin Balsam, and Polly Bergen. It was adapted by James R. Webb from the novel The Executioners by John D. MacDonald and it was initially storyboarded by Alfred Hitchcock, subsequently directed by J. Lee Thompson, and released on April 12,1962. The movie concerns an attorney whose family is stalked by a criminal he helped to send to jail, Cape Fear was remade in 1991 by Martin Scorsese. Peck, Mitchum, and Balsam all appeared in the remake, after spending eight years in prison for rape, Max Cady is released. He promptly tracks down Sam Bowden, a lawyer whom he holds responsible for his conviction because Sam interrupted his attack. Cady begins to stalk and subtly threaten Bowdens family and he kills the Bowden family dog, though Sam cannot prove Cady did it. A friend of Bowdens, police chief Mark Dutton, attempts to intervene on Bowdens behalf, Bowden hires private detective Charlie Sievers. Cady brutally attacks a young woman named Diane Taylor when she brings him home. Bowden hires three thugs to beat up Cady and persuade him to town, but the plan backfires when Cady gets the better of all three. Cadys lawyer vows to have Bowden disbarred, afraid for his wife Peggy and 14-year-old daughter Nancy, Bowden takes them to their houseboat in Cape Fear. In an attempt to trick Cady, Bowden makes it seem as though he has gone to a different location. He fully expects Cady to follow his wife and daughter, Bowden and a local deputy hide nearby, but Cady realizes the deputy is there and kills him. Eluding Bowden, Cady first attacks Mrs. Bowden on the boat, meanwhile, Cady swims back to shore to attack the daughter. Bowden realizes what has happened and also swims ashore, the two men engage in a final violent fight on the riverbank. Bowden overpowers Cady, but decides not to him, preferring to let him spend the rest of his life in jail. The film ends with the Bowden family sitting together on a boat the next morning, rod Steiger wanted to play Max Cady, but he backed off when he heard Mitchum was considering the role. Telly Savalas was screentested for the role, but later played private eye Charlie Sievers, charles Bronson, James Coburn, Charlton Heston, Jack Palance, and John Wayne, were all considered for the role of the attorney, Sam Bowden. Peck was a replacement for Heston, who was originally cast
26.
Cape Fear (1991 film)
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Cape Fear is a 1991 American psychological thriller film directed by Martin Scorsese and a remake of the 1962 film of the same name. It stars Robert De Niro, Nick Nolte, Jessica Lange, and Juliette Lewis, and features cameos from Gregory Peck, Robert Mitchum, and Martin Balsam and it was Pecks final theatrical film. The film was acclaimed and received Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor. Sam Bowden is a lawyer in the vicinity of Wilmington, North Carolina, Max Cady is a former client whom Bowden defended 14 years earlier when he was working as a public defender in Atlanta. Cady was tried for the violent rape and battery of a young woman, Bowden, appalled by Cadys crime, buried evidence that might have lightened Cadys sentence or even secured his acquittal. Cady subsequently studied law in prison and assumed his own defense, after his release from prison, Cady tracks down Bowden and hints he has learned about Bowden burying the report. Several incidents involving Cady impact the Bowden family, which consists of Bowdens wife Leigh, Bowden attempts to have Cady arrested, but police lieutenant Elgart, says there is no evidence of a crime. At a bar, Cady meets Lori Davis, a colleague of Bowden with whom she might be having a love affair, at her house, Cady cuffs her hands behind her back, breaks her arm and rapes her. Lori refuses to press charges, ashamed of what happened, Bowden hires private investigator Claude Kersek to follow Cady. Cady next approaches Danielle at her school by impersonating her new drama teacher, Bowden warns him to leave his family and him alone or suffer the consequences. Cady secretly tapes the conversation with a hidden recorder, Kersek persuades Bowden to hire three men to beat Cady and intimidate him, but as Bowden watches from a hiding place, Cady turns the tide on his attackers and viciously beats them. Cady uses the recording of Bowdens threat and a display of his own injuries to file for a restraining order against Bowden. Cadys new lawyer, Lee Heller, files a complaint with the North Carolina State Bar, Kersek reasons that Cady may try to enter the Bowden house during Bowdens appearance at a bar hearing out of town. They fake Bowdens departure and hide in the house, hoping that Cady will break in so that he can be shot in self-defense, Cady kills Kersek and the housekeeper before escaping. Bowden, Leigh, and Danielle discover the bodies, horrified, they flee to their houseboat, which is docked upstate along Cape Fear. Cady follows them by tying himself to the chassis of their car and he attacks the family on the boat, beating and tying up Bowden, and prepares to rape Leigh and Danielle while making Bowden watch. Danielle sprays Cady with lighter fluid while he lights a cigar, engulfing him in flames, however, Cady clings to a rope and pulls himself back on board. As the boat is rocked by a violent thunderstorm, a badly burned Cady confronts Bowden with a mock trial, the storm knocks him off his feet, allowing Bowden to gain the upper hand once the women make it to shore
27.
How the West Was Won (film)
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How the West Was Won is a 1962 American Metrocolor epic-Western film. The picture was one of the last old-fashioned epic films made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to enjoy great success, set between 1839 and 1889, it follows four generations of a family as they move ever westward, from western New York state to the Pacific Ocean. The picture was filmed in the curved-screen three-projector Cinerama process, the film is narrated by Spencer Tracy. The score was listed at #25 on AFIs 100 Years of Film Scores, the film also gained unanimous widespread critical acclaim, and a perfect 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. In 1997, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as being deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Zebulon Prescott and his family set out west for the frontier via the Erie Canal, along the journey, they meet mountain man, Linus Rawlings, who is traveling east, to Pittsburgh, to trade his furs. Rawlings and Zebulons daughter, Eve are attracted to each other, Linus Rawlings stops at an isolated trading post, run by a murderous clan of river pirates, headed by Alabama Colonel Jeb Hawkins. Linus is betrayed when he accompanies seductive Dora Hawkins, into a cave, modeled after the real outlaw haunt, of Cave-In-Rock State Park, Dora Hawkins stabs him in the back and Rawlings falls into a deep hole. He is not seriously wounded, and is able to rescue the Prescott party from a similar fate, the bushwhacking thieves, including Dora, are dispatched, being killed in an attack by Rawlings, in a form of rough, frontier justice. Linus, finding that he live without Eve, reappears. She insists on homesteading, at the spot where her parents died, Eves sister Lilith chooses to go to St. Louis, where she finds work performing in a dance hall. She attracts the attention of professional gambler Cleve Van Valen, after overhearing that she has just inherited a California gold mine, and to avoid paying his debts to another gambler, Cleve joins the wagon train taking her there. He and wagonmaster Roger Morgan court her along the way, surviving an attack by Cheyenne Indians, Lilith and Cleve arrive at the mine, only to find that it is worthless. Lilith returns to work in a hall in a camp town. Morgan finds her and again proposes marriage unromantically and she tells him, Not now, not ever. Later, Lilith is singing in the salon of a riverboat. By chance, Cleve is a passenger, when he hears Liliths voice, he leaves the poker table to propose to her. He tells her of the opportunities waiting in the growing city of San Francisco
28.
The Omen
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The Omen is a 1976 American-British supernatural horror film directed by Richard Donner and written by David Seltzer. The film stars Gregory Peck, Lee Remick, David Warner, Harvey Spencer Stephens, Billie Whitelaw, Patrick Troughton, Martin Benson, and Leo McKern. The first installment in The Omen series, the film concerns a young child substituted at birth by American Ambassador Robert Thorn unbeknownst to his wife and they are surrounded by mysterious and ominous deaths, unaware that the child is the Antichrist. The film earned two Academy Award nominations, and won for Best Original Score for Jerry Goldsmith, his only Oscar win, a scene from the film appeared at #16 on Bravos The 100 Scariest Movie Moments. The film spawned a franchise, starting with Damien, Omen II, in Rome, American diplomat Robert Thorn is in a hospital where his wife Katherine gives birth to a boy, who—he is told—dies moments after being born. Robert is convinced by the chaplain, Father Spiletto, to secretly adopt an orphan whose mother died at the same time. Robert agrees, but does not reveal to his wife that the child is not theirs, soon after, Robert is appointed U. S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Father Brennan, a Catholic priest, tries repeatedly to warn the Ambassador about Damiens mysterious origins, the priest later tells Robert that Katherine is pregnant and that Damien will prevent her from having the child. Afterward, Brennan is impaled and killed by a lightning rod thrown from the roof of a church during a sudden storm, upon returning home, Katherine tells Robert that she is pregnant and wants an abortion. Learning of Father Brennans death, photographer Keith Jennings begins investigating Damien and he notices shadows in photographs of the nanny and of Father Brennan that seem to presage their bizarre deaths. Photos of Keith also show these shadows, Keith shows Robert the photos and tells him he also believes that Damien is a threat and that he wants to help Robert. While Robert is away, Damien knocks Katherine over a railing to the floor below. Keith and Robert travel to Rome to investigate Damiens birth, a fire destroyed the hospital records and the maternity and nursery wards five years earlier, most of the staff on duty died in the fire. Robert and Keith trace Father Spiletto to St. Benedicts Abbey in Subiaco, stricken mute, blind in his right eye and paralyzed in his right arm, Spiletto writes the name of an ancient Etruscan cemetery in Cerveteri, where Damiens biological mother is buried. Robert and Keith find a carcass in the grave, and in the childs grave next to it. These are Damiens unnatural mother and the remains of the Thorns own child, Keith reiterates Father Brennans belief that Damien is the Antichrist, whose coming is being supported by a conspiracy of Satanists. A pack of dogs, similar to ones seen near the Thorns mansion, drive Robert. Back in London, Mrs. Baylock persuades a nurse to allow her access to Katherine, once inside the room, Mrs. Baylock pushes Katherine out of the window, causing her to fall into an ambulance truck, killing her
29.
The Boys from Brazil (film)
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The Boys from Brazil is a 1978 British-American science fiction thriller film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It stars Gregory Peck and Laurence Olivier and features James Mason, Lilli Palmer, Uta Hagen, Denholm Elliott, the film is based on the 1976 novel of the same name by Ira Levin, and was nominated for three Academy Awards. He phones Ezra Lieberman, an aging Nazi hunter living in Vienna, Austria, a highly skeptical Lieberman tries to brush Kohlers claims aside, telling him that it is already well known that Mengele is living in Paraguay. Although frail, Lieberman follows Kohlers leads and begins travelling throughout Europe and he meets several of their widows and is amazed to find an uncanny resemblance in their adopted, black-haired, blue-eyed sons. Ninety-four clones of Hitler had then been born and sent to different parts of the world for adoption, as Lieberman uncovers more of the plot, Mengeles superiors become more unnerved. Mengele storms out, pledging that the operation will continue, seibert and his men destroy Mengeles jungle estate after killing his guards and servants. Mengele himself, however, has left, intent on trying to continue his plan. He travels to rural Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where one of the Hitler clones, Bobby Wheelock, lives on a farm with his parents. There he murders the father, a Doberman dog breeder, and waits for Lieberman. The instant Lieberman arrives and sees Mengele, he attacks the doctor in a fury, Mengele gains the upper hand and shoots Lieberman. He taunts Lieberman by explaining his plan to return Hitler to the world, then, with one desperate lunge, Lieberman opens the closet where the Dobermans are held and turns them loose. The dogs corner Mengele and attack him, Bobby arrives home from school and, despite telling from the carnage that something is wrong, calls off the dogs and tries to find out what has happened. The injured Mengele, having now encountered one of his clones for the first time, tells Bobby how much he admires him, Bobby doubts his story, and is also suspicious of Mengele because the dogs are trained to attack anyone who threatens his family. Lieberman tells Bobby that Mengele has killed his father and urges him to notify the police, Bobby checks the house and finds his dead father in the basement. He rushes back upstairs and sets the vicious dogs on Mengele once again, Bobby then helps Lieberman, but only after Lieberman promises not to tell the police about the incident. Later, while recovering from his wounds, Lieberman is encouraged by an American Nazi-hunter, Lieberman objects on the grounds that they are mere children, and he burns the list before anyone can read it. Peck agreed to portray Mengele only because he had wanted to work with Olivier, Mason initially expressed interest in playing either Mengele or Lieberman. The altercation between Lieberman and Mengele took about three or four days to film due to Oliviers ailing health at the time, Peck recalled that he and Olivier were lying around on the floor laughing at the absurdity of having to film such a fight scene at their advanced ages
30.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
31.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. The award is not limited to U. S. citizens and, while it is an award, it can also be awarded to military personnel. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085, with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige. It was the first U. S. civilian neck decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U. S. sash and star decoration. The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president, Recipients are selected by the president, either on his own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to a more than once. It may also be awarded posthumously, examples include John F, golden American bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a ribbon with white edge stripes. When the medal With Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented descending from a neck ribbon, the sash and medal of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction has never been worn in public since its inception. Andrew Presidential Medal of Freedom, an article from jfklibrary. org, Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, a list of recipients from May 5,1993, through August 19,2009, from senate. gov, the U. S. Senates official website. Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov, a section of the U. S. National Archives, Medal of Freedom Ceremony, a news release, August 12,2009, from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse. gov, the White Houses official website. War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom, The New York Times, December 15,2004
32.
Humanitarianism
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Humanitarianism is a moral of kindness, benevolence, and sympathy extended to all human beings. Humanitarianism has been an evolving concept historically, but universality is a theme in its evolution. No distinction is to be made on the grounds of gender, sexual orientation, race, caste, age, religion, ability, the historian G. M. Trevelyan viewed humanitarianism as the product of rationalism upon Puritanism. The idea that mankind could be improved by deliberate social change distinct from the conferring of charity was relatively new, reform distinguished the humanitarian movement from philanthropy. Christian philanthropy tended to reform as political. In contrast, the movement thought reform essential to remove abuses. European individualism can be traced to the Greeks and it was the stoics, who like Aristotle, attributed significance to the human soul, but who, unlike Aristotle, considered all human beings equal in that significance. Natural law, as the stoics conceived it, was based upon this principle of spiritual equality, positive law was subject to the law of nature and, hence, uniquely to the ancient world, the stoics opposed slavery. In 18th century Enlightenment Europe, the idea of the equal moral significance of the individual in this world re-emerged grounded upon reason. Prevention of cruelty to animals involved extension of the principle to non-humans, the stoics had grounded moral significance on capacity to reason. In the 18th century, conflicting religious belief became tolerated to a degree unthinkable a century earlier, in England, pressure on Parliament led to regulation of working hours and amelioration of working conditions. An international dimension was added to humanitarian reform with the founding of the International Red Cross, finally, cruelty to animals became punishable. In contrast, social action in the 19th century was influenced by feeling and, in some instances. The initiative remained with small groups of reformers, which set about influencing public opinion, one reason for the change was the advent of democracy - limited though it was until well into the 19th century. The industrial proletariat crowding into cities made it feasible to hold mass meetings, Political pamphlets had first circulated in England during the civil war. In fiction, novels like Uncle Toms Cabin and those of Charles Dickens drew attention to social wrongs and this led to a change in approach which became less philosophical and more emotive, fastening on the inhumanity to which social action was directed. In 1503, the Spanish Governor in the Indies, Nicolás de Ovando, las Casas, who accompanied him, observed the toll of the work, and suggested the Indians be replaced by Negroes, thus beginning the transatlantic slave trade. Some 900,000 slaves were landed in the Americas by 1600, from the 17th century, demand for African labour expanded greatly with the increased importation of sugar into Europe
33.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
34.
AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars
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Part of the AFI100 Years. Series, AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars is a list of the top 50 greatest screen legends in American film history, which included 25 male and 25 female stars. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute on June 15,1999, in a CBS special hosted by Shirley Temple, the top stars of their respective sexes are Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. They starred together in the adventure film The African Queen. All actors and actresses are from the Golden era of Hollywood film production, as of 2017, only Kirk Douglas, Sidney Poitier, and Sophia Loren are still living. AFI Recognizes the 50 Greatest American Screen Legends, archived from the original on January 13,2013. List of the 500 nominated star legends List of the 50 winning legends
35.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
36.
Thomas Ashe
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Thomas Patrick Ashe was a member of the Gaelic League, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and a founding member of the Irish Volunteers. His was a family of ten, seven boys and three girls, Tomás was the seventh child, with three brothers following him. His father was a farmer, dying at the age of 73 and his mother died at 58, some years before Tomás Ashe died. Both Irish and English were spoken in their house, with Thomass father being a great Irish Scholar, having entered De La Salle Training College, Waterford in 1905 he began his teaching career as principal of Corduff National School, Lusk, County Dublin, in 1908. He taught Irish in the Corduff school and he was fond of the Irish language and started branches of the Gaelic League in Skerries and other neighbouring villages. Ashe was a member of the Gaelic League, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and was a member of the Irish Volunteers. He was always a member of the Keating Branch of the Gaelic League and he collected considerable sums of money during a trip to the USA in 1914 for both the Volunteers and the League. Commanding the Fingal battalion of the Irish Volunteers, Ashe took a part in the 1916 Easter Rising outside the capital city. Ashe was commandant of 5th battalion of the Dublin brigade, a force of 60–70 men engaged British forces around north County Dublin during the rising, Ashe was sent a messenger Mollie Adrian by Pearse with orders to hold the main road from Fairyhouse. She was sent back to report to Connolly, who returned an order to send 40 men to the GPO and he was to contact 1st battalion at Cross Guns Bridge, although he found no one there because vice-commandant Piaras Beaslai knew nothing of this plan. The area was dominated by the feature of Broadstone station, at the end of the line to Athlone. But for some reason decided not to occupy and garrison the station. The lack of communication was later discussed in Piaras Beaslais books. The failure of inexperienced volunteers to properly co-ordinate their deployments was a factor at defeat. Ashe himself had only been appointed commandant shortly before Easter and they were armed only with a few rounds, about a dozen service rifles, a dozen Mausers, and a dozen Martini carbines, some had only a shotgun against well-equipped army regulars. The battalion won a victory in Ashbourne, County Meath where they engaged a much larger force capturing a significant quantity of arms. Eleven RIC members, including County Inspector Alexander Gray, and two volunteers were killed during the five-and-a-half-hour battle, twenty-four hours after the rising collapsed, Ashes battalion surrendered on the orders of Patrick Pearse. On 8 May 1916, Ashe and Éamon de Valera were court-martialled, the sentences were commuted to penal servitude for life
37.
Easter Rising
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The Easter Rising, also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and it was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798, and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period. Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Rising began on Easter Monday,24 April 1916, the British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a gunboat. There was fierce fighting on the routes into the city centre. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were surrounded and bombarded with artillery. Germany had sent a shipment of arms to the rebels, Volunteer leader Eoin MacNeill had then issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the number of rebels who mobilised. With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising, Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued until Sunday, when word reached the other rebel positions. After the surrender the country remained under martial law, about 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British, many of whom had played no part in the Rising, and 1,800 of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following courts-martial, the Rising brought physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly 50 years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. It, and the British reaction to it, led to increased support for Irish independence. In December 1918, republicans, represented by the reconstituted Sinn Féin party and they did not take their seats, but instead convened the First Dáil and declared the independence of the Irish Republic, which led to the War of Independence. 485 people were killed in the Easter Rising, about 54% were civilians, 30% were British military and police, and 16% were Irish rebels. Many of the civilians were killed as a result of the British using artillery and heavy machine guns, others were caught in the crossfire in a crowded city. The shelling and the fires it caused left parts of inner city Dublin in ruins, from early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the ensuing exploitation and impoverishment of the island, which led to a high level of depopulation. Opposition took various forms, constitutional, social and revolutionary, the Irish Home Rule movement sought to achieve self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. In 1886, the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell succeeded in having the First Home Rule Bill introduced in the British parliament, the Second Home Rule Bill of 1893 was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. After the fall of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics, the Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and the cultural revival under W. B
38.
College rowing (United States)
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Rowing is the oldest intercollegiate sport in the United States. In the 2002-03 school year there were 1,712 male and 6,690 female collegiate rowers, Womens college rowing is sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, whereas mens is not. Other governing bodies of college rowing in the United States are the Intercollegiate Rowing Association,1852 - Yale challenges Harvard to a rowing race and the first Harvard-Yale Boat Race is held. This is also the first intercollegiate event held in the United States, since 1864 this race has been held annually and since 1878, with few exceptions, it has been raced on the Thames River in New London, Connecticut. 1864 - Rowing became the first organized sport at Rutgers, six mile races were held on the Raritan River among six-oared boats. The first regatta was held on July 21,1871, at Ingleside, Massachusetts,1870 - Rutgers held its first intercollegiate competition on the Raritan River against the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, the then top-ranked amateur crew of the time. The distance of the course was three miles,1875 - Wellesley College established the first womens rowing program. 1878 - Columbia wins the Visitors Challenge Cup and becomes the first foreign crew to win at the Henley Royal Regatta,1894 -The Intercollegiate Rowing Association was founded by Cornell, Columbia, and Pennsylvania, its first annual regatta was hosted on June 24,1895. Today Navy and Syracuse are also members of the association, Cornell dominates the early regattas winning 14 of the first 23 varsity 8 races. 1903- The University of Washington established a men and womens rowing program,1916 - Lightweight rowing was first introduced at the University of Pennsylvania. 1920 - Navy wins the medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 8 man boat. US collegiate boats would win the medal in the 8+ at the next 7 Olympics. 1922 - The first Harvard-Yale-Princeton lightweight race is held on May 20,1923 - Washington is the first team from the west coast to win the varsity 8 title at the IRA regatta. Between 1920 and 1950, California, Navy and Washington would dominate college rowing winning 21 of the 25 varsity titles at the IRA and 5 Olympic titles in the eight man boat. 1924 - Yale varsity mens 8 wins Olympic gold in Paris 1928 The University of California varsity mens 8 wins the Olympic Gold medal in Amsterdam,1932 The University of California varsity mens 8 wins its 2nd Olympic Gold medal in Los Angeles. 1936 - Washington varsity mens 8 wins Olympic gold in Berlin,1948 - The University of California varsity mens 8 wins its 3rd Olympic gold at Henley in London. 1946 - The Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges is formed and the first Eastern Sprints is held for lightweights and heavyweights,1956 - Yale varsity mens 8 wins Olympic gold in Melbourne Australia 1963 - Harry Parker becomes coach of Harvard. 1971 - Collegiate women begin competing in the eight oared boat at the National Womens Rowing Association Championship,1972 - Congress passes Title IX which eventually leads to large growth in competitive rowing
39.
Gamma Phi Beta
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Gamma Phi Beta is an international sorority that was founded on November 11,1874, at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. The term sorority, was coined for Gamma Phi Beta by Dr. Frank Smalley, the four founders are Helen M. Dodge, Frances E. Haven, E. Adeline Curtis and Mary A. Bingham. The sororitys international headquarters are located in Centennial, Colorado, Gamma Phi Beta currently has more than 200,000 initiated members,130 chartered collegiate chapters and more than 155 alumnae groups across the United States and Canada. Gamma Phi Betas primary objective is to inspire the highest type of womanhood, colleges and universities admitted few women students in the 1870s, some administrators and faculty members argued women had inferior minds and could not master mathematics and the classics. After considering an invitation to join the then two-year-old Alpha Phi Fraternity and they sought the advice and help of Dr. Haven, their brothers, the faculty and members of two existing fraternities. Gamma Phi Beta was subsequently founded by Helen M. Dodge, Frances E. Haven, E. Adeline Curtis and Mary A. Bingham on November 11,1874, at Syracuse University. The women had originally selected the light and dark blue but changed them in 1875 to brown. Brown, whose study was used for Friday afternoon meetings of Gamma Phi Beta, the first initiate, Clara Worden, joined in March 1875. Gamma Phi Beta is a member of the Syracuse Triad, the given to the three womens sororities founded at Syracuse University. Alpha Phi was founded first in 1872 by 10 of the original 20 women admitted into Syracuse University, Gamma Phi Beta came along two years later in 1874 and Alpha Gamma Delta completed the triad in 1904. The three sororities maintain a bond, and Syracuse Triad ceremonies or events are held on most campuses with chapters of all three groups, Haven went on to assist in founding Omicron Chapter at the University of Illinois. Omicron is the only other founded by one of the original founders. Haven Moss is also buried in a cemetery on campus at the University of Illinois, Gamma Phi Betas symbol is the crescent moon, while the flower is the pink carnation. The official colors of Gamma Phi Beta are brown and mode, mode can also mean the style of the day, establishing how brown and pink are now in widespread use in Sorority branding and marketing materials. In October 1875, the color was changed to honor another gentleman who had assisted them in their earliest days together, Dr. John J. Brown, a professor at Syracuse university. Gamma Phi Betas official stone is a pearl, the carnation was named the official flower at Convention 1888. Pink was designated the color of the carnation in 1950. Carnations have been revered for more than 2,000 years as one of the most long-lasting flowers, many varieties produce a clove-like scent, and the aroma is said to be both uplifting and motivating
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Fraternities and sororities
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Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
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Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre
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Neighborhood Playhouse had originally been founded as an off-Broadway theatre by philanthropists Alice Lewisohn and Irene Lewisohn in 1915, but closed in 1927. The following year, it re-opened as the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre with the addition of Rita Wallach Morgenthau, sanford Meisner joined the faculty in 1935 from the Group Theatre. Meisner used his study of Russian theatre and acting innovator, Konstantin Stanislavskis System to develop his own technique, the Executive Director Emeritus of the Playhouse, Harold G. Baldridge, a graduate of the school himself, had been head of the school for 32 years. Pamela Moller Kareman serves as the current Executive Director, also a graduate of The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, the school offers a Two Year Certificate Program, with admission to the second year dependent upon unanimous approval of the faculty. There is also a Six Week Summer Intensive, the Neighborhood Playhouse also offers Playhouse Juniors, a popular Saturday training program for children in grades 1–12. Children attend a fixed curriculum of singing, acting and dancing classes in a non-competitive environment, playwright Horton Foote met actor Robert Duvall at Neighborhood Playhouse when Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Footes play, The Midnight Caller. Foote recommended Duvall to play the part of Boo Radley in the 1962 film, To Kill a Mockingbird
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