1.
Spanish naming customs
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Spanish naming customs are historical traditions for naming children practised in Spain. According to these customs, a persons name consists of a name followed by two family names. The first surname is usually the fathers first surname, and the second the mothers first surname, in recent years, the order of the surnames can be reversed at birth if it is so decided by the parents. Currently in Spain, people bear a single or composite given name, a composite given name comprises two single names, for example Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename. The two surnames refer to each of the parental families, traditionally, a persons first surname is the fathers first surname, and the second one is the mothers first surname. From 2013, if the parents of a child are unable to agree on order of surnames, the law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. Each surname can also be composite, the parts usually linked by the y or e. For example, a name might be Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias, consisting of a forename, a paternal surname. There are times when it is impossible, by inspection of a name, for example, the writer Sebastià Juan Arbó was alphabetised by the Library of Congress for many years under Arbó, assuming that Sebastiá and Juan were both given names. However, Juan was actually his first surname, to resolve questions like this, which typically involve very common names, one must consult the person involved, or legal documents. A man named José Antonio Gómez Iglesias would normally be addressed as either señor Gómez or señor Gómez Iglesias instead of señor Iglesias, because Gómez is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be addressed as José Antonio, José, Pepe, Antonio, or Toño Jose, Joselito, Josito, Joselillo, Josico or Joselín, Antoñito, Tonín or Nono. Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific as don José Antonio or don José, colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez is sometimes incorrectly referred to in English media as Mr. Márquez, when it should be Mr. García Márquez or, simply, Mr. García. It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, for example, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mothers family, since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, with the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca, as these peoples paternal names are very common, they are often called with their maternal names. It would nonetheless be a mistake to index José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero under Z as Zapatero, a practical option to spare an explanation is using a single surname composed of two separate words. Parents choose their childs name, which must be recorded in the Registro Civil to establish his or her legal identity. With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name, common sources of names are the parents taste, honouring a relative, the General Roman Calendar nomina, legislation in Spain under Franco legally limited cultural naming customs to only Christian and typical Spanish names
Spanish naming customs
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Spanish provincial surname concentrations: Percentage of population born with the ten most-common surnames for each province. (Source:
Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2006)
2.
Caracas
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Caracas, officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital, the center of the Greater Caracas Area, and the largest city of Venezuela. Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the part of the country. Terrain suitable for building lies between 760 and 910 m above sea level, the valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2, 200-metre-high mountain range, Cerro El Ávila, to the south there are more hills and mountains. Libertador holds many of the government buildings and is the Capital District, the Distrito Capital had a population of 2,013,366 as of 2011, while the Metropolitan District of Caracas was estimated at 3,273,863 as of 2013. The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an population of 5,243,301. Businesses that are located in the city include service companies, banks and it has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area. The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela are headquartered in Caracas, PDVSA is the largest company in Venezuela. Caracas is also Venezuelas cultural capital, with restaurants, theaters, museums. Some of the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America are located in Caracas, in 2015, Venezuela and its capital, Caracas, had the highest per capita murder rates in the world, with 119 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. Most murders and other violent crimes go unsolved, at the time of the founding of the city in 1567, the valley of Caracas was populated by indigenous peoples. Francisco Fajardo, the son of a Spanish captain and a Guaiqueri cacica, fajardos settlement did not last long. It was destroyed by natives of the led by Terepaima. This was the last rebellion on the part of the natives, on 25 July 1567, Captain Diego de Losada laid the foundations of the city of Santiago de León de Caracas. The foundation −1567 – I take possession of land in the name of God. In 1577 Caracas became the capital of the Spanish Empires Venezuela Province under Governor Juan de Pimentel, during the 17th century, the coast of Venezuela was frequently raided by pirates. With the coastal mountains as a barrier, Caracas was relatively immune to such attacks, encountering little resistance, the invaders sacked and set fire to the town after a failed ransom negotiation. As the cocoa cultivation and exports under the Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas grew in importance, in 1777, Caracas became the capital of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. José María España and Manuel Gual led a revolution aimed at independence
Caracas
Caracas
Caracas
Caracas
3.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
Venezuela
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The signing of Venezuela's independence, by
Martín Tovar y Tovar
Venezuela
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Flag
Venezuela
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The
Battle of Carabobo, during the
Venezuelan War of Independence
Venezuela
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José Gregorio Monagas abolished slavery in 1854.
4.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
Spain
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Lady of Elche
Spain
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Flag
Spain
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Altamira Cave paintings, in
Cantabria.
Spain
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Celtic castro in
A Guarda,
Galicia.
5.
Dominican Republic
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The Dominican Republic is a sovereign state occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western one-third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, christopher Columbus landed on the Western part of Hispaniola, in what is now Haiti, on December 6,1492. The island became the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World, the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 but were forcefully annexed by their more powerful neighbor Haiti in February 1822. After the 1844 victory in the Dominican War of Independence against Haitian rule the country again under Spanish colonial rule until the Dominican War of Restoration of 1865. The Dominican Republic experienced mostly internal strife until 1916, a civil war in 1965, the countrys last, was ended by another U. S. military occupation and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer, 1966–1978. Since then, the Dominican Republic has moved toward representative democracy and has been led by Leonel Fernández for most of the time since 1996. Danilo Medina, the Dominican Republics current president, succeeded Fernandez in 2012, the Dominican Republic has the ninth-largest economy in Latin America and is the largest economy in the Caribbean and Central American region. Though long known for agriculture and mining, the economy is now dominated by services. Over the last two decades, the Dominican Republic have been standing out as one of the economies in the Americas – with an average real GDP growth rate of 5. 4% between 1992 and 2014. GDP growth in 2014 and 2015 reached 7.3 and 7. 0%, respectively, in the first half of 2016 the Dominican economy grew 7. 4% continuing its trend of rapid economic growth. Recent growth has been driven by construction, manufacturing and tourism, private consumption has been strong, as a result of low inflation, job creation, as well as high level of remittances. The Dominican Republic has a market, Bolsa de Valores de la Republica Dominicana. and advanced telecommunication system. Nevertheless, unemployment, government corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems, the country also has marked income inequality. International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly, as it receives, mass illegal Haitian immigration and the integration of Dominicans of Haitian descent are major issues. A large Dominican diaspora exists, mostly in the United States, contributes to development, the Dominican Republic is the most visited destination in the Caribbean. The year-round golf courses are major attractions, the island has an average temperature of 26 °C and great climatic and biological diversity. The country is also the site of the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress built in all of the Americas, located in Santo Domingos Colonial Zone, a World Heritage Site. Music and sport are of importance in the Dominican culture, with Merengue and Bachata as the national dance and music
Dominican Republic
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The Pomier Caves are a series of 55 caves located north of San Cristobal in the Dominican Republic. They contain the largest collection of 2,000-year-old rock art in the Caribbean.
Dominican Republic
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Flag
Dominican Republic
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The
Alcázar of Colón, located in Santo Domingo, is the oldest
Viceregal residence in all of the Americas.
Dominican Republic
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Jean-Pierre Boyer the mulatto ruler of Haiti.
6.
Babson College
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Babson College is a private business school in Wellesley, Massachusetts, established in 1919. Babsons central focus on education has made it the most prestigious entrepreneurship college in the United States. It was founded by Roger W. Babson as a business institute. Now co-ed, Babson College offers bachelors degrees in business administration, through Babsons F. W. Olin Graduate School of Business, the college also offers masters degrees in business administration, finance, accounting, entrepreneurial leadership, and management. Often referred to as the Entrepreneurs College, Babson is renowned for immersing its students in the entrepreneurial lifestyle, Babson currently offers undergraduates nearly 55 entrepreneurship-related courses. These courses are taught in tandem with traditional liberal arts courses, every entrepreneurship course at Babson is taught by professors who have started, sold, bought, or run successful businesses. Babson currently has an acceptance rate of 26%. Babson College has consistently appeared on the U. S. News & World Report rankings as the one college in entrepreneurship education for nearly three decades. In 2014, CNNs Money Magazine named Babson the number one college in the country for value, and in 2015, the Economist ranked Babson second on its 2015 list of best colleges and universities in outperforming earnings expectations. Babsons MBA program has also ranked number one in entrepreneurship for over twenty years by U. S. News & World Report. On September 3,1919, with an enrollment of twenty-seven students, Roger Babson, the founder of the school, set out to distinguish the Babson Institute from colleges offering mainly instruction in business. The Institute provided intensive training in the fundamentals of production, finance, the curriculum was divided into four subject areas, practical economics, financial management, business psychology, and personal efficiency. The programs pace assumed that students would learn arts and sciences content elsewhere, mr. Babson favored a combination of class work and actual business training. Seasoned businessmen made up the majority of the faculty, to better prepare students for the realities of the business world, the Institutes curriculum focused more on practical experience and less on lectures. The institute also maintained a business environment as part of the everyday life. The students, required to wear professional attire, kept regular business hours and were monitored by punching in and they were also assigned an office desk equipped with a telephone, typewriter, adding machine, and Dictaphone. Personal secretaries typed the students assignments and correspondence in an effort to reflect the business world. Roger Babson aimed to prepare his students to enter their chosen careers as executives, Babson is involved in a Three College Collaboration with Olin College and Wellesley College
Babson College
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Arthur M. Blank Center
Babson College
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The Academic Seal of Babson College
Babson College
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The Babson Globe
7.
US$
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
US$
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Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
US$
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Federal Reserve Notes
US$
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Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
US$
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Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
8.
1,000,000,000 (number)
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1,000,000,000 is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. One billion can also be written as b or bn, in scientific notation, it is written as 1 ×109. The SI prefix giga indicates 1,000,000,000 times the base unit, one billion years may be called eon in astronomy and geology. Previously in British English, the word billion referred exclusively to a million millions, however, this is no longer as common as earlier, and the word has been used to mean one thousand million for some time. The alternative term one thousand million is used in the U. K. or countries such as Spain that uses one thousand million as one million million constitutes a billion. The worded figure, as opposed to the figure is used to differentiate between one thousand million or one billion. The term milliard can also be used to refer to 1,000,000,000, whereas milliard is seldom used in English, in the South Asian numbering system, it is known as 100 crore or 1 Arab. 1000000007 – smallest prime number with 10 digits,1023456789 – smallest pandigital number in base 10. 1026753849 – smallest pandigital square that includes 0,1073741824 –2301073807359 – 14th Kynea number. 1162261467 –3191220703125 –513 1232922769- 35113^2 Centered hexagonal number,1234567890 – pandigital number with the digits in order. 1882341361 – The least prime whose reversal is both square and triangular,1977326743 –7112147483647 – 8th Mersenne prime and the largest signed 32-bit integer. 2147483648 –2312176782336 –6122214502422 – 6th primary pseudoperfect number,2357947691 –1192971215073 – 11th Fibonacci prime. 3405691582 – hexadecimal CAFEBABE, used as a placeholder in programming,3405697037 – hexadecimal CAFED00D, used as a placeholder in programming. 3735928559 – hexadecimal DEADBEEF, used as a placeholder in programming,3486784401 –3204294836223 – 16th Carol number. 4294967291 – Largest prime 32-bit unsigned integer,4294967295 – Maximum 32-bit unsigned integer, perfect totient number, product of the five prime Fermat numbers. 4294967296 –2324294967297 – the first composite Fermat number,6103515625 –5146210001000 – only self-descriptive number in base 10. 6975757441 –1786983776800 – 15th colossally abundant number, 15th superior highly composite number 7645370045 – 27th Pell number,8589934592 –2339043402501 – 25th Motzkin number. 9814072356 – largest square pandigital number, largest pandigital pure power,9876543210 – largest number without redundant digits
1,000,000,000 (number)
–
Visualisation of powers of ten from one to 1 billion
9.
Venezuelan people
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Venezuelan people are from a multiethnic nation in South America called Venezuela. Venezuelans are predominantly Roman Catholic and speak Spanish, the majority of Venezuelans are the result of a mixture of Europeans, Africans and Amerindians. 51. 6% of the population are Mestizos of mixed European, African and Amerindian ancestry and 43. 6% of Venezuelans consider themselves European or Middle Eastern, an additional 3. 6% identify as Black/African-descendants, while 3. 2% identify as Amerindians. However, archaeological excavations are the evidences that establish certain periods that were taking place on the continent, there are four periods of diversity that develop in the current Venezuela, which also entering a new period, it did not mean the end of the previous. The first migrations to the continent were probably from East Asia to 15,000 years and these early migrants came at first to be located in North America, later moving to the territory of present Venezuela. Now for their offspring, it was clear verify the Asian features on their faces that will adapt to the climate and lifestyle. On August 2,1498, Christopher Columbus, and the Spanish colonizers ships, landed for the first time in American mainland and did so in the current Venezuelan territory. Another group of whites who were born in Venezuela were originally called Creole, representing 20% of the population, they were mostly from the Canary Islands, the other two smaller groups were the original inhabitants and indigenous blacks brought from Africa, they were about 5% of the population. This process is responsible for the majority of Venezuelans who are of mestizo mixed race. The country has a population that reflects its rich history. Many of the peoples were absorbed by the mestizo population. Small numbers are descendants of French, English and Polish, as they emigrated during World War II, black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. Currently, according to the critic DAmbrosio and other academics, about 51. 6% of Venezuelans are mestizos, 45% are white, 2% are black and 1% Indians. Notably, according to scholars, is the fact that virtually there are no pure blacks in Venezuela, including those with the darkest skin. Most of which being limited to black Venezuelans who descend from recent immigrants, the only Venezuelan town where there is a consistent number of them is Colonia Tovar. The population of approximately 28 million people made Venezuela the sixth-most populous country in Latin America, approximately more than one million are living in other countries. More than ninety percent of the Venezuelans live in urban areas – a figure higher than the world average. The literacy rate in Venezuela is also well above the average
Venezuelan people
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Venezuelans in the world
10.
Grupo Cisneros
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It also provides media content to more than 100 countries. Its current CEO and Vice President of the Board of Directors is Adriana Cisneros, Cisneros was founded in 1929 in Venezuela by Diego Cisneros as a small material transport business. The company grew rapidly and obtained a license to branch into the manufacture, Diego diversified the business in 1961 when he acquired a Televisa television channel which would become Venevision. His son, Gustavo, began his career in media and entertainment operations of the company, in 1970, Gustavo Cisneros assumed the position of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Cisneros. Cisneros Media Distribution is currently one of the main programming suppliers for Univision and it supports various important educational initiatives designed to promote freedom of speech, economic development and encourage multicultural understanding. In August 2013, Gustavo Cisneros appointed his daughter Adriana Cisneros de Griffin as the new Chief Executive Officer of Cisneros, Adriana has spent the last seven years working as Vice Chairman and Vice President of Strategy. During this time, Adriana Cisneros led the expansion into the digital world. She has mainly concentrated on developing the conglomerate within the digital world, Venevision, The main and largest television network in Venezuela, Its free-to-air signal covers entire the country. Cisneros Media Distribution, is an entertainment company with more than 30 years’ experience in Spanish content distribution produced by Cisneros, Venevision Productions is the largest independent Hispanic production company in the United States. Its programming is distributed internationally to over 90 countries around the world, Venevision Studios, is a facility for the production of television programming. It has six studios consisting of over 26,000 square meters, digital cameras, digital AES, the Miss Venezuela beauty pageant is now a multimedia event. During the Interactive Gala, the public can vote for their candidate through social media networks. In 2013, the Miss Venezuela contest partnered with CIC Media, similarly, in 2013 it partnered with P&G to create pan-regional product an work with 30 brands. Siente Music, A joint venture between Vene Music and Universal Music Latino, the award winning division of Universal Music Group, a corporate division of Cisneros develops digital businesses for Hispanic audiences in the United States and Latin America. Its business strategy is focused on two areas, digital advertisement, both online and mobile, and e-commerce. Its main companies are, RedMas, One of the main Hispanic mobile ad networks, adsmovil, The main mobile publicity network in the Hispanic communications market in the U. S. and the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking markets in Latin America. Cuponidad, is a website with daily sales offers in Peru. The former Colombian division filed for bankruptcy in 2015, tropicalia, is a tourism real-estate development belonging to Cisneros
Grupo Cisneros
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Organización Cisneros
Grupo Cisneros
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Venevision Studios in Miami
Grupo Cisneros
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Diego Cisneros, founder of the Cisneros Group of Companies
11.
Pepsi
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Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Originally created and developed in 1893 and introduced as Brads Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola on August 28,1898 and it is currently known in North America alternatively as Pepsi-Cola as of 2014. The drink Pepsi was first introduced as Brads Drink in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1893 by Caleb Bradham and it was renamed Pepsi Cola in 1898 after the root of the word dyspepsia and the kola nuts used in the recipe. The original recipe also included sugar and vanilla, Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was appealing and would aid in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse and that year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in bottles. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as A bully drink. refreshing, invigorating, the advertising theme Delicious and Healthful was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again, assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Megargel was unsuccessful, and soon Pepsis assets were purchased by Charles Guth, Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores fountains after Coke refused to him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Lofts chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula, on three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, The Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion. The original trademark application for Pepsi-Cola was filed on September 23,1902 with registration approved on June 16,1903, in the applications statement, Caleb Bradham describes the trademark and indicated that the mark was in continuous use for his business since August 1,1901. The Pepsi-Colas description is a syrup for soda water. The trademark expired on April 15,1904, a second Pepsi-Cola trademark is on record with the USPTO. The federal status for the 1905 trademark is registered and renewed and is owned by PepsiCo of Purchase, in 2014, the 1940 wordmark was used again and replacing the current wordmark on many cans. During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle, coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsis status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Colas profits doubled, Pepsis success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering
Pepsi
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The pharmacy of Caleb Bradham, with a Pepsi dispenser
Pepsi
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Pepsi
Pepsi
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A plaque at 256 Middle Street, New Bern, NC
Pepsi
12.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
Forbes
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Cover for December 20, 2010, featuring
Julian Assange
Forbes
–
Forbes's former headquarters on
5th Avenue in Manhattan (now owned by New York University)
Forbes
–
Forbes Building on
Fifth Avenue in New York City (now owned by
New York University)
13.
Suffield Academy
–
Suffield Academy is a private preparatory school located in Suffield, Connecticut, United States. It was founded in 1833 to train men for ministry in the Baptist Church. The tuition fees for students are currently $58,000 for boarders, the headmaster is Charlie Cahn, who has been in post since 2004. The school is coeducational with slightly more than half the students being boys, approximately 15% of the student body are students of color, 18% overseas students and 67% board. Thirteen dormitories on campus house the students with 90 faculty members serving as dormitory and student advisors as well as teachers. In the mid-1820s, the Connecticut Baptists had announced their intention to charter a private school, the residents of Suffield, eager to have a school in their town, were successful in raising enough money to win the charter. The schools first building, later known as the Old South Building, was erected, the early mission of the school was to educate young men for the ministry. Despite its founding links to the Baptist Church, the institute quickly moved towards a model and in 1833 was renamed Connecticut Literary Institute. The institute was the high school in town and local government funding helped to pay for each students tuition. The school was renamed the Suffield School in 1916 and was restructured as a Military School for Boys two years later, featuring military-style regimentation, field maneuvers and riflery, in 1937 the school was renamed Suffield Academy. The first building of the Institute was the Old South Building and it stood on the property which is now the grounds of the S. In 1894, the town of Suffield, with its history of libraries, had begun the process of erecting a new public library. This drew the attention of Sydney A. Kent, a Connecticut Literary Institute graduate, mr. Kent offered the town $35,000 to build the new library, under the provision that he could dedicate it in the name of his parents. With Kents assistance, the town purchased the property from the Institute and, in 1897 and its architect was Chicago-based Daniel Burnham. On November 1,1899, the new building was dedicated as the Kent Memorial Library, in 1974, the town of Suffield moved the Kent Memorial Library to its present location at 50 Main St. and the academy repurchased the property. After a sizable addition was made to the back of the library, the other buildings created during the years of the Institute were Memorial Hall, Fuller Hall and the North Hall, which sat behind Fuller and Memorial, and was demolished in the 1930s. During Appleton H. Seaverns tenure as headmaster, the academy saw a change in its campus. Brewster Hall, the infirmary, Holcomb Hall and Perry Gymnasium were all added in the 1950s, extra dormitories were also added on a plot of land opposite the school, which included the then-dedicated Kulle House, Proctor House, William Fuller House and Bissell House
Suffield Academy
–
The school's library
Suffield Academy
–
Esse Quam Videri
Suffield Academy
–
Brewster Hall—Home of the Dining Hall and Student Union
Suffield Academy
–
A look at the bell and Centurion Hall, the school's newest academic building
14.
Connecticut
–
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
Connecticut
–
Bear Mountain, highest peak in Connecticut
Connecticut
–
Flag
Connecticut
–
Lake Mcdonough reservoir as seen from the Tunxis Trail Overlook Spur trail, Barkhamsted
Connecticut
–
New Haven
15.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
Massachusetts
–
A portion of the north-central
Pioneer Valley in
Sunderland
Massachusetts
–
Flag
Massachusetts
–
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the
piping plover
Massachusetts
–
The
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882). The
Pilgrims were a group of
Puritans who founded
Plymouth in 1620.
16.
Coral Gables, Florida
–
Coral Gables, officially the City of Coral Gables, is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States, located southwest of Downtown Miami. The United States Census Bureau estimates conducted in 2013 yielded the city had a population of 49,631, Coral Gables is home to the University of Miami. The city of Coral Gables has its own newspaper, Coral Gables News, Coral Gables was one of the first planned communities, and prefigured the development of the gated community and the homeowners association. It is infamous for its strict zoning regulations, the city was developed by George Merrick during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The citys architecture is almost entirely Mediterranean Revival style, including the Coral Gables Congregational Church, the domed, Catholic Church of the Little Flower was built somewhat later, in a similar Spanish Renaissance style. By 1926, the city covered 10,000 acres and had netted $150 million in sales, Merrick meticulously designed the downtown commercial district to be only four blocks wide and more than two miles long. The main artery bisected the business district, Merrick could boast that every business in Coral Gables was less than a two-block walk. During World War II many Navy pilots and mechanics were trained and housed in Coral Gables, Coral Gables is located at 25°43′42″N 80°16′16″W. It is bordered on the west by Red Road north of Sunset Drive and West 49th Avenue and it is bordered on the north by Tamiami Trail/U. S. Route 41, except for a section that extends north of 8th Street for eight blocks between Ponce de Leon Boulevard and Douglas Road. S. 1 to Battersea Road, and by Biscayne Bay south of Battersea Road, on the south, it is bordered by the Charles Deering Estate. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 37.2 square miles. 13.1 square miles of it is land and 24.0 square miles of it is water. 4% were vacant, in 2000,24. 45% had children under the age of 18 living with them. In Coral Gables,61. 11% were family households,17. 3% had a householder with no husband present. The average household size was 2.36, and the household had 1.68 vehicles. In 2000, the city population was out with 17. 4% under the age of 18,14. 58% from 18 to 24,25. 02% from 25 to 44,27. 01% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39.44 years, the population consisted of 51. 31% females and 48. 69% males. In 2000, the income for a household in the city was $77,890
Coral Gables, Florida
–
Downtown Coral Gables in April 2010
Coral Gables, Florida
–
A section of historic Coral Gables Rapid Transit track on Segovia Avenue.
Coral Gables, Florida
–
Coral Way, one of the many scenic roads through the Gables
Coral Gables, Florida
–
Alhambra Circle is Coral Gables' primary financial street with numerous high-rise office buildings
17.
Florida
–
Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
Florida
–
St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
Florida
–
Flag
Florida
–
Aerial view of
Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
Florida
–
The five flags of Florida from the right,
Spain (1565–1763), the
Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the
Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
18.
Univision
–
Univision is an American Spanish language broadcast television network that is owned by Univision Communications. Univision is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and has its studios, production facilities. In recent years, the network has reached viewership parity with the five major English language U. S. television networks, Univision is available on cable and satellite television throughout most of the United States, with local stations in over 60 markets with large Hispanic and Latino populations. Chief operating officer Randy Falco has been in charge of the company since the departure of Univision Communications president, the new owners helped to turn around the stations fortunes by heavily investing in programming. Televisas ownership interest in SIN transferred posthumously from Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta to his son, Emilio Azcárraga Milmo, in Chicago, SIN moved its programming from WCIU-TV to new full-time affiliate WSNS-TV in July 1985. After WSNS was sold to Telemundo in 1988, what had become Univision moved its programming back to WCIU-TV, wGBO-TV became an Univision-owned station in January 1995. to operate the network and its stations. The Federal Communications Commission and SINs competitors had long questioned whether the relationship between SIN and the Azcárraga family was impermissibly tight, both the FCC and other Spanish-language broadcasters had long suspected that Televisa was merely using Nicolas to skirt FCC rules prohibiting foreign ownership of broadcast media. The FCC and the U. S. Justice Department eventually encouraged a sale of the network to a properly constituted domestic organization, joaquin Blaya, the networks new chief executive officer, would sign agreements to carry two programs that would change the face of the network. He signed contracts to develop programs hosted by Cristina Saralegui and Chilean-born Mario Kreutzberger – better known as Don Francisco – for the network. It also prohibited the use of English in its programming or advertisements, in 1988, Blaya also substantially ramped up production of American-based programs on Univisions lineup, reducing the share of programming imported from Latin America on its schedule. With this, the network began producing programs with an audience in mind, resulting in Univisions schedule consisting of 50% foreign programming. During Flores tenure as host of TV Mujer, the remained the #1 daytime show on Spanish-language television. Telemundos Dia a Dia, which debuted prior to the premiere of TV Mujer, TV Mujer inspired a series of other programs, including Hola, America and Al Mediodia, which never garnered the ratings of the original concept and were ultimately cancelled. However, the networks began to wane following the Hallmark purchase. The network opted to replace the Mexican-produced serials with novelas produced in South America, however, to make matters worse, with limited revenue from advertising, the sale to Hallmark left Univision with a huge debt load to cover. On April 8,1992, Hallmark sold Univision to a group that included Los Angeles-based investor A. 5% stake in the station group, the deal placed Univision under common ownership with competing cable channel Galavisión, which the Azcárraga-run Grupo Televisa owned at the time. KMEX became the first Spanish-language television station ever to outperform English-language network stations and that year, Univision also acquired KXLN, the first Spanish-language television station in the Houston market. Perenchio also implemented new programming requirements in which programs were no longer allowed to run 20 minutes over their allotted timeslot
Univision
–
A Univision float in the 2010 North Hudson Cuban Day Parade in
Union City, New Jersey.
Univision
–
Univision
19.
Venevision International
–
Cisneros Media Distribution is an entertainment company that broadcasts Spanish content in the United States and in other locations around the globe. CMD is a Spanish-language Entertainment company with more than 30 years of experience in TV programming production and distribution, Venevision International is part of the Cisneros Group of Companies and was founded initially as the distribution company of this media holding. CMD is headed today by Peter Tinoco, the company opened doors in 1971 under the name Teverama Florida along with Radio Caracas Television as distributors of Venezuelan programming abroad. After a split from RCTV was renamed America Television Inc. as a distributor of television programming, VVI is one of the two largest companies in Spanish language. With a presence in five continents and more than 70 countries, Venevision International’s programs have harvested successes in Latin America, Europe, Venevision International’s telenovelas have been broadcast in more than 100 countries and translated into 24 languages. In this genre the company launched in 2001 the first erotic soap opera “Latin Lover, VVI presently supports exchange agreements and sales of TV programming in China and Korea, where the telenovelas have reached great popularity. In television production, the company was pioneer in independent television production in Spanish in the city of Miami and one of the main companies of this segment in the industry. Also, since 2001 VVI has co-produced with Latin American and US companies and it is part of the companies that have renewed interest in the Latin American cinema in the US market. As part of the Cisneros Group of Companies, the company has always interested in launching TV channels. VeneMusic, Venevision International’s musical stamp, has turned into an important reference in the Latin music and its market activities in the music industry expanded with a publishing unit that administers the rights of the artists and the musical pieces that support the television productions of the company. In the area of entertainment the company runs Latcel, a mobile content production and distribution company in the U. S. Venezuela
Venevision International
–
Venevisión International
20.
Miss Venezuela
–
Miss Venezuela is a national beauty pageant in Venezuela. The pageant is held in September, preceded by two or three months of preliminary events, including the awarding of corporate prizes. Since 2013, the national contest has been split into two pageants, Miss Venezuela and Miss Venezuela Mundo. Thousands of entrants apply for the pageant each year, some young women would try for up to five or six years consecutively trying to get one of the 26 to 32 titles that will enable them to compete in the final pageant. Venezuelas 23 states, capital, and two regions of Zulia State are always represented, some other regions of the country will have representatives in the pageant. A girl wishing to compete in the pageant starts at either the level, if a regional contest is held in her state. For example, none of the candidates in 2004 for Vargas state were deemed fit for competition, winners therefore have often never visited the state they represent. In 2000, the made in Zulia State sent 7 girls to that year finals. However, such decisions are made before the delegates are convened. The pageant keeps a reserve pool of willing candidates always available to any last minute rejected contestant. Many aspirants will also make it into the final 50 or 60, such eliminations have no real bearing on how well the contestant will do in the future. Reentry into the pageant is rare, although the rules are arbitrary. Aida Yespica competed in Miss Venezuela World 2001 but withdrew before being assigned a state for the final pageant her year, the ten contestants for Miss Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the six for Miss Venezuela Mundo 2006 were recycled from previous years. This situation was expected to be repeated during the 2007 pageant, in some contestants were expected to compete again. There is a formula to determine the states and regions represented in Venezuela. The base number of contestants over the last decade has been 26–28, * Denotes that state has a preliminary pageant – which may or may not still be held – as of 2005 only Táchira, Zulia-Falcón, Lara, Aragua and Sucre held preliminaries. ** Denotes that state has been represented through the Miss Centroccidental preliminary, additionally, three states, Carabobo, Falcon and Mérida hold their own individual pageants. Costa Oriental Distrito Capital Dependencias Federales Peninsula Goajira Costa Oriental and Peninsula Goajira are regions of Zulia state and are handed out at the Miss Zulia preliminary
Miss Venezuela
–
Dayana Mendoza,
Miss Venezuela 2007 and
Miss Universe 2008
Miss Venezuela
Miss Venezuela
–
Alexandra Braun,
Miss Earth 2005
Miss Venezuela
–
Stefanía Fernández,
Miss Venezuela 2008 and
Miss Universe 2009
21.
Leones del Caracas
–
The Caracas Base Ball Club is a Venezuelan baseball team that currently plays in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. Cervecería Caracas was founded in 1942, after Cervecería Caracas, a team, was bought. At first, the team played its games at the old Estadio Cerveza Caracas. The team was founded by Martín Tovar Lange and managed by big leaguer Alejandro Carrasquel, the Princesa team played its last game on May 7,1942. Then, Caracas debuted four days later with a 7–3 victory over the Criollos, the game was played in Puerto Cabello, a city on the north coast of Venezuela. Caracas faced its nemesis, the Navegantes del Magallanes for the first time on December 27 of that year. In its first stage, the team won two titles before moving to the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in January 1946. Since its inception, the Caracas team was characterized by having only Venezuelan players on their roster, the club changed its policy in 1950, after signing catcher Lester Fusselman and outfielder Maurice Mozzali, two St. Louis Cardinals prospects. In 1952, the franchise was bought by the publicist and sport commentator Pablo Morales, since then, the team plays its home games at the Estadio Universitario in Caracas. Later, businessman Oscar Prieto Ortiz joined Morales as a legal partner, by 2001, the descendants of Morales and Prieto sold their shares to the Grupo Cisneros, giving it majority control of the team. Through 2013, the Caracas team has won 20 championship titles, the Estadio Universitario is a multi-use stadium located in Caracas, Venezuela. The stadium holds 22,690 people and was built in 1952 and this stadium forms part of the Central University of Venezuela campus and was designed by architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva. It is considered a masterpiece of planning and was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2000. 1947-1948, José A. Casanova 1948-1949, José A. Casanova 1951-1952 and this has resulted in a change on the historical stats of Leones del Caracas, as reflected in the official page of the league. On February 9,1982, the Leones earned Venezuelas third Caribbean World Series, the Leones ended the series with a record of 5 wins and 1 defeat. The Venezuelan team, with Alfonso Carrasquel at the helm, gained the title with a 5-1 record. Leones was led by catcher and Series MVP Baudilio Díaz, CF Tony Armas, the pitching staff was led by Luis Leal, who posted a 2-0 record with a 2.08 ERA and 10 strikeouts and a in 13.0 innings of work. Behind him were Bud Black, Dennis Burtt and Tom Dixon, Venezuela also featured 2B Steve Sax, SS Ron Gardenhire, 1B Dave Garcia, 3B Leonardo Hernández, pinch-hitter Andrés Galarraga and pitcher Joe Cowley, among others
Leones del Caracas
–
1895 Caracas Baseball Club.
Leones del Caracas
–
Panoramic view of the stadium.
22.
Telenovela
–
A telenovela, Brazilian Portuguese, ) is a type of limited-run serial drama originally produced in Latin America that has become popular in European, Asian, and other global television networks. The word combines tele, short for televisión or televisão, and novela, There are similar genres to the telenovela that use the novela format, but go by varying names including teleserye, téléroman, or simply dramas. Telenovelas differ from soap operas in that they continue for more than a year. This makes them shorter than operas, but still much longer than most other serials. In Spain, they are also called culebrones because of the convoluted plots, episodes of telenovelas usually last between 30 and 45 minutes, and rarely more than an hour, except for final episodes. The telenovela combines drama with the 19th-century feuilleton, and naturally evolved from the Latin American radionovela, by the 1970s and 1980s Mexico became a world pioneer in using telenovelas to shape behavior, particularly successfully in introducing the idea of family planning. Mexico and Brazil later, in the 1990s, played a key role in the export of telenovelas. Over time telenovelas evolved in the structure of their plots and in the themes that they address, couples who kiss each other in the first minutes of the first episode sometimes stay together for many episodes before the scriptwriter splits them up. Moreover, previously taboo themes such as violence, racism. Since the 2000s, Latin America and Asia altogether have emerged as the biggest producers of telenovelas, the end result is that the telenovela requires a faster-paced, more concise style of melodrama compared to the soap opera. Telenovelas, which are sometimes called tassels or comedias, are produced primarily in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries and are usually shown during prime time. The first telenovelas were produced in Brazil, Cuba and Mexico, Sua vida me pertence was shown twice a week, between 1957 and 1958 Mexico produced its first drama serial in the modern telenovela format of Monday to Friday slots, Senda prohibida, written by Fernanda Villeli. The first global telenovela was Los ricos también lloran, which was exported to Russia, China, countries that produce well-known telenovelas are Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela. Telenovelas tend to fall within these six categories, Working-class melodrama and they typically feature a poor woman who falls in love with a rich man whose family spurns her, such as the Las Tres Marias. This genre started with Quinceañera in 1987, mystery/thriller is a category of telenovela that is more cold-hearted than the other subgenres. It may portray a mysterious death or disappearance, which may tear couples, even families apart, such as Cuna de Lobos, La Casa al Final de la Calle, La Mujer de Judas, El Rostro de la Venganza or La Casa de al Lado. Romantic comedy, which portrays love stories with some or lots of such as Las tontas no van al cielo Fools Dont Go to Heaven or Yo soy Betty. Pop band story portrays the lives of aspiring popsters such as in Alcanzar una estrella and its sequel Alcanzar una estrella II, as well as Rebelde, some, though not all, of these type of telenovelas are geared towards a teenage and/or pre-teen audience
Telenovela
–
Brazilian actress
Juliana Paes as Maya, character of the telenovela
India – A Love Story (2009).
23.
Resort
–
A resort is a self-contained commercial establishment that endeavors to provide most of a vacationers wants, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping, on the premises. The term resort may be used for a property that provides an array of amenities, typically including entertainment. A hotel is frequently a central feature of a resort, such as the Grand Hotel at Mackinac Island, some resorts are also timeshare or fractionally owned, or wholly owned condominium complexes. A resort is not always a commercial establishment operated by a single company, commonly these facilities are of higher quality than would be expected if one were to stay at a hotel or eat in a towns restaurants. Closely related to these resorts are convention and large meeting sites, generally these occur in cities where special meeting halls, together with ample accommodations as well as varied dining and entertainment, are provided. An all-inclusive resort charges a price that includes most or all items. At a minimum, most inclusive resorts include lodging, unlimited food, drink, sports activities, all-inclusive resorts are found in the Caribbean, particularly in Dominican Republic, Egypt, and elsewhere. Many also offer sports and other included in the price as well. They are often located in warmer regions, the all-inclusive model originated in the Club Med resorts, which were founded by the Belgian Gérard Blitz. Some all-inclusive resorts are designed for specific vacation interests, for example, certain resorts cater to adults, while even more specialized properties accept couples only. Other all-inclusive resorts are geared toward families, with facilities like craft centers, game rooms, all-inclusive resorts are also very popular locations for destination weddings. A spa resort is a short term residential/lodging facility with the purpose of providing individual services for spa-goers to develop healthy habits. Historically many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or sources of mineral waters, golf resorts are resorts that cater specifically to the sport of golf, and include access to one or more golf course and or clubhouse. Golf resorts typically provide golf packages that provide visitors with all greens and cart fees, range balls, accommodations, in North America a ski resort is generally a destination resort in a ski area. Ski resort is less likely to refer to a town or village, a megaresort is a type of destination resort which is of an exceptionally large size, such as those along the Las Vegas Strip. In Singapore integrated resort is a euphemism for a destination resort. A holiday village is a type of self-contained resort in Europe, a holiday camp in the United Kingdom refers to a resort where the accommodation is in chalets. The term holiday park is used for a resort where the accommodation includes static caravans, there are 1500+ timeshare resorts in the U. S. that are operated by major hospitality, timeshare-specific, or independent companies
Resort
–
Resorts combine a hotel and a variety of recreations, such as
swimming pools, shown here in San Diego, California
Resort
–
Kayaking provided by a lakeside resort in
Jasper, Alberta
Resort
–
An
island resort in the
Maldives.
Resort
–
Miami Beach in Florida
24.
Miches
–
Miches is a town located in El Seibo province in the northeast coast of the Dominican Republic. In 1936, the community known as El Jovero changed its name -through Act No. 1181, published in the Official Gazette No, 4956-, in honor of the Dominican General Eugenio Miches. Miches has traditionally been a community in one of the poorest regions of the Dominican Republic. Due to its location, with the sea to the north and a mountain range to the south, Miches has historically lived isolated. Miches has a great tourism potential, the great extension of its beaches, some of the best in the country, and its irregular coasts creating unique landforms, provide all the means for excellent tourism. Mangroves, coconut trees, mountains, rivers, waterfalls, caves, Miches will be the location of the project Tropicalia, a sustainable tourism and real estate development of Cisneros Real Estate, a division of Cisneros. Tropicalia will entail an investment of US$310 million and will generate around 1,800 jobs, the Miches Story – Columbia University
Miches
–
Olivia Peguero Pintura en plein air working near the town of Miches, en la provincia de El Seibo en la República Dominicana
25.
Punta Cana
–
Punta Cana is a resort town within the Punta Cana-Bávaro-Veron-Macao municipal district, in the municipality of Higüey, in La Altagracia Province, the easternmost province of the Dominican Republic. The area has beaches and balnearios which face both the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and it has been a popular tourist destination since the 1970s, the Punta Cana area has an estimated population of 50,000, with an annual growth rate of 6%. To the north, it borders the village and beach of Cabeza de Toro, the nearest city, the 500-year-old Higüey, is 45 kilometres away, which takes about an hour to reach by car. European entrepreneurs, particularly Spanish hotel chains, own all but two of the over 50 megaresorts at the Punta Cana tourism destination, the province’s 100-kilometre coastline tends to be mildly windy. The ocean waters are mainly shallows, with several natural pools in which visitors can bathe without danger. Bávaro is the starting from Cabeza de Toro until Macao Beach. The major town in the district is Veron, now bigger than Higüey in territory, verón, last name of the French proprietor of a timberline business in the early 1930s, is now the base-city for hotel workers and related. It has, besides Bávaro, one of the four gas stations in Punta Cana. Punta Cana features a wet and dry climate under the Köppen climate classification. The weather is fairly consistent all year, with a temperature of 30 °C. The hot and humid season lasts from May to October, from November to March, temperatures during the evening are around 20 °C. Very little rain falls around the area, primarily because of the flat landscape. The capital city Santo Domingo, and Los Haitises National Park, the Basilica Catholic Monument, built in 1962 and designed by two French architects, is in nearby Higüey, the 500-year-old capital of the Province. There are several developments, the Puntacana Resort and Club, Cap Cana, Motel 6. The electricity is powered by Consorcio Energetico Punta Cana Macao, a wind, the Punta Cana International Airport is one of the busiest and best connected airports in the Caribbean. In 2014, Punta Cana received over 2.4 million passengers, grupo Puntacana built the Punta Cana International Airport in 1984 to facilitate tourism in the area. It was the western hemisphere’s first privately owned international airport, the buses run through most of the main town and stop running at 10,00 pm. Punta Cana travel guide from Wikivoyage
Punta Cana
–
Sunrise over Punta Cana
Punta Cana
–
Punta Cana International Airport
26.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
27.
Joaquin Torres-Garcia
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He was one of the most notable personalities of artistic movement in the first half of the century. He is known for his collaboration with Gaudi in 1903 on the glass windows for the Palma Cathedral. In 1913 he painted the monumental frescoes in the medieval Palau de la Generalitat seat of the Catalan government. And gave more than 500 lectures, many artists have called him Maestro including Joan Miró, Helion, Pere Daura, Engel Rozier. Retrospectives in Paris in 1955 and Amsterdam in 1961 are the earliest to document historically the place of Torres-Garcia in the currents of abstract art. In the United States he had important exhibitions in the 1920s, in the 1930s at Gallatins Gallery of Living Art as a master of the European Modern Art among Arp, Braque, Gris, Sidney Janis Gallery sponsored important shows from the 1950s. He was the first child of Joaquim Torras Fradera, an emigrant from Mataró, Spain, in 1861, Torres-Garcías father travelled in a brigantine to make his fortune in South America, and established a general store called the Almacen de Joaquín Torres. As a child, Torres examined the picturesque store situated in the old Square of the Wagons, the colonial Montevideo had a port, trains, and a vibrant population dotted with countless gauchos wrapped in capes with whip ready in hand. Much of his education in that predominantly agricultural society came from his observation of the things around him. He received his first formal art training when his family returned to Spain In 1891, Torres-Garcías father returned to Mataró, Spain, with his wife, Torres-García enrolled in the School of Fine Arts in Barcelona, the Baixas Academy and the Saint Lluc Artists Circle. The most appropriate medium in which to depict that world was the print, the language came from Paris, the favorite models were Toulouse-Lautrec and Steinlen. His classmates and friends included Ricard Canals, Manolo Hugue, Joaquim Mir, Isidre Nonell, Pablo Picasso, Torres was an assiduous contributor of drawings in all the principal newspapers and magazines of the time, such as La Vanguardia, Iris, Barcelona Cómica and La Saeta. In 1900, Torres Garcias father died, antoni Gaudí commissioned Torres in 1903 to create stained-glass windows for Palma Cathedral. The spiritual realm, reason, feelings, the natural or earthly realm, immediate, intermediate, remote, past, present, eugeni dOrs, the intellectual father noucentisme, praised artworks that Torres Garcia shows at Sala Parés and the Cercle de Sant Lluc that same year. Objective which coincides with noucentisme, but Torress radicalness paradoxically separate him from artists who follow this tendency — Sunyer, Canals, Aragay — and ultimately DOrs. Torres-García began teaching art in 1907 and gradually became involved with an experimental school Colegio Mont dOr founded by his friend the progressive educator Joan Palau Vera, the vocabulary of universal constructivism was being developed as an exercise in progressive pedagogy. In 1909, he married Manuela Piña i Rubíes, a Catalonian, Torres-García traveled to Brussels to paint a Pavilion in the Brussels International World Fair. During this prolonged stay in Paris, he visited friends, museums, on his first trip to Italy and Switzerland, Torres-García observed the ancient and the modern, futurism
Joaquin Torres-Garcia
–
by
Ramon Casas (
MNAC).
28.
Alejandro Otero
–
Alejandro Otero was a Venezuelan painter of Geometric abstraction, a sculptor, a writer and a cultural promoter. He was a member of the Los Disidentes group. Alejandro Otero studied art at the Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Artes Aplicadas de Caracas from 1939 to 1945, in 1940 he won a prize in the First Venezuelan Official Art Salon. After his studies, Otero traveled to New York and Paris where he focused his work on a revision of Cubism in 1945, living in Paris until 1952. In 1945 he also went to Washington, D. C. where he exhibited works at the Pan American Union. He was married to Venezuelan artist Mercedes Pardo in London,1951. This works became known in 1948 at an exhibition in Washington, D. C. since they served as a transition for Otero to overcome Realism. The idea of the module in Oteros practice first emerged in these works, in which he explored a dynamic conception of space and pictorial structure typical of Op Art. Between 1955 and 1960, he developed the series of seventy-five Colorhythms. In 1955, Otero produced his first Colorhythm, structured by parallel, evenly spaced, dark vertical bands on white grounds, the paintings have color markings placed between the bands, which activate the entire structure of the plane. In these works, Otero succeeded in emphasizing rhythm and color over form, as a consequence of optical intensity, chromatic vibration, and rhythmic movement, the picture plane seems to expand dynamically outwards. In 1958 Otero was awarded the National Prize for Painting in the Official Salon and he is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. In the 1960s he abandoned painting in order to work on a scale in his civic sculptures. He also produced collages of objets trouvés, as in Page Picture No.1, towards the end of his life he carried out many monumental public art commissions in many American cities. In 2012 the exhibition Resonant Space, The Colorhythms of Alejandro Otero organized by the Instituto de Arte Contemporânea, was presented at the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
Alejandro Otero
–
A sculpture by Alejandro Otero at Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art
Alejandro Otero
Alejandro Otero
Alejandro Otero
29.
Armando Reveron
–
Armandro Reverón was a painter and sculptor in Venezuela in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and arguably the most influential exponent of Venezuelan impressionism. While his mental health deteriorated throughout his life, his abilities remained. His house by the northern coast of Venezuela housed the Reveron Museum and he is the subject of various homages in different media, and is remembered by his muñecas or dolls. He began his studies at the Colegio de los Padres Salesianos in Caracas and his maternal great-uncle, Ricardo Montilla, who had studied in New York, teaches him natural drawing and awakens his artistic vocation, his interest in painting was manifest from childhood. In 1896 he was transferred to Valencia after the failure of his parents marriage, armando is sent home from Rodríguez-Zoccas family, who took care of his early education. Under the care of Rodríguez-Zoccas family, Reverón established a relationship with Josefina, the daughter of the couple. The walls of the house were some of the first paintings of Reverón, Rodríguez-Zoccas described Reverón´s temperament as sad, angry and melancholic. Between 12 and 13 years, he suffered typhus, which many believe psychically affected him for the rest of his life, Reverón built several ranches in the terrain that he bought in Macuto, the principal ranch was his workshop, the walls were timber and the roof thatched. Around his waist he placed a bag to hold his driftwood-made brushes. The decision to move also coincided with a change of behavior and of course, thus entered what the critic Alfredo Boulton called his Período Blanco, located roughly between 1924 and 1932. The GAN possesses an important collection of photographs by Alfredo Boulton of Reverón and these photographs contain a series of Reverón painting Luisa Phelps dated 1930. In 1933, he won a first award to be an exhibition of his work at the Ateneo de Caracas, once recovered not repainted as before. Maja at the Museum of Modern Art Woman of the River at the Museum of Modern Art White Landscape at the Museum of Modern Art Elderfield, John, Luis Perez-Oramas,2007 Reverón exhibition at the MOMA Noelia Sastre, Reverón encandila a Nueva York Newspaper El Universal
Armando Reveron
–
Armando Reverón
30.
Museum of Modern Art
–
The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
Museum of Modern Art
–
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
–
The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
–
Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art
31.
MoMA
–
The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
MoMA
–
Museum of Modern Art
MoMA
MoMA
–
The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art
MoMA
–
Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art
32.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits, LACMA is the largest art museum in the western United States. It attracts nearly a million visitors annually and it holds more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. In addition to art exhibits, the museum features film and concert series, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art was established as a museum in 1961. Prior to this, LACMA was part of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art, howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. Anna Bing Arnold and Bart Lytton were the first principal patrons of the museum. Ahmanson made the donation of $2 million, convincing the museum board that sufficient funds could be raised to establish the new museum. In 1965 the museum moved to a new Wilshire Boulevard complex as an independent, art-focused institution, the largest new museum to be built in the United States after the National Gallery of Art. The museum, built in a similar to Lincoln Center. The board selected LA architect William Pereira over the recommendation of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the buildings. According to a 1965 Los Angeles Times story, the total cost of the three buildings was $11.5 million, at the time, the Los Angeles Music Center and LACMA were concurrent large civic projects which vied for attention and donors in Los Angeles. When the museum opened, the buildings were surrounded by reflecting pools, in the far-reaching expansion, museum-goers henceforth entered through the new partially roofed central court, nearly an acre of space bounded by the museums four buildings. The museums Pavilion for Japanese Art, designed by maverick architect Bruce Goff, opened in 1988, gerald Cantor Sculpture Garden of Rodin bronzes. In 1999, the Hancock Park Improvement Project was complete, kohlhaas edged out French architect Jean Nouvel, who would have added a major building while renovating the older facilities. The list of candidates had narrowed to five in May 2001, Koolhaas, Nouvel, Steven Holl, Daniel Libeskind. However, the project stalled after the museum failed to secure funding. In 2004 LACMAs Board of Trustees unanimously approved plans to transform the museum, the planned transformation consisted of three phases. Phase I started in 2004 and was completed in February 2008, the renovations required demolishing the parking structure on Ogden Avenue and with it LACMA-commissioned graffiti art by street artists Margaret Kilgallen and Barry McGee. The entry pavilion is a key point in architect Renzo Pianos plan to unify LACMAs sprawling, the BP Grand Entrance and the adjacent Broad Contemporary Art Museum comprise the $191 million first phase of the three-part expansion and renovation campaign
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Wilshire Boulevard and the Art Museum in 1965.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
LACMA West, the
former May Company building on the corner of
Wilshire Boulevard and
Fairfax Avenue, future home of
The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Former
LACMA parking garage mural by
Barry McGee
33.
Hammer Museum
–
Particularly important among the museums critically acclaimed exhibitions are presentations of both historically over-looked and emerging contemporary artists. The Hammer Museum also hosts over 300 programs throughout the year, from lectures, symposia, as of February 2014, the museums collections, exhibitions, and programs are completely free to all visitors. The museum has since presented important single-artist and thematic exhibitions of historical and it has developed an international reputation for reintroducing artists and movements that have often been overlooked in the art historical canon. Art and Black Los Angeles,1960 -1980, the Hammer Museums contribution to the Gettys 2011 Pacific Standard Time initiative, the Hammer is dedicated to diversity and inclusion. Of all of the exhibitions on view in Los Angeles between January 2008 and December 2012, the Hammer is the only institution to devote 50% of its exhibition programming to female artists. The Hammer also hosts roughly fifteen Hammer Projects each year, offering international and local artists a laboratory-like surrounding to create new and innovative work. Having held curatorial positions in New York at the Studio Museum in Harlem, in 2010 the Hammer announced its inaugural biennial devoted exclusively to Los Angeles artists. In conjunction with the exhibition, the Hammer also sponsored a satellite exhibition, the second iteration of Made in L. A. in 2014 took over the entire space of the museum to feature work by more than 30 different artists and collectives. The 2014 exhibition was organized by Hammer chief curator Connie Butler, in conjunction with the inaugural Made in L. A. exhibition in 2012, the Hammer offered the first iteration of the prestigious Mohn Award to the artist Meleko Mokgosi. The award consisted of a catalogue and a $100,000.00 cash prize and was decided by vote after a jury of experts narrowed the 60 participants to five finalists. All three awards are funded by Jarl and Pamela Mohn and the Mohn Family Foundation. The Hammer Contemporary Collection, inaugurated in 1999, is the growing collection of modern. The collection includes works on paper, primarily drawings and photographs, as well as paintings, sculpture, the Contemporary Collection houses works from internationally acclaimed artists, including many active in Southern California from 1960 to the present. Hammer Contemporary Collection works are acquired in tandem with exhibitions presented at the museum. The 2009 exhibition Second Nature, The Valentine-Adelson Collection at the Hammer exhibited selections from Dean Valentine, the gift of fifty sculptures by 29 Los Angeles artists represents a significant milestone in the Hammers commitment to collecting the works of Southern California artists. In 2012, the Hammer showcased selections from the Susan and Larry Marx Collection, Smith, William Leavitt, and Eric Wesley. The UCLA Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts is one of the most important, housed at the Hammer Museum, the center was established in 1956 after a generous gift from Fred Grunwald and today houses over 40,000 prints, drawings, photographs, and artists books. In 1988 the Grunwald Center received a bequest of over 850 landscape drawings, selections from the collection were exhibited at the Hammer in 2003
Hammer Museum
–
Hammer Museum
Hammer Museum
–
Pablo Picasso, 1904, Le repas frugal (The Frugal Repast). Printed in 1913. Etching. Plate: 46.7 x 36 cm; Sheet: 65.4 x 47.6 cm
Hammer Museum
–
Vincent van Gogh. Hospital at Saint-Rémy, 1889. Oil on canvas. 36 5/16 x 28 7/8 in. (92.2 x 73.4 cm). The Armand Hammer Collection, Gift of the Armand Hammer Foundation. Hammer Museum, Los Angeles.
34.
Museum of Latin American Art
–
The Museum of Latin American Art was founded by Dr. Robert Gumbiner in 1996 in Long Beach, California, United States and serves the greater Los Angeles area. MOLAA is the museum in the United States dedicated to modern. The Museum of Latin American Art is located in downtown Long Beach, housed in a contemporary structure designed by Mexican architect Manuel Rosen, the museum is home to four galleries, a contemporary “project space” and an outdoor sculpture garden. Founded in 1996 by Dr. Robert Gumbiner, MOLAA is the museum in the United States dedicated to modern. MOLAA is located in Long Beach’s developing East Village Arts District, between 1913 and 1918 the site that the Museum now occupies was the home of the Balboa Amusement Producing Company, then the world’s most productive and innovative silent film studio. Before there was a Hollywood, Balboa was the king of the silver screen, the building that was renovated in 1998 as MOLAA’s Entertainment / Education / Special Event venue may have been part of the old Balboa film studio. MOLAA’s exhibition galleries, administrative offices and store are housed in what was once a skating rink known as the Hippodrome. Built in the late 1920s, after the studios were gone. The high vaulted ceilings and beautiful wooden floors were perfectly suited for the Hippodromes final metamorphosis into the Museum of Latin American Art, after completing a $10 million expansion and renovation, MOLAA unveiled its newly expanded campus in June,2007. Different raised and lowered platforms break up the 15,000 sq. ft. space into smaller intimate areas, the main focal point is the raised platform on the north side of the garden that is used for a variety of purposes, as well as an entertainment venue. In keeping with the Latin design tradition, the garden features a water element – two low profile bubbling water fountains, the largest being located in the center of the garden. MOLAA has a permanent collection, numbering over 1,500 works of painting, sculpture, drawing, mixed-media, photography and video art. MOLAA’s collection also includes works from Latin American artists such as Dario Escobar, Pájaro, Marco Maggi, Liliana Porter, Esterio Segura, Flavio Garciandia, MOLAA is recognized as an Affiliate Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. This allows it to works from the Smithsonian and use other resources as well. Fabelo’s Anatomy June 28,2014 - September 28,2014 and this exhibition at MOLAA is the first solo museum exhibition of Roberto Fabelo’s work in the United States. In March 2014, MOLAA hosted Frida Kahlo, Her Photos exhibit,55,000 people visited the exhibit and the membership increased by 60%. Official MOLAA−Museum of Latin American Art website
Museum of Latin American Art
–
The outside of the Museum of Latin American Art, Long Beach, Ca, USA
35.
Tate
–
Tate is an institution that houses the United Kingdoms national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is a network of four art museums, Tate Britain, London, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives, Cornwall and Tate Modern, London, Tate is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The name Tate is used also as the name for the corporate body. The gallery was founded in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art, the Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in Millbank, London. Tate Liverpool has the purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale. All four museums share the Tate Collection, one of the Tates most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain. The original Tate was called the National Gallery of British Art, situated on Millbank, Pimlico, the idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley. It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the National Gallery in 1847, a decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the South Kensington Museum, known for years as the National Gallery of Art. Henry Tate also donated his own collection to the gallery and it was initially a collection solely of modern British art, concentrating on the works of modern—that is Victorian era—painters. It was controlled by the National Gallery until 1954, in 1926 and 1937, the art dealer and patron Joseph Duveen paid for two major expansions of the gallery building. His father had paid for an extension to house the major part of the Turner Bequest. Henry Courtauld also endowed Tate with a purchase fund, by the mid 20th century, it was fulfilling a dual function of showing the history of British art as well as international modern art. In 1954, the Tate Gallery was finally separated from the National Gallery, later, the Tate began organising its own temporary exhibition programme. In 1979 with funding from a Japanese bank a large extension was opened that would also house larger income generating exhibitions. In 1987, the Clore Wing opened to house the major part of the Turner bequest, in 1988, an outpost in north west England opened as Tate Liverpool. This shows various works of art from the Tate collection as well as mounting its own temporary exhibitions. In 2007, Tate Liverpool hosted the Turner Prize, the first time this has been held outside London and this was an overture to Liverpools being the European Capital of Culture 2008. In 1993, another offshoot opened, Tate St Ives and it exhibits work by modern British artists, particularly those of the St Ives School
Tate
–
The original Tate Gallery, now renamed
Tate Britain
Tate
–
The logo of Tate, used in several similar versions and colours, was designed by
Wolff Olins in 2000.
Tate
–
Tate Liverpool opened in 1988.
Tate
–
Tate St Ives opened in 1993.
36.
Prado
–
The Prado Museum is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. Founded as a museum of paintings and sculpture in 1819, it contains important collections of other types of works. El Prado is one of the most visited sites in the world, and it is considered one of the greatest art museums in the world. The collection currently comprises around 8,200 drawings,7,600 paintings,4,800 prints, and 1,000 sculptures, in addition to a large number of other works of art and historic documents. As of 2012, the museum displayed about 1,300 works in the buildings, while around 3,100 works were on temporary loan to various museums. The museum received 2.8 million visitors in 2012 and it is one of the largest museums in Spain. The best-known work on display at the museum is Las Meninas by Velázquez, Velázquez and his keen eye and sensibility were also responsible for bringing much of the museums fine collection of Italian masters to Spain, now the largest outside of Italy. The museum is planning a 16% extension in the nearby Salón de Reinos and their efforts and determination led to the Royal Collection being enriched by some of the masterpieces now to be seen in the Prado. In addition to works from the Spanish royal collection, other holdings increased and enriched the Museum with further masterpieces, such as the two Majas by Goya. Among the now closed museums whose collections have been added to that of the Prado were the Museo del la Trinidad in 1872, in addition, numerous legacies, donations and purchases have been of crucial importance for the growth of the collection. Upon the deposition of Isabella II in 1868, the museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of Museo del Prado, the building housed the royal collection of arts, and it rapidly proved too small. The first enlargement to the museum took place in 1918, particularly important donations include Barón Emile dErlangers gift of Goyas Black Paintings in 1881. Between 1873 and 1900, the Prado helped decorate city halls, new universities, during the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the focus was on building up provincial museums. The art had to be returned across French territory in night trains to the museum upon the commencement of World War II, during the early years of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, many paintings were sent to embassies. The main building was enlarged with short pavilions in the rear between 1900 and 1960, in 1993, an extension proposed by the Prados director at the time, Felipe Garin, was quickly abandoned after a wave of criticism. In the late 1990s, a $14 million roof work forced the Velázquez masterpiece Las Meninas to change galleries twice, in 1998, the Prado annex in the nearby Casón del Buen Retiro closed for a $10 million two-year overhaul that included three new underground levels. In 2007, the finally executed Rafael Moneos project to expand its exposition room to 16,000 square meters. A glass-roofed and wedge-shaped foyer now contains the shops and cafeteria
Prado
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Museo del Prado (Main wing)
Prado
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Museo Nacional del Prado
Prado
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In the main exhibition hall, first floor
Prado
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Francisco de Goya,
La maja desnuda, oil on canvas, (circa 1797–1800)
37.
Centre Pompidou
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It was designed in the style of high-tech architecture by the architectural team of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, along with Gianfranco Franchini. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg and it is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard dEstaing. As of 2006, the Centre Pompidou has had over 180 million visitors since 1977 and more than 5,209,678 visitors in 2013, including 3,746,899 for the museum. The sculpture Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a mobile that is 7.6 m tall, was placed in front of the Centre Pompidou in 2012. Hoping to renew the idea of Paris as a city of culture and art. Paris also needed a large, free library, as one did not exist at this time. At first the debate concerned Les Halles, but as the settled, in 1968. A year later in 1969, the new president adopted the Beaubourg project, in the process of developing the project, the IRCAM was also housed in the complex. By the mid-1980s, the Centre Pompidou was becoming the victim of its huge and unexpected popularity, its activities. By 1992, the Centre de Création Industrielle was incorporated into the Centre Pompidou, since re-opening in 2000 after a three-year renovation, the Centre Pompidou has improved accessibility for visitors. Now they can access the escalators if they pay to enter the museum. The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano, British architect Richard Rogers, the project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, the results of which were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate, world-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries. National Geographic described the reaction to the design as love at second sight, an article in Le Figaro declared Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou revolutionised museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, the Centre was built by GTM and completed in 1977. The building cost 993 million 1972 French francs, renovation work conducted from October 1996 to January 2000 was completed on a budget of 576 million 1999 francs. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the works by de Saint-Phalle. Video footage of the fountain appeared frequently throughout the French language telecourse, the Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers
Centre Pompidou
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Centre Georges Pompidou
Centre Pompidou
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Building technology
Centre Pompidou
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Pablo Picasso 's works in the Centre
Centre Pompidou
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The
Centre Pompidou-Metz.
38.
Museum Berggruen
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The Berggruen Museum is a collection of modern art classics in Berlin, which the collector and dealer Heinz Berggruen, in a gesture of reconciliation, gave to his native city. The most notable artists on display include Pablo Picasso, Giambattista Pittoni, Alberto Giacometti, Georges Braque, Paul Klee, the Berggruen Collection is part of the National Gallery of Berlin. The collection arrived in Berlin in 1996, with Berggruens return to his city after six decades in exile. Also in 1990, negotiations with Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía for the Berggruen collection to be shown in Madrid fell through, Berggruen initially lent the collection, which he had assembled over 30 years, to the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. He finally sold it to the PCHF in December 2000, for the price of 253 million marks. The centrepiece of the collection is the work of Picasso, with over 100 exhibits, Henri Matisse is represented by over 20 works, including more than half a dozen of his famous cutouts. Sculpture ensembles by Alberto Giacometti and examples of African sculpture round out the core of the collection, Berggruen continued to purchase works after the museums opening in 1996, including Picassos important 1909 painting Houses on the Hill from the Museum of Modern Art in New York. A total of 165 works were transferred from Berggruen to the PCHF in the 2000 sale, in 2005 the Berggruen family acquired Picassos Nu Jaune for $13.7 million at Sothebys in New York. This gouache is one of the first studies for Les Demoiselles dAvignon and it had in fact already been on loan at the museum until then, standing in the Stüler Buildings rotunda. To keep the two-metre high bronze statue within the collection – his lifes work – Berggruen quickly purchased it, several weeks later, on 23 February 2007, he died in Paris. The museum received 1.5 million visitors during its first decade from 1996 to 2006, besides the permanent exhibition Picasso and His Time, the museum hosts numerous special exhibitions on themes of classic modern art. Since the transfer at Christmas 2000 Berggruen had continued to purchase paintings, including works by Picasso, Matisse, Klee and Cézanne, among others. To make a possible, the state of Berlin announced that it would endow the PCHF with a new building for its 50th anniversary. The PCHF agreed to take on the costs of the society. Plans were announced in 2008 to connect the two buildings with a pergola, chosen from an architectural competition, to be paid for by the government. In May 2008 a further 70 paintings were added to the collection, home page on the Berlin State Museums website
Museum Berggruen
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The Berggruen Museum – West Stüler Building
Museum Berggruen
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Death of Joseph by
Giambattista Pittoni, Oil on canvas, 97 x 79 cm
39.
Fondation Beyeler
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The Beyeler Foundation or Fondation Beyeler with its museum in Riehen, near Basel, owns and oversees the art collection of Hildy and Ernst Beyeler. Art dealers Ernst Beyeler and Hilda Kunz, known as Hildy, created the Beyeler Foundation in 1982, by building Renzo Pianos museum structure in 1997, the Beyeler Foundation made its collection permanently accessible to the public. The museum is funded, and it receives annual grants from the cantons of Basel City and Basel County. In 2006, approximately 340,000 persons visited the museum, the Beyeler Foundation opened its doors on 18 October 1997, presenting 140 works of modern classics, including 23 Picassos. The paintings appear alongside some 25 objects of art from Africa, Oceania. A third of the space is reserved for special exhibitions staged to complement the permanent collection. The collection is expanding, particularly in terms of works made after 1950, the garden surrounding the museum also periodically serves as a venue for special exhibitions. In a work called Wrapped Trees, Christo and Jeanne-Claude veiled 178 trees in the park around the Beyeler Foundation, embedded in the Berowerpark in the Basel suburb of Riehen, the building features a glazed façade largely looking out onto the corn fields and vines covering the Tüllinger Hills. The two perimeter walls of the garden site inspired the idea of the museum’s layout. Four 115-metre-long supporting porphyry walls running north to south and standing 7m apart define the plan of the building. Resting on top of the foundation walls, the lightweight glass roof, white enamelled on the reverse, admits northern light but screens off light from the east. Along the northern and the sides the roof projects far beyond the walls. Less than two years after the inauguration in autumn 1997, the building was lengthened by 12 metres. This increased the area by 458 m² to its current 3,764 m². Situated vis-à-vis the museum building, the late-Baroque Villa Berower houses the administration department. A Home for Art, Foundation Beyeler - A Home for Art, museums in Basel Beyeler Foundation website Wrapped Trees in the Beyeler Foundation Basel-Karlsruhe, Rainer Usselmann on Face to Face to Cyberspace at Fondation Beyeler Set of photos
Fondation Beyeler
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Fondation Beyeler
Fondation Beyeler
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Suprematist Composition (1915), oil on canvas, by
Kazimir Malevich
Fondation Beyeler
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White Curves (2002), made of white aluminium, by
Ellsworth Kelly
Fondation Beyeler
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Sculptures by
Alexander Calder (front) and
Ellsworth Kelly in the park
40.
Pablo de Hita y Salazar
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Pablo de Hita y Salazar was a Spanish soldier and a governor of Florida. Hita y Salazar was probably born in 1646 in Seville, Spain, when he was young, he joined the Spanish army, serving for forty years in Flanders, Germany, Mexico and in the Cambray War. He also organized the construction of the port of San Juan de Ulloa, eventually, Hita y Salazar attained the rank of Sergeant Mayor. At some point, he served as corregidor of Veracruz. He served in the military until May 3,1675, the year in which the Spanish Crown chose him to become the new governor of Florida, when Hita y Salazar was 29 years old, he left Sevilla and moved to Florida. Once he became governor, plans were made to reconstruct the Castillo de San Marcos, during that time, the Florida government under Hita y Salazar made further changes and reforms in the plans for the castles reconstruction. The workers were primarily recruited Native Americans from the area, Hita y Salazar recommended that the fort be made in a pentagonal shape, although the idea was rejected by his advisers. On July 30, he heard that another fortress was being created, later, Hita y Salazar sent two letters to the Crown in which he explained the progress made at the Castillo de San Marcos and gave suggestions on the fort. He also explained that he thought any attacker who arrived in Saint Augustine would try to conquer it and hold Anastasia Island, cutting off resupply fleets and bombarding the castle. It seemed that many of his decisions may have influenced by a false idea that there was an army on Anastasia Island that could bombard the castle. There was no army there, however, after he came to reason and withdrew his theory of the invasion of the island, British General Oglethorpe did exactly that in 1739. The supply ships were prepared for the attack, and the castle was able to prevent the few cannonballs that were sent by Oglethorpe, blocks and others elements with which the castle was built, blocked the impact of the cannonballs. Hita y Salazar sent a plane to the Viceroy of New Spain, Payo Enríquez de Rivera, explaining the state the Fort was in, Hita y Salazar, apparently, had reached economic and technical problems in certain parts of the work. The accounts and expenses always exceeded the budgeted amount and he faced an impeachment trial that was applied to him in 1678, but came out unscathed. Hita y Salazar ordered the construction of a battery in front of the castle to protect the deck and this was so that transport activities carried out by the ships would remain in force during the duration of the attack. All these changes would be paid by the defenses expense, when Hita y Salazar came to west Florida, he decided he could make a wall of defense to prevent a military attack by replacing the wall with a real stone wall. This idea showed, at least to his staff, that he did not understand the fabrication of a fortification, before the Spanish crown had sent a response, Hita y Salazar made a decision to stop all construction on the fort. This interruption of the construction was rejected by people in St. Augustine
Pablo de Hita y Salazar
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Construction plan of the Castillo de San Marcos from 1677, during the Hita y Salazar government
41.
Royal Governor of La Florida
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The colonial governors of Florida governed Florida during its colonial period. This district was subordinated to the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in 1763, following the transfer of Florida to Britain, the territory was divided into West Florida and East Florida, with separate governors. This division was maintained when Spain resumed control of Florida in 1783, the Spanish transferred control of Florida to the United States in 1821, and the organized, incorporated Florida Territory was established on March 30,1822. This became the modern State of Florida on March 3,1845, list of Governors of Florida, for a list of United States territorial and state governors of Florida since 1821. The Governors of Colonial Florida, 1565-1821 at University of West Florida
Royal Governor of La Florida
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Flag of
New Spain
42.
Order of Isabella the Catholic
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The Order of Isabella the Catholic is a Spanish civil order granted in recognition of services that benefit the country. The Order is not exclusive to Spaniards, and it has awarded to many foreigners. The Order was reorganized by royal decree on 26 July 1847, the King of Spain is Grand Master of the Order. The Grand Chancellor of the Order is the Minister of Foreign Affairs, all deeds granting decorations of the Order must bear the signatures of both. Members of the order at the knight and above enjoy personal nobility and have the privilege of adding a golden heraldic mantle to their coat of arms, Knights at the rank of Grand Cross and Knight of the Collar receive the official style of His or Her most Excellent Lord. Knights at the rank of commander and commander by number receive the style of His or Her Most Illustrious Lord, the structure of the order has varied several times since then. The following is a summary of the history of the grades and medals of the order. Knights Grand Cross – Established 24 March 1815, Knight First Class – Established 24 March 1815, retitled Commander on 24 July 1815. Officer – Established 10 October 1931, abolished 15 June 1938, Knight Second Class – Established 24 March 1815, retiled Knight on 24 July 1815. Silver Cross – Established 16 March 1903 to reward civil and palace officials, gold Medal with Laureate – Established on 24 July 1815 for award to European sergeants and enlisted men. Gold Medal – Established on 24 July 1815 for award to non-European natives, silver Medal – Established 15 April 1907 to reward non-commissioned officers and junior civil officials. Bronze Medal – Established 15 April 1907 to reward non-commissioned officers, women appointed to an applicable grade are not called Knights. Women are instead appointed as Dames of the Collar, Dames Grand Cross or Dames Cross, the decoration is a red-enameled cross, with a golden frame. The outer peaks are fitted with gold balls. The center of the medallion contains the inscription A La Lealtad Acrisolada, above the cross is a green enameled laurel wreath with the band ring. The ribbon is yellow with a central stripe, except the Collar
Order of Isabella the Catholic
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Order of Isabella the Catholic
Order of Isabella the Catholic
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Collar granted to Czech President
Václav Havel.
43.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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It was founded as the Knights Hospitaller circa 1099 in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, by the Blessed Gerard, making it the worlds oldest surviving chivalric order. It operated from Cyprus, Rhodes, Malta, over which it was sovereign until the French occupation, the order venerates as its patroness Mary, mother of Jesus, under the title Our Lady of Mount Philermos. The Order retains sovereignty under international law, including United Nations permanent observer status, issuing its own passports, currency, the orders military corps, three brigades, are stationed throughout Italy, liaisoned with the Italian Armed Forces. Through its worldwide relief corps, Malteser International, the order aids victims of disasters, epidemics. In several countries, including France, Germany and Ireland, local associations of the order are important providers of emergency services. In the ecclesiastical heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church, the Order of Malta is one of two orders whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of arms. The shield is surrounded with a rosary for professed knights. Members may also display the Maltese cross behind their shield instead of the ribbon, in order to protect its heritage against frauds, the order has legally registered 16 versions of its names and emblems in some 100 countries. The birth of the dates back to around 1048. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem–the monastic community that ran the hospital for the pilgrims in the Holy Land–became independent under the guidance of its founder, by virtue of the Papal Bull, the hospital became an order exempt from the control of the local church. All the Knights were religious, bound by the three vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. The order thus added the task of defending the faith to that of its hospitaller mission, as time went on, the order adopted the white eight-pointed Cross that is still its symbol today. The eight points represent the eight beatitudes that Jesus pronounced in his Sermon on the Mount, when the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land fell after the Siege of Acre in 1291, the order settled first in Cyprus. In 1310, led by Grand Master Fra Foulques de Villaret, in the early 14th century, the institutions of the Order and the knights who came to Rhodes from every corner of Europe were grouped according to the languages they spoke. Each Langue included Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks, and Commanderies, the Order was governed by its Grand Master, the Prince of Rhodes, and its Council. The senior positions of the Order were given to representatives of different Langues, after six months of siege and fierce combat against the fleet and army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Knights were forced to surrender in 1523 and left Rhodes with military honours. The Reformation which split Western Europe into Protestant and Roman Catholic states affected the knights as well, in several countries, including England, Scotland and Sweden, the order was disestablished. In others, including the Netherlands and Germany, entire bailiwicks or commanderies experienced religious conversions and it was established that the order should remain neutral in any war between Christian nations
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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Bust portrait of a Knight of Malta
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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Flag
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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Flags of Malta and the SMOM on
Fort St. Angelo
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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Coat of arms of the Knights of Malta, from the façade of the church of
San Giovannino dei Cavalieri,
Florence
44.
Orden Francisco de Miranda
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The Order of Francisco de Miranda is conferred by the Republic of Venezuela in memory of Francisco de Miranda. There are several variations in this Order and this Order was originally a medal, established in 1934, however, it was established as an Order on July 28,1939. This honor, conferred by the President of Venezuela, was established in the 1930s, subsequent legislation modifying the Order, the former Law on the Condecoration of the Francisco de Miranda Order was enacted in July 1943. More recently, the law was revised further in 2006, establishing the different levels or rankings within the Order, the gold-colored neck order badge features an oblong maroon enamel center showing the left-facing profile of Francisco de Miranda. The Venezuelan patriots name is emblazoned across the upper quadrants of a band which encompasses this central image, eight sunburst rays extend from this enameled focal point, and these rays are supported by a single encircling nimbus band of gold. The obverse features an image of the coat of arms of the República Bolivariana de Venezuela. The device measures approximately 3-1/4 inches in diameter, and it is designed to hang from a yellow ribbon which is 1-3/8 inches wide,18 inches in length. The official medal contractor for the Venezuelan government was N. S. Meyer of New York City, director of Pan American World Airways and the Netherlands Antilles. Nagib El Zakhem Kouzamy,1982 Lech Wałęsa,1989, martín Marciales Moncada,1993 Shoichiro Toyoda,1999. Wasserman, Paul and Jancie W. McLean, ISBN 978-0-8103-7906-0, OCLC1326263 Werlich, Robert. Orders and Decorations of All Nations, Ancient and Modern, Civil and Military
Orden Francisco de Miranda
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Order of Francisco de Miranda
45.
Smithsonian Institution
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The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the United States National Museum, that ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Texas, Virginia, more than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates. The Institutions thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge and its annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institutions endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines. The British scientist James Smithson left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford, Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1,1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest, Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns. Once the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithsons rather vague mandate for the increase, unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U. S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842, in 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation, in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research. The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, the Smithsonian played a critical role as the U. S. partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba. The Smithsonian Institution Building began construction in 1849, designed by architect James Renwick Jr. its interiors were completed by general contract Gilbert Cameron and the building opened in 1855. The Smithsonians first expansion came with construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881, Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonians Department of Living Animals and this structure was designed by the D. C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall. More than 40 years would pass before the museum, the Museum of History. It was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building on October 7,1968. The first new building to open since the National Museum of Natural History was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Smithsonian Institution
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The
"Castle" (1847), the Institution's first building and still its headquarters
Smithsonian Institution
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Smithsonian Institution Logo of the Smithsonian Institution
Smithsonian Institution
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Aircraft on display at the
National Air and Space Museum, including a
Ford Trimotor and
Douglas DC-3 (top and second from top)
Smithsonian Institution
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The Smithsonian Castle doorway
46.
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
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It is also a highly recognised think tank, ranked among the top ten in the world. The Centers director and staff include scholars, publishers, librarians, administrators, the trustees and staff are advised by a group of private citizens called the Wilson Council. Interns, usually undergraduate or graduate students, support the activities of visiting scholars, most of the Centers staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. These programs and projects organize and host conferences and seminars, and support many kinds of research, communication, the Center also publishes a digital magazine, the Wilson Quarterly. In 2013 and again in 2014, the Wilson Center was ranked by the Go To Think Tank Report at the University of Pennsylvania as one of the top ten think tanks in the world. It was also ranked the #1 think tank to watch in the United States, the Center is a public-private partnership. The remainder of the Centers funding comes from foundations, grants and contracts, corporations, individuals, endowment income, trustees serve on various committees including executive, audit and finance, development, investment, fellowship, and investment policy. Awardees are selected by the Board, and distributed at dinners benefitting the Center in different locations each year, most of the Centers staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. There are approximately 30 programs, some of which are described below and its current director is Monde Muyangawa. The Wilson Centers Asia Program analyzes the politics, policy, culture, since its founding in 2006, the Brazil Institute has focused on analyzing and convening panels to discuss the politics, economics, and global profile of Brazil. Founded in 2001, the Canada Institute analyzes Canada-U. S. relations, trade, in particular, it disseminates new information and perspectives from previously inaccessible sources from the former Communist world on the history of the Cold War. The Kissinger Institute analyzes the political, economic, historical, named after Henry A. Kissinger, who as secretary of state was instrumental in opening diplomatic relations between the U. S. and China. Its current director is Robert Daly, the Wilson Centers Mexico Institute conducts original research and analysis on Mexicos economy, convenes meetings, and proposes public policies. The institute focuses on five key areas, Mexicos security and rule of law, economic competitiveness, migration, the U. S-Mexico border, the Middle East Program, launched in 1998, analyzes geopolitical, cultural, and social trends in the Middle East and North Africa region. From May 8 until August 21,2007, Dr. Haleh Esfandiari, then-director of the Middle East Program, was imprisoned in Tehran, Iran and she was released on bail and had her passport returned to her on September 2,2007. Esfandiari was then permitted to leave Iran, as of 2015, the current director of the Middle East Program is Dr. Henri Barkey. The North Korea International Documentation Project translates and disseminates newly declassified documents about North Korea, the documents are then distributed on the Wilson Centers Digital Archive site and curated in the projects dossier series. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies was established in 2005 as a partnership between the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
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The Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center, where the Wilson Center is located.
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
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Relief and inscription in the Memorial Hallway of the Woodrow Wilson Center
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
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The History and Public Policy Program (HAPP) sponsored this 2009–2010 exhibit in the Memorial Hallway, Polish People's Republic—So Far Away and So Close By, which depicted key events in Polish history from 1944 to 1989.
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
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Another perspective on Woodrow Wilson Plaza.
47.
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Created in 1999 as a local Award for leadership in Washington, DC, the Awards were expanded in 2001 to recognize great leaders and thinkers throughout the world. Funding from the Awards supports additional research, scholars, and programs in Washington, recipients of this award share Woodrow Wilson’s steadfast belief in public discourse, scholarship, and the extension of the benefits of knowledge in the United States and around the world. The Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship is given to executives who demonstrate a commitment to the common good—beyond the bottom line and they are the people who demonstrate that private firms should be good citizens in their own neighborhoods, as well as in the world. The award is given to those who have done work in improving their local communities. The Wilson Center is the memorial to President Woodrow Wilson, with headquarters in Washington. The Center was established as part of the Smithsonian in 1968 by an act of the United States Congress and it is a nonpartisan research institution that is committed to fostering research, study, and discussion of national and global affairs. The Center promotes collaboration among a full spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national, the mission of the Center is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of President Wilson by providing a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy. Lee H. Hamilton is the president and director of the Wilson Center, the Woodrow Wilson Center is a research body kim belonging to the Smithsonian Institution. Most of its facilities are located in Washington, D. C. but its 19 museums, zoo, mental hospitals and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama and it has over 142 million items in its collections. Awardees are chosen by the Wilson Center Board of Trustees in recognition of their work to benefit society, in line with President Wilsons vision, honorees participate in efforts to improve the global community through collaboration and open dialogue. They have made contributions to education, peace, health care, culture, legislation, sportsmanship, technology, scholastic research. Woodrow Wilson Awards have gone to a set of professionals, including scientists, politicians, entertainers, diplomats, athletes, business executives, doctors. Among business executives, their industries include health care, hotels, restaurants, hospital Corporation of America Steve and Jean Case, AOL Clarence P. Cazalot, Jr. Gildenhorn, The JBG Companies Richard F. Haskayne, Canadian Wealth Management Ray L. Hunt, Hunt Oil Company Irwin M. Jacobs, QUALCOMM, at each dinner, the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service and the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship are presented. In some places, the Wilson Center will host events where different scholars talk about policy issues
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Woodrow Wilson Award
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew accepts Woodrow Wilson Award in New York City
Woodrow Wilson Awards
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Ahn Sang-soo and Yong Nam receive their Awards in Seoul, Korea in 2009
48.
NATPE
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The National Association of Television Program Executives is a professional association of television and emerging media executives. The organization was established in 1963, NATPE implements its mission by providing members with education, networking, professional enhancement and technological guidance through year-round activities, directories, and events. The organization also offers services to its membership including a propriety industry networking tool, special partner offers. As the medium of television grew up, program directors at local U. S. m. and 8 p. m. to local stations and program directors. Encouraged by syndicated programming salesmen,64 program directors named Stan Cohen of WDSU New Orleans temporary president, the first formal meeting of the National Associates of Television Program Executives was held in May 1964 at the New York Hilton Hotel and drew 71 registrants. The majority of participants were program directors and this effort has allowed NATPE to re-grow and expand much of its membership base. As an added link between the industry, the academic community and students, the NATPE Educational Foundation, was formed in 1978. Its mission is to out to students by providing hands-on opportunities for them. Lew Klein, one of the founders of NATPE and a president of the organization. In 2011, NATPE acquired DISCOP EAST and renamed the event NATPE||Budapest, the market primarily covers the Central and Eastern Europe television industry. NATPE Budapest 2013 was held at the Sofitel Chain Bridge Hotel in Budapest, Hungary, from June 24–27,2013
NATPE
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NATPE logo
Venezuela
Spain[citation needed]
Dominican Republic[1][2][3]
US$ 1.38 billion (2017)
