1.
Guadalajara
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Guadalajara is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is in the region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,495,189 it is Mexicos fourth most populous municipality, the municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico, the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico. It is a business and economic center in the Bajio region. Guadalajara is the 10th largest city in Latin America in population, urban area, the city is named after the Spanish city of Guadalajara, the name of which came from the Andalusian Arabic wād l-ḥijāra, meaning river/valley of stones. Other, more industries, such as shoes, textiles. Guadalajara, one of the most popular clubs in Mexico. This city was named the American Capital of Culture for 2005, Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan American Games. The city was established in five other places before moving to its current location, the first settlement in 1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistlán, Zacatecas. This site was settled by Cristóbal de Oñate as commissioned by Nuño de Guzmán, with the purpose of securing recent conquests, the settlement did not last long at this spot due to the lack of water, in 1533 it was moved to a location near Tonalá. Four years later, Guzmán ordered that the village be moved to Tlacotán, while the settlement was in Tlacotán, the Spanish king Charles I granted the coat of arms that the city still has today. This settlement was attacked during the Mixtón War in 1543 by Caxcan, Portecuex. The war was initiated by the due to the cruel treatment of Indians by Nuño de Guzmán. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza had to control of the campaign to suppress the revolt after the Spanish were defeated in several engagements. The conflict ended after Mendoza made some concessions to the Indians such as freeing the Indian slaves, the village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and the villagers attributed their survival to the Archangel Michael, who remains the patron of the city. It was decided to move the city again, this time to Atemajac. The city has remained there to this day, in 1542, records indicate that 126 people were living in Guadalajara and, in the same year, the status of city was granted by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was officially founded on February 14,1550 in the Valley of Atemajac, the settlements name came from the Spanish hometown of Nuño de Guzmán
2.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
3.
Katy Jurado
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María Cristina Estela Marcela Jurado García, better known as Katy Jurado, was a Mexican-American film, stage and television actress. Jurado began her career in Mexico in 1943. During the 1940s and early 1950s, during the era called the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, Jurado achieved a great popularity, in 1951 she was discovered in Mexico by the filmmaker Budd Boetticher and began her career in Hollywood in the film The Bullfighter & the Lady. Her quality as an actress and her beauty attracted the attention of Hollywood producers. She acted in many Western films of the 1950s and 1960s, including classics of the genre like High Noon, Arrowhead, Broken Lance, One-Eyed Jacks, Jurado made seventy-one films during her career. Like many Latin actors, she was typecast to play roles in American films. By contrast, she had a variety of roles in Mexican films, sometimes she also sang. In her long and successful career, she dabbled in theater and television. Jurado was one of several Mexican actresses to succeed in Hollywood, Others are Dolores del Río, Lupe Vélez and Salma Hayek. Katy Jurado was born as María Cristina Jurado García in México City and her parents were Luis Jurado Ochoa and Vicenta Estela García de la Garza. Her brothers were Luis Raúl and Óscar Sergio and her great-grandfather was of Andalusian origin. She had a stable childhood. Her father was a lawyer, and her mother was a singer and worked for XEW and her mother was sister of the Mexican musician Belisario de Jesús García, author of popular Mexican songs like Las Cuatro Milpas. Jurados cousin Emilio Portes Gil was president of Mexico, Jurado carried out her first studies at a religious school run by nuns in the Guadalupe Inn neighborhood in Mexico City. Eventually she studied for bilingual secretary and she did not want to be an actress, she wanted to be a lawyer. As a beautiful teenager, Katy soon was invited by producers and filmmakers to work as an actress, among them was the popular Mexican filmmaker Emilio Fernández, who offered her a role in his first movie The Isle of Passion. Despite the fact her godfather was the famous Mexican actor Pedro Armendáriz, another filmmaker interested in her was Mauricio de la Serna, who offered Jurado a role in the film No matarás. She signed the contract without authorization from her parents, and when found out
4.
Fernanda Montenegro
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Also for this work, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama and won the Silver Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. It is the highest award that a civilian can receive from the Presidency of the Republic, in 2013, she won the International Emmy Award for Best Actress, in the special television film Sweet Mother. She is commonly revered as one of Brazils finest actresses and referred to as The First Lady of Brazilian Theater, Montenegro was born Arlette Pinheiro Esteves Silva in Rio de Janeiro, of Portuguese and Italian descent, from the island of Sardinia. Regarding the adoption of a name, the actress has stated that she chose Fernanda simply because of its sonority. Montenegro was married to Fernando Torres from 1954 until his death in 2008 and they had two children, Fernanda Torres who won the Best Actress prize in Cannes Film Festival and film director Cláudio Torres. In late 1940s, Montenegro was adapting famous theatre plays to radio and she began her artistic life in the theatre with the play Alegres Canções nas Montanhas in 1950. Among her mates was Fernando Torres, who would become her husband. In the next years she worked with acclaimed actors like Sérgio Britto, Cacilda Becker, Nathalia Timberg, Cláudio Correa e Castro. In 1951 she became a TV pioneer in Brazil, working for Rio de Janeiros TV Tupi – the second TV station of South America and she played in several plays on TV between 1951 and 1970. Moving to São Paulo in the early 1960s, Montenegro initially worked solely on theatre, in 1963 she take her first role in a telenovela Pouco Amor Não é Amor. Throughout the 1970s Montenegro moved away from television, rather focusing on her theatre, still, a televised performance in Euripides’ classic play Medea, in 1973, was lauded by reviewers. The 1980s marked Montenegros return to television in full force, in the latter, Montenegro once again left a significant impression in Brazilian pop culture, starring in a now-immortalized food fight scene, opposite Paulo Autran. Throughout this decade, Montenegro won her second and third Best Actress in Television Awards, by the São Paulo Association of Art Critics, for her work in Brilhante and Guerra dos Sexos. After a series of changes in attempt to salvage it from failure, still facing overall rejection. Despite its being a considerable letdown, Zazá was soon eclipsed by the monumental success Montenegros film career witnessed with the release of Central Station, in 2001, another attempt was made in telenovela comedy with As Filhas da Mãe, which covered the backstage of Brazilian Fashion Industry. Short of a scene, early on, which featured Montenegros character winning an Oscar, the telenovela was, once more. Lackluster ratings and overall negative reviews led to its swift cancellation, nevertheless, Montenegro still managed to be nominated as Best Actress in the Contigo Awards, which laureates excellence in Brazilian telenovelas. The following year, Montenegro shifted towards primetime drama, opting for a role in the first stage of the telenovela Esperança
5.
Silvia Pinal
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Silvia Pinal Hidalgo is a Mexican actress, producer and politician. She is one of the most recognized and versatile Mexican actresses worldwide and she is internationally known for having starred in a famous movie trilogy with the famed film director Luis Buñuel, highlighting the classic film Viridiana. Pinal is considered one of the last living legends of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema and she is also considered one of the pioneers of the television and musical theater in Mexico. Her daughters and some of her descendants have dabbled in the stardom world, Silvia Pinal Hidalgo was born in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, on 12 September 1931. She was the daughter of Maria Luisa Hidalgo, a descendant of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, founder of the independence movement in Mexico. By fathers side, she had three half-sisters and she and her family lived in several cities in Mexico, Querétaro, Cuernavaca and Acapulco, and finally settling in Mexico City. In Mexico City she worked as a secretary for a pharmaceutical firm, later, she had the opportunity to participate in the recording of some radio plays in the XEQ, a Mexican radio station, Dos pesos la dejada and Midsummer Nights Dream. She also took acting classes in the Palacio de Bellas Artes and her first work was an experimental project called Los caprichos de Goya. She made her debut in a brief role in the film La Bamba, directed by Miguel Contreras Torres and starring Carmen Montejo. Silvia received her first major role in the film Un rincón cerca del Cielo. For this role, she won her first Silver Ariel Award and that same year, she made her first musical comedy Mis tres viudas alegres, with Lilia del Valle and Cuban dancer Amalia Aguilar. She also worked with Libertad Lamarque in the film Si volvieras a mí, silvias career came as a lead actress came after appearing in the film Un extraño en la escalera, directed by Tulio Demicheli and co-starring with Arturo de Córdova. Her second Silver Ariel would come for her work in La dulce enemiga, other important films were Cabo de hornos, alongside Jorge Mistral, Desnudate Lucrecia, Prestame tu cuerpo and Una cita de amor, directed by Emilio Fernández. Pinal achieved international recognition through a trilogy of films which marked the last works of noted Spanish filmmaker Luis Bunuel in Mexico, Silvia first met Buñuel through the Mexican actor Ernesto Alonso, with the intention of starring in the film version of the novel Tristana. However, after commercial success came of Buñuels films, producers withdrew funding for the project. Years later, Pinal, with the help of her husband, the producer Gustavo Alatriste, went to Spain. The film was a winner of the prestigious Palm dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, despite the success and prestige of the film, it was rejected by the Spanish censorship and The Vatican, accusing her of blasphemy. The Spanish government ordered the film destroyed. and only due to Pinals intervention and she worked with Buñuel in another of his films, which is considered his masterpiece, The Exterminating Angel El ángel exterminador and Simón del desierto
6.
Film festival
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A film festival is an organised, extended presentation of films in one or more cinemas or screening venues, usually in a single city or region. Increasingly, film festivals show some films outdoors, films may be of recent date and, depending upon the festivals focus, can include international and domestic releases. Some festivals focus on a specific film-maker or genre or subject matter, a number of film festivals specialise in short films of a defined maximum length. Film festivals are annual events. Some film historians do not consider Film Festivals as official releases of film, the Venice Film Festival is the oldest major festival. The Melbourne International Film Festival is the largest film festival in the Southern Hemisphere, the San Sebastián International Film Festival is one of the most important and oldest film festivals in Europe. It was at this festival where the worldwide first release of North by Northwest was showed, Raindance Film Festival is the UKs largest celebration of independent film-making, and takes place in London in October. Australias first and longest running festival is the Melbourne International Film Festival. Edinburgh International Film Festival is the longest running festival in Great Britain, North Americas first and longest running short film festival is the Yorkton Film Festival, established in 1947. The first film festival in the United States was the Columbus International Film & Video Festival, also known as The Chris Awards and it was followed four years later by the San Francisco International Film Festival, held in March 1957, which emphasized feature-length dramatic films. The festival played a role in introducing foreign films to American audiences. Films in the first year included Akira Kurosawas Throne of Blood, Film festival dedicated to honoring music in film. Digital feature film began in 2005, along with the worlds first online film festival. Unlike other arts nonprofits, film festivals typically receive few donations from the public and are occasionally organized as nonprofit business associations instead of public charities. Film industry members often have significant curatorial input, and corporate sponsors are given opportunities to promote their brand to festival audiences in exchange for cash contributions, private parties, often to raise investments for film projects, constitute significant fringe events. Larger festivals maintain year-round staffs often engaging in community and charitable projects outside festival season, on the other hand, some festivals—usually those accepting fewer films, and perhaps not attracting as many big names in their audiences as do Sundance and Telluride—require no entry fee. Rotterdam Film Festival, Mumbai Film Festival, and many film festivals in the United States, are examples. The Portland International Film Festival charges a fee, but waives it for filmmakers from the Northwestern United States
7.
Arturo Ripstein
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Arturo Ripstein y Rosen is a Mexican film director. Ripstein got his break into movies working as an assistant director for Luis Buñuel. In 1965, he directed his first feature, Tiempo de morir, written by Carlos Fuentes and Gabriel García Márquez, it began a tradition of making independent films written by high-profile Latin-American authors. His 1981 film Seduction was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival and his 1989 film Love Lies was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1997, Ripstein won the National Prize of Arts and Sciences, some of Ripsteins films, especially the earlier ones, highlighted characters beset by futile compulsions to escape destinies. Many of his films are shot in tawdry interiors, with brown color schemes. Así es la vida, according to Jonathan Crow, boldly reworks the ancient Greek drama Medea, employing a dizzying array of flashbacks and Brechtian devices
8.
Gabriel Figueroa
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Gabriel Figueroa Mateos was a Mexican cinematographer who worked both in Mexican cinema and Hollywood. His mother died giving birth to him. His father, unable to cope with the loss of his wife, left Gabriel and he studied painting at the Academia de San Carlos, and at the age of 16 he became interested in photography thanks to José Guadalupe Velasco. He later befriended other photographers, such as Gilberto Martínez Solares and Raúl Martínez Solares, Figueroa made his entry in the movie industry in 1932 as a photographer of stills for the film Revolución of Miguel Contreras Torres. He was later one of the 20 cinematographers hired for the Howard Hawks film Viva Villa, after a few jobs he obtained a scholarship to study in the United States where the established director of photography Gregg Toland taught Figueroa. He filmed 235 movies over 50 years, including Los Olvidados by Luis Buñuel, The Night of the Iguana by John Huston, The Fugitive by John Ford, and Río Escondido by Emilio Fernández. One of his collaborators was Fernández, with whom he shot twenty films, some of which won prizes at the Venice Film Festival, the Cannes Film Festival. 2013-2014, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, detailed retrospective of Figueroas photography, cinematography, and progressive politics. The Los Angeles County Museum of Art organized the exhibition titled Under the Mexican Sky, Gabriel Figueroa—Art. Under the Mexican Sky recognizes Figueroa’s contribution to Mexico’s Golden Age of Film, LACMA curators highlight the artists works across genres that …helped forge an evocative and enduring image of Mexico. The exhibit ran from September 22,2013 through February 2,2014 in the Art of the Americas Building, Golden Ariel Award Premio Nacional de las Artes Adolfo López Mateos Esperanza López Mateos Official website Profile at the ITESM site of the Cinema of Mexico. Gabriel Figueroa at the Internet Movie Database
9.
Felipe Cazals
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Felipe Cazals is a Mexican film director, screenwriter and producer. His parents were from France but he is registered as born in Mexico and his wife is Rosa Eugenia Báez de Cazals. Together with Arturo Ripstein, Cazals is considered in Mexico one of the most representative film directors of his generation. With his films Las Inocentes, Las Poquianchis, El Apando and Canoa, he is considered to be one of the most creative, Canoa was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize. His 1973 film Aquellos años was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Prize, ciudadano Buelna Chico Grande Las Vueltas del citrillo Digna. Felipe Cazals at the Internet Movie Database
