1.
Kingdom of Galicia
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The Kingdom of Galicia was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Founded by Suebic king Hermeric in 409, the Galician capital was established in Braga, being the first kingdom which adopted Catholicism officially and it was part of the Kingdom of the Spanish Visigothic monarchs from 585 to 711. Compostela became capital of Galicia in the 11th century, while the independence of Portugal determined its southern boundary, the representative assembly of the Kingdom was then the Junta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, which briefly declared itself sovereign when Galicia alone remained free of Napoleonic occupation. The kingdom and its Junta were dissolved by Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the origin of the kingdom lies in the 5th century, when the Suebi settled permanently in the former Roman province of Gallaecia. Their king, Hermeric, probably signed a foedus, or pact, with the Roman Emperor Honorius, the Suebi set their capital in the former Bracara Augusta, setting the foundations of a kingdom which was first acknowledged as Regnum Suevorum, but later as Regnum Galliciense. The independent Suebic kingdom of Galicia lasted from 410 to 585, in 410 Gallaecia was divided, ad habitandum, among two Germanic people, the Hasdingi Vandals, who settled the eastern lands, and the Suebi, who established themselves in the coastal areas. As with most Germanic invasions, the number of the original Suebi is estimated to be low, generally fewer than 100,000. They settled mainly in the regions around modern northern Portugal and Western Galicia, in the towns of Braga and Porto, in 419 a war broke out between the Vandal king Gunderic and the Suebis Hermeric. After a blockade alongside the Nervasian Mountains, the Suebi obtained Roman help, in the absence of competitors, the Suebi began a period of expansion, first inside Gallaecia, and later into other Roman provinces. In 438 Hermeric ratified a treaty with the Gallaeci, the native. In 448 Rechila died, leaving the state to his son Rechiar. Rechiar married a Visigothic princess, and was also the first Germanic king to mint coins in ancient Roman territories, Rechiar led further expansions to the east, marauding through the Provincia Tarraconensis, which was still held by Rome. The Roman emperor Avitus sent an army of foederates, under the direction of the Visigoth Theoderic II. Rechiar fled, but he was pursued and captured, then executed in 457, in the aftermath of Rechiars death, multiple candidates for the throne appeared, finally grouping into two allegiances. By 465 Remismund, who established a policy of friendship with the Goths, five of the attendant bishops used Germanic names, showing the integration of the different communities of the country. After clashing in frontier lands, Miro and Leovigild agreed upon a temporary peace, the Suebi maintained their independence until 585, when Leovigild, on the pretext of conflict over the succession, invaded the Suebic kingdom and finally defeated it. Audeca, the last king of the Suebi, who had deposed his brother-in-law Eboric and this same year a nobleman named Malaric rebelled against the Goths, but he was defeated. As with the Visigothic language, there are traces of the Suebi tongue remaining
2.
Lugo
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Lugo is a city in northwestern Spain in the autonomous community of Galicia. It is the capital of the province of Lugo, the municipality had a population of 98,560 in 2014, which makes it the fourth most populous city in Galicia. Lugo is the city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls. The walk along the top is continuous round the circuit, and these 3rd century walls are protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The bridge over the Minho is essentially of Roman date, though many repairs over the centuries have effaced its Roman character. The population of the city in 2010 was 97,635 inhabitants, growing constantly since the first census in 1842, the population of the city in 2014 was 98,560 inhabitants. From INE In 2010 there were 5,373 foreigners living in the city, the main nationalities are Colombians, Moroccans and Brazilians. By language, according to 2008 data,47. 37% of the population speaks always or mainly in Galician,52. 63% speaks always or mainly in Spanish, the town lies on a hill surrounded by the rivers Minho, Rato and Chanca. The municipality of Lugo is the second largest in Galicia, with 329.78 square kilometres and 59 parishes, Lugo has a humid oceanic climate with drier summers, Cfsb in the Köppen climate classification. Due to its remoteness from the Atlantic, its annual precipitation of 1,084 millimetres can be considered low compared with areas of the Rias Baixas and Santiago de Compostela. The highest temperature recorded in history,39.6 °C, occurred in August 1961, the city has an average of six days of snow per year, which is a contrast to coastal cities of Galicia which have not received snow in modern times
3.
Monastery of Carboeiro
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The Monastery of San Lourenzo de Carboeiro is one of the most outstanding architectural works of the late Romanesque, the transition to the Gothic, in Galicia. It is a Benedictine monastery founded in the 10th century and its moments of greatest splendor were between 11th and 13th centuries. The church and some buildings are still in good condition, after the works of restoration. El Arte que Renace de sus Cenizas, O Mosteiro de Carboeiro Carboeiro Monastery Costa Sur Página con historia y fotos antes y después de la restauración El Monasterio de Carboeiro
4.
Sobrado Abbey
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Sobrado Abbey, is a Cistercian monastery in the province of La Coruña, Galicia, Spain. It is situated in the municipality of Sobrado, about 9 km east of Corredoiras and about 46 km southeast of Betanzos, the abbey was founded in 952 by Count Hermenegildo Alóitez and his wife Paterna. In 958, the founders transferred the county of Présaras to the monastery and, in same year, Hermenegildo retired there where he lived as a monk the rest of his life. The abbey flourished during the 12th and 13th centuries and was able to undertake the foundations of its own daughter house, Sobrado was also given the supervision of Monfero Abbey after it joined the Cistercian Order. After a period of decline, in 1498 Sobrado was the first abbey in Galicia to join the Castilian Cistercian Congregation, the monumental new Baroque abbey church was dedicated in 1708. Most of the buildings were also rebuilt at this time. The dissolution of the monasteries enforced by the government of Mendizábal in 1835 put an end to the abbey, and the abandoned buildings fell into decay. The present abbey church, now roofed with a number of domes and cupolas, was built at the end of the 17th century, the sacristy was built by Juan de Herrera. The kitchen and the house remain of the medieval monastic buildings. Website of Sobrado Abbey Website of the Municipio de Sobrado, with information on and pictures of the abbey
5.
Order of Saint Benedict
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Each community within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIIIs Brief Summum semper, individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials OSB after their names. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino, there is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, at various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine, in Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually displaced the earlier codes. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire, Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium, as a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. In the Middle Ages monasteries were founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910, the abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, one of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations, Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Many of the sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak, the monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines, willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, during the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. St. Mildreds Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent, currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns
6.
San Juan Bautista de Corias
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The Abbey of San Juan Bautista de Corias is a former Benedictine monastery in Corias on the right bank of the Narcea River, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, in the Province of Asturias. Today it is a site of the province, informally known as the Asturian Escorial, due to the burial there of King Bermudo I of Asturias. The abbey was founded in 1022 through a donation of land by Count Piñolo Jiménez and his wife Aldonza Muñoz, the construction of the planned monastery, built in the Romanesque style, was completed in 1043 and a monastic community was established there the following year. The first abbot was Arias Cromaz, a relative of Piniolo and thus also of Oveco, after 19 years as abbot, Arias was named Bishop of Oviedo by King Alfonso VI of León and Castile. The abbey reached the peak of its power in the 12th and 13th centuries, with properties stretching across western Asturias and into the neighboring Province of León. Nonetheless, the monks were an influence in the agricultural development of the region, as they introduced viticulture, as well as the raising of cereals. They also had an important influence on methods of cattle-raising. Over the centuries, they also refined methods for more effective hunting and fishing on the abbatial lands, the abbey was rebuilt in the Neoclassical style. The plans for the new building were designed by Lucas Ferro Caaveiro, among its surviving treasures are a 12th-century crucifix, popularly called the Christ of the Cantonada. It is considered to be among the finest pieces of Romanesque art in Asturias, one consequence of the fire, however, is that the graves of King Bermudo and his family can no longer be identified. Today the former abbey is a complex of structures classified as a Bien de Interés Cultural and it houses a parador and an interpretation center for a natural park. El Libro Registro de Corias,2 vols, San Juan Bautista de Corias, historia de un señorío monástico asturiano
7.
Laciana
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Laciana, Tsaciana in Leonese language, is a comarca in the province of León, Spain. It had 11,904 inhabitants in 2005, the rivers of this comarca flow towards the Atlantic Ocean. Local people speak a variant of the Leonese language known as Patsuezo. Many areas in Laciana were degraded in the past by open-pit mining and this comarca was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 2003. The predominant language is Castilian which coexists with the native Leon variant known as the Patsuezu language, despite being endangered, there are various efforts being made to revitalize the traditional dialect of the area. A book entitled Street Cries of the Villablino Festivals by Emilce Núñez was written about these efforts, the region is an eminently mining region that has been hit by the economic crisis. Now it is committed to finding alternatives for the future. It is the headquarters of the mining companies Ponferrada,8 HCCSA and 9 HBG (Hijos de Baldomero Garcia Viloria Group. On July 10,2003, Laciana Valley was officially declared a Biosphere Reserve, the biosphere reserve of Laciana includes 21,700 hectares of the region, divided into several zones according to their ecological interest, Villablino is the main municipality
8.
Count
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Count or countess is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning “companion”, the adjective form of the word is comital. The British and Irish equivalent is an earl, alternative names for the count rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Graf in Germany and Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era. In the Western Roman Empire, Count came to indicate generically a military commander, in the Eastern Roman Empire, from about the seventh century, count was a specific rank indicating the commander of two centuries. Military counts in the Late Empire and the Germanic successor kingdoms were often appointed by a dux, the position of comes was originally not hereditary. By virtue of their estates, many counts could pass the title to their heirs—but not always. For instance, in Piast Poland, the position of komes was not hereditary, the title had disappeared by the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the office had been replaced by others. Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of count resurface in the title hrabia, in the United Kingdom, the equivalent Earl can also be used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of a duke or marquess. In Italy, by contrast, all the sons of certain counts were counts, in Sweden there is a distinction between counts created before and after 1809. All children in comital families elevated before 1809 are called count/countess, the following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica. org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, apart from all these, a few unusual titles have been of comital rank, not necessarily to remain there. Dauphin was a comital title in southern France, used by the Dauphins of Vienne and Auvergne. The Dauphin was the lord of the province known as the région Dauphiné. Conde-Barão Count-Baron is a title used in Portugal, notably by D. Luís Lobo da Silveira, 7th Baron of Alvito. His palace in Lisbon still exists, located in a named after him. The German Graf and Dutch graaf stems from the Byzantine-Greek grapheus meaning he who calls a meeting together), the Ottoman military title of Serdar was used in Montenegro and Serbia as a lesser noble title with the equivalent rank of a Count. Since Louis VII, the highest precedence amongst the vassals of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief was a pairie, i. e. In the eleventh century, conti like the Count of Savoy or the Norman Count of Apulia, were virtually sovereign lords of broad territories
9.
Vigo
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Vigo is a city and municipality in the province of Pontevedra, in Galicia, north-west Spain on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the comarca of Vigo and Vigo metropolitan area, Vigo is the most populous municipality of Galicia, and the 14th in Spain. It is also the most populous Spanish municipality that is not the capital of a province, the municipality has an area of 109,06 km² and had a population of 292,817 in 2016. The city has a population of 198,537 in 2016, the city is located in the south-west of Galicia, in the southern part of Vigo Ria, in one of Europes rainiest areas. In the north-east, it borders the municipality of Redondela, in the east Mos, in the south O Porriño and Gondomar, on the other side of the bay are the municipalities of Cangas and Moaña. They are all part of the southern Galician region called Rias Baixas, Vigo is located just north of the border with Portugal and its nearest larger city is Portugals second largest city of Porto. Vigo and its area are one of the main economic agents of the region. In the Middle Ages, the village of Vigo was part of the territory of Galician speaking neighbouring towns, particularly Tui. However, the number of inhabitants was so small that, historically, Vigo was not considered to be a village until around the 15th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the city was attacked several times, in 1585 and 1589, Francis Drake raided the city and temporarily occupied it, leaving many buildings burnt. Several decades later a Turkish fleet tried to attack the city, as a result, the walls of the city were built in 1656 in the reign of Philip IV of Spain. At this time, and in spite of the attacks, the city of Vigo developed its earliest commerce, in 1808, the French Army annexed Spain to the Napoleonic Empire, although Vigo remained unconquered until January,1809. Vigo was also the first city of Galicia to be freed from French rule in what is now celebrated as the Reconquista on 28 March each year, in 1833 the city of Pontevedra was designated the provincial capital. The city grew rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries. This resulted in urban planning changes, making Vigo less structured than other Galician cities as Pontevedra or A Coruña. The urban area of Vigo is built both a hill-fort and a Roman settlement. It is generally accepted that the name Vigo is derived from the Latin word vicus spacorum, the standard pronunciation of Vigo in both Galician and Spanish is. The plant was then in the city seal and one descendant of that tree is still alive in Vigo city centre
10.
Zamora, Spain
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Zamora is a city in Castile and León, Spain, the capital of the province of Zamora. It lies on a hill in the northwest, near the frontier with Portugal and crossed by the Duero river. With its 24 characteristic Romanesque style churches of the 12th and 13th centuries it has called a museum of Romanesque art. Zamora is the city with the most Romanesque churches in all of Europe, the most important celebration in Zamora is the Holy Week. After the Roman victory over the Lusitanian hero Viriathus the settlement was named by the Romans, during Roman rule it was in the hands of the Vaccaei, and was incorporated into the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis. It was on the road from Emerita to Asturica Augusta, two coins from the reign of the Visigothic king, Sisebuto, show that it was known at the time as Semure. During the period of Moorish rule the settlement became known by the names of Semurah or Azemur, after the establishment of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias, the settlement became a strategic frontier post and was the scene of many fierce military engagements between the Muslims and Christians. Control of the town shifted between the two sides a number of times from the early 8th century to the late 10th century, during this period it became heavily fortified. The most notable episode in Zamora was the assassination outside the city walls of the king Sancho II of Castile in 1072. Some decades before, king Ferdinand I of León had divided his kingdoms between his three sons, to his daughter, Doña Urraca, he had bequeathed the well fortified city of Zamora. All three sons warred among themselves, till the ultimate winner, Sancho, was left victorious, Zamora, under his sister who was allied with Leonese nobles, resisted. Sancho II of Castile, assisted by El Cid, lay siege to Zamora, king Sancho II was murdered by a duplicitous noble of Zamora, Bellido Dolfos, who tricked the king into a private meeting. After the death of Sancho, Castile reverted to his deposed brother Alfonso VI of León, the event was commemorated by the Portillo de la Traición. Zamora was also the scene of fighting in the 15th century. The Spanish proverb, No se ganó Zamora en una hora, literally and it is the Spanish equivalent of the English proverb Rome wasnt built in a day. During the 12th century, the city was important for its strategic position in the wars between the Kingdom of León and the Almoravids and Almohads. As a result, the city preserves many churches and buildings from that time, in the 1140s and 1150s it was ruled by Prince Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera, who has a street named after him in the city today. In the next centuries, the city lost its political and economic relevance and suffered emigration, henry IV granted Zamora the epithet of most noble and most loyal city
11.
Military order (monastic society)
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As such, it was in the military orders that the Medieval concept of chivalry reached its apogee in an exceptionate fusion under Just war theory of military discipline and Christian virtues. Prominent examples include the Knights Hospitaller, and the Knights Templar in Outremer, many military orders were suppressed by the Holy See in Rome around the end of the Middle Ages, with few new recognised establishments afterwards. Notably, the Teutonic Order became exclusively monastic except a limited associated confraternity of honorary Knights, moreover, it inspired many subsequent modern era secular Western cultural phenonomens, such as fraternities, or brotherhoods, such as the Freemasonry. Already in 1053, for the Battle of Civitate the Knights of Saint Peter was founded as a militia by Pope Leo IX to counter the Normans, the larger threat that would definitively establish the tradition, however, came from the east. In response to the Islamic conquests of the former Byzantine Empire and Christianity in the Holy Land, the founding of such orders suited the Catholic churchs plan of channelising the devotion of the European nobility, and also complemented the Peace and Truce of God. The first secularised military order was the Order of Saint George, founded in 1326 by the King Charles I of Hungary, on which he made all the Hungarian nobility swear loyalty to him. The next secular order which is known to appear was the Order of the Knights of the Band, both orders existed only for about a century. The original features of the orders were the combination of religious. Some of them, like the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights of Saint Thomas, also had charitable purposes and cared for the sick, however, they were not purely male institutions, as nuns could attach themselves as convents of the orders. One significant feature of the orders is that clerical brothers could be. In 1818, the orientalist Joseph von Hammer compared the Catholic military orders, in particular the Knights Templar, with certain Islamic models such as the Shia Islamic sect of Assassins. In 1820, José Antonio Conde suggested they were modeled on the ribat, however popular such views may have become, others have criticised this view, suggesting there were no such ribats around the Outremer until after the military orders had been founded. Yet, the innovation of the role and function of the military orders has sometimes been obscured by the concentration on their exploits in the Holy Land, Prussia. In fact, they had holdings and staff throughout Western Europe. They provided a conduit for cultural and technical innovation, for example the introduction of fulling into England by the Knights Hospitaller, because of the necessity to have a standing army, the military orders were founded, being adopted as the fourth monastic religious vows. Their militarisation may vary from case to case, the foundation of an order, its ecclesiastical approval, presently active institutions are listed in consideration with their legitimacy according to the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry. Chivalric and/or military orders that could qualify depending on definition, awarded to both Spanish and Moroccan military officers and soldiers, the single-class order was abolished in 1956. In contrast, inspired by the legacy of the military orders, besides legitimate chivalric orders, in addition, vast modern imitations flourish
12.
Knights Templar
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The order was founded in 1119 and active from about 1129 to 1312. The order, which was among the wealthiest and most powerful, became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and they were prominent in Christian finance. Templar knights, in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross, were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades, the Templars were closely tied to the Crusades, when the Holy Land was lost, support for the order faded. Rumours about the Templars secret initiation ceremony created distrust, and King Philip IV of France – deeply in debt to the order – took advantage of the situation to control over them. In 1307, he had many of the members in France arrested, tortured into giving false confessions. Pope Clement V disbanded the order in 1312 under pressure from King Philip, the abrupt reduction in power of a significant group in European society gave rise to speculation, legend, and legacy through the ages. The re-use of their name for later organizations has kept the name Templar alive to the modern day, after Europeans in the First Crusade recovered Jerusalem in 1099, many Christians made pilgrimages to various sacred sites in the Holy Land. Although the city of Jerusalem was under relatively secure Christian control, in 1119, the French knight Hugues de Payens approached King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and proposed creating a monastic order for the protection of these pilgrims. The Temple Mount had a mystique because it was above what was believed to be the ruins of the Temple of Solomon. The Crusaders therefore referred to the Al-Aqsa Mosque as Solomons Temple, and from this location the new order took the name of Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, or Templar knights. The order, with about nine knights including Godfrey de Saint-Omer and André de Montbard, had few financial resources and their emblem was of two knights riding on a single horse, emphasising the orders poverty. The impoverished status of the Templars did not last long, another major benefit came in 1139, when Pope Innocent IIs papal bull Omne Datum Optimum exempted the order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars could pass freely through all borders, were not required to pay any taxes, with its clear mission and ample resources, the order grew rapidly. One of their most famous victories was in 1177 during the Battle of Montgisard, although the primary mission of the order was military, relatively few members were combatants. The others acted in support positions to assist the knights and to manage the financial infrastructure, the Templar Order, though its members were sworn to individual poverty, was given control of wealth beyond direct donations. A nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades might place all his assets under Templar management while he was away, based on this mix of donations and business dealing, the Templars established financial networks across the whole of Christendom. The Order of the Knights Templar arguably qualifies as the worlds first multinational corporation, in the mid-12th century, the tide began to turn in the Crusades. The Muslim world had become united under effective leaders such as Saladin, and dissension arose amongst Christian factions in, and concerning
13.
Asturias
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Asturias, officially the Principality of Asturias, is an autonomous community in north-west Spain. It is coextensive with the province of Asturias, and contains some of the territory that was part of the larger Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. The most important cities are the capital, Oviedo, the seaport and largest city Gijón. Other municipalities in Asturias include Cangas de Onís, Cangas del Narcea, Gozón, Grado, Langreo, Llanera, Laviana, Lena, Llanes, Mieres, Siero, Valdés, Vegadeo, Asturias is also home to the Princess of Asturias Awards. In the Mesolithic period, a culture developed, that of the Asturiense. Today the Astur Celtic influence persists in place names, such as those of rivers, with the conquest of Asturias by the Romans under Augustus, the region entered into the annals of history. The Astures were subdued by the Romans but were never fully conquered, however, as it had been for the Romans and Visigoths, the Moors did not find mountainous territory easy to conquer, and the lands along Spains northern coast never fully became part of Islamic Spain. In the 10th century, the Kingdom of Asturias gave way to the Kingdom of León, through the rebellion of Henry II of Castile in the 14th century, the Principality of Asturias was established. The most famous proponents of independence were Gonzalo Peláez and Queen Urraca, after its integration into the Kingdom of Spain, Asturias provided the Spanish court with high-ranking aristocrats and played an important role in the colonization of America. Since 1388, the heir to the Castilian throne has been styled Prince of Asturias, in the 16th century, the population reached 100,000 for the first time, and within another century that number would double due to the arrival of American corn. During the 18th century, Asturias was one of the centres of the Spanish Enlightenment, the renowned Galician thinker Benito de Feijóo settled in the Benedictine Monastery of San Vicente de Oviedo. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, a polymath and prominent reformer and politician of the late 18th century, was born in the town of Gijón. At the same time, there was significant migration to America and these entrepreneurs were known collectively as Indianos, for having visited and made their fortunes in the West Indies and beyond. Asturias played an important part in the events led up to the Spanish Civil War. For a month, a Popular Front Committee exercised control in southern Asturias, a war committee dominated by anarcho-syndicalist supporters took power in Oviedo. Troops under the command of a then unknown general named Francisco Franco Bahamonde were brought from Spanish Morocco to suppress the revolt, Franco applied tactics normally reserved for overseas colonies, using troops of the Spanish Legion and Moroccan troops, ferocious oppression followed. As a result, Asturias remained loyal to the government during the Spanish Civil War, and was the scene of an extraordinary defence in extreme terrain. With Franco eventually gaining control of all Spain, Asturias — traditionally linked to the Spanish Crown — was known merely as the Province of Oviedo from 1939 until Francos death in 1975, the provinces name was restored fully after the return of democracy to Spain, in 1977
14.
San Esteban de Nogales
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San Esteban de Nogales is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census, the municipality has a population of 350 inhabitants, the Cistercian Monastery of Santa María de Nogales is located in this municipal term. It was built in 1150 and abandoned in the 19th century, real Monasterio de Santa María de Nogales
15.
Ponce Vela de Cabrera
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Ponce Vela de Cabrera, also known as Ponce Vélaz de Cabrera, was a noble from the Kingdom of León who played an important role during the reign of Alfonso IX. Through one of his sons, descends the Ponce de León, Ponce had several brothers and sisters, Fernando, Pedro, María, and Juan Vela. He also governed Mayorga, Zamora, and El Bierzo and he died on 24 September 1202 and was buried in the Monastery of Santa María de Nogales in San Esteban de Nogales that had been founded by his parents. Count Ponce Vela married Teresa Rodríguez Giron, daughter of Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón and his first wife, in 1195, Pontius Velez una cum uxore mea, Tharesia Rodrigues donated one-third of Granucillo that he had inherited from his parents to the Monastery of Nogales. Two Catalan magnates in the courts of the kings of León-Castile, El impulso nobiliario a la expansión del Císter en el reino de León. La parentela de Ponce de Cabrera en los monasterios de Santa María de Moreruela y San Esteban de Nogales, revista de la Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales. Murcia, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 341–374, El conde Suero Vermúdez, su parentela y su entorno social, La aristocracia asturleonesa en los siglos XI y XII. La memoria del linaje, Los Ponce de León y sus antepasados a fines de la Edad Media, seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Secretariado de Publicaciones. Una Familia de la Alta Edad Media, Los Velas y su Realidad Histórica, asociación Española de Estudios Genealógicos y Heráldicos. Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León, Margarita Cecilia, linajes nobiliarios de León y Castilla, Siglos IX-XIII. Salamanca, Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de educación y cultura
