1.
Nepal
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Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises,13 sub-metropolises,246 municipal councils and 481 village and it has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the worlds ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. It is a nation with Nepali as the official language. The territory of Nepal has a history since the Neolithic age. The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age, the era which founded Hinduism, in the middle of the first millennium BCE, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet, the Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilization. It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala, the Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valleys traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture, by the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, the country was never colonized but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India. In the 20th century, Nepal ended its isolation and forged ties with regional powers. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951, but was suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008, modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic. Nepal is a nation, ranking 144th on the Human Development Index in 2016. The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic and it also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty. Despite these challenges, Nepal is making progress, with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022
2.
Coffee
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Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa, and Madagascar, the two most commonly grown are the highly regarded arabica, and the less sophisticated but stronger and more hardy robusta. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried, dried coffee seeds are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. Roasted beans are ground and brewed with boiling water to produce coffee as a beverage. Coffee is slightly acidic and can have an effect on humans because of its caffeine content. Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world and it can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. It is usually served hot, although iced coffee is also served, the earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a way to how it is now prepared. Coffee seeds were first exported from East Africa to Yemen, as the coffea arabica plant is thought to have been indigenous to the former, yemeni traders took coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed. By the 16th century, it had reached Persia, Turkey, from there, it spread to Europe and the rest of the world. Coffee is an export commodity, it is the top agricultural export for numerous countries and is among the worlds largest legal agricultural exports. It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries, green coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Consequently, the markets for fair trade coffee and organic coffee are expanding. The first reference to coffee in the English language is in the form chaona, dated to 1598 and understood to be a misprint of chaoua, equivalent, in the orthography of the time, to chaova. This term and coffee both derive from the Ottoman Turkish kahve, by way of the Italian caffè and it has also been proposed that the source may be the Proto-Central Semitic root q-h-h meaning dark. Alternatively, the word Khat, a plant widely used as stimulant in Yemen and Ethiopia before being supplanted by coffee has been suggested as a possible origin, the expression coffee break was first attested in 1952. The term coffee pot dates from 1705, other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheikh Omar. According to the ancient chronicle, Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer, was exiled from Mocha in Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab
3.
Geography of Nepal
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Nepal measures about 800 kilometers along its Himalayan axis by 150 to 250 kilometers across. Nepal has an area of 147,181 square kilometers, Nepal is landlocked by India on three sides and Chinas Tibet Autonomous Region to the north. West Bengals narrow Siliguri Corridor or Chickens Neck separate Nepal and Bangladesh, to the east are India and Bhutan. Nepal depends on India for goods facilities and access to the sea. For a small country, Nepal has tremendous geographic diversity, along a south-to-north transect, Nepal can be divided into three belts, Terai, Hill and Mountain Regions. In the other direction, it is divided into three major systems, from east to west, Koshi, Gandaki/Narayani and Karnali, all tributaries of the Ganges. The Ganges-Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra watershed largely coincides with the Nepal-Tibet border, however several Ganges tributaries rise inside Tibet, the Terai or Madhesh region begins at the Indian border and includes the southernmost part of the flat, intensively farmed Gangetic Plain called the Outer Terai. By the 19th century, timber and other resources were being exported to India, the Outer Terai is culturally more similar to adjacent parts of Indias Bihar and Uttar Pradesh than to the hill region of Nepal. Nepali is taught in schools and often spoken in government offices, however the population mostly uses Maithali, Bhojpuri. The Outer Terai ends at the base of the first range of foothills called the Siwaliks or Churia and this range has a densely forested skirt of coarse alluvium called the bhabhar. Below the bhabhar, finer, less permeable sediments force groundwater to the surface in a zone of springs, in Persian, terai refers to wet or marshy ground. Before the use of DDT this was dangerously malarial, Nepals rulers used this for a defensive frontier called the char kose jhadi. Above the bhabhar belt, the Siwaliks rise to about 700 metres with peaks as high as 1,000 metres and this range is composed of poorly consolidated, coarse sediments that do not retain water or support soil development so there is virtually no agricultural potential and sparse population. In several places beyond the Siwaliks there are dūn valleys called Inner Terai and these valleys have productive soil but were dangerously malarial except to indigenous Tharu people who had genetic resistance. In the mid-1950s DDT came into use to suppress mosquitos and the way was open to settlement from the land-poor hills, the terai ends and the Hills begin at a higher range of foothills called the Mahabharat Range. Situated south of the Mountain Region, the Hill Region is mostly betw altitude. This region begins at the Mahabharat Range where a system called the Main Boundary Thrust creates an escarpment 1,000 to 1,500 metres high. These steep southern slopes are nearly uninhabited, thus an effective buffer between languages and culture in the Terai and Hill regions, Hindu Paharis mainly populate river and stream bottoms that enable rice cultivation and are warm enough for winter/spring crops of wheat and potato
4.
Ilam District
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Ilam district is a Hill district of Province No.1 in eastern Nepal. The 2011 census counted 290,254 population, Ilam is the district headquarters, about 600 km from Kathmandu. Illam attracts many researchers who come to study rare birds and the Red Panda, Ilam stretches from the Terai belt to the upper hilly belt of this Himalayan nation. The name Ilam is derived from the Limbu language in which Ii means twisted, Illam was one of the ten self ruling states of Limbuwan before the reunification of Nepal. Its ruler King Hangshu Phuba Lingdom of Lingdom dynasty ruled Illam as a state of Limbuwan until 1813 AD. The treaty between the other Limbuwan states and the King of Gorkha and the conflict of Gorkha and Sikkim led to the unification of Illam with Gorkha, Illam was the last of the ten kingdoms of Limbuwan to be reunified into Nepal. The King of Gorkha gave the ruler of Illam full autonomy to rule, Illam was an independent Limbu kingdom until 1813 CE/1869 BS. Ilam is today one of the most developed places in Nepal and its ILAM TEA is very famous and is exported to many parts of Europe. The main source of income in this district is tea, cardamom, milk, ginger, potato, orlon and this place also has a religious importance. The devi temples have a great importance attached to them and many people come here just for pilgrimage, the major attraction of Ilam is the 9-cornered Mai Pokhari lake. Also known as the abode of the lots of tourists as well as Nepalese people come to visit this place. Similarly, Gajurmukhi is also the spot for pilgrimages from Nepal. Mai river and its four tributaries also emerge in Ilam district, the famous Mane Bhanjyang connects Ilam with Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India. Ilam was much in the news in the past during the Maoist insurgency, tourists going to Ilam can expect to pay around 1000 rupees a week for accommodation and food. Zones of Nepal danabari Districts of Nepal
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Okhaldhunga District
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Okhaldhunga District, a part of Province No. 1, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Okhaldhunga as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,074.5 km² and had a population of 156,702 in 2001 and 147,984 in 2011. Okhaldhunga is part of area traditionally called Wallo Kirat, home to ethnic groups Rai. Apart from these ethnic groups, other ethnics and hill castes live in the district
6.
Solukhumbu District
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Solukhumbu District, a part of the Province No. 1, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. As the name suggests, it consists of the subregions Solu, the district, with Salleri as its headquarters, covers an area of 3,312 km² and had a population 107,686 in 2001 and 105,886 in 2011. Mount Everest is in the part of this district, within Sagarmatha National Park. Indigenous ethnic Kulung and hill Caste Chhetri are the groups living in the mid-hills. There is a hiking trail known as the Solukhumbu Trail. Solukhumbu District is a name in mountain tourism. The main attraction is Mount Everest, UNESCO has listed the Sagarmatha National Park as a World Heritage site. Sherpa culture and Tengboche Monastery are unique to this district, the Khumjung village is famous for Sherpa culture. Gokyo valley and Khumbu valley are the major Himalayan valleys famous among the adventure and nature seekers and this district is well known for adventure holidays
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Saptari District
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सप्तरी जिल्ला Listen ), a part of Province No. Saptari is renowned for its output, and is bordered on the east by the massive Sapta Koshi river. There are five municipalities in Saptari, Rajbiraj, Hanumannagar Yoginimai, Kanchanpur, Saptakoshi, other small towns include Mahuli, Kathauna Bazar, Pato and Itahari Bishnupur with the area government Machha Palan Kendra fish farming centre. The famous Chhinna Masta temple also believe by locals in clothing in Nepal in India is one of the shakti peeths, recently the district was blacklisted by the Indian embassy because of delays in the progress of work where infrastructure creation was funded by the Indian embassy. Chinnamasta Bhagawati is a temple of Eastern Nepal and it is situated in Chinnamasta VDC, Saptari,10 km from Rajbiraj and also near to Indian Border. It is an attraction for Indian pilgrims. People are likely to come here in Bada Dashain, some thousands of goats are sacrificed here during dashain. Shambhunath is another one of the temples of Eastern Nepal. It is situated in Shambhunath,12 km from Rajbiraj and also near Mahendra Highway and this Temple is a main attraction for Indian Pilgrims. People are likely to come here in Siruwa Mela during month of Baisakh, Kankalini Temple is another temple situated in this district, it is located in Bhardah VDC. This temple is main attraction for Indian pilgrims, Kankalini Temple has great religious importance. Like most of the other Shakti Peethas in Nepal, this temple and it is believed that when a devotee worships with great devotion and true heart in the temple, their wish comes true. So, thousands of peoples from many part of the come to this temple to worship the avatar of Goddess Durga. Mahendra Bindeshwari Multiple Campus- TU Affiliated Public Campus located in Rajbiraj offering LLB, BBS, BA, MBS, national People College- TU Affiliated Private College established in 2013 AD Offers Masters and Bachelors level of Programs in Management and Humanities Faculties. It is the 1st Private College of Saptari District Offering the Subjects of Study like MA-SOCIOLOGY, MBS, BA-RD, the college is Ultramodern and is Located in Kanchanrup Munacipality. HSEB affiliated +2 colleges are,1. Happyland HSS and college<\n>2. Laligurans EBHSS or Paradise Campus 3. Caliber International College 4. Mission College 5. Kshitiz Edu. C. K. Raut, the first scientist from Madhesh, ram Pd. Mandal also known as Kshetrapal. He is the member of Nepali Congress party, recently, he is the head of Illaka No.11
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Bhaktapur District
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Bhaktapur district located in the eastern part of Kathmandu valley, is the smallest among the seventy-five districts of Nepal. It is part of Province No.3, the district, with Bhaktapur as its district headquarters, covers an area of 119 km2 and in 2011 had a population of 304,651 of whom 9,701 people were absent. Bhaktapur has been making tremendous achievements in educational sector and it has been enrolling most of the students in SLC. In fact, The students of Bhaktapur have top the board exams, the average literacy rate of Bhaktapur is 81.68, where male -90.48 and female -72.65 which growing with the educational awareness among peoples. The governmental schools in Bhaktapur are making remarkable improvement in its educational quality, the government schools have been starting to facilitate students by teaching in both English and Nepali medium. Private schools too are well known for providing quality education. Despite topping other districts in SLC with highest enrollments, the studies of the Bhaktapur is not quite satisfactory. There is not enough college in Bhaktapur rendering qualitative services, thats why, students of Bhaktapur complete their higher studies in colleges of Kathmandu and Lalitpur. However, their performance in those college cannot be neglected. Khwopa College situated in Dekocha Bhaktapur is one of topmost college in Nepal, the academic results of this college is outstanding. This college is established and managed by Bhaktapur municipality, Bhaktapur lags behind to Kathmandu District and Lalitpur District when it comes to medical service. Bhaktapur does not have enough hospitals rendering Qualitative medical facilities. Anantalingeshwar Bhaktapur Changunarayan Madhyapur Thimi Mahamanjushri-Nagarkot Suryabinayak As of 2014, there are no more Village Development Committees in the district, total Population 304,651 Male 154,884 Female 149,767 Sex ratio 103.4 No. of household 68,636 Average household size 4
9.
Chitwan District
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It covers an area of 2,238.39 km2, and in 2011 had a population of 579,984 people. Bharatpur is a commercial and service centre of central south Nepal and major destination for education, health care. The district takes its name from the Chitwan Valley, one of Nepals Inner Terai valleys between the Mahabharat and Siwalik ranges, both considered foothills of the Himalayas. Narayangadh is located on the banks of the Narayani River, and is the town with numerous shopping zones where people come from all over the district. There are about 25 Village Development Committees, each of which has nine wards or villages and one sub-Metropolitan city, there are minimum of seven municipalities some of them are Ratnanagar, Khairahani and Chitrawan Rapti Municipality, Jutpani Municipality and Madi municipality. Generally municipalities have nine wards or urban areas, Chitwan is one of the few remaining undisturbed vestiges of the Terai region, which formerly extended over the foothills of Nepal. There are several predication on the origin of the name Chitwan, thus, the meaning of Chitwan is Heart of the Jungle. Chitwan was a dense forest ruled by the Tharu God/King Chitrasen Baba and he used to worship in the deep forest and ruled over his state. People believe him as the incarnation of Lord Vishnu, still today, Tharu people worship his idol during HariBodhini Ekadashi in Chitrasari, way to Sauraha. Since the forest locally called ban was ruled by Lord Chitrasen, it was called Chitra Ban, Chitwan, still known as Dense Forest was a land of leopard and Bengal tiger. Leopard is locally called चित्रि according to Tharu language, since the forest was densely populated by leopard or चित्रि, it was called the forest of leopard, namely चित्रि वन, later transliterated to Chitwan. Chitwan is the land of Tharu people, who are renowned for their art. Their houses are decorated by religious drawings denoting different phases of history, culture, since their homes in the forest were decorated with their drawings, locally called चित्र, the land was called चित्र वन, later transliterated to Chitwan. Chitwan was originally a dense forest ruled by Chitrsen Baba, where different RishiMunis came to have their meditation during ancient time with numbers of animals like leopard. The people inhabiting the Chitwan District are predominantly peasant farmers cultivating mainly food and cash crops such as rice, maize, wheat, beans, lentils, mustard and vegetables. The district is the major producing area in Nepal, with an area under maize cultivation of 27,170 ha in the year 2003–04. Maize is cultivated on irrigated /seasonal irrigated land in winter and spring, due to an easy road access, maize produced can be easily distributed to other parts of the country. The poultry industry in the district constitutes a significant proportion of the poultry industry
10.
Dolakha District
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Dolakha, often known as Dolkha or Dholkha, a part of Province No. 3, is one of the districts of Nepal. The district, with Charikot as its headquarters, covers an area of 2,191 km² and has a population of 204,229 in 2001 and 186,557 in 2011. It is a district with a religious affiliation. It is popularly known amongst most Nepalese for the temple of Dolakha Bhimeshawor, the Bhimeshwar temple is located in Dolakha Bazar of Bhimeshwar. The main statue of this temple is god Bhim, Bhimsen or Bhimeshwar or Bhim of Dolakha and is noted as one of the most popular throughout the country Nepal. He was the prince of panch pandav and notably worshiped by the traders or merchandizers as their will god. In Dolakha, the roofless temple constitutes the idol of Bhimsen, the idol in the temple is said to resemble three different gods, Bhimeshwar in the morning, Mahadeva during the day and the Narayana in the evening. Local legend has it that ages ago,12 porters coming from elsewhere stopped at this spot, after a few minutes, it was noticed that one side of the rice grains were cooked but the other side was raw. When the porter flipped the cooked side up, the cooked rice became raw again when it came in contact with the triangular-shaped black-stone. One of the porters became very angry and stubbed the stone with Paneu, later they realized that the stone is God Bhim. Worshippers started pouring in to pray God Bhim onwards, there are many faith-challenging incidents about the Bhimsen of Dolakha. The miraculous things of Bhimsen statue of Dolakha include sweating fluid like drops of warm water, people believe that if any bad incident is happening or going to happen in near future in the country then Bhimsen himself tries to protect his people by warning them through sweating etc. From the point of view of Shree Bhimeshwar Shivapuran, there was a kingdom of Bhima that was blessed by god Brahma at the side of mountain peak. The people, who lived in the Bhimas kingdom had to live very sorrowful lives from the Bhima, then god Shiva came from Gaurishanker and killed the king Bhima. According to the history after Bhimas death, the statue of god at that spot was named -Bhimeshwar, zones of Nepal Dolakha Newar Language Thangmi language Districts of Nepal
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Subtropics
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The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropic circle of latitude at 23.5 latitude and temperate latitudes. Subtropical climates are characterized by warm to hot summers and cool to mild winters with infrequent frost. Subtropical climates can occur at elevations within the tropics, such as in the southern end of the Mexican Plateau and in Vietnam. Six climate classifications use the term to define the various temperature. A great portion of the deserts are located within the subtropics. Within savanna regimes in the subtropics, a wet season is seen annually during the summer, within Mediterranean climate regimes, the wet season occurs during the winter. Areas bordering warm oceans are prone to heavy rainfall from tropical cyclones. Plants such as palms, citrus, mango, lychee, the tropics have been historically defined as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, located at 23. 45° north and south latitude respectively. The poleward fringe of the subtropics is located at approximately 40° north and south latitude respectively, northern fringes of the type can go further north due to moderating effects of ocean streams, like in parts of Southern Europe due to heat transported by the Gulf Stream. Several methods have used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a temperature greater than 10 °C. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone. According to the E. Neef climate classification, the zone is divided into two parts, Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate. According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the zone is divided into three parts, high-continental, continental, and maritime. According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six zones in the world. Heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the trough or Intertropical convergence zone. The upper-level divergence over the near-equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft, as the air moves towards the Mid-Latitudes, it cools and sinks, which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres. This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge, many of the worlds deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas, located within the subtropics
Listen (help·info)), a part of Province No. 5, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Tamghas as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,149 km², had a population of 296,654 in 2001, 280,160 in 2011 and 268,597 in 2016.[1]
