1.
Herb
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In general use, herbs are any plants used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances for their savory or aromatic properties. Culinary use typically distinguishes herbs from spices, Herbs refers to the leafy green or flowering parts of a plant, while spices are produced from other parts of the plant, including seeds, berries, bark, roots and fruits. In botanical English, the herb is also used as a synonym of herbaceous plant. Herbs have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, and in some cases, general usage of the term herb differs between culinary herbs and medicinal herbs. In medicinal or spiritual use any of the parts of the plant might be considered herbs, including leaves, roots, flowers, seeds, root bark, inner bark, resin and pericarp. The word herb is pronounced /ˈhɜːrb/ in the UK, but /ˈɜːrb/ is common among North American speakers, as far back as 5000 BCE, Sumerians used herbs in medicine. Ancient Egyptians used fennel, coriander and thyme around 1555 BCE, in ancient Greece, in 162 CE, a physician by the name of Galen was known for concocting complicated herbal remedies that contained up to 100 ingredients. Culinary herbs are distinguished from vegetables in that, like spices, they are used in small amounts, Herbs can be perennials such as thyme or lavender, biennials such as parsley, or annuals like basil. Perennial herbs can be such as rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, or trees such as bay laurel, Laurus nobilis – this contrasts with botanical herbs. Some plants are used as herbs and spices, such as dill weed and dill seed or coriander leaves and seeds. Also, there are some such as those in the mint family that are used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Some plants contain phytochemicals that have effects on the body, there may be some effects when consumed in the small levels that typify culinary spicing, and some herbs are toxic in larger quantities. For instance, some types of herbal extract, such as the extract of St. Johns-wort or of kava can be used for purposes to relieve depression. However, large amounts of these herbs may lead to toxic overload that may involve complications, some of a serious nature, Herbs have long been used as the basis of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, with usage dating as far back as the first century CE and far before. In India, the Ayurveda medicinal system is based on herbs, medicinal use of herbs in Western cultures has its roots in the Hippocratic elemental healing system, based on a quaternary elemental healing metaphor. Famous herbalist of the Western tradition include Avicenna, Galen, Paracelsus, Culpepper, the indigenous peoples of Australia developed herbal medicine based on plants that were readily available to them. The isolation of the people meant the remedies developed were for far less serious diseases. Herbs such as mint, wattle and eucalyptus were used for coughs, diarrhea, fever
2.
Beer
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Beer is the worlds oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink, it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, the fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect, although this is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Beer is sold in bottles and cans, it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume, archaeologists speculate that beer was instrumental in the formation of civilisations. Approximately 5000 years ago, workers in the city of Uruk were paid by their employers in beer, the earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, a fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice, almost any substance containing sugar can naturally undergo alcoholic fermentation. It is likely that many cultures, on observing that a liquid could be obtained from a source of starch. Bread and beer increased prosperity to a level that allowed time for development of other technologies, Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today, alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was an addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, the development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results. Today, the industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies. As of 2006, more than 133 billion litres, the equivalent of a cube 510 metres on a side, of beer are sold per year, the process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, a company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, however, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby
3.
Hops
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Hops are the flowers of the hop plant Humulus lupulus. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a called a hopfield, hop garden. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, the first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen,300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used gruit, composed of a variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound, ground ivy. Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagnes father, historically, traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage. The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany, however, in a will of Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne,768 hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis. Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavoring, gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops. Whichever was taxed made the then quickly switch to the other. In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a wicked, in 1471, Norwich, England, banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale. In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century, there was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church, unlike on gruit, for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer. Therefore, in the hop industry there are words which originally were Dutch words. Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen, near breweries for infrastructure convenience, in England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English, before national alcohol prohibition, cultivation was mainly centered around New York, California, Oregon, and Washington. Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New Yorks production by the 1920s, Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the worlds production occurring near the 48th parallel north. Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England, in 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone. Important production centers today are the Hallertau in Germany, the Yakima and Willamette valleys, the principal production centers in the UK are in Kent which produces Kent Goldings hops, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Essentially all of the hops are used in beer making. Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada, as hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile
4.
Myrica gale
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Myrica gale is a species of flowering plant in the genus Myrica, native to northern and western Europe and parts of northern North America. Common names include Bog-myrtle and sweetgale and it is a deciduous shrub growing to 1–2 m tall. The leaves are arranged, simple, 2–5 cm long, oblanceolate with a tapered base and broader tip. The flowers are catkins, with male and female catkins on separate plants, the fruit is a small drupe. It typically grows in peat bogs, and to cope with these difficult nitrogen-poor growing conditions. The foliage has a resinous scent and is a traditional insect repellent. It is also a component of Royal Wedding bouquets and is used variously in perfumery. In modern times, some brewers have revisited this historic technique and in Denmark, in some native cultures in Eastern Canada, the plant has been used as a traditional remedy for stomach aches, fever, bronchial ailments and liver problems. The Creole Doctor, an 1886 article by Lafcadio Hearn, discusses the uses of the plant, known locally as cirier batard, in Louisiana creole folk remedies. In Scotland it has traditionally used to ward off the Highland midge. In 2007 there were plans to increase production of the plant in Scotland for use as an oil for treating sensitive skin. The plant has been listed as an abortifacient and therefore should not be consumed by women who are, or might be, sweetgale can grow in a narrow band in the intertidal zone, especially if logs have been washed into the estuary on which to establish itself. It is a food of beavers, and low beaver dams can be found in the intertidal zone if sufficient sweetgale is present. The ponds thus formed are often submerged at high tide. If too deep for predation by wading birds juvenile salmon may flourish
5.
Artemisia vulgaris
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Artemisia vulgaris is one of several species in the genus Artemisia commonly known as mugwort, although Artemisia vulgaris is the species most often called mugwort. This species is occasionally known as riverside wormwood, felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailors tobacco, naughty man. Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs, Artemisia vulgaris is native to temperate Europe, Asia, northern Africa and Alaska and is naturalized in North America, where some consider it an invasive weed. It is a common plant growing on nitrogenous soils, like weedy and uncultivated areas. Artemisia vulgaris is a herbaceous perennial plant growing 1–2 m tall. The leaves are 5–20 cm long, dark green, pinnate and sessile, the erect stems are grooved and often have a red-purplish tinge. The rather small florets are radially symmetrical with many yellow or dark red petals, the narrow and numerous capitula, all fertile, spread out in racemose panicles. It flowers from mid-summer to early autumn, a number of species of Lepidoptera feed on the leaves and flowers. Erowids Mugwort Vault Plants for a Future, Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort in Culpepers The complete herbal Mugwort in Mrs Grieves A modern herbal Mugwort at Liber Herbarum II Artemisia vulgaris, agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
6.
Achillea millefolium
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Achillea millefolium, commonly known as yarrow /ˈjæroʊ/ or common yarrow, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe. It has been introduced as a feed for livestock in places like New Zealand, however, it is a weed in those places and sometimes also in its native regions. In New Mexico and southern Colorado, it is called plumajillo from its leaf shape, in antiquity, yarrow was known as herbal militaris, for its use in stanching the flow of blood from wounds. Other common names for species include gordaldo, nosebleed plant, old mans pepper, devils nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldiers woundwort, thousand-leaf. A. millefolium is an erect, herbaceous, perennial plant that produces one to several stems 0. 2–1 m in height, leaves are evenly distributed along the stem, with the leaves near the middle and bottom of the stem being the largest. The leaves have varying degrees of hairiness, the leaves are 5–20 cm long, bipinnate or tripinnate, almost feathery, and arranged spirally on the stems. The leaves are cauline, and more or less clasping, the inflorescence has 4 to 9 phyllaries and contains ray and disk flowers which are white to pink. The generally 3 to 8 ray flowers are ovate to round, disk flowers range from 15 to 40. The inflorescence is produced in a flat-topped capitulum cluster and the inflorescences are visited by many insects, the small achene-like fruits are called cypsela. The plant has a strong, sweet scent, similar to that of chrysanthemums, yarrow grows from sea level to 3,500 metres in elevation. The plant commonly flowers from May through June, common yarrow is frequently found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests. Active growth occurs in the spring, the plant is native to Eurasia and is found widely from the UK to China. In North America, both native and introduced genotypes, and both diploid and polyploid plants are found and it is found in every habitat throughout California except the Colorado and Mojave Deserts. Common yarrow produces a yield of 43,000 plants per acre. The plant is found in Australia as an introduction, the several varieties and subspecies include, Achillea millefolium subsp. M. var. millefolium - Europe, Asia A. m. subsp, M. var. borealis - Arctic regions A. m. subsp. M. var. rubra - Southern Appalachians A. millefolium subsp, chitralensis - western Himalaya A. millefolium subsp
7.
Glechoma hederacea
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Glechoma hederacea is an aromatic, perennial, evergreen creeper of the mint family Lamiaceae. It is commonly known as ground-ivy, gill-over-the-ground, creeping charlie, alehoof, tunhoof, catsfoot, field balm and it is also sometimes known as creeping jenny, but that name more commonly refers to Lysimachia nummularia. It has numerous uses, and is used as a salad green in many countries. European settlers carried it around the world, and it has become an introduced and naturalized plant in a wide variety of localities. Glechoma hederacea is native to Europe and southwestern Asia but has been introduced to North America and is now common in most regions other than the Rocky Mountains. It can be identified by its round to reniform, crenate opposed leaves 2–3 cm diameter and it is a variable species, its size being influenced by environmental conditions, from 5 cm up to 50 cm tall. In addition, mallow and other creeping plants sometimes confused with ground ivy do not spread from nodes on stems, in addition, ground ivy emits a distinctive odor when damaged, being a member of the mint family. It usually flowers in the spring, Glechoma thrives in moist shaded areas, but also tolerates sun very well. It is a plant in grasslands and wooded areas or wasteland. It also thrives in lawns and around buildings since it survives mowing and it spreads by stolons or by seed. Part of the reason for its spread is this rhizomatous method of reproduction. It will form dense mats which can take over areas of lawn, a number of wild bees fly upon this plant, including Anthophora furcata, Anthidum manicatum, Anthophora plumipes, Anthophora quadrimaculata, Osmia aurulenta, Osmia caerulentes, and Osmia uncinata. The plant is also galled by several insects, including Rondaniola bursaria, despite its name, it is not a true Ivy and is in fact a Eurasian import of Mint. Glechoma hederecea is gynodiecious, with genets being either female or hermaphrodite, the females depend upon pollen from hermaphrodites for pollination. Female flowers tend to be smaller than hermaphrodite flowers, there is disagreement among biologists as to whether hermaphrodite flowers can pollinate themselves. The plant spends the winter as either a small ramet or a small rosette and it produces flowers between April and July, the flowers are visited by many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollination syndrome. The seeds germinate a few days after contact with moisture, although they can be stored dry, dry storage for a period up to a month is thought to improve the germination rate. The plant can reproduce clonally, with the stems bending down to the earth
8.
Marrubium vulgare
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Marrubium vulgare is a flowering plant in the mint family, native to Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern and central Asia. It is also naturalized in many places, including most of North and South America. It is a herbaceous perennial plant, and grows to 25–45 centimetres tall. The leaves are 2–5 cm long with a densely crinkled surface, the flowers are white, borne in clusters on the upper part of the main stem. The Oxford English Dictionary derives the word from two Old English forms, hoar and hune a word of unknown origin designating a class of herbs or plants, the second element was altered by folk etymology. The Roman agricultural writer Columella lists it as a remedy for expelling worms in farm animals in his important first-century work On Agriculture, several modern scientific studies have been conducted on the usefulness of horehound. It is also used in beverages, such as beer, steeped as tea. Horehound was introduced to southern Australia in the 19th century as a medicinal herb and it became a weed of native grasslands and pastures where it was introduced with settlers’ livestock, and was first declared under noxious weeds legislation. It now appears to have reached its full potential distribution and it occupies disturbed or overgrazed ground, and is favoured by grazing because it is highly unpalatable to livestock. It may persist in native vegetation that has been grazed, Marrubium vulgare is also used as a natural grasshopper repellent in agriculture. According to John Gower in Book 7 of the Confessio Amantis, Gower uses the older name, Alhaiot. ISBN 0-207-14228-9 Parsons, W. & Cuthbertson, E. Noxious Weeds of Australia, ISBN 0-643-06514-8 Jepson Manual Treatment Media related to Marrubium vulgare at Wikimedia Commons
9.
Calluna
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Calluna vulgaris is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the flowering plant family Ericaceae. It is the dominant plant in most heathland and moorland in Europe and it is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning, and is often managed in nature reserves and grouse moors by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning. The specific epithet vulgaris is Latin for common, Calluna is differentiated from Erica by its corolla and calyx each being in four parts instead of five. Calluna has small scale-leaves borne in opposite and decussate pairs, whereas those of Erica are generally larger and in whorls of 3-4, the flowers emerge in late summer, in wild plants these are normally mauve, but white-flowered plants also occur occasionally. They are terminal in racemes with sepal-like bracts at the base with a superior ovary, unlike Erica, Calluna sometimes sports double flowers. Calluna is sometimes referred to as Summer heather to distinguish it from winter or spring flowering species of Erica, Calluna is native to Europe, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the Azores. It has been introduced many other places worldwide with suitable climates, including North America, Australia, New Zealand. Despised until the 19th century for its associations with the most rugged rural poverty and it is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens and for landscaping, in lime-free areas where it will thrive, but has defeated many a gardener on less acid soil. There are many named cultivars, selected for variation in colour and for different foliage colour. Different cultivars have flower colours ranging from white, through pink and a range of purples. The flowering season with different cultivars extends from late July to November in the northern hemisphere, the flowers may turn brown but still remain on the plants over winter, and this can lead to interesting decorative effects. Cultivars with ornamental foliage are usually selected for reddish and golden leaf colour, a few forms can be silvery grey. Many of the ornamental foliage forms change colour with the onset of winter weather, some forms are grown for distinctive young spring foliage. Cultivars include ‘Beoley Crimson’, ‘Boskoop’, ‘Cuprea’, Firefly, ‘Long White’, willow Grouse and Red Grouse feed on the young shoots and seeds of this plant. Both adult and larva of the Heather Beetle Lochmaea suturalis feed on it, the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species also feed on the plant, notably the small emperor moth Saturnia pavonia. Formerly heather was used to dye wool yellow and to tan leather, with malt, heather is an ingredient in gruit, a mixture of flavourings used in the brewing of heather-beer during the Middle Ages before the use of hops. The use of heather in the brewing of modern heather beer is carefully regulated, by law, the heather must be cleaned carefully before brewing, as the undersides of the leaves may contain a dusting of an ergot-like fungus, which is a hallucinogenic intoxicant. From time immemorial heather has been used for making besoms, a practice recorded in Buy Broom Buzzems a song written by William Purvis from Newcastle-upon-Tyne
10.
Juniper berry
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A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers. It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales, the cones from a handful of species, especially Juniperus communis, are used as a spice, particularly in European cuisine, and also give gin its distinctive flavour. Juniper berries have been called the only spice derived from conifers, although tar, all juniper species grow berries, but some are considered too bitter to eat. In addition to J. communis, other species include Juniperus drupacea, Juniperus phoenicea, Juniperus deppeana. Unlike the separated and woody scales of a pine cone. The berries are green when young, and mature to a purple-black colour over about 18 months in most species, the mature, dark berries are usually but not exclusively used in cuisine, while gin is flavoured with fully grown but immature green berries. The flavor profile of young, green berries is dominated by pinene, as they mature this piney, resinous backdrop is joined by what Harold McGee describes as green-fresh and citrus notes. The outer scales of the berries are relatively flavourless, so the berries are almost always at least lightly crushed before being used as a spice. They are used fresh and dried, but their flavour and odour are at their strongest immediately after harvest and decline during drying. Juniper berries are used in northern European and particularly Scandinavian cuisine to impart a sharp, clear flavor to dishes, especially wild birds. They also season pork, cabbage, and sauerkraut dishes, traditional recipes for choucroute garnie, an Alsatian dish of sauerkraut and meats, universally include juniper berries. Besides Norwegian and Swedish dishes, juniper berries are sometimes used in German, Austrian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian cuisine. Northern Italian cuisine, especially that of the South Tyrol, also incorporates juniper berries, Juniper, typically Juniperus communis, is used to flavor gin, a liquor developed in the 17th century in the Netherlands. The name gin itself is derived from either the French genièvre or the Dutch jenever, other juniper-flavoured beverages include the Finnish rye-and-juniper beer known as sahti, which is flavored with both juniper berries and branches. The brand Dry Soda produces a juniper-berry soda as part of its lineup, recently, some American distilleries have begun using New World varieties of juniper such as Juniperus occidentalis. A few North American juniper species produce a cone with a sweeter. For example, one field guide describes the flesh of the berries of Juniperus californica as dry, mealy, such species have been used not just as a seasoning but as a nutritive food by some Native Americans. In addition to medical and culinary purposes, Native Americans have also used the seeds inside juniper berries as beads for jewellery, an essential oil extracted from juniper berries is used in aromatherapy and perfumery
11.
Ginger
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Ginger is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or simply ginger, is widely used as a spice or a folk medicine. It is a perennial which grows annual stems about a meter tall bearing narrow green leaves. Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae, to also belong turmeric, cardamom. Ginger originated in the tropical rainforest in Southern Asia, although ginger no longer grows wild, it is thought to have originated on the Indian subcontinent because the ginger plants grown in India show the largest amount of genetic variation. Ginger was exported to Europe via India in the first century AD as a result of the spice trade and was used extensively by the Romans. The distantly related dicots in the genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste. But this may be Sanskrit folk etymology, and the word may be from an ancient Dravidian name that produced the Tamil and Malayalam name for the spice, inchi-ver. The word probably was readopted in Middle English from Old French gingibre, ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates. It is a perennial plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers, it is scalded, or washed and scraped, to kill it. The fragrant perisperm of the Zingiberaceae is used as sweetmeats by Bantu, ginger produces a hot, fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes and they can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger tisane, to which honey is often added, sliced orange or lemon fruit may be added. Ginger can be made into candy, or ginger wine, which has been made commercially since 1740, mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavors of fresh, powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as gingerbread, cookies, crackers and cakes, ginger ale, and ginger beer. Candied ginger, or crystallized ginger, is the root cooked in sugar until soft, fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag, in Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based
12.
Caraway
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Caraway, also known as meridian fennel, and Persian cumin, is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae, native to western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. The plant is similar in appearance to other members of the family, with finely divided, feathery leaves with thread-like divisions. The main flower stem is 40–60 cm tall, with white or pink flowers in umbels. Caraway fruits are crescent-shaped achenes, around 2 mm long, with five pale ridges, the etymology of caraway is complex and poorly understood. English use of the term dates back to at least 1440. The fruits, usually used whole, have a pungent, anise-like flavor and aroma that comes from essential oils, mostly carvone, limonene, caraway is used as a spice in breads, especially rye bread. Caraway is also used in desserts, liquors, casseroles, and it is also found in European cuisine. For example, it is used in caraway seed cake, the roots may be cooked as a vegetable like parsnips or carrots. Additionally, the leaves are consumed as herbs, either raw, dried, or cooked. In Serbia, caraway is commonly sprinkled over home-made salty scones and it is also used to add flavor to cheeses such as bondost, pultost, havarti and Tilsit cheese. Scandinavian Akvavit, including Icelandic Brennivin, and several liqueurs are made with caraway, in Middle Eastern cuisine, caraway pudding, called Meghli, is a popular dessert during Ramadan. It is typically made and served in the Levant area in winter, caraway is also added to flavor harissa, a Tunisian chili pepper paste. In Aleppian, Syrian cuisine it is used to make the sweet scones named keleacha, caraway fruit oil is also used as a fragrance component in soaps, lotions, and perfumes. Caraway is also used as a breath freshener, and it has a tradition of use in folk medicine. Caraway is distributed throughout all of Europe except the Mediterranean region. All other European species of Carum generally have smaller fruits, some grow on rocks in the mountains, chiefly in the Balkans, Italian Alps and Apennines. However the only one that is cultivated is Carum Carvi, its fruits being used in ways in cooking and its essential oils in the preparation of certain medicines. The plant prefers warm, sunny locations and well-drained soil rich in organic matter, in warmer regions, it is planted in the winter as an annual
13.
Anise
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Anise, also called aniseed, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia. Its flavor has similarities with other spices, such as star anise, fennel. Anise is an annual plant growing to 3 ft or more tall. The leaves at the base of the plant are simple, 3⁄8–2 in long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery pinnate, the flowers are white, approximately 1⁄8 inch in diameter, produced in dense umbels. The fruit is an oblong dry schizocarp, 1⁄8–1⁄4 in long, Anise is a food plant for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the lime-speck pug and wormwood pug. Anise was first cultivated in Egypt and the Middle East, but was brought to Europe for its medicinal value, Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring, because the plants have a taproot, they do not transplant well after being established, so they should be started either in their final location or transplanted while the seedlings are still small. Western cuisines have long used anise to flavor dishes, drinks, the word is used for both the species of herb and its licorice-like flavor. Star anise is considerably expensive to produce, and has gradually displaced P. anisum in Western markets. While formerly produced in quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tons. As with all spices, the composition of anise varies considerably with origin and these are typical values for the main constituents. The yield of oil is influenced by the growing conditions and extraction process. Regardless of the method of isolation the main component of the oil is anethole, with minor components including 4-anisaldehyde, estragole and pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methylbutyrates, Anise is sweet and very aromatic, distinguished by its characteristic flavor. It is a key ingredient in Mexican atole de anís and champurrado, which is similar to hot chocolate, the Ancient Romans often served spiced cakes with aniseed called mustaceoe at the end of feasts as a digestive. This tradition of serving cake at the end of festivities is the basis for the tradition of serving cake at weddings and these liquors are clear, but on addition of water become cloudy, a phenomenon known as the ouzo effect. It is believed to be one of the ingredients in the French liqueur Chartreuse. It is also used in some beers, such as Virgils in the United States. Anise has also thought a treatment for menstrual cramps and colic
14.
Nutmeg
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Nutmeg is one of the two spices – the other being mace – derived from several species of tree in the genus Myristica. The most important commercial species is Myristica fragrans, a tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas of Indonesia. The first harvest of nutmeg trees takes place 7–9 years after planting, Nutmeg is usually used in powdered form. This is the tropical fruit that is the source of two different spices, obtained from different parts of the plant. Several other commercial products are produced from the trees, including essential oils, extracted oleoresins. The common or fragrant nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, is native to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas, other species used to adulterate the spice include Papuan nutmeg M. argentea from New Guinea, and M. malabarica from India. In the 17th-century work Hortus Botanicus Malabaricus, Hendrik van Rheede records that Indians learned the usage of nutmeg from the Indonesians through ancient trade routes, Nutmeg trees are dioecious plants which are propagated sexually and asexually, the latter being the standard. Sexual propagation by seedling yields 50% male seedlings, which are unproductive, epicotyl grafting, approach grafting, and patch budding have proved successful, with epicotyl grafting being the most widely adopted standard. Air-layering, or marcotting, is an alternative though not preferred method because of its low success rate, Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more delicate flavour. Mace is often preferred in light dishes for the bright orange, Nutmeg is used for flavouring many dishes, usually in ground or grated form, and is best grated fresh in a nutmeg grater. In Indonesian cuisine, nutmeg is used in dishes, mainly in many spicy soups, such as some variant of soto, konro, oxtail soup, sup iga, bakso. It is also used in gravy for meat dishes, such as beef stew, ribs with tomato, to European derived dishes such as bistik, rolade. Sliced nutmeg fruit flesh could be made as manisan, either wet, in Penang cuisine, dried, shredded nutmeg rind with sugar coating is used as toppings on the uniquely Penang ais kacang. Nutmeg rind is also blended or boiled to make iced nutmeg juice, in Indian cuisine, nutmeg is used in many sweet, as well as savoury, dishes. It is also added in quantities as a medicine for infants. It may also be used in quantities in garam masala. Ground nutmeg is also smoked in India, in Middle Eastern cuisine, ground nutmeg is often used as a spice for savoury dishes. In traditional European cuisine, nutmeg and mace are used especially in dishes and in processed meat products, they are also used in soups, sauces
15.
Cinnamon
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Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamon is used in sweet and savoury foods. The term cinnamon also refers to its mid-brown colour, Cinnamon is the name for perhaps a dozen species of trees and the commercial spice products that some of them produce. All are members of the genus Cinnamomum in the family Lauraceae, only a few Cinnamomum species are grown commercially for spice. The English word cinnamon, attested in English since the 15th century, derives from the Greek κιννάμωμον kinnámōmon, via Latin, the Greek was borrowed from a Phoenician word, which was similar to the related Hebrew qinnamon. The name cassia, first recorded in English around AD1000, was borrowed via Latin and ultimately derives from Hebrew qtsīʿāh, Cinnamon has been known from remote antiquity. It was imported to Egypt as early as 2000 BCE, the first Greek reference to kasia is found in a poem by Sappho in the seventh century BCE. According to Herodotus, both cinnamon and cassia grew in Arabia, together with incense, myrrh, and ladanum, the phoenix was reputed to build its nest from cinnamon and cassia. Herodotus mentions other writers who believed the source of cassia was the home of Dionysos, egyptian recipes for kyphi, an aromatic used for burning, included cinnamon and cassia from Hellenistic times onward. The gifts of Hellenistic rulers to temples sometimes included cassia and cinnamon, as well as incense, myrrh, Cinnamon was brought around the Arabian peninsula on rafts without rudders or sails or oars, taking advantage of the winter trade winds. Pliny also mentions cassia as a agent for wine. According to Pliny, a Roman pound of cassia, cinnamon, or serichatum cost up to 300 denarii, diocletians Edict on Maximum Prices from 301 AD gives a price of 125 denarii for a pound of cassia, while an agricultural labourer earned 25 denarii per day. Malabathrum leaves were used in cooking and for distilling an oil used in a sauce for oysters by the Roman gourmet Gaius Gavius Apicius. Malabathrum is among the spices that, according to Apicius, any good kitchen should contain, through the Middle Ages, the source of cinnamon was a mystery to the Western world. From reading Latin writers who quoted Herodotus, Europeans had learned that cinnamon came up the Red Sea to the ports of Egypt. Marco Polo avoided precision on the topic, Pliny the Elder wrote in the first century that traders had made this up to charge more, but the story remained current in Byzantium as late as 1310. The first mention that the spice grew in Sri Lanka was in Zakariya al-Qazwinis Athar al-bilad wa-akhbar al-‘ibad about 1270 and this was followed shortly thereafter by John of Montecorvino in a letter of about 1292. Indonesian rafts transported cinnamon directly from the Moluccas to East Africa, venetian traders from Italy held a monopoly on the spice trade in Europe, distributing cinnamon from Alexandria
16.
Sahti
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Traditionally the beer is flavored with juniper berries in addition to, or instead of, hops, the mash is filtered through juniper twigs through a trough-shaped tun called a kuurna in Finnish. Sahti has a distinct banana flavor due to the production of isoamyl acetate by the yeast, Sahti is a top-fermented brew, and while baking yeast has been used traditionally, ale yeast may also be used in fermenting. The end product is a beer with yeasty and phenolic flavors. Sahti is traditionally homebrewed but in recent years commercial versions have become available, commercial Sahti usually has around eight percent ABV. In Finland, due to the percentage of alcohol in sahti, it is only sold in commercial sahti breweries, pubs or state-owned Alko stores. Sahti has to be stored cold until consumption and is not available in all Alko branches. The etymology of the word sahti is not certain, however, linguists believe that it possibly stems from the Germanic saf, which later on evolved into the Scandinavian saft, meaning juice. Within Finland, sahti has differing characteristics depending on part of the country it is from. It is often known as Tavastian beer from Häme but it is made in Finland Proper. There is also a beer on the Swedish island of Gotland. Every couple of years there is a Juniper Beer-Brewing Championship for homebrewers of these three countries, Finnish sahti has Protected Geographical Status in Europe. New Belgium Brewing Company of Colorado is now brewing a Sahti Ale, samuel Adams also brews a Sahti called Norse Legend, and Off Color Brewing from Chicago has recently begun producing a sahti called Bare Bear. Parallel 49 in Vancouver, BC released their Sahti Claus for Winter 2013, the Elysian Brewing Co. in Seattle, WA has produced a Sahti-style beer with an addition of pumpkin named Kurpitsahti or pumpkin sahti, for their Great Pumpkin Beer Festival. Traditionally, sahti is brewed using a long step infusion mash that may last up to six hours, unlike most beers, traditional sahti wort goes straight from the lauter tun to the fermenter without boiling. This gives it a relatively short shelf-life and may cause some characteristic sour flavors to develop from Lactobacillus bacteria, panimoravintola Beer Hunters, Mufloni Sahti Finlandia Sahti and Finlandia Strong Sahti Hartolan Sahti, known as Krouvin Sahti and Punakallion Sahti. Made with juniper berries and branches, Bare Bear from Off Color Brewing Kurpitsahti from Elysian Brewing Co. Pihtla Õlu from Pihtla õlleköök, Estonia
17.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
18.
Holy Roman Empire
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The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The title was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne, some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire, while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning. Scholars generally concur, however, in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, the office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elective, although frequently controlled by dynasties. Emperor Francis II dissolved the empire on 6 August 1806, after the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Napoleon, before 1157, the realm was merely referred to as the Roman Empire. In a decree following the 1512 Diet of Cologne, the name was changed to Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, by the end of the 18th century, the term Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation had fallen out of official use. As Roman power in Gaul declined during the 5th century, local Germanic tribes assumed control, by the middle of the 8th century, however, the Merovingians had been reduced to figureheads, and the Carolingians, led by Charles Martel, had become the de facto rulers. In 751, Martel’s son Pepin became King of the Franks, the Carolingians would maintain a close alliance with the Papacy. In 768 Pepin’s son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present-day France, Germany, northern Italy, on Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the west for the first time in over three centuries. After the death of Charles the Fat in 888, however, the Carolingian Empire broke apart, according to Regino of Prüm, the parts of the realm spewed forth kinglets, and each part elected a kinglet from its own bowels. After the death of Charles the Fat, those crowned emperor by the pope controlled only territories in Italy, the last such emperor was Berengar I of Italy, who died in 924. Around 900, autonomous stem duchies reemerged in East Francia, on his deathbed, Conrad yielded the crown to his main rival, Henry the Fowler of Saxony, who was elected king at the Diet of Fritzlar in 919. Henry reached a truce with the raiding Magyars, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the Battle of Riade, Henry died in 936, but his descendants, the Liudolfing dynasty, would continue to rule the Eastern kingdom for roughly a century. Upon Henry the Fowlers death, Otto, his son and designated successor, was elected King in Aachen in 936 and he overcame a series of revolts from an elder brother and from several dukes. After that, the managed to control the appointment of dukes. In 951, Otto came to the aid of Adelaide, the queen of Italy, defeating her enemies, marrying her. In 955, Otto won a victory over the Magyars in the Battle of Lechfeld
19.
Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
20.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
21.
Ale
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Ale is a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method, resulting in a sweet, full-bodied and fruity taste. Historically, the referred to a drink brewed without hops. As with most beers, ale typically has an agent to balance the sweetness of the malt. Ale was originally bittered with gruit, a mixture of herbs or spices boiled in the wort before fermentation, later, hops replaced gruit as the bittering agent. Small beer would have been consumed daily by almost everyone, including children, in the medieval world, the lower cost for proprietors combined with the lower taxes levied on small beer led to the selling of beer labeled strong beer that had actually been diluted with small beer. In medieval times, ale may have been safer to drink than most water, however, the alcohol, hops, and some ingredients in gruit used to preserve some ales may have contributed to their lower load of pathogens, when compared to water. However, ale was largely due to the hours of boiling required in production. Brewing ale in the Middle Ages was a local industry primarily pursued by women, brewsters, or alewives, would brew in the home for both domestic consumption and small scale commercial sale. Brewsters provided a supplemental income for families, however, only in select few cases. The word ale is related to the Old English alu or ealu and it is believed to stem from Proto-Indo-European root *alu-, through Proto-Germanic *aluth-. Ale is typically fermented at temperatures between 15 and 24 °C. Brown ales tend to be lightly hopped, and fairly mildly flavoured, often with a nutty taste. In the south of England they are brown, around 3-3. 5% alcohol and quite sweet, in the north they are red-brown,4. 5-5%. English brown ales first appeared in the early 1900s, with Manns Brown Ale and Newcastle Brown Ale as the best-known examples. The style became popular with homebrewers in North America in the early 1980s, Petes Wicked Ale is an example, similar to the English original, Pale ale was a term used for beers made from malt dried with coke. Coke had been first used for roasting malt in 1642, by 1784 advertisements were appearing in the Calcutta Gazette for light and excellent pale ale. By 1830 onward the expressions bitter and pale ale were synonymous, breweries would tend to designate beers as pale ale, though customers would commonly refer to the same beers as bitter. It is thought that customers used the term bitter to differentiate these pale ales from other less noticeably hopped beers such as porter and these beers would normally spoil during transportation. To avoid the spoilage, hops were added extra as a natural preservative and this beer was the first of a style of export ale that became known as India Pale Ale or IPA
22.
Yeast
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Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The yeast lineage originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and 1,500 species are currently identified and they are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species. Yeast sizes vary greatly, depending on species and environment, typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by the asymmetric division process known as budding. Yeasts, with their growth habit, can be contrasted with molds. Fungal species that can take both forms are called dimorphic fungi and it is also a centrally important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell. Other species of yeasts, such as Candida albicans, are opportunistic pathogens, yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells, and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. Yeasts do not form a taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The budding yeasts are classified in the order Saccharomycetales, within the phylum Ascomycota, the word yeast comes from Old English gist, gyst, and from the Indo-European root yes-, meaning boil, foam, or bubble. Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms, archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeast-raised bread, as well as drawings of 4, 000-year-old bakeries and breweries. In 1680, Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, researchers were doubtful whether yeasts were algae or fungi, but in 1837 Theodor Schwann recognized them as fungi. In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst. Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, by the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis. S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by the Dutch for bread-making since 1780, while, around 1800, in 1825, a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks. The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a process to create granulated yeast. Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs, as they use organic compounds as a source of energy, carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. Some species can metabolize pentose sugars such as ribose, alcohols, Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production
23.
Salvia officinalis
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Salvia officinalis is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae and native to the Mediterranean region and it has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times as an ornamental garden plant. The common name sage is used for a number of related and unrelated species. S. officinalis has numerous common names, some of the best-known are sage, common sage, garden sage, golden sage, kitchen sage, true sage, culinary sage, Dalmatian sage, and broadleaf sage. Cultivated forms include purple sage and red sage, the specific epithet officinalis refers to plants with a well-established medicinal or culinary value. S. officinalis was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and it has been grown for centuries in the Old World for its food and healing properties, and was often described in old herbals for the many miraculous properties attributed to it. The specific epithet, officinalis, refers to the plants medicinal use—the officina was the traditional storeroom of a monastery where herbs, S. officinalis has been classified under many other scientific names over the years, including six different names since 1940 alone. It is the species for the genus Salvia. Cultivars are quite variable in size, leaf and flower color, the Old World type grows to approximately 2 ft tall and wide, with lavender flowers most common, though they can also be white, pink, or purple. The plant flowers in spring or summer. The leaves are oblong, ranging in size up to 2.5 in long by 1 in wide, leaves are grey-green, rugose on the upper side, and nearly white underneath due to the many short soft hairs. Modern cultivars include leaves with purple, rose, cream, S. officinalis has been used since ancient times for warding off evil, snakebites, increasing womens fertility, and more. Theophrastus wrote about two different sages, a wild undershrub he called sphakos, and a cultivated plant he called elelisphakos. Pliny the Elder said the plant was called salvia by the Romans, and used as a diuretic, a local anesthetic for the skin, a styptic. Charlemagne recommended the plant for cultivation in the early Middle Ages, walafrid Strabo described it in his poem Hortulus as having a sweet scent and being useful for many human ailments—he went back to the Greek root for the name and called it lelifagus. The plant had a reputation throughout the Middle Ages, with many sayings referring to its healing properties. It was sometimes called S. salvatrix, and was one of the ingredients of Four Thieves Vinegar, dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen all recommended sage as a diuretic, hemostatic, emmenagogue, and tonic. In Britain, sage has for generations been listed as one of the herbs, along with parsley, rosemary
24.
Rosemary
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It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which includes many other herbs. The name rosemary derives from the Latin for dew and sea, the plant is also sometimes called anthos, from the ancient Greek word ἄνθος, meaning flower. Rosemary has a root system. Rosmarinus officinalis is one of 2–4 species in the genus Rosmarinus, the other species most often recognized is the closely related, Rosmarinus eriocalyx, of the Maghreb of Africa and Iberia. The genus was named by the 18th-century naturalist and founding taxonomist Carl Linnaeus, Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub with leaves similar to hemlock needles. It is native to the Mediterranean and Asia, but is hardy in cool climates. It can withstand droughts, surviving a severe lack of water for lengthy periods, forms range from upright to trailing, the upright forms can reach 1.5 m tall, rarely 2 m. The leaves are evergreen, 2–4 cm long and 2–5 mm broad, green above, the plant flowers in spring and summer in temperate climates, but the plants can be in constant bloom in warm climates, flowers are white, pink, purple or deep blue. Rosemary also has a tendency to flower outside its normal flowering season, it has known to flower as late as early December. According to legend, it was draped around the Greek goddess Aphrodite when she rose from the sea, the Virgin Mary is said to have spread her blue cloak over a white-blossomed rosemary bush when she was resting, and the flowers turned blue. The shrub then became known as the Rose of Mary, Rosemary is used as a decorative plant in gardens where it may have pest control effects. The leaves are used to various foods, such as stuffings. Since it is attractive and drought-tolerant, rosemary is used as a plant in gardens and for xeriscape landscaping. It is considered easy to grow and pest-resistant, Rosemary can grow quite large and retain attractiveness for many years, can be pruned into formal shapes and low hedges, and has been used for topiary. It is easily grown in pots, the groundcover cultivars spread widely, with a dense and durable texture. Rosemary grows on friable loam soil with good drainage in an open and it will not withstand waterlogging and some varieties are susceptible to frost. It grows best in neutral to alkaline conditions with average fertility and it can be propagated from an existing plant by clipping a shoot 10–15 cm long, stripping a few leaves from the bottom, and planting it directly into soil. Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use, fresh or dried leaves are used in traditional Mediterranean cuisine
25.
Antiseptic
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Antiseptic are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Disinfectants do not kill bacterial spores e. g. on surgical instruments, even sterilization may not destroy prions. Some antibiotics are true germicides, capable of destroying microbes, while others are bacteriostatic, antibacterials are antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals, antisepsis was recommended by Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 but, tragically, he was ignored. In this paper, Lister advocated the use of acid as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by, Ancient Greek physicians Galen and Hippocrates and their theories were bitterly opposed by Galenist Guy de Chauliac and others trained in the classical tradition. Joseph Smith alluded to the use of alcohol as an antiseptic in February 1833, specifically, verse 7 states, And, again, strong drinks are not for the belly, but for the washing of your bodies. More commonly, 3% solutions of hydrogen peroxide have been used in household first aid for scrapes, however, the strong oxidization causes scar formation and increases healing time during fetal development. Iodine is usually used in a solution or as Lugols iodine solution as a pre-. Some people do not recommend disinfecting minor wounds with iodine because of concern that it may induce scar tissue formation, however, concentrations of 1% iodine or less have not been shown to increase healing time and are not otherwise distinguishable from treatment with saline. Polyhexanide is a compound suitable for clinical use in critically colonized or infected acute. The physicochemical action on the bacterial envelope prevents or impedes the development of resistant bacterial strains, balsam of Peru is a mild antiseptic. By continued exposure to antibiotics, bacteria may evolve to the point where they are no longer harmed by these compounds, bacteria can also develop a resistance to antiseptics, but the effect is generally less pronounced. The mechanism by which bacteria evolve may vary in response to different antiseptics, low concentrations of an antiseptic may encourage growth of a bacterial strain that is resistant to the antiseptic, where a higher concentration of the antiseptic would simply kill the bacteria. In addition, use of a high concentration of an antiseptic may cause tissue damage or slow the process of wound healing
26.
Shelf life
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Shelf life is the length of time that a commodity may be stored without becoming unfit for use, consumption, or sale. In other words, it refer to whether a commodity should no longer be on a pantry shelf. It applies to cosmetics, foods and beverages, medical devices, medicines, explosives, pharmaceutical drugs, chemicals, tires, batteries, in some regions, an advisory best before, mandatory use by or freshness date is required on packaged perishable foods. Most expiration dates are used as based on normal and expected handling. Use prior to the date does not guarantee the safety of a food or drug. According to the USDA, canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, if the cans look ok, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or swollen, high-acid canned foods will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months, low-acid canned foods for 2 to 5 years. Sell by date is an ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an expiration date. Most food is edible after the expiration date. A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, Shelf life depends on the degradation mechanism of the specific product. Most can be influenced by several factors, exposure to light, heat, moisture, transmission of gases, mechanical stresses, product quality is often mathematically modelled around a parameter. For some foods, health issues are important in determining shelf life, bacterial contaminants are ubiquitous, and foods left unused too long will often be contaminated by substantial amounts of bacterial colonies and become dangerous to eat, leading to food poisoning. However, shelf life alone is not an indicator of how long the food can safely be stored. For example, pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days after its sell-by date if it is refrigerated properly, in contrast, if milk already has harmful bacteria, the use-by dates become irrelevant. The expiration date of pharmaceuticals specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees the full potency, most medications continue to be effective and safe for a time after the expiration date. A rare exception is a case of renal tubular acidosis purportedly caused by expired tetracycline, a study conducted by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The study showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as long as 15 years past their expiration dates. One major exception is the Shelf Life Extension Program of the U. S. Department of Defense, which commissioned a major study of drug efficacy from the FDA starting in the mid-1980s
27.
Local food
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The term has also been extended to include not only the geographic location of supplier and consumer but can also be defined in terms of social and supply chain characteristics. For example, local food initiatives often promote sustainable and organic farming practices, local food represents an alternative to the global food model, a model which often sees food travelling long distances before it reaches the consumer. We can trace back the seeds of the food movement to the creation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. The contemporary American movement associated with the term can be traced back to proposed resolutions to the Society for Nutrition Educations 1981 guidelines and these largely unsuccessful resolutions encouraged increased local production to slow farmland loss. The program described sustainable diets - a term new to the American public. At the time, the resolutions were met with criticism from pro-business institutions. No single definition of local or local food systems exists, the geographic distances between production and consumption varies within the movement. However, the public recognizes that local describes the marketing arrangement. There are a number of different definitions for local have been used or recorded by researchers assessing local food systems most informed by political or geographic boundaries, among the more widely circulated and popular defining parameters is the concept of food miles, which has been suggested for policy recommendations. In 2008 Congress passed H. R.2419, which amended the Consolidated Farm, in May 2010 the USDA acknowledged this definition in an informational leaflet. Similar to watersheds, food sheds follow the process of food comes from. It is the responsibility to conclude how local the food is. + The USDA included statistics about the growing local food market in the leaflet released in May 2010. The statistics are as follows, Direct-to-consumer marketing amounted to $1.2 billion in current dollar sales in 2007, according to the 2007 Census of Agriculture, compared with $551 million in 1997. Direct-to-consumer sales accounted for 0.4 percent of agricultural sales in 2007. If non-edible products are excluded from total agricultural sales, direct-to-consumer sales accounted for 0.8 percent of sales in 2007. The number of markets rose to 5,274 in 2009, up from 2,756 in 1998 and 1,755 in 1994. In early 2010, estimates exceeded 1,400, but the number could be much larger, in the 2016 Index, the three top-ranking states were Vermont, Maine and Oregon, while the three lowest-ranking states were Nevada, Texas and Florida. Networks of local farmers and producers are now collaborating in the UK, Canada and this technological change enables more consumers to participate in farmers markets
28.
Microbrewery
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A microbrewery or craft brewery is a brewery that produces small amounts of beer, typically much smaller than large-scale corporate breweries, and is independently owned. Such breweries are generally characterized by their emphasis on quality, flavor, the microbrewing movement began in the United Kingdom in the 1970s although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, a brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer for sale on the premises. The term and trend spread to the US in the 1980s and was used as a designation of breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 U. S. beer barrels annually. Their influence has been greater than their market share, which amounts to only 2% in the UK. However, when the failed, the corporate breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases. Microbreweries gradually appeared in countries, such as New Zealand. The website The Food Section defines a nanobrewery as a microbrewery, often run by a solo entrepreneur. The US Department of the Treasury defines nanobreweries as very small brewery operations that produce beer for sale, Craft brewing is a more encompassing term for developments in the industry succeeding the microbrewing movement of the late 20th century. The definition is not entirely consistent but typically applies to small, independently-owned commercial breweries that employ traditional brewing methods and emphasize flavor. The term is reserved for breweries established since the 1970s. A United States trade group, the Brewers Association, interested in brand transparency, offers a definition of craft breweries as small, independent, according to Russ Phillips, author of Canned. Artwork of the Modern American Beer Can, the use of cans by craft brewers in the US has doubled since 2012, however, since drinking directly from a can may still result in a metallic taste, most craft brewers recommend pouring beer into a glass prior to consumption. In June 2014, the BA estimated 3% of craft beer is sold in cans, 60% is sold in bottles, Brewpub is an abbreviated term combining the ideas of a brewery and a pub or public-house. A brewpub can be a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises, Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004, Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita consumption, at around 110 litres per year. The most popular style in modern-day Australia is lager. The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in 1824, fosters Lager is made mostly for export or under licence in other countries, particularly the UK
29.
Sligo
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Sligo is a coastal seaport and the county town of County Sligo, Ireland, within the western province of Connacht. With a population of approximately 20,000 in 2014, it is the second largest urban centre in the West of Ireland, the Sligo Borough District constitutes 61% of the countys population of 63,000. Sligo is a historic, cultural, commercial, industrial, retail, served by rail, port and road links, Sligo exerts a significant influence on its hinterland. Sligo is also a popular tourist destination, being situated in an area of outstanding beauty, with many literary. Sligo is the anglicisation of the Irish name Sligeach, meaning abounding in shells or shelly place and it refers to the abundance of shellfish found in the river and its estuary, and from the extensive shell middens in the vicinity. The river now known as the Garavogue meaning little one was originally called the Sligeach. It is listed as one of the seven rivers of Ireland in the 9th century AD tale The Destruction of Da Dergas Hostel. The river Slicech is also referenced in the Annals of Ulster in 1188, the Ordnance Survey letters of 1836 state that cart loads of shells were found underground in many places within the town where houses now stand. The whole area, from the estuary at Sligo, around the coast to the river at Ballysadare Bay, is rich in marine resources which were utilised as far back as the Mesolithic period. The importance of Sligos location in prehistory is demonstrated by the abundance of ancient sites close by, for example, Sligo towns first roundabout was constructed around a megalithic passage tomb at Abbeyquarter North in Garavogue Villas. This is an outlier of the group of monuments at Carrowmore on the Cuil Irra peninsula on the western outskirts of the town. The area around Sligo town has one of the highest densities of archaeological sites in Ireland. It is the place in which all classes of Irish megalithic monuments are to be found together. Knocknarea mountain, capped by the cairn of Miosgan Maeve. Cairns Hill on the edge of the town also has two very large stone cairns. This is the oldest causewayed enclosure so far discovered in Britain or Ireland and it consists of a large area enclosed by a segmented ditch and palisade, and was perhaps an area of commerce and ritual. These monuments are associated with the coming of agriculture and hence the first farmers in Ireland, during the early medieval period the site of Sligo was eclipsed by the importance of the great Columban monastery 5 miles to the north at Drumcliff. By the 12th century there was a bridge and small settlement in existence at the site of the present town, the annalists refer to this Sligo as a sraidbhaile which seems to have consisted of the castle and an attached defensive bawn
30.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
31.
Pine
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A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus, /ˈpiːnuːs/, of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species, the modern English name pine derives from Latin pinus, which some have traced to the Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’. Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs, the genus is divided into three subgenera, which can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters, Pinus subg. Pinus, the yellow, or hard pine group, generally harder wood. Ducampopinus, the foxtail or pinyon group Pinus subg, strobus, the white, or soft pine group, generally with softer wood and five needles per fascicle Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere host some native species of pines. One species crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S, in North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N to as far south as 12°N. Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks, a number of such introduced species have become invasive and threaten native ecosystems. Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous trees growing 3–80 m tall. The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon, and the tallest is a 81.79 m tall ponderosa pine located in southern Oregons Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, the bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in regular pseudo whorls, actually a very tight spiral, the spiral growth of branches, needles, and cone scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called candles, they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then turn green. These candles offer foresters a means to evaluate fertility of the soil, pines are long-lived, and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, one individual of this species, dubbed Methuselah, is one of the worlds oldest living organisms at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California, an older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as Prometheus after the Greek immortal, pines have four types of leaf, Seed leaves on seedlings, born in a whorl of 4–24. Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2–6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green and these are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer. Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, needles, the adult leaves, are green and bundled in clusters called fascicles
32.
Spruce
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A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea /paɪˈsiːə/, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the earth. Spruces are large trees, from about 20–60 m tall when mature, the needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small, peg-like structure. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs, spruces are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. They are also used by the larvae of gall adelgids, the word spruce entered the English language from the Polish Prusy, Prussia. DNA analyses have shown that traditional classifications based on the morphology of needle, Spruce has been found in the fossil record from the early Cretaceous,136 million years ago. Thirty-five named species of spruce exist in the world, the Plant List has 59 accepted spruce names. Beyond that, determination can become more difficult, intensive sampling in the Smithers/Hazelton/Houston area of British Columbia showed Douglas, according to Coates et al. Daubenmire, after sampling, had already recognized the importance of the 2 latter characters. Without cones, morphological differentiation among spruce species and their hybrids is more difficult, but, if an extended photoperiod is provided for Sitka spruce, seedlings become unacceptably tall by the end of the first growing season. g. Growth rhythm, shoot and root weight, and needle serration, or some combination of, Spruce seedlings are most susceptible immediately following germination, and remain highly susceptible through to the following spring. Seedlings that germinate late in the season are particularly vulnerable because they are tiny and have not had time to harden off fully. Mortality rates generally decrease sharply thereafter, but losses often remain high for some years, establishment is a subjective concept based on the idea that once a seedling has successfully reached a certain size, not much is likely to prevent its further development. Growth remains very slow for several to many years, Spruce is useful as a building wood, commonly referred to by several different names including North American timber, SPF and whitewood. Spruce wood is used for many purposes, ranging from construction work. The Wright brothers first aircraft, the Flyer, was built of spruce, because this species has no insect or decay resistance qualities after logging, it is generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only. Spruce wood, when left outside cannot be expected to last more than 12–18 months depending on the type of climate it is exposed to, Spruce is one of the most important woods for paper uses, as it has long wood fibres which bind together to make strong paper. The fibres are thin walled and collapse to thin bands upon drying, spruces are commonly used in mechanical pulping as they are easily bleached. Together with northern pines, northern spruces are commonly used to make NBSK, spruces are cultivated over vast areas as pulpwood
33.
De Proefbrouwerij
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De Proefbrouwerij is a Flemish brewery founded in 1996 by Dirk Naudts and his wife Saskia Waerniers. The brewery is located in the village of Lochristi, near Ghent and they operate as a rental brewery, creating beers for third party brewers, as well as producing their own beers. They also operate a research and development department focused on the science of brewing, the brewery releases its own brand of beers under the moniker Reinaert, these include, a flemish red ale, an amber beer, a tripel, and a grand cru. Bells Mikkeler The Musketeers To Øl Prearis Official website De Proefbrouwerij beers for the US market
34.
Monarda fistulosa
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Monarda fistulosa, the wild bergamot or bee balm, is a wildflower in the mint family widespread and abundant as a native plant in much of North America. This plant, with showy summer-blooming pink to lavender flowers, is used as a honey plant, medicinal plant. The species is variable, and several subspecies or varieties have been recognized within it. Monarda fistulosa is a perennial that grows from slender creeping rhizomes. The plants are typically up to 3 ft tall, with a few erect branches and its leaves are about 2-3 in long, lance-shaped, and toothed. Its compact flower clusters are solitary at the ends of branches, each cluster is about 1.5 in long, containing about 20–50 flowers. Wild bergamot often grows in soils in dry fields, thickets. The plants generally flower from June to September, Monarda fistulosa ranges from Quebec to the Northwest Territories and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Texas, Arizona, Idaho, and northeastern Washington. The plant is noted for its fragrance, and is a source of oil of thyme, several varieties have been variously recognized within Monarda fistulosa, of which some have also been treated as subspecies or as distinct species. Some of the varieties are widespread, and others are quite restricted in their ranges. Wild bergamot was considered a plant by many Native Americans including the Menominee, the Ojibwe. It was used most commonly to treat colds, and was made into a tea. Today, many still use wild bergamot during the cold. The tea may be sweetened with honey, as it tends to be quite strong. The species of Monarda that may go under the common name bee balm, including M. fistulosa, have a history of use as a medicinal plant by Native Americans. The Blackfoot recognized the strong antiseptic action, and used poultices of the plant for skin infections. A tea made from the plant was used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries. Bee balm is the source of the antiseptic thymol, the primary active ingredient in modern commercial mouthwash formulas
35.
Moonlight Brewing Company
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The Moonlight Brewing Company is a brewery founded in 1992 by Brian Hunt in Santa Rosa, California, USA. It is known for its beer, Death & Taxes. In 2008, it received the Best Brewery award at the 17th annual Santa Rosa Beerfest, founder, brewmaster and abbot Brian Hunt started the brewing company in 1992, not for profit but to support his habit. With a degree in Fermentation Science from UC Davis, and years experience as a brewmaster and beer consultant, Hunt saw the brewery as a chance to become self-employed. At the age of 35, he rented an 1, 000-square-foot tractor barn in Windsor, California, in 2003 the brewery was moved to a building designed specifically for the purpose of brewing beer and was designated an Abbey through the Universal Life Church. Moonlight Brewing cultivates a large field of hops for its seasonal Homegrown Ale on the old property, besides its relatively small production, the production of beer is limited solely to kegs. The brewery refuses to package its beer in bottles or cans as Hunt believes the process of bottling beer is cruel for the beer and a logistical nightmare. Due to the production and self-distribution, Moonlight products are generally available only in Sonoma County. Currently, the brewery produces a variety of beer, including frequent seasonals. The five year-round production beers includes Death & Taxes, Reality Czeck, Lunatic Lager, Misspent Youth Pale Ale, Bombay by Boat, Homegrown is a fresh hop ale that is produced using hops that are solely from the brewerys quarter-acre hopyard and harvested in mid-September. Working for Tips Ale is brewed with Springtime Coastal Redwood branch tips around late May, bony Fingers is a seasonally produced black lager, brewed specifically for Halloween. Toast Strong Lager is made for New Years, Moonlight Brewing Company - official site ]
36.
Picea sitchensis
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Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost 100 m tall, and with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m. It is by far the largest species of spruce and the fifth-largest conifer in the world, the Sitka spruce is one of the few species documented to reach 91 m in height. Its name is derived from the community of Sitka, Alaska, the bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small, circular plates 5–20 cm across. The crown is conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees. The shoots are very pale buff-brown, almost white, and glabrous, the cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 6–10 cm long and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15–20 mm long, the bracts just above the scales are the longest of any spruce, occasionally just exserted and they are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black,3 mm long, with a slender, more than a century of logging has left only a remnant of the spruce forest. The largest trees were cut long before careful measurements could be made, the Queets Spruce is the largest in the world with a trunk volume of 337 m3, a height of 75.6 m, and a 4.55 m dbh. It is located near the Queets River in Olympic National Park, Sitka spruce is a long-lived tree, with individuals over 700 years old known. Because it grows rapidly under favorable conditions, large size may not indicate exceptional age, the Queets Spruce has been estimated to be only 350 to 450 years old, but adds more than a cubic meter of wood each year. Living in a wet climate, the Sitka spruce has a shallow root system with long lateral roots. Despite the prevalence of Sitka spruce in cool, wet climates, its thin bark, DNA analysis has shown that only Picea breweriana has a more basal position than Sitka spruce to the rest of the spruce. The other 33 species of spruce are more derived, which suggests that Picea originated in North America, Sitka spruce is native to the west coast of North America, with its northwestern limit on Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and its southeastern limit near Fort Bragg in northern California. It is closely associated with the rain forests and is found within a few kilometers of the coast in the southern portion of its range. North of Oregon, its range extends inland along river floodplains, Sitka spruce is of major importance in forestry for timber and paper production. It is naturalized in parts of Ireland and Great Britain. Sitka spruce is also planted extensively in Denmark, Norway, in Norway, Sitka spruce was introduced in the early 1900s. An estimated 50,000 hectares have been planted in Norway and it is more tolerant to wind and saline ocean air, and grows faster than the native Norway spruce
37.
Alaskan Brewing Company
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Alaskan Brewing Company, a regional brewery in Juneau, Alaska, United States, was founded in 1986. The companys beers have won awards at regional, national, the brewery was founded in Juneau, Alaska by Marcy and Geoff Larson, who are still in charge of the company. By sales volume, it is the 22nd largest craft brewery in the United States, Alaskan Brewing produces seven year-round beers, four limited release seasonal ales and several specialty beers with limited distribution each year. The brewery was the 67th brewing company opened in the United States, Geoff brewed one of the beers and they both enjoyed it. The beer is still brewed today and is called Alaskan Amber, the brewery opened in December 1986, with Geoff and Marcy, and ten volunteers. Today, the Alaskan Brewing Company is the Great American Beer Festivals most award-winning craft brewery, the Alaskan Brewing Company brews eight year-round beers, four seasonal beers, and two limited edition beers. The year-round beers are, Alaskan Amber, Freeride APA, Icy Bay IPA, Kicker Session IPA, Alaskan White, Hopothermia, Imperial Red Ale, the seasonal beers consist of, Alaskan Summer Ale, Alaskan Winter Ale, and annual spring and fall releases. The limited edition beers are, Alaskan Smoked Porter and the Alaskan Pilot Series, available beers have changed through the years with several like Alaska Pale being discontinued for reasons including lack of available specialty hops. Beer in the United States Official website
38.
Anchor Brewing Company
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Anchor Brewing Company is an American alcoholic beverage producer, operating a brewery and distillery on Potrero Hill in San Francisco, California. The brewery was founded in 1896 and was purchased by Frederick Louis Maytag III in 1965 and it moved to its current location in 1979. It is one of the last remaining breweries to produce California common beer, also known as Steam Beer, in 2010 the company was purchased by The Griffin Group, an investment and consulting company focused on beverage alcohol brands. The brewery is now known as Anchor Brewers & Distillers, LLC, Anchor began during the California Gold Rush when Gottlieb Brekle arrived from Germany and began brewing in San Francisco. In 1896, Ernst F. Baruth and his son-in-law, Otto Schinkel, Jr. bought the old brewery on Pacific Avenue, the brewery burned down in the fires that followed the 1906 earthquake, but was rebuilt at a different location in 1907. There is no record of what Anchor did during Prohibition, but it resumed serving Steam Beer after Repeal, however the brewery burned down yet again within the year, and it relocated once more, this time to a building a few blocks away. The brewery continued operations into the late 1950s, but suffered heavily from the increasingly strong preference for the light lagers produced by the megabreweries. Whereas there had been more than 4,000 breweries at the turn of the twentieth century, Anchor shut its doors briefly in 1959, but was bought and reopened the following year. By 1965, however, it was doing so poorly that it closed again. The brewery gained a reputation for producing sour, bad beer. In 1965, Frederick Louis Fritz Maytag III bought the brewery and he purchased 51 percent of the brewery for several thousand dollars, and later purchased the brewery outright. It moved to its current location near Potrero Hill in 1979, turning the failing brewery around required more than the money in Maytags fortune. He also had to change the character of the beer that was produced there, the new beer was a definitive representative of California common beer, a derivative of historic steam beer. Before offering in bottles, sales were only as draft beer to thirty local establishments that had carried the brand. Total production was only 800 barrels in 1969,1,200 in 1970, the bottles were initially sold in four-packs, to keep the price close to mainstream six-packs. During the 1980s Anchor Steam Beer began to achieve national notice and it was the first of the modern microbreweries, being among the first American breweries to produce a porter, barley wine, or India pale ale with regularity. Its success inspired others to enter the brewing business, notably New Albion. In 1989 the company produced an edition of beer which they named Ninkasi after the Sumerian goddess of beer
39.
Beau's All Natural Brewing Company
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Beaus All Natural Brewing Company, also known as Beaus Brewing Company or simply Beaus, is a brewery in Vankleek Hill, Ontario,50 minutes east of Ottawa. It was launched on July 1,2006, and is known for its regionally famous Lug Tread lagered ale, Beaus beers are available throughout Eastern Ontario on tap as well as at LCBO liquor stores. In February 2015, the brewery has also begun selling its products in Quebec, by May 2016, the company had 150 full-time employees as a result of a claimed growth at a compounded rate of 45 per cent year-over-year since 2006. Beaus was started by father and son Tim and Steve Beauchesne, after having informally discussed the idea, they left their previous employment and opened Beaus on Canada Day 2006. Beaus has been successful since opening, having sold its entire first batch of 3,000 litres to nine Ottawa-area bars, as of July 2009, over 200 Eastern Ontario establishments featured Beaus Lug Tread on tap. Just about every LCBO in the region sells Lug Tread, by late 2009, Beaus was supplying a number of bars and LCBOs in the Greater Toronto Area. On May 17,2016, Steve Beauchesne, speaking as chief officer of Beau’s. Beaus flagship beer is Lug Tread, a Kölsch-style lagered ale that is produced year-round, the brewery also produces seasonal beers such as Beaver River I. P. Festivale, Farm Table, Märzen, and Bogwater, other limited and one-off beers are released periodically under the Wild Oats Series, Farm Table Series, Greener Futures Barrel-Aged Series, and Pro-Am Series. On November 1,2013, Beaus released The Tom Green Beer, when Green was a guest on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, he brought the beer on-air and drank it with the host. All of Beaus beers use only organic ingredients, and the brewery itself has now been certified as a brewery by Pro-Cert Inc. Beaus also emphasizes local ingredients, maintaining membership in the Ontario Federation of Agriculture, and is currently developing local hops to replace imports from Germany. Beaus beers have very well received, having earned a reputation for quality and clean taste with beer drinkers who want more than just a cheap buzz. In its debut year, Lug Tread won Best Beer of the Fest at the 2006 Golden Tap Awards. Lug Tread went on to win Best beer brewed in Ontario at the 2007 and 2008 Golden Tap Awards, the brewery itself also won Best microbrewery in Ontario and Best micro/craft brewery in Ontario in 2008 and 2009, respectively. At the 2009 National Organic Brewing Challenge awards, Lug Tread won 2nd place, another Beaus seasonal beer, Festivale, won gold medal at the 2009 Mondial de la Bière in Strasbourg. Beaus sells their product in 600ml glass bottles available at the LCBO and The Beer Store in Ontario, dépanneurs throughout Quebec, Beaus has a partnership with Operation Come Home, an Ottawa youth program. Beer is delivered in Ottawa with assistance from youths working with Operation Come Home, the program provides the youth with job experience and income
40.
Vankleek Hill, Ontario
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Vankleek Hill is a community in Champlain township in eastern Ontario, situated 94 kilometre east of Downtown Ottawa. This agricultural based community became a community in the 1890s and still retains many of the buildings. This is reflected in the fact that Vankleek Hill is the Gingerbread capital of Ontario and it was named after Simeon Vankleek, a United Empire Loyalist, who settled there near the end of the 18th century. Relatives report that he left his farm in New York, in fear of soldiers from the Revolutionary War and he hopped on his horse and rode as far as he could until he got to what was to be Vankleek Hill, where the horse dropped dead. The town has a population of 1,996 and the newspaper is The Review. The name of the hockey team is the Vankleek Hill Cougars. Vankleek Hill also has a league, the Champlain Soccer League. There is also a hockey league for girls and women called the Hawkesbury/Champlain Girls Hockey Association. Vankleek Hill is currently home to a community garden, which has two acres of organically-grown produce being harvested by residents within a few steps from Main Street. The town has one set of lights, 9-hole golf course, golf driving range, parks, arena. In recent years, the town has become the home of Beaus All Natural Brewing Company, a microbrewery that supplies pubs, restaurants. Simeon Van Kleeck and his wife Cecilia Jaycox arrived in Nova Scotia from the former British Province of New York in 1783, Simeon, of Dutch descent, was a demobilized officer who had supported the British crown during the American Revolution. His wife Cecilia had witnessed her brother’s capture and execution for his British allegiance, as a United Empire Loyalist, Simeon was to receive land in payment for his services, and he applied for his grant several times. The legend is that while he waited for a decision, he sighted high ground on a plane of land south of the Ottawa River. Simeon and his son Simeon Jr. settled c.1797 on Concession IV, Lots 7,8, today this is the location of Vankleek Hill. Vankleek Hill prosperity began with the VanKleeck’s family inn that served travellers going to, soon tradesmen and merchants were established at the four corners where today Highway 34 intersects with Main Street. Vankleek Hill was named Ontario’s Gingerbread Capital in 2003, Gingerbread is the woodwork that adds architectural detail to building exteriors and interiors. The porches, windows, gables, and rooflines of over 250 homes in Vankleek Hill contain Victorian era decorative gingerbread elements
41.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
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Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
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Dupont Brewery
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Dupont Brewery is a brewery in Tourpes, in western Hainaut, Belgium. Founded in 1950, it is on a farm which dates back to 1759 and has significant brewing history. In the 1990s, a bakery and cheese-making facility were added. Historically, their best-selling beer was the Moinette Blonde, the brewerys copper boiling kettles date from the 1920s, but there are also a number of pieces of modern equipment in use in the brewhouse. Square, flat-bottomed fermentation tanks of stainless steel are utilized to provide specific flavor characteristics that are evident in the finished beer, primary fermentation lasts about 5 days, followed by a 1-2 week secondary fermentation. After this, the beer is packaged and warm-aged at the brewery for 6–8 weeks at 73 °F, all of Duponts beers are naturally carbonated via bottle conditioning. The distinctive Dupont house yeast strain has been the subject of speculation and discussion. While most ales are fermented at temperatures not exceeding 68-72 °F, Saison Dupont A slightly cloudy yellow-colored ale with high carbonation, fruity and spicy aromas and tastes, and perceptible, somewhat quinine-like bitterness. Brewed in the Saison style from Pilsner malt and Kent Goldings, originally titled Saison Vielle Provision, the beer was also dry-hopped until the brewery stopped this practice in favor of a larger late hop addition in the boil. Unfiltered and bottle-conditioned, Saison Dupont is packaged in green and brown glass bottles of a thickness appropriate to withstand the substantial carbonation. Some bottles are finished with a cork and wire cage. Often referred to simply as Bons Vœux, the name means With the good wishes of the Dupont Brewery. Bière de Belœil Bière de Miel A beer brewed with the addition of honey, an organic version is also available. A light blond beer, brewed with organic ingredients. A white wheat beer, brewed with organic ingredients. Foret Saison A Saison brewed from organic ingredients, cervesia Redor Pils Brasserie Dupont official website Brewery Profile - RateBeer Brewery Profile - Beer Advocate Brasserie Dupont Brewery details from BeerTourism. com
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Wallonia
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Wallonia is a region of Belgium. Wallonia is primarily French-speaking, and accounts for 55% of the territory of Belgium, unlike Flanders, the Walloon Region was not merged with the French Community of Belgium which is the political entity that is responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education. The German-speaking minority in the east forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium, during the industrial revolution, Wallonia was second only to the United Kingdom in industrialization, capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron. This brought the wealth, and, from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century. Since World War II the importance of industry has greatly diminished. Wallonia now suffers high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders. The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of conflict in Belgium and is a major factor in Flemish separatism. The capital of Wallonia is Namur but the city with the greatest population is Charleroi, most of Wallonias major cities and two-thirds of its population lie along the Sambre and Meuse valley, the former industrial backbone of Belgium. To the north lies the Central Belgian Plateau, which, like Flanders, is relatively flat, in the south-east lie the Ardennes, hilly and sparsely populated. Wallonia borders Flanders and the Netherlands in the north, France to the south and west, Wallonia has been a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie since 1980. The term Wallonia can mean different things in different contexts. One of the three regions of Belgium is still constitutionally defined as the Walloon Region, but the regions government has renamed it Wallonia. In practice, the difference between the two terms is small and what is meant is usually clear, based on context, the root of the word Wallonia, like the words Wales, Cornwall and Wallachia, is the Germanic word Walha, meaning the strangers. Wallonia is named after the Walloons, the population of the Burgundian Netherlands speaking Romance languages, in Middle Dutch, the term Walloons also included the French-speaking population of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège or the whole population of the Romanic sprachraum within the medieval Low Countries. Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in 57 BC, the Low Countries became part of the larger Gallia Belgica province which originally stretched from southwestern Germany to Normandy and the southern part of the Netherlands. The population of territory was Celtic with a Germanic influence which was stronger in the north than in the south of the province. The ancestors of the Walloons became Gallo-Romans and were called the Walha by their Germanic neighbours, the Walha abandoned their Celtic dialects and started to speak Vulgar Latin. The Merovingian Franks gradually gained control of the region during the 5th century, the language border began to crystallize between 700 under the reign of the Merovingians and Carolingians and around 1000 after the Ottonian Renaissance
45.
Jopen
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Jopen is a beer brewery from Haarlem, Netherlands. Jopens beer is a result of the work of Stichting Haarlems Biergenootschap, the mission of the Biergenootschap is to re-create traditional Haarlem beers and bring them to the commercial market. Two recipes were found in the Haarlem city archives that were used as a foundation for two initial beers, the first one was a recipe from 1407, the recreation of this was named Koyt, a gruit beer. In December 1996, the commercial company Jopen BV acquired the beer, the name Jopen refers to the 112 litre beer barrels that were used in early times to transport the Haarlem beer. Until the end of 1996 Jopen beer was brewed in the Halve Maan brewery in Hulst, since 2001, the Jopen beer brands were brewed in Ertvelde, Belgium, in brewery Van Steenberge. The current brewer is Chris Wisse, at the end of 2005, it was announced that the old Jacobskerk, in the Raaks area in the city centre of Haarlem, would be transformed into a brewery. In November 11,2010, the Jopenkerk opened its doors for the public, besides the brewery it also hosts a café and restaurant. Jopen won two medals at the 2008 World Beer Championship
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Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
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Adjuncts
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Both solid and liquid adjuncts are commonly used, as well as spices. The sense here is that the ingredient is additional and strictly unnecessary, though it may be beneficial and attractive. Under the Bavarian Reinheitsgebot purity law it would be considered that an adjunct is any beer ingredient other than water, barley, hops, and yeast, this, however, is an antiquated view. This purity law originated in 16th-century German and did not initially include yeast due to the fact that it had not been discovered yet. The term adjunct is often used to refer to corn and rice and this use of ingredients as substitutes for the main starch source is where the term adjunct is most often used. Adjuncts can be classified according to the physical form in which they are used into solids. Solid adjuncts are either starchy adjuncts which need to be converted to simpler sugars, cereals with a higher gelatinisation temperature than the standard mashing temperatures must be cooked in a cereal cooker to gelatinise the starch before adding to the mash. Solid sugar adjuncts include granulated sugar and glucose chips, liquid adjuncts may also be added after fermentation as primings sugars to give sweetness to the beer for secondary fermentation as in cask or bottle conditioning. Barley is used as an un-malted grain at up to 10% of the grist, barley is also used in the mash as roasted barley to provide colour to the beer. Cassava is a novel adjunct used in Africa either as a wet cake or as a purified starch, corn is commonly used in the production of American-style pale lagers, particularly malt liquor. Corn is generally used in brewing as corn syrup, and as such is highly fermentable, corn is cheaper than barley, so it is used as a cost-saving measure. Oats are used in oatmeal stouts, oatmeal stouts usually do not specifically taste of oats. The smoothness of oatmeal stouts comes from the content of proteins, lipids. The gums increase the viscosity and body adding to the sense of smoothness, rice is sometimes used in the production of pale lagers, most notably Anheuser-Buschs Budweiser. Anheuser-Busch is the largest North American buyer of U. S. rice, rice may be used to lighten the body and the mouthfeel, or increase alcohol content, or add a little sweetness. Rye is used in roggenbiers from Germany and in rye beers from America, rye is notoriously difficult to brew with, so most rye beers only include a small amount of rye. Rye provides a spicy flavour to beer and dramatically increases head formation, sorghum is used in Africa as a local ingredient saving on expensive imported malt and developing the local agricultural sector. Sorghum has a high temperature and is added to a mash cooker to gelatinise the starch before adding to the mash tun
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Spruce beer
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Spruce beer is a beverage flavored with the buds, needles, or essence of spruce trees. Spruce beer can refer to either alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages, a number of flavors are associated with spruce-flavored beverages, ranging from floral, citrusy, and fruity to cola-like flavors to resinous and piney. This diversity in flavor likely comes from the choice of species, the season in which the needles are harvested. The First Nations people were probably first to brew it and it was used prevent scurvy by Jacques Cartier, the fresh shoots of many spruces and pines are a natural source of vitamin C. European sailors adopted the practice and spread it across the world, in 1536, the French explorer Jacques Cartier, exploring the St. Lawrence River, used the local natives knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy. He boiled the needles of a tree the St. Lawrence Iroquoians called the Aneda to make a tea that was shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams. Such treatments were not available aboard ship, where the disease was most common, alcoholic spruce beer was common in the colonial United States and eastern Canada, made from red or black spruce. The Daily Order for the Highland Regiment in North America stipulated that, Spruce beer is to be brewed for the health, five quarts of molasses will be put into every barrel of Spruce Beer. Each gallon will cost nearly three coppers, today Sitka spruce, native to the northwest coast of North America, tends to be favored, although other species of spruce have also been used. Lighter, more citrus-like flavors are produced by using the bright green fresh spring growth before the new needles and twigs harden, Sitka spruce trees on the north-central Oregon Coast develop spring growth in early to mid-May. Because of the nature of the spruce beer recipe, it is fairly expensive to produce today. Banded Horn Brewing Company in Biddeford, Maine brews an ale named Greenwarden every spring with Maine foraged white spruce tips. Portsmouth New Hampshires Earth Eagle Brewings combines locally foraged pine and spruce tips in their seasonal Connie Ferale amber, Tamworth Distilling in Tamworth, New Hampshire distills a spruce gin from foraged spruce tips also. Very few modern beers are actually termed spruce beer, those that exist are often express attempts to create a historical recipe, alcoholic spruce beer may also be made from sugar and flavoring from the spruce tree. Leaves, small branches, or extracted essence of spruce are boiled with sugar, two different sources of sugar may be used, either molasses or white refined sugar. A recipe for home-brewing spruce beer of this appeared in 1974 in Cape Bretons Magazine. The latter is now only by a few microbreweries. Spruce beer in the 18th century
