Guided Democracy in Indonesia
Guided Democracy was the political system in place in Indonesia from 1959 until the New Order began in 1966. It was the brainchild of President Sukarno, and was an attempt to bring about political stability. Sukarno believed that the parliamentarian system implemented during the liberal democracy period in Indonesia was ineffective due to its divisive political situation at that time. Instead, he sought a system based on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus, which occurred under the guidance of village elders. With the declaration of martial law and the introduction of this system, Indonesia returned to the presidential system and Sukarno became the head of government again.
President Sukarno reading his decree of 5 July 1959
Sukarno
Sukarno was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Official portrait, c. 1949
Sukarno with his father, Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo
Sukarno with his mother, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai
Sukarno as a HBS student in Surabaya, 1916