The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting the Pope and the Holy Roman emperor in the Italian city-states of Central and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages. During the 12th and 13th centu
A 14th-century conflict between the militias of the Guelph and Ghibelline factions in the comune of Bologna, from the Croniche of Giovanni Sercambi of Lucca
Artist's conception of the defence of the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano (1176), painted by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)
Battle of Montaperti, workshop of Pacino di Buonaguida
Battle of Campaldino on a fresco in San Gimignano
The Battle of Cortenuova was fought on 27 November 1237 in the course of the Guelphs and Ghibellines Wars: in it, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Second Lombard League.
Miniature depicting the capture of the Carroccio Nuova Cronica Vatican Library Chig.L.VIII.296