1.
Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
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Punxsutawney is a borough in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, United States,84 miles northeast of Pittsburgh. The area was settled by the Lenape, and the name Punxsutawney derives from a Native name in Unami, Punkwsutènay. Alternatively, the name is said to come from another Unami term, Putschisktey, in 1907, Punxsutawney and Claysville boroughs were consolidated and incorporated as Greater Punxsutawney. A high-grade soft coal was mined in the surrounding region, formerly, the factories included glassworks, foundries, ironworks, machine shops, and planing, flour, feed, and silk mills. In 1900,6,746 people lived there, in 1910,9,058, in 1920,10,311, the population was 5,962 at the 2010 census. Punxsutawneys most famous resident is Punxsutawney Phil, a said to predict the weather annually on Groundhog Day. Phil and the town were the basis for the 1993 film Groundhog Day, the film actually made the name Punxsutawney Phil a national cultural reference in the US. The T. M. Kurtz House, Jefferson Theater, Christian Miller House, Punxsutawney is located at 40°56′44″N 78°58′31″W, roughly 80 miles northeast of Pittsburgh and 150 miles southeast of Erie. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 3.4 square miles. One small river, Mahoning Creek, winds through the town and it is bordered on the north, west, and south by Young Township, and on the east by Bell Township. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,962 people,2,573 households and 1,602 families in the borough, the population density was 1,836.2 people per square mile. There were 3,042 housing units at a density of 890.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 98. 8% White,0. 2% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 3% Asian, <0. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 8% of the population. 37. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.89. In the borough the population was out, with 21. 3% under the age of 18,9. 9% from 18 to 24,25. 1% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 80.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.2 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $33,054. Men had an income of $28,958 versus $19,076 for women
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Candlemas
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It falls on February 2, which is traditionally the 40th day of the Christmas-Epiphany season. While it is customary for Christians in some countries to remove their Christmas decorations on Twelfth Night, on Candlemas, many Christians also bring their candles to their local church, where they are blessed and then used for the rest of the year. The Feast of the Presentation is one of the oldest feasts of the Christian church, there are sermons on the Feast by the bishops Methodius of Patara, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory the Theologian, Amphilochius of Iconium, Gregory of Nyssa, and John Chrysostom. It is also mentioned in the pilgrimage of Egeria, where she confirmed that the celebrations took place in honor of the presentation of Jesus at the Temple, but certainly the Feast of the Purification is celebrated here with the greatest honour. On this day there is a procession to the Anastasis, all go in procession, and when all things have been celebrated in order as is customary, the sacrament is administered, and so the people are dismissed. Christmas was, in the West, celebrated on December 25 from at least the year AD354 when it was fixed by Pope Liberius, forty days after December 25 is February 2. In the Eastern parts of the Roman Empire, Roman consul Justin established the celebration of the Hypapante on February 2, Pope Gelasius I contributed to the spread of the celebration, but clearly did not invent it. But it appears that it became important around the time of the Plague of Justinian in 541, the ancient Romans celebrated the Lupercalia in mid-February, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility and shepherds. The celebration of Feralia occurred at the same time and this could be interpreted as evidence that he had limited influence on the Roman aristocracy. The custom of making pancakes is similar to the custom of the Vestal Virgins during Lupercalia, among the Celts, the pagan celebration of Imbolc occurred on the first of February. This was in honor of the goddess Brigid and was associated with purification, peasants would carry torches and cross the fields in procession, praying to the goddess to purify the ground before planting. In churches, the torches were replaced by blessed candles whose glow was supposed to take away evil and they would then take the candles to their homes to bring protection to their homes. In 1372 this celebration would also be associated with the purification of Mary at the Temple, crêpes with their round form and their golden color are reminiscent of the sun, an appropriate symbol during Candlemas, as this is the time of the year when the days get longer. It is also the time of year when the winter seeds begin to grow, the people therefore used left-over flour to make these crêpes, symbolizing prosperity for the coming year. The celebration took on a Marian character after the appearition of the Virgin of Candelaria on the island of Tenerife, in 1497 the conqueror of Tenerife, Alonso Fernández de Lugo, celebrated the first Candlemas dedicated to the Virgin Mary. From antiquity to the Middle Ages, bears were an object of cult, germans and Scandinavians and, to a lesser extent, the Celts celebrated the end of hibernation of the bears at the end of January and beginning of February. However January 24 was for most of Europe the date of the celebration and this was around the time when the bears would leave their dens and see if the weather was mild. This festival was characterized by bear costumes or disguises, and mock rapes, for a long time, the Catholic Church sought to eradicate these pagan practices
5.
Pennsylvania German language
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Pennsylvania German is a variety of West Central German spoken by the Amish and Old Order Mennonites in the United States and Canada, closely related to the Palatine dialects. There are possibly more than 300,000 native speakers in North America, although for many, the term Pennsylvania Dutch is often taken to refer to the Amish and related Old Order groups exclusively, the term should not imply a connection to any particular religious group. In this context, the word Dutch does not refer to the Dutch people or their descendants, alternatively, some sources give the origin of Dutch in this case as a corruption or a folk-rendering of the Pennsylvania German endonym Deitsch. Speakers of the language today are found in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and other Midwestern States of the United States. Historically, the dialect was spoken in several other regions where its use has either largely or entirely faded. Since that time, its use has greatly declined, some other North and South American Mennonites of Dutch and Prussian origin speak what is actually a Low German dialect, referred to as Plautdietsch. Low German and High German differ considerably and are not mutually intelligible, as do Pennsylvania German, most of them spoke Rhine Franconian, especially Palatinan and to a lesser degree Alemannic dialects, and it is believed that in the first generations after the settlers arrived these dialects merged. The result of that dialect levelling was a very close to the eastern dialects of Palatinian. When individuals from the Palatinate region of Germany encounter Pennsylvania German speakers today, there are many similarities between the German dialect that is still spoken in this small part of southwestern Germany and Pennsylvania German. There are approximately 2,400,000 Germans in Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region speaking Palatinate German, Pennsylvania German has primarily been a spoken language throughout its history, with very few of its speakers making much of an attempt to read or write it. Writing in Pennsylvania German can be a task, and there is no spelling standard for the language whatsoever. There are currently two primary, competing models which numerous orthographic systems have been based upon by individuals attempting to write in the Pennsylvania German language, one school tends to follow the rules of American English orthography, the other the rules of Standard German orthography. The choice of writing system is not meant to imply any difference in pronunciation, for comparison, a translation into Pennsylvania German, using two different spelling systems, of the Lords Prayer, as found in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, is presented below. The text in the second column illustrates a system based on American English orthography, the text in the third column uses, on the other hand, a system based on Standard German. The English original is found in the first column, and a Standard German version appears in the fifth column, since 1997, the Pennsylvania German newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe allows dialect authors to publish Pennsylvania German poetry and prose. Hiwwe wie Driwwe was founded by Michael Werner and it is published twice a year - since 2013 in cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University. Since 2015, the newspaper is published online and in print. In 2014, Jehovahs Witnesses began to publish literature in Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania German reflects the origins of the early speakers from the regions along the upper Rhine River in the Rhineland, Württemberg, Baden, Saarland, Switzerland and the Elsass/Alsace
6.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
7.
Pennsylvania Dutch
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The Pennsylvania Dutch are a cultural group formed by early German-speaking immigrants to Pennsylvania and their descendants. The word Dutch does not refer to the Dutch people or their descendants, the early wave of settlers, which would eventually coalesce to form the Pennsylvania Dutch, began in the late 17th century and concluded in the late 18th century. Historically they spoke the dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch, the first major emigration of Germans to America resulted in the founding of the Borough of Germantown, in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, on October 6,1683. Mass emigration of Palatines began out of Germany in the early 18th century from areas along the Rhine River, the Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations, with the greatest number being Lutheran or Reformed, but with many Anabaptists as well. The Anabaptist religions promoted a lifestyle, and their adherents were known as Plain people or Plain Dutch. This was in contrast to the Fancy Dutch, who tended to more easily into the American mainstream. Over time, the dialects spoken by these immigrants fused into a unique dialect known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch. At one time, more than one-third of Pennsylvanias population spoke this language, a number of German cultural practices continue to this day, and German Americans remain the largest ancestry group claimed in Pennsylvania by people in the census. Pennsylvania Dutch is most likely a corruption of the endonym Deitsch, the word Dutch and Deutsch share the same origin and similar pronunciation. The pronunciation though for Dutch is with the u like in but, so in the latter it sounds like Doych. During the Middle Ages the use of Dutch in English referred to West Germanic speakers of continental Europe in general, from c.1600 onward it was mainly restricted to the inhabitants of the Low Countries. This has resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada. Today, the language is spoken in the Waterloo Region. Many Pennsylvania Dutch are descendants of refugees from the Palatinate of the German Rhine, most of the Pennsylvania Dutch have roots going much further back in the Palatinate. During the War of the Grand Alliance, French troops pillaged the Palatinate, the War of the Palatinate, also called the War of the League of Augsburg, began in 1688 as Louis XIV took claim of the Electorate of the Palatinate. French forces devastated all major cities of the region, including Cologne, by 1697 the war came to a close with the Treaty of Ryswick, now Rijswijk in the Netherlands, and the Palatinate remained free of French control. However, by 1702, the War of Spanish Succession began, French expansionism forced many Palatines to flee as refugees. Mass emigration of Palatines began out of Germany in the early 18th century, in the spring of 1709, Queen Anne granted refuge to about 7,000 Palatines who had sailed the Rhine to Rotterdam
8.
Groundhog
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The groundhog, also known as a woodchuck, or whistlepig, is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots. It was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, the groundhog is also referred to as a chuck, wood-shock, groundpig, whistler, thickwood badger, Canada marmot, monax, moonack, weenusk, and red monk. The name thickwood badger was given in the Northwest to distinguish the animal from the prairie badger, monax was an Indian name of the woodchuck, which meant the digger. Young groundhogs may be called chucklings, other marmots, such as the yellow-bellied and hoary marmots, live in rocky and mountainous areas, but the groundhog is a lowland creature. It is widely distributed in North America and common in the northeastern and central United States, groundhogs are found as far north as Alaska, with their habitat extending southeast to Georgia. The groundhog is the largest sciurid in its range, typically measuring 40 to 65 cm long and weighing 2 to 4 kg. In areas with natural predators and large amounts of alfalfa. Groundhogs are well adapted for digging, with short, powerful limbs and curved, unlike other sciurids, the groundhogs spine is curved, more like that of a mole, and the tail is comparably shorter as well — only about one-fourth of body length. The etymology of the woodchuck is unrelated to wood or chucking. It stems from an Algonquian name for the animal, wuchak, the similarity between the words has led to the popular tongue-twister, How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood. A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could if a woodchuck could chuck wood, the groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, and is rarely far from a burrow entrance. Since the clearing of forests provided it with a more suitable habitat. Groundhogs are often hunted for sport, which tends to control their numbers, however, their ability to reproduce quickly has tended to mitigate the depopulating effects of sport hunting. As a consequence, the groundhog is an animal to many people in the United States. In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years with two or three being average, in captivity, groundhogs reportedly live from 9 to 14 years. Common predators for groundhogs include wolves, cougars, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, bears, eagles, young groundhogs are often at risk for predation by snakes, which easily enter the burrow. Man, the dog, and the red fox, in the order named, are the chief enemies of the groundhog. In areas of agriculture and dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly the southern parts
9.
Winter
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Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate climates, between autumn and spring. Winter is caused by the axis of the Earth in that hemisphere being oriented away from the Sun, different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, in many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures. The moment of winter solstice is when the elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value, meaning this day will have the shortest day. The English word winter comes from the Proto-Indo-European root wend, relating to water, the tilt of the Earths axis relative to its orbital plane plays a large role in the formation of weather. The Earth is tilted at an angle of 23. 44° to the plane of its orbit, when it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun more directly and thus experiences warmer temperatures than the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, winter in the Southern Hemisphere occurs when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more toward the Sun, from the perspective of an observer on the Earth, the winter Sun has a lower maximum altitude in the sky than the summer Sun. During winter in either hemisphere, the altitude of the Sun causes the sunlight to hit that hemisphere at an oblique angle. In regions experiencing winter, the amount of solar radiation is spread out over a larger area. This effect is compounded by the distance that the light must travel through the atmosphere. Compared with these effects, the changes in the distance of the earth from the sun are negligible, the manifestation of the meteorological winter in the northerly snow–prone parallels is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation. A case in point is Canada, a country associated with tough winters. Winnipeg on the Great Plains at a distance from large bodies of water has a January high of −11.3 °C. In comparison, Vancouver on the coast with an influence from moderating Pacific winds has a January low of 1.4 °C with days well above freezing at 6.9 °C. Both areas are on the 49th parallel north and in the western half of the continent. Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three months with the lowest average temperatures. This corresponds to the months of December, January and February in the Northern Hemisphere, the coldest average temperatures of the season are typically experienced in January or February in the Northern Hemisphere and in June, July or August in the Southern Hemisphere. Blizzards often develop and cause many transportation delays, diamond dust, also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching −40 °F due to air with slightly higher moisture from aloft mixing with colder, surface based air
10.
Spring (season)
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Spring is one of the four conventional temperate seasons, following winter and preceding summer. There are various definitions of spring, but local usage of the term varies according to local climate, cultures. When it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, it will be autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, at the spring equinox, days are approximately 12 hours long with day length increasing as the season progresses. Spring and springtime refer to the season, and also to ideas of rebirth, rejuvenation, renewal, resurrection, subtropical and tropical areas have climates better described in terms of other seasons, e. g. dry or wet, monsoonal or cyclonic. Often, cultures have locally defined names for seasons which have little equivalence to the terms originating in Europe, Spring is the time when many plants begin to grow and flower. Meteorologists generally define four seasons in many areas, spring, summer, autumn. These are demarcated by the values of their average temperatures on a monthly basis, the three warmest months are by definition summer, the three coldest months are winter and the intervening gaps are spring and autumn. Spring, when defined in this manner, can start on different dates in different regions, in most Northern Hemisphere, temperate locations, spring months are March, April and May, although differences exist from country to country. Most Southern Hemisphere, temperate locations have opposing seasons with spring in September, October and November, in Australia and New Zealand, spring conventionally begins on 1 September and ends 30 November. In some cultures in the Northern Hemisphere, the astronomical Vernal equinox is taken to mark the first day of spring, in Persian culture the first day of spring is the first day of the first month which begins on 20 or 21 March. In other traditions, the equinox is taken as mid-spring, similarly, according to the Celtic tradition, which is based solely on daylight and the strength of the noon sun, spring begins in early February and continues until early May. In Ireland, spring traditionally starts on February 1, St Brigids Day, the beginning of spring is not always determined by fixed calendar dates. These indicators, along with the beginning of spring, vary according to the local climate, most ecologists divide the year into six seasons that have no fixed dates. In addition to spring, ecological reckoning identifies an earlier separate prevernal season between the hibernal and vernal seasons and this is a time when only the hardiest flowers like the crocus are in bloom, sometimes while there is still some snowcover on the ground. During early spring, the axis of the Earth is increasing its tilt relative to the Sun, the hemisphere begins to warm significantly, causing new plant growth to spring forth, giving the season its name. Any snow begins to melt, swelling streams with runoff and any frosts become less severe, in climates that have no snow, and rare frosts, air and ground temperatures increase more rapidly. Many flowering plants bloom at this time of year, in a succession, sometimes beginning when snow is still on the ground. In normally snowless areas, spring may begin as early as February, heralded by the blooming of deciduous magnolias, cherries, and quince, or August in the same way
11.
Weather lore
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Weather lore is the body of informal folklore related to the prediction of the weather. It has been a desire for millennia to make accurate weather predictions. Oral and written history is full of rhymes, anecdotes, for the farmer wanting to plant crops, for the merchant about to send ships on trade, foreknowledge of tomorrows circumstances might mean the difference between success and failure. Prior to the invention of the barometer, it was very difficult to gather numerical data of any predictive value. Even though there were such as the weather stick which gave some indication of moisture changes. A great percentage of the population lives in the equatorial regions, but for the most part. Weather folklore, therefore, refers to this region of daily variability. While most of it applies equally to the Southern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere resident may need to take account the fact that weather systems rotate opposite to those in the North. For instance, the crossed winds rule must be reversed for the Australian reader, folkloric content usually has some locally based observational validity which allows these sayings to stand the test of time. Some of these observations may even have scientific explanations, when Clouds Look Like Black Smoke A Wise Man Will Put On His Cloak Red sky at night, sailors delight. Red sky in the morning, sailors warning, a red sky - in the morning or evening, is a result of high pressure air in the atmosphere trapping particles of dust or soot. Air molecules scatter the blue wavelengths of sunlight, but particles of dust, soot. At sunrise and sunset, the sun is lower in the sky causing the sunlight to travel through more of the atmosphere so scattering more light and this effect is further enhanced when there are at least some high level clouds to reflect this light back to the ground. When weather systems move from west to east. A red sky at night indicates that the high pressure air is westwards, in the morning the light is eastwards, and so a red sky then indicates the high pressure has already passed, and an area of low pressure is following behind. In western European seas, this description of wind direction is an excellent illustration of how the events of an active low pressure area present themselves. With the approach of a low, easterly winds typically pick up and these gusty winds can be unpleasant for a number of reasons, they are often uncomfortably warm, dry, and dusty in the summer and bitterly cold in the winter. Northerly winds, which follow around a low, are cold, sailing in conditions of northerly winds requires expertise and a boat capable of handling heavy waves
12.
Badger
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Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the family Mustelidae, which also includes the otters, polecats, weasels, and wolverines. They belong to the suborder of carnivoran mammals. The 11 species of badgers are grouped in three subfamilies, Melinae, Mellivorinae, and Taxideinae and they include the species in the genera Arctonyx, Meles, Mellivora, Melogale and Taxidea. Their lower jaws are articulated to the upper by means of transverse condyles firmly locked into long cavities of the skull, so complete dislocation of the jaw is all, Badgers have rather short, wide bodies, with short legs for digging. They have elongated, weasel-like heads with small ears and their tails vary in length depending on species, the stink badger has a very short tail, while the ferret badgers tail can be 46–51 cm long, depending on age. They have black faces with white markings, grey bodies with a light-coloured stripe from head to tail. They grow to around 90 cm in length including tail, the European badger is one of the largest, the American badger, the hog badger, and the honey badger are generally a little smaller and lighter. The stink badgers are smaller still, and the badgers are the smallest of all. They weigh around 9–11 kg, with some Eurasian badgers weighing around 18 kg, the word badger, originally applied to the European badger, comes from earlier bageard, presumably referring to the white mark borne like a badge on its forehead. Similarly, a now archaic synonym was bauson ‘badger’, a variant of bausond ‘striped, piebald’, the less common name brock, is a Celtic loanword meaning grey. A male badger is a boar, a female is a sow, a collective name suggested for a group of badgers is a cete, but badger colonies are more often called clans. A badgers home is called a sett, the following list shows where the various species with the common name of badger are placed in the Mustelidae classification. The list is polyphyletic and the commonly called badgers do not, if the stink badgers are included. They live as far east as Japan and China, the Javan ferret-badger lives in Indonesia, and the Bornean ferret-badger lives in Malaysia. The honey badger is found in most of sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Desert, southern Levant, Turkmenistan, the behavior of badgers differs by family, but all shelter underground, living in burrows called setts, which may be very extensive. Some are solitary, moving from home to home, while others are known to form clans called cetes, cete size is variable from two to 15. Badgers can run or gallop at 25–30 km/h for short periods of time, in North America, coyotes sometimes eat badgers and vice versa, but the majority of their interactions seem to be mutual or neutral. American badgers and coyotes have been seen hunting together in a cooperative fashion, the diet of the Eurasian badger consists largely of earthworms, insects, grubs, and the eggs and young of ground-nesting birds
13.
Punxsutawney Phil
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Punxsutawney Phil is the name of a groundhog in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. On February 2 each year, the town of Punxsutawney celebrates the legendary groundhog with an atmosphere of music. During the ceremony, which begins well before the sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobblers Knob. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, if Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an early spring. The date of Phils prognostication is known as Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada, Punxsutawney Phil became a national celebrity thanks to the 1993 movie Groundhog Day. A select group, called the Inner Circle, takes care of Phil year-round, members of the Punxsutawney Groundhog Clubs Inner Circle are recognizable by their top hats and tuxedos. The Vice President of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. The president then interprets Phils message and directs the Vice President to read the proper scroll, the practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phils predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, in reality, the lifespan of a groundhog is roughly six years and it is unknown how many groundhogs have actually played Phil. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early, in Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, a hedgehog would cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May. When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, each year two scrolls are prepared by the vice president of the Inner Circle, one says early spring and one says six more weeks of winter. Phil and the town of Punxsutawney were portrayed in the 1993 philosophical comedy film Groundhog Day, the actual town in the film is Woodstock, Illinois. In 1995, Phil flew to Chicago for a guest appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Phil was the main attraction in Groundhog Day, the April 10,2005 episode of the MTV series Viva La Bam. In the episode, street skater Bam Margera holds a race in honor of Punxsutawney Phil at Bear Creek Mountain Resort. No such indictment was made against Ohio prediction groundhog Buckeye Chuck, the prosecutor later stated that he would consider a pardon because Phils handler was taking the blame for the mistake, because he failed to correctly interpret Phils groundhog-ese. Deeley noted that the indictment had generated more publicity than a $10,000 ad campaign, as of 2017, Punxsutawney Phil has made 130 predictions, with an early spring predicted 18 times. According to Stormfax, as of 2016 the predictions have proven correct 39% of the time, February 2,1886, The First Groundhog Day in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. The story of Punxsutawney Phil, the fearless forecaster, becoming Punxsutawney Phil, Symbols and metaphors of transformation in Groundhog Day
14.
Pennsylvania Dutch Country
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Religiously, there was a large portion of Lutherans. There were also German Reformed, Moravian, Amish, Mennonite, Schwarzenau Brethren, Greater Pennsylvania refers to this region as well as historically Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia. Geographically the area referred to as Amish/Dutch country centers on the cities of Allentown, Hershey, Lancaster, Reading, the larger region has been historically referred to as Greater Pennsylvania. The historic Pennsylvania Dutch diaspora in Ontario, Canada has been referred to as Little Pennsylvania, the area lies in the Piedmont region of the Appalachian mountains. The landscape is marked by rolling, wooded hills, deep stream valleys, the Susquehanna River bisects the region and provides its drainage. The term Dutch is from a sense of the English word Dutch. Also, many German-Americans hid their ethnicity with the spread of Anti-German sentiment, originally, the economy of the region was almost entirely rural and agricultural, based on the immigrants dream of bettering their lot through the ownership of their own farms. The small tradesmen indispensable to an economy, such as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, millers. In the 19th century, an educated class, comprising the Lutheran and Reformed ministers. The Pennsylvania seminaries educated them in high German, so they could preach to their flocks in a scholarly way and these English speakers dominated the managerial and engineering positions of these companies, while the Dutch supplied the blue collar and supervisory workforce. As technology advanced during the late 19th century, higher technology companies such as Mack Truck, the Dutch influence on the shop floor was so great that some Slavic immigrants became bilingual in their native language and in Pennsylvania Dutch, while not yet mastering English. The information age and globalization greatly reduced the dependence of the region on industrial jobs, the Eastern part of the region is now dominated by information-intensive white collar employment. In the middle of the 20th century, both Amish and non-Amish entrepreneurs began to promote the area as a tourist destination
15.
Groundhog Day (film)
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Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Harold Ramis, starring Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell, and Chris Elliott. It was written by Ramis and Danny Rubin, based on a story by Rubin, after indulging in hedonism and committing suicide numerous times, he begins to re-examine his life and priorities. On its release, Groundhog Day was a modest success and garnered positive reviews. It gained stronger appreciation among critics and film historians over time, in 2006, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. A stage musical version of the premiered in 2016. During his nightly TV weather forecast on February 1, weatherman Phil Connors confidently reassures Pittsburgh viewers that a winter storm will miss western Pennsylvania completely. He then sets off with news producer Rita Hanson and cameraman Larry for Punxsutawney, Phil makes no secret of his contempt for the assignment, the small town, and the hicks who live there. On February 2, Phil awakens at his Punxsutawney bed and breakfast to Sonny & Chers I Got You Babe on the clock radio and he tapes a half-hearted report on Punxsutawney Phil and the towns festivities. Rita wants to stay and cover some of the other events, the blizzard—the one that Phil predicted would miss the area—resolves the issue by blanketing the region in snow, stranding them in Punxsutawney. Phil shuns the celebrations and retires to bed early, Phil wakes to I Got You Babe and the same announcement from the radio, and soon discovers the days events repeating exactly as before. Thinking it is a bad dream, Phil relives the day and returns to bed, only to discover when he wakes and he finds he is trapped in a time loop that no one else is seemingly aware of. Phil realizes there are no consequences for his actions, and spends the first several loops in rambunctious behavior, such as drinking, one-night stands. Even with his apparent deaths, he wakes up to I Got You Babe on February 2. Phil tries to explain his situation to Rita, for whom he has feelings, to demonstrate his plight to Rita, he points out all the trivial actions of the various townsfolk he has memorized due to being stuck in the loop. Rita takes sympathy and they spend the entirety of one loop together, however, Phil still wakes up alone at the start of February 2. He decides to use his knowledge of the events to try to better himself. Over many loops, he learns how to play the piano, sculpt ice, Ultimately, on one loop, Phil eagerly attends the Groundhog Day festivities, and gives a very eloquent report that causes all of the other news-stations to turn their cameras to him, amazing Rita. Phil and Rita spend the rest of the day together, with Phil impressing her with his apparent overnight transformation through his contributions to the festivities and that evening at the towns Groundhog Day dinner-dance, she wins Phil with the high bid at the charity bachelor auction
16.
Sciuridae
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Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, a family that includes small or medium-size rodents. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, flying squirrels, Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and were introduced by humans to Australia. The earliest known date from the Eocene period and are most closely related to the mountain beaver. That word squirrel, first attested in 1327, comes from the Anglo-Norman esquirel which is from the Old French escurel and this Latin word was borrowed from the Ancient Greek word σκίουρος, skiouros, which means shadow-tailed, referring to the bushy appendage possessed by many of its members. The native Old English word for the squirrel, ācweorna, survived only into Middle English before being replaced, Squirrels typically have slender bodies with bushy tails and large eyes. In general, their fur is soft and silky, although much thicker in some species than others, the color of squirrels is highly variable between—and often even within—species. In general, the limbs are longer than the fore limbs. Their paws include a poorly developed thumb, and have soft pads on the undersides. Unlike most mammals, Tree squirrels can descend a tree head-first and they do so by rotating their ankles 180 degrees so the hind paws are backward-pointing and can grip the tree bark. Squirrels live in almost every habitat from tropical rainforest to desert, avoiding only the high polar regions. They are predominantly herbivorous, subsisting on seeds and nuts, but many will eat insects, as their large eyes indicate, in general squirrels have an excellent sense of vision, which is especially important for tree-dwelling species. They also have very versatile and sturdy claws for grasping and climbing, many also have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their heads and limbs. The teeth of sciurids follow the typical rodent pattern, with large gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, the typical dental formula for sciurids is 1.0.1.31.0.1.3. Many juvenile squirrels die in the first year of life, adult squirrels can have a lifespan of 5 to 10 years in the wild. Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity, Squirrels breed once or twice a year and give birth to a varying number of young after three to six weeks, depending on species. The young are naked, toothless, and blind. In most species of squirrel, only the female looks after the young, in general, ground-dwelling species are social animals, often living in well-developed colonies, but the tree-dwelling species are more solitary. Squirrels cannot digest cellulose, so they must rely on foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, during these times, squirrels rely heavily on the buds of trees
17.
Ground squirrel
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The ground squirrels are members of the squirrel family of rodents which generally live on or in the ground, rather than trees. Together, they make up the tribe of squirrels, Marmotini, and the large and mainly ground squirrel subfamily Xerinae. Well-known members of this largely Holarctic group are the marmots, including the American groundhog, the chipmunks, the susliks, and the prairie dogs. They are highly variable in size and habitus, but most are able to rise up on their hind legs. They also tend to be far more gregarious than other squirrels, most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels, and the alpine marmot is the largest living member of the Sciuridae, at 53–73 cm in length and weighing 5–8 kg. The chipmunks of the genus Tamias frequently spend time in trees, also closer to typical squirrels in other aspects, they are occasionally considered a tribe of their own. The ground squirrel is especially renowned for its tendency to rise up on its hind legs and it does this whenever it senses nearby danger, or when it must see over tall grasses. The squirrel then curls its paws flat against its chest and sends a call to warn other family members about the presence of predators. Palaeosciurus from Europe is the oldest known ground squirrel species, the oldest fossils are from the Early Oligocene, more than 30 million years ago, but the genus probably persisted at least until the mid-Miocene, some 15 mya. It is not clear where the Marmotini originated, the subtribes probably diverged in the early to mid-Oligocene, as primitive marmots and chipmunks are known from the Late Oligocene of North America. A ground squirrel lives in areas like pastures, golf courses, cemeteries. Ground squirrels are omnivorous, and will not only eat a diet rich in fungi, nuts, fruits, and seeds, but also insects, eggs. Squirrel Tree squirrel Richardsons ground squirrel Helgen, Kristofer M. Cole, F. Russell, generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus. Archived from the original on 2011-10-22, nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1. Doi,10. 1016/S1055-790300204-5 PDF fulltext Thorington, R. W. & Hoffmann, in, Mammal Species of the World—A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 754–818
18.
Morgantown, Pennsylvania
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Morgantown is a census-designated place in Caernarvon Township in extreme southern Berks County, Pennsylvania, as well as partially in Caernarvon Township in Lancaster County. As of the 2010 census, the population was 826 residents, Morgantown was named after Colonel Jacob Morgan, who laid out the town around 1770. His father, Thomas, had been a native of Wales, a captain in the French and Indian War, Jacob Morgan settled in this area around 1765, building a large stone house, which still stands on Hartz Road between Mineview Drive and Shiloh Road. It is rumored to have housed George Washington during an overnight visit. The house has been restored by its owners, Morgantown was, until the arrival of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, a mostly agriculture-based settlement. Now it is larger and busier with the settlement of several manufacturing companies, including Timet. Stoltzfus Spreaders, Viwinco Windows and McNeilus cement mixers, other aspects of the town have grown too, especially the roads. In the 1970s the Morgantown Expressway Interstate 176 was built to highway standards. Conestoga Christian School and High Point Baptist Academy are based in the area, in 1987 an entrepreneur named Raymond Carr laid out plans for New Morgan which was incorporated into a borough in 1988. The borough currently has 35 residents, and it seems that the town has yet to be built. Morgantown has a single hangar airport located off of route 23
19.
Marinating
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Marination is the process of soaking foods in a seasoned, often acidic, liquid before cooking. The origin of the word alludes to the use of brine in the pickling process, the liquid in question, the marinade, can be either acidic or enzymatic. In addition to ingredients, a marinade often contains oils, herbs. It is commonly used to flavor foods and to tenderize tougher cuts of meat, the process may last seconds or days. Different marinades are used in different cuisines, for example, in Indian cuisine the marinade is usually prepared with a mixture of spices. In meats, the causes the tissue to break down. A good marinade has a balance of acid, oil, if raw marinated meat is frozen, the marinade can break down the surface and turn the outer layer mushy. Often confused with marinating, macerating is a form of food preparation. Raw pork, seafood, beef and poultry may contain harmful bacteria which may contaminate the marinade, marinating should be done in the refrigerator to inhibit bacterial growth. Used marinade should not be made into a sauce unless rendered safe by boiling directly before use, otherwise, the container used for marinating should be glass or food safe plastic. Metal, including pottery glazes which can lead, reacts with the acid in the marinade
20.
Pennsburg, Pennsylvania
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Pennsburg is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,843 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Upper Perkiomen School District. It is also part of the strip of small towns that run together along Route 29, Red Hill, Pennsburg, apocryphal historyrelates that these towns considered merging around the early 1970s and the combined name may have been Red Pennsville or East Pennhill. The towns are referred to as Upper Perk. Pennsburg is located at 40°23′44″N 75°29′50″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.8 square miles, all of it land. Pennsburg is located 40 mi northwest of Philadelphia and 5 mi southwest of Quakertown, pennsburgs elevation is at 350 ft above sea level. There is a preserve along Macoby Creek. As of the 2010 census, the borough was 90. 0% White,2. 0% Black or African American,0. 1% Native American,5. 2% Asian,0. 1% Native Hawaiian, and 1. 4% were two or more races. About 4. 1% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, as of the census of 2000,2,732 people,1,009 households, and 705 families resided in the borough. The population density was 3,567.8 people per square mile, the 1,078 housing units averaged 1,407.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 36% White,0. 81% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 48% Asian,0. 55% from other races, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1. 61% of the population. About 24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.08. In the borough, the population was distributed as 27. 0% under the age of 18,7. 4% from 18 to 24,33. 1% from 25 to 44,18. 4% from 45 to 64, the median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $46,715, males had a median income of $37,036 versus $26,190 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,977, about 4. 4% of families and 6. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 3% of those under age 18 and 3. 7% of those age 65 or over. Pennsburg has a city form of government with a mayor. The borough is part of the Pennsylvanias 6th congressional district, Pennsylvanias 147th Representative District, and the Pennsylvania Senate, District 24
21.
Quarryville, Pennsylvania
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Quarryville is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,994 at the 2000 census, Quarryville is located at 39°53′43″N 76°9′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 1.3 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,994 people,838 households, the population density was 1,520.9 people per square mile. There were 864 housing units at a density of 659.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 96. 69% White,0. 45% African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 25% Asian,1. 50% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 26% of the population. 28. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.92. In the borough the population was out, with 27. 0% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,20. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $35,798, and the median income for a family was $44,000. Males had an income of $38,550 versus $23,989 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,105, about 5. 9% of families and 7. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 6% of those under age 18 and 5. 7% of those age 65 or over. The land which became Quarryville Borough was originally located within New Providence Township and was the property of a John Groff, there was a stone quarry adjacent to the village where many of the workers lived. This village became larger as the force grew, hence the town acquired the name Quarryville. Locals say that one day the men went to lunch and returned to find the quarry half-full of water, the quarry site remains, now full of water. Quarryville is named after the quarries that are located in the region. Quarryville is part of the Solanco School District, Quarryville Elementary School, Smith Middle School, and Solanco High School serve Quarryville. The Quarryville Library is part of the Lancaster County Library System, the Quarryville Fire Company is a volunteer unit
22.
Taxidermy
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Taxidermy is the preserving of an animals body via stuffing or mounting for the purpose of display or study. Animals are often, but not always, portrayed in a life-like state, the word taxidermy refers to the process of preserving the animal, but the word is also used to describe the end product, which are often called mounts. The word taxidermy is derived from the Greek words taxis and derma, taxis means to to move, and derma means skin. The word taxidermy translates to arrangement of skin, Taxidermy is practiced primarily on vertebrates but can also be done to larger insects and arachnids under some circumstances. Taxidermy takes on a number of forms and purposes, including natural history displays, hunting trophies, study skins. A person who practices taxidermy is called a taxidermist and they may practice professionally for museums or as businesses catering to hunters and fishermen, or as amateurs, such as hobbyists, hunters, and fishermen. A taxidermist is aided by familiarity with anatomy, sculpture, painting, preserving animal skins has been practiced for a long time. Embalmed animals have been found with Egyptian mummies, although embalming incorporates the use of lifelike poses, it is not considered taxidermy. In the Middle Ages, crude examples of taxidermy were displayed by astrologers, the earliest methods of preservation of birds for natural history cabinets were published in 1748 by Reaumur in France. Techniques for mounting were described in 1752 by M. B, there were several pioneers of taxidermy in France, Germany, Denmark and England around this time. For a while, clay was used to some of the soft parts. By the 18th century, almost every town had a tannery business, in the 19th century, hunters began bringing their trophies to upholstery shops, where the upholsterers would actually sew up the animal skins and stuff them with rags and cotton. The term stuffing or a stuffed animal evolved from this form of taxidermy. Professional taxidermists prefer the term mounting to stuffing, more sophisticated cotton-wrapped wire bodies supporting sewn-on cured skins soon followed. In France, Louis Dufresne, taxidermist at the Muséum national dHistoire naturelle from 1793 and this technique enabled the museum to build the greatest collection of birds in the world. Ward established one of the earliest taxidermy firms, Rowland Ward Ltd. of Picadilly, however, the art of taxidermy remained relatively undeveloped, and the specimens that were created remained stiff and unconvincing. The golden age of taxidermy was during the Victorian era, when mounted animals became a part of interior design. The father of modern taxidermy is considered to be John Hancock, an avid collector of birds, which he would shoot himself, he began modelling them with clay and casting in plaster
23.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
24.
Nickel (United States coin)
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A nickel, in American usage, is a five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint. Composed of 75% copper and 25% nickel, the piece has been issued since 1866 and its diameter is.835 inches and its thickness is.077 inches. The silver half dime, equal to five cents, had issued since the 1790s. The American Civil War caused economic hardship, driving gold and silver from circulation, in response, in place of low-value coins, the government at first issued paper currency. In 1865, Congress abolished the five-cent fractional currency note after Spencer M. Clark, head of the Currency Bureau, the initial design of the Shield nickel was struck from 1866 until 1883, then was replaced by the Liberty Head nickel. The Buffalo nickel was introduced in 1913 as part of a drive to increase the beauty of American coinage, in 1938, in 2004 and 2005, special designs in honor of the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition were issued. In 2006, the Mint reverted to using Jefferson nickel designer Felix Schlags original reverse, although a new obverse, by Jamie Franki, was substituted. As of the end of FY2013, it cost more than nine cents to produce a nickel, the silver half disme was one of the denominations prescribed by the Mint Act of 1792, its weight and fineness were set by law. By legend, President Washington supplied silverware from his home, Mount Vernon, in 1793, the newly established Philadelphia Mint began striking cents and half cents. Coinage of precious metal was delayed, Congress required the assayer and chief coiner to each post a security bond of $10,000, a huge sum in 1793. In 1794, Congress lowered the chief coiners bond to $5,000, subsequently, silver coinage began that year. The half dime was struck to various designs by Mint Engraver Robert Scot from 1794 until 1805, though none were dated 1798,1799, in response, in 1804 the US stopped striking silver dollars, issuance of the half dime was discontinued from 1805 until 1829. Beginning in 1829, the silver five-cent piece was struck, beginning in 1837. In 1851, it ceased to be the smallest US silver coin as a three cent piece was issued by the Mint, although specie was hoarded or exported, the copper-nickel cent, then the only base metal denomination being struck, also vanished. In 1864, Congress began the process of restoring coins to circulation by abolishing the three-cent note and authorizing bronze cents and two-cent pieces, with low intrinsic values and these new coins initially proved popular, though the two-cent piece soon faded from circulation. On March 3,1865, Congress passed legislation authorizing the Mint to strike three-cent pieces of 75% copper, in 1864, Congress authorized a third series of fractional currency notes. Clark kept his job only because of the intervention of Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase. In his 1865 report, Pollock wrote, From this nickel alloy, a coin for the denomination of five cents, only until the resumption of specie payments
25.
Dime (United States coin)
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The dime, in U. S. usage, is a ten-cent coin, one tenth of a United States dollar, labeled formally as one dime. The denomination was first authorized by the Coinage Act of 1792, the dime is the smallest in diameter and is the thinnest of all U. S. coins currently minted for circulation, being.705 inches in diameter and.053 inches in thickness. The obverse of the coin depicts the profile of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the reverse boasts an olive branch, a torch, as of 2011, the dime coin cost 5.65 cents to produce. The word dime comes from the French word dîme, meaning tithe or tenth part, from the Latin decima. In the past prices have occasionally been quoted on signage and other materials in terms of dimes, abbreviated as d or a d with a slash through it as with the cent. The Coinage Act of 1792 established the dime, cent, and mill as subdivisions of the equal to 1⁄10. The first known proposal for a coinage system in the United States was made in 1783 by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton, the nations first Secretary of the Treasury, recommended the issuance of six such coins in 1791, among the six was a silver coin, which shall be, in weight and value, one tenth part of a silver unit or dollar. Thus dimes are made small and thin, with the passage of the Coinage Act of 1965, the dimes silver content was removed. Dimes from 1965 to the present are composed of layers of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel. Starting in 1992, the U. S. Mint began issuing Silver Proof Sets annually and these sets are intended solely for collectors, and are not meant for general circulation. Since its introduction in 1796, the dime has been issued in six different major types, the name for each type indicates the design on the coins obverse. The composition of the disme was set at 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper, in 1792, a limited number of dismes were minted but never circulated. Some of these were struck in copper, indicating that the 1792 dismes were in fact pattern coins, the first dimes minted for circulation did not appear until 1796, due to a lack of demand for the coin and production problems at the United States Mint. The first dime to be circulated was the Draped Bust dime and it featured the same obverse and reverse as all other circulating coins of the time, the so-called Draped Bust/Small Eagle design. This design was the work of then-Chief Engraver Robert Scot, the portrait of Liberty on the obverse was based on a Gilbert Stuart drawing of prominent Philadelphia socialite Ann Willing Bingham, wife of noted American statesman William Bingham. The reverse design is of a bald eagle surrounded by palm and olive branches. Since the Coinage Act of 1792 required only that the cent and half cent display their denomination, all 1796 dimes have 15 stars on the obverse, representing the number of U. S. states then in the Union
26.
Quarter (United States coin)
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The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a United States coin worth 25 cents, one-fourth of a dollar. It has a diameter of.955 inches and a thickness of.069 inches, the coin sports the profile of George Washington on its obverse and its reverse design has changed frequently. It has been produced on and off since 1796, and consistently from 1831 onward, the choice of 1⁄4 as a denomination—as opposed to the 1⁄5 more common elsewhere—originated with the practice of dividing Spanish milled dollars into eight wedge-shaped segments. At one time o bits was a nickname for a quarter. The current clad version is two layers of cupronickel, 75% copper and 25% nickel, on a core of pure copper, the total composition of the coin is 8. 33% nickel, with the remainder copper. It weighs 0.2000 avoirdupois oz, 1/80th of a pound,0.1823 troy oz, the diameter is 0.955 inches, and the width of 0.069 inches. The coin has a 0. 069-inch reeded edge, owing to the introduction of the clad quarter in 1965, it was occasionally called a Johnson Sandwich after Lyndon B. Johnson, the U. S. President at the time and it currently costs 11.14 cents to produce each coin. The U. S. Mint began producing silver quarters again in 1992 for inclusion in the annual Silver Proof set, early quarters were slightly larger in diameter and thinner than the current coin. The current regular issue coin is the George Washington quarter, showing George Washington on the front, the reverse featured an eagle prior to the 199950 State Quarters Program. The Washington quarter was designed by John Flanagan and it was initially issued as a circulating commemorative, but was made a regular issue coin in 1934. The bill passed through the Senate and was signed into legislation by President Bush on December 27,2007, the typeface used in the state quarter series varies a bit from one state to another, but is generally derived from Albertus. On June 7,2006, a bill titled Americas Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008 was introduced to the House of Representatives, on December 23,2008, President George W. Bush signed the bill into law. The America the Beautiful Quarters program began in 2010 and will continue for 12 years. S. S and they were issued from 1932 through 1964. The current rarities for the Washington Quarter silver series are, Branch Mintmarks are D = Denver, coins without mintmarks are all made at the main Mint in Philadelphia. This is not due to their mintages, but rather because they are harder to find in high grades, many of these coins are worth only melt value in low grades. Other coins in the above list are expensive because of their extremely low mintages, such as the 1932 Denver and San Francisco issues. The overstruck mintmark issues are scarce and expensive, especially in the higher grades
27.
Staten Island Chuck
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Staten Island Chuck, also referred to more formally as Charles G. Hogg, is a groundhog who resided in the Staten Island Zoo in Staten Island, New York City. He serves as the official groundhog meteorologist of New York City, the tradition dates back to 1981. He makes the prediction based on whether or not he sees his shadow during the ceremony between 7,00 A. M. -7,30 A. M. on Groundhog Day. The ceremony at the zoo is sometimes attended and officiated by the Mayor of New York City, chucks prediction for 2017 was early spring, opposite that of Punxsutawney Phil. Chuck had a relationship with New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. In 2013, the mayor did not attend the ceremony for the time out of 12 years in office. No reason for his absence was provided, because of the Bloomberg incident, Chuck was secretly replaced by his granddaughter, Charlotte, for the first ceremony of Bill de Blasio. Despite this, de Blasio dropped the groundhog during his first ceremony, Charlotte died February 9,2014, although the Staten Island Zoo did not make this public until several months later. Reports conflict about the cause of death, a report in the New York Post attributed the death to injuries sustained in the de Blasio incident, chucks daughter, Charlotte Jr. served in the same capacity for 2015. On February 2,2015, this female Staten Island Chuck walked out of a hutch that an elevator had lifted onto the stage of a portable Plexiglass habitat and he likewise skipped out on the 2017 ceremony, with multiple city officials overseeing the event that year. Although the original Chuck is still alive, he has permanently retired out of fear he may bite again. For the purpose of consistency, a spring is defined as there being a majority of days with a high temperature of over 40 °F between Groundhog Day and the March equinox inclusive. The Staten Island Zoo claimed that Chuck correctly predicted the duration of winter 26 out of 32 years as of 2013, an 82% success rate
28.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
29.
Dunkirk, New York
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Dunkirk is a city in Chautauqua County, New York, in the United States. It was officially incorporated in 1880, though it was first settled around 1805, the population was 12,563 as of the 2010 census, with an estimated population of 12,328 in 2013. Dunkirk is bordered on the north by Lake Erie and it shares a border with the village of Fredonia to the south, and with the town of Dunkirk to the east and west. Dunkirk is the westernmost city in the state of New York and they were pushed out by the Seneca people, one of the Five Nations of the powerful Iroquois League, based here and further east in New York. The European-American demarcation and settlement of Chadwick Bay and subsequent naming of Dunkirk - after Dunkirk in France - began in earnest in 1826, the Dunkirk Lighthouse at Point Gratiot was built soon after and still stands. Dunkirk served as a railroad hub and steamship port on Lake Erie into the early 1900s. Both freight and passenger ships traveled the lakes, the city thrived as a steel town for Roebling and others through the 1950s. In addition, it was a leader with Plymouth Tube. Its coal-burning Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation plant provided power for the region, since the 1970s, population has declined following a regional drop in manufacturing as the steel industry and other restructured. Overall employment has declined in the area, beginning in the 1980s, the city refocused its economic efforts on revitalizing its pier and fishing, to improve the quality of life for residents and attract more tourists. In addition, in 2016 it attracted a high-tech drug manufacturing project as part of related to the state project of area investment called the Buffalo Billion. Dunkirk lies on the shore of Lake Erie and is 45 miles southwest of Buffalo. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.6 square miles, of which 4.5 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,563 people,5,477 households, the population density was 2,774.6 people per square mile. There were 6,071 housing units at a density of 1,340.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 70% White,5. 1% Black or African American,0. 52% Native American,0.50 Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,9. 14% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26. 40% of the population,33. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the family size was 3.02
30.
Western New York
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Western New York is the westernmost region of the state of New York. It includes the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Niagara Falls, the suburbs, as well as the outlying rural areas of the Great Lakes lowlands, the Genesee Valley. One writer suggests Western New Yorks eastern border to be the Preemption Line, Western New York can also be defined as the area of the Holland Purchase and the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The area is served by Buffalo and Rochester media markets. Western New York is in some contexts considered a sub-region of Upstate New York, Western New York has four sub-regions. One sub-region is the Greater Niagara Region, comprising Niagara, Erie, the second sub-region is the Genesee Region which derives its name from the Genesee River. This “sub-region” which includes Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Orleans, Ontario and these two sub-regions share Genesee County. The mountainous southern regions of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany counties make up a third sub-region known as Chautauqua–Allegheny Region and this portion of Western New York takes up most of the western New York counties along the New York–Pennsylvania border. Finally the fourth region is the western Finger Lakes Region which is Seneca, Steuben, Schuyler, a large portion of the Finger Lakes Region is not part of Western New York, but rather Central New York. However, the U. S. Census Bureau has classified the Buffalo, if it were counted as a state, the population of Western New York would rank as the 37th most populated state in the United States. Western New York has a continental climate heavily influenced by both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Winters are long and cold, often lasting from around mid-November to early April, there are often snows before and after that period, as well. Western New York is known for its lake effect snows, which can result in highly localized, sometimes intense, Lake effect storms are a result of cold air blowing over warm lake waters. Lake effect snows are usually most active between November and February and typically diminish when Lake Erie freezes over, generally, the heaviest amount of snow in Western New York during the winter falls near the southern end of Erie County. Spring and fall in Western New York are usually short and changeable, lost in its famed winters, Western New York summers are among the sunniest in the Northeast and are generally very pleasant. Thanks in part to breezes blowing over Lakes Erie and Ontario, most of Western New York enjoy generally cooler, Interstate System Interstate 90, also known as the New York State Thruway. Interstate 86 in the Southern Tier, Interstate 190 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area. Interstate 290 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area, Interstate 390 in the Genesee Valley region
31.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
32.
Lilburn, Georgia
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Lilburn is a city in Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States. The population was 11,596 at the 2010 census, the estimated population was 12,655 in 2015. It is a suburb of Atlanta and a part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. Lilburn is located in western Gwinnett County at 33°53′20″N 84°8′27″W, U. S. Route 29 passes through the center of town, leading southwest 19 miles to downtown Atlanta and northeast 11 miles to Lawrenceville, the Gwinnett County seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, Lilburn has an area of 6.4 square miles, of which 6.3 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. The city of Lilburn was founded in 1890 by the Seaboard Air Line Railway, the area previously known as McDaniel was renamed Lilburn, after the general superintendent of the railroad, Lilburn Trigg Myers of Virginia. The town prospered and was incorporated as Lilburn on July 27,1910, a devastating fire and hard economic times in the 1920s ended the prosperity, and the city of Lilburn ceased to exist. A revitalization of the historic area has emerged with shopping. As of 2010 Lilburn had a population of 11,596,27. 4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino. As of the census of 2000, there were 11,307 people,3,943 households, the population density was 1,837.6 people per square mile. There were 4,049 housing units at a density of 658.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 09% White,11. 93% African American,0. 34% Native American,11. 69% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,4. 81% from other races, and 2. 11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 22% of the population,0. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the family size was 3.28. In the city, the population was out with 25. 7% under the age of 18,9. 1% from 18 to 24,33. 7% from 25 to 44,23. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males, the median income for a household in the city was $53,707, and the median income for a family was $62,563. Males had an income of $38,289 versus $28,996 for females
33.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
34.
University of Dallas
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Dallas offers several masters degree programs and a doctoral degree program with three concentrations. There are 136 full-time faculty and 102 part-time faculty, and the school has an 11,1 student-to-faculty ratio. The University of Dallas charter dates from 1910 when the Western Province of the Congregation of the Mission renamed Holy Trinity College in Dallas, the provincial of the Western Province closed the university in 1928, and the charter reverted to the Diocese of Dallas. The new University of Dallas opened to students in September 1956 on a 1. The Sisters of Saint Mary of Namur, monks from the Order of Cistercians, friars from the Order of Friars Minor, and several lay professors formed the universitys original faculty. The Franciscans departed three years later, however, friars from the Order of Preachers joined the faculty in 1958, the Cistercians established Our Lady of Dallas Abbey in 1958 and Cistercian Preparatory School in 1962, which are both adjacent to campus. The sisters moved the school to Dallas in 1985 and closed the motherhouse in 1987, the faculty now is almost exclusively lay and includes several distinguished scholars. A grant from the Blakley-Braniff Foundation established the Braniff Graduate School in 1966, the Constantin Foundation similarly endowed the undergraduate college, and, in 1970, the Board of Trustees named the undergraduate college the Constantin College of Liberal Arts. The Graduate School of Management, begun in 1966, offers a large MBA program, programs in art and English also began in 1966. In 1973, the Institute of Philosophic Studies, the program of the Braniff Graduate School. The School of Ministry began in 1987, the College of Business, incorporating the Gupta Graduate School of Management and undergraduate business, opened in 2003. Since the first class in 1960, university graduates have won significant honors, accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools came in 1963 and has been reaffirmed regularly. In 1989, it was the youngest higher education institution to ever be awarded a Phi Beta Kappa chapter, the University of Dallas is governed by a board of trustees, which is currently chaired by Joseph C. Murphy. According to the universitys by-laws, the bishop of Dallas is a voting member. Kevin J. Farrell, bishop of the diocese of Dallas, the office, held by a Catholic bishop per the constitution of the university, is an unpaid, honorary position. Previous chancellors include, Thomas Kiely Gorman Thomas Ambrose Tschoepe Charles Victor Grahmann Thomas W. Keefe became president of the University of Dallas on March 1,2010, since he took office, the percentage of alumni making annual contributions has risen to nearly 17%. The Las Colinas development is nearby and it is 10 miles from downtown Dallas. The campus consists mostly of modern, brown-colored rectangular brick buildings set amidst a native Texas landscape, several of these buildings were designed by the well-known Texas architect ONeil Ford and his partners
35.
Irving, Texas
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Irving is a principal city located in Dallas County in the U. S. state of Texas. According to a 2013 estimate from the United States Census Bureau, Irving is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. In January 2011 the city completed the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas, part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving. Irving was founded in 1903 by J. O and it is believed that literary author Washington Irving was a favorite of Netta Barcus Brown, and consequently the name of the town site, Irving, was chosen. Irving originally began in 1889 as an area called Gorbit, Irving was incorporated April 14,1914, with Otis Brown as the first mayor. By the late nineteenth century the Irving area was the site of churches, the Irving district public school system dates back to the 1909 establishment of Kit and Lively schools. Population growth was slow and sometimes halting, with only 357 residents in 1925, by the early 1960s the city had a population of approximately 45,000. A number of manufacturing plants operated in Irving, along with transportation, retail, the University of Dallas in Irving opened in 1956, and Texas Stadium was completed in 1971 as the home field of the Dallas Cowboys. Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashed in Irving on August 2,1985, Irvings population reached 155,037 in 1990 and the United States Census estimated 236,607 residents in 2016, a 3.5 percent population increase over 2013 census estimates. Joseph Rice recorded the history of Irving in his 1989 book, Irving, Rice explored Irvings past and culture in his treatment of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 67.7 square miles. The warmest month on average is July, and the highest recorded temperature was 112 °F in 1980, the average coolest month is January, and the lowest recorded temperature was −8 °F in 1899. Irving is considered to be part of the subtropical region. May is the average wettest month, as of the census of 2000, there were 191,615 people,76,241 households, and 46,202 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,850.2 people per square mile, there were 80,293 housing units at an average density of 1,194.3 per square mile. Non-Hispanic Whites were 48. 2% of the population, down from 88. 9% in 1980,31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 3.19. In the city, the population was out with 25. 2% under the age of 18,11. 9% from 18 to 24,39. 4% from 25 to 44,17. 4% from 45 to 64
36.
Wiarton, Ontario
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Wiarton is a community in Bruce County, Ontario, at the western end of Colpoys Bay, an inlet off Georgian Bay, on the Bruce Peninsula. The community is part of the town of South Bruce Peninsula, Wiarton is known for the Wiarton Willie Festival, in February each year, when national and international media cover Wiarton Willie and his Groundhog Day prediction. Wiarton was built on lands acquired from the First Nations in the area and it was named after the birthplace of Sir Edmund Head, the Governor General of Canada from 1854 to 1861. In 1880, Wiarton was incorporated as a village, then with a population of 750, by 1894, Wiarton had become an incorporated town. The Government of Ontario has erected two plaques in Wiarton, offering a glimpse into the past of this area. The first, discusses the fact that The Bruce Peninsula is a barrier to transportation between Lake Huron and southern Georgian Bay. To avoid a difficult detour to the north, aboriginal peoples developed a route across the base of the peninsula. For centuries the Bruce Peninsula portage was an important link in the Great Lakes transportation network, in 1999, Wiarton was administratively amalgamated into the new municipality of the Town of South Bruce Peninsula. Although specific dates vary depending on the source, the following are excerpted from a source, History of the County of Bruce, Ontario, Canada, by Norman Robertson. Mid 1800s, Settlers are arriving and opening businesses, since there is no wharf for shipping, the community developed on top of the hill, the business centre being at the corner where Gould Street is crossed by Division Street. 1868, B. B. Miller opens a hotel and post-office, 1870s, Wharves are constructed and mills erected, many places of business move to Berford Street, by 1879, Gould Street is largely residential. 1868-70, A steam ship from Collingwood, named the Hero, by 1869, the steamer Champion makes daily trips to Owen Sound, for improved trade such as the marketing of grain. A dock and warehouse are built, a pharmacy, sawmill and stores open. 1870, A published directory indicates Population about 200, grain and it has a mail four times a week. There are two hotels by this time,1876, Population is now about 400. A stagecoach is making regular trips to an from Owne Sound, the electric telegraph has reached the town. There is now a grist mill, two mills, a planning mill and a tannery. 1877, A stone school house and two churches are built 1880, Wiarton becomes an incorporated village with a population of 752
37.
Lunenburg, Nova Scotia
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Lunenburg is a port town in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Situated on the provinces South Shore, Lunenburg is located on the Fairhaven Peninsula at the side of Mahone Bay. The town is approximately 90 kilometres southwest of the county boundary with the Halifax Regional Municipality, the town was established by the three founding fathers, Patrick Sutherland, Dettlieb Christopher Jessen and John Creighton during Father Le Loutres War, four years after Halifax. The town was one of the first British attempts to settle Protestants in Nova Scotia intended to displace Mikmaq, British settlement posed a lasting, grave and certain threat to Mikmaw hegenomy over their traditional territory. The historic town was designated a United Nations Educational, Scientific and this designation ensures protection for much of Lunenburgs unique architecture and civic design, being the best example of planned British colonial settlement in Canada. The historic core of the town is also a National Historic Site of Canada, originally a Mikmaq encampment and clam harvesting site known as āseedĭk, the site became a Mi’kmaq and Acadian village named Mirliguèche for over a hundred years. Mirliguèche is believed to mean milky surf or milky bay, referring to the appearance in a storm. Acadians under the command of Isaac de Razilly established kinship and trade relations with the local Mikmaq, a 1688 census indicates there were 21 at Mirliguèche, in one house and two wigwams, with half an acre under cultivation. In 1745 there were reported to be only eight settlers in the village, four years later, Cornwallis reported that there were a number of families that lived in comfortable wooden houses. Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians, Father Le Loutres War began when Governor Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21,1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, upon the outbreak of Father Le Loutres War, on October 5,1749, Governor Edward Cornwallis sent Commander White with troops in the 20-gun sloop Sphinx to Mirligueche and had the village destroyed. By 1753 there still was one family in the area – a Mikmaq man named Old Labrador. After establishing Halifax, the British quickly began to other settlements. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Bedford, Dartmouth, Lunenburg, the Natives and Acadians raided the Lunenburg peninsula nine times in the first six years of its establishment. Dissatisfied with the English colonists sent to Halifax in 1749, Cornwallis appealed to the Committee of Privy Council for Trade and Foreign Plantations in London to recruit more Germans, over 2,700 Foreign Protestants signed up for the passage and emigrated to Nova Scotia. Most came from the Upper Rhine area of present-day Germany, from the French and German-speaking Swiss cantons and they stayed in Halifax under British protection while working on the fortifications to pay off the cost of their passage. In 1753, three years into Father Le Loutres War, John Creighton led the group of Foreign Protestants stationed in Halifax to resettle Mirliguèche naming the new British colony Lunenburg. The town was named in honour of the King of Great Britain and Ireland, like Halifax, the British established Lunenburg unilaterally, that is, without negotiating with the Mikmaq whose sovereign territory it had always been
38.
French Canadians
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French Canadians are an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada from the 17th century onward. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population in Canada, today, French Canadians live across North America. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French-Canadian descent, though smaller communities exist throughout Canada, between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States, mostly to the New England region. Other terms for French Canadians who continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebecers or Québécois, the other major group of French Canadians are the Acadians who reside in the Maritime Provinces. In total, those who identify as French Canadian, French, Québécois, the French Canadians get their name from Canada, the most developed and densely populated region of New France during the period of French colonization in the 17th and 18th century. The original use of the term Canada referred to the area along the St. From 1535 to the 1690s, the French word Canadien had referred to the First Nations the French had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at Stadacona, at the end of the 17th century, Canadien became an ethnonym distinguishing the inhabitants of Canada from those of France. French Canadians living in Canada express their identity using a number of terms. The Ethnic Diversity Survey of the 2006 Canadian census found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as French, French Canadians, Québécois, the latter three were grouped together by Jantzen as French New World ancestries because they originate in Canada. Canadien was used to refer to the French-speaking residents of New France beginning in the last half of the 17th century, the English-speaking residents who arrived later from Great Britain were called Anglais. This usage continued until Canadian Confederation in 1867 and those reporting French New World ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least four generations in Canada. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their group, with 70% and 61%, respectively. The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker, for example, only 50% of third generation Canadians strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities and these identities include French New World ancestries such as Québécois, Acadian. Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used Québécois or Québécoise to express their cultural and national identity, rather than Canadien français, francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as French Canadian. Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support Quebec sovereignty and this is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebeckers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of francophone Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as French Canadian, identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do
39.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
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Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
