1.
Corps de logis
–
Corps de logis is an architectural term referring to the principal block of a large, usually classical, mansion or palace. It contains the rooms, state apartments and an entry. The grandest and finest rooms are often on the first floor above the ground level, the corps de logis is usually flanked by lower secondary wings. When the secondary wings form a three sided courtyard, the courtyard is known as the Cour dHonneur, examples of a corps de logis can be found in many of the most notable Classical Era buildings of Europe including the Palace of Versailles, Blenheim Palace and the Palazzo Pitti. In France, the block of medieval castles and manor houses is often referred to as the corps de logis
Corps de logis
–
Blenheim Palace, unscaled plan of the corps de logis, the large central block. Secondary wings containing kitchens and domestic offices flank the corps de logis creating the "
Cour d'Honneur ".
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Archives nationales (France)
–
In 1800 the Archives Nationales became an autonomous body of the French state. Today, they contain about 406 km. of documents, a mass of documents growing every year. The original documents stored by the Archives Nationales range from AD625 to today, the Archives Nationales are under the authority of the French Archives Administration in the Ministry of Culture. The Archives of France also manage the 100 departmental archives located in the préfectures of each of the 100 départements of France, as well as various other local archives. The Archives Nationales has been located since 1808 in a group of buildings comprising the Hôtel de Soubise and this centre stores all the documents and records from before 1958 as well as the archives of the French heads of state. Since 1867 it has housed the Musée de lHistoire de France. The Archives Nationales, however, do not keep the records of Paris. These were entirely destroyed by fires set by extremists at the end of the Paris Commune in 1871, the oldest document kept at the AN is a papyrus dated AD625 coming from the archives of the Basilica of St Denis seized at the time of the French Revolution. This papyrus is the confirmation of a grant of land in the city of Paris to the Abbey of Saint-Denis issued by King Chlothar II. This document is the oldest original one kept by the Archives Nationales, in total the Archives Nationales possess 47 original documents from the Merovingian period. It was inscribed on UNESCOs Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003 in recognition of its historical significance, the Centre for Contemporary Archives, founded as the Cité interministérielle des archives, opened in Fontainebleau in 1969. It is the repository for documents issued by the French central state since 1958 and it contains 193 km. of archives. The National Overseas Archives, originally the Centre for Overseas Archives, the ANOM also possesses private and corporate archives related to the former French colonies and Algeria. In total the ANOM keeps 37 km. of archives from the 17th to the 20th century covering more than 40 currently independent countries spread over 5 continents. Note that the archives concerning Tunisia and Morocco, which were protectorates and not colonies, are kept by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in its Diplomatic Archives. In addition to these 37 km. of archives, the ANOM also possesses 60,000 maps and plans going back to the 17th century,150,000 photographs,20,000 postcards, and 100,000 books. The National Archives of the World of Work, originally the Centre for the Archives of the World of Work and it stores the archives of businesses, trades unions, associations and societies, and architects. In total it contains 35 km. of archives, most of the archives in this centre are private archives
Archives nationales (France)
–
One of the oldest records in the Archives nationales:
parchment dated December 23, 695. King
Childebert III rules that the land of
Hodenc-l'Évêque (
Oise) belongs to the
Basilica of St Denis.
Archives nationales (France)
–
Façade of the
Hôtel de Soubise
Archives nationales (France)
Archives nationales (France)
–
1289 letter of
Arghun to
Philip the Fair, in the
Uyghur script, with detail of the introduction. The letter was remitted to the French king by
Buscarel of Gisolfe. The seal is that of the Great Khan, in Chinese characters: "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". The paper is of
Korean manufacture. 182x25 cm. French National Archives.
4.
House of Rohan
–
The House of Rohan is a French noble family of viscounts, later dukes and princes, coming from the locality of Rohan in Brittany. Their line descends from the viscounts of Porhoët and is said to back to the legendary Conan Meriadoc. Through the Porhoët, the Rohan are related to the Dukes of Brittany and they developed ties with the French and English royal houses as well, and played an important role in France and European history. Alain I de Rohan, son of the viscount of Porhoët, was the first to take on the name of Rohan, the main branch of the family became extinct when Jean II died childless in 1638, his title and possessions passed on to the cadet branch of Rohan-Gié. When the first duke of Rohan, Henri II de Rohan-Gié, died, his title and this created the Rohan-Chabot lineage, which was not really a branch of the Rohan family. Rohan-Gié, extinct 1638 Rohan-Soubise, extinct 1787 The family of Rohan has a documented history. Spanish Royal Genealogy, Henri Vanoene The Rohan-Chabot family in Josselin Marek, Miroslav
House of Rohan
–
Château des Rohan in
Mutzig, Alsace (completed in 1673)
House of Rohan
–
Arms of the House of Rohan: Gules, nine mascles or.
House of Rohan
–
Hôtel de Rohan-Soubise,
Paris (completed in 1705)
House of Rohan
–
Palais Rohan in
Strasbourg, Alsace (completed in 1742)
5.
Entre cour et jardin
–
The Palace of Versailles and Blenheim Palace both feature such entrance courts. Its open courtyard is presented like the permanent theatre set of a proscenium stage. Like the theatre set the environment is defined and enclosed from the more public space by ornate wrought iron gilded railings. Other 16th century urban palazzi remained resolutely enclosed, like Palazzo Farnese, in Rome, the wings of Carlo Madernos Palazzo Barberini design, were the first that reached forward from a central block to create a cour dhonneur floorplan. On a condensed, urban scale the formula is expressed in Parisian private houses, hôtels particuliers built entre cour et jardin, between court and garden. Nearby, the Tuileries Palace is gone, but the cour dhonneur with its Arc du Carrousel remains, vanderbilt House on the Plaza were the rare exceptions. The much-photographed front façade of Buckingham Palace was refashioned by Sir Aston Webb in 1913, the cour dhonneur, now known as The Quadrangle, still retains the principal entrance to the palace however
Entre cour et jardin
–
Louis Le Vau opened up the interior court of the Chateau de Versailles to create the expansive entrance cour d'honneur, subsequently copied all over Europe.
Entre cour et jardin
–
Blenheim Palace, The cour d'honneur is the large axial entrance court framed by the secondary wings containing kitchens and domestic offices flanking the
corps de logis
Entre cour et jardin
–
Henry Holland 's Ionic screen fronts a shallow cour d'honneur at the
Prince Regent 's Carlton House in
Pall Mall, London
Entre cour et jardin
–
Palazzo Barberini: without railings the entrance court is still public space.
6.
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
–
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois is one of the longer and more interesting streets in the Marais district of Paris, France. Starting near Centre Georges Pompidou, the road is considered trendy, rue des Francs-Bourgeois is one of the few streets which largely ignores Frances strong tradition of Sunday closure, even within Paris. As such, it is a location for weekend brunches. Notable buildings include the ancient hôtels Carnavalet, Lamoignon, Sandreville, dAlbret, dAlméras, Poussepin, de Coulanges, Hérouet, de Jaucourt, de Fontenay, de Breteuil, hôtel Carnavalet houses the museum of the history of Paris. The street was known as rue des Poulies. In 1415, a noble called le Mazurier offered the Chief Prior of France a huge mansion with 24 bedrooms to receive 48 poor people. These people were so poor that they didnt pay the taxes of the city, in 1868, the street was joined with rue neuve Saint-Catherine and rue du Paradis au Marais
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
–
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
–
Hôtel de Soubise au 60
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
–
Maison de Jean Herouet au 54
Rue des Francs-Bourgeois
–
Entrée de l'Hôtel d'Almeras au 30
7.
3rd arrondissement of Paris
–
The 3rd arrondissement of Paris, situated on the right bank of the River Seine, is the smallest in area after the 2nd arrondissement. The arrondissement contains the northern, quieter part of the district of Le Marais. The oldest surviving house of Paris, built in 1407, is to be found in the 3rd arrondissement. The ancient Jewish quarter, the Pletzel which dates from the 13th century begins in the part of the 3rd arrondissement. It is home to the Musée dart et dhistoire du judaïsme, although trendy boutiques are now taking up many of the storefronts, there are still landmark stores selling traditional Jewish foods. With a land area of 1.171 km2, the 3rd arrondissement is the second smallest arrondissement in the city, the area now occupied by the third arrondissement attained its peak population in the period preceding the re-organization of Paris in 1860. In 1999, the population was 34,248, while the arrondissement hosted a total of 29,723 jobs, ¹The peak of population actually occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, so we do not have figures before 1861
3rd arrondissement of Paris
–
Arts et Métiers (medieval priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs), in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris
3rd arrondissement of Paris
–
the
Mairie (
town hall) of the 3rd arrondissement
3rd arrondissement of Paris
–
Square du Temple
8.
Manor house
–
A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The term is loosely applied to various country houses, frequently dating from the late medieval era. They were sometimes fortified, but this was intended more for show than for defence. Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed, where they were known as castles, palaces. Many buildings, such as schools, are named Manor, the reason behind this is because the building was or is close to a manor house. The lord of the manor may have several properties within a county or, for example in the case of a feudal baron, spread across a kingdom. A large and suitable building was required within the manor for such purpose, generally in the form of a hall. This also gave the opportunity for the manor house to be cleaned, especially important in the days of the cess-pit. Thus such non-resident lords needed to appoint a steward or seneschal to act as their deputy in such matters, the day-to-day administration was carried out by a resident official in authority at each manor, who in England was called a bailiff, or reeve. Although not typically built with strong fortifications as were castles, many manor-houses were fortified and they were often enclosed within walls or ditches which often also included agricultural buildings. The primary feature of the house was its great hall. A late 16th-century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France, the Tudor period of stability in England saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses, for example Sutton Place in Surrey, circa 1521. During the second half of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and under her successor King James I the first mansions designed by architects not by mere masons or builders, began to make their appearance. Such houses as Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known of this period, nearly every large mediaeval manor house had its own deer-park adjoining, emparked by royal licence, which served primarily as a store of food in the form of venison. Within these licensed parks deer could not be hunted by royalty and this gave them more privacy and space. Court was a suffix which came into use in the 16th century, the obvious origin of the suffix would appear to be that the building was the location where the manorial courts were held. True castles, when not royal castles, were generally the residences of feudal barons, the manor on which the castle was situated was termed the caput of the barony, thus every true ancient defensive castle was also the manor house of its own manor. The suffix -Park came into use in the 18th and 19th centuries, the usage is often a modern catch-all suffix for an old house on an estate, true manor or not
Manor house
–
Ulrichshusen Manor, a 16th-century fortified manor house in
Mecklenburg,
Germany
Manor house
–
Ightham Mote, a 14th-century moated manor house in Kent,
England
Manor house
–
Branicki Palace, an 18th-century palatial manor house in
Poland
Manor house
–
Markenfield Hall,
Ripon,
North Yorkshire, a 14th-century manor house defended by a moat, wall and gatehouse
9.
Olivier de Clisson
–
Olivier V de Clisson, nicknamed The Butcher, was a Breton soldier, the son of Olivier IV de Clisson. His father had put to death by the French in 1343 on the suspicion of having willingly given up the city of Vannes to the English. Olivier de Clisson was born on April 23,1336 at the Château de Clisson in Brittany and his father was captured by the English and imprisoned, but was released after a relatively low ransom was paid. Because of the amount, the King of France, Philip VI, after a peace treaty was signed, his father was invited to Paris for a tournament, but was arrested, tried and executed by beheading on 2 August 1343. This expeditious execution shocked the nobility as the evidence of guilt was never made public, moreover, the notion of betrayal does not refer in the same way for nobles of that time, they claimed the right to choose whom to honor. Olivier IVs body received additional posthumous humiliation, his body was hanged by the armpits at the gallows at Montfaucon in Paris, olivier’s mother, Jeanne de Belleville née de Clisson, swore Olivier and his brother Guillaume to avenge their father. She raised funds for an army to attack troops loyal to France, eventually she armed ships and started a piratical war against French ships. These ships were eventually lost and Jeanne with her two sons set adrift for five days, Guillaume died of thirst, cold and exhaustion. Olivier and his mother were rescued and taken to Morlaix by Montfort supporters. It was after these events that Olivier was taken by his mother to England when he was years old. He was raised in the court of King Edward III with John IV de Montfort, Oliviers mother Jeanne, eventually married her fourth husband, an English military commander of King Edward III. 1359, After ten years in England, Olivier, then twenty-three, accompanied King Edward III and John IV at the head of an Breton-English force to Brittany as part of a guerilla campaign near Poitou. 1360, Olivier was reconciled by the new King of France, John II, the Good as part of the Treaty of Brétigny on 8 May and this treaty opened a nine-year truce between the two Kingdoms. This process allowed for the rehabilitation of Oliviers fathers honour and regaining his family’s rights. In the same year, Olivier also married Catherine of Laval and Chateaubriant, heiress of the family Laval, and granddaughter of the Duke Arthur II. He therefore became both first cousin of both Ducal claimants, John IV de Montfort and Joan, Duchess of Brittany, wife of Charles de Blois, This also made Olivier a relative of the King of France and this alliance opened up new political possibilities. 1365, John IV besieged the city of Auray, the two opposing Breton armies clashed under the walls of the city on September 29. Monfortistes were entrenched there and John IV attempted to overcome the numerical inferiority of his army by attacking the Breton-French camp by surprise, the Breton-English commander however adopted a proposal from Olivier and waited for the Breton-French army to climb a slope leading to Auray
Olivier de Clisson
–
Olivier V de Clisson as depicted on his tomb Basilique Notre Dame du Roncier,
Josselin,
Brittany,
France.
Olivier de Clisson
–
Entrance gate of Clisson's residence, rue des Archives,
Paris, with plaque.
10.
Templars
–
The order was founded in 1119 and active from about 1129 to 1312. The order, which was among the wealthiest and most powerful, became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and they were prominent in Christian finance. Templar knights, in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross, were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades, the Templars were closely tied to the Crusades, when the Holy Land was lost, support for the order faded. Rumours about the Templars secret initiation ceremony created distrust, and King Philip IV of France – deeply in debt to the order – took advantage of the situation to control over them. In 1307, he had many of the members in France arrested, tortured into giving false confessions. Pope Clement V disbanded the order in 1312 under pressure from King Philip, the abrupt reduction in power of a significant group in European society gave rise to speculation, legend, and legacy through the ages. The re-use of their name for later organizations has kept the name Templar alive to the modern day, after Europeans in the First Crusade recovered Jerusalem in 1099, many Christians made pilgrimages to various sacred sites in the Holy Land. Although the city of Jerusalem was under relatively secure Christian control, in 1119, the French knight Hugues de Payens approached King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and proposed creating a monastic order for the protection of these pilgrims. The Temple Mount had a mystique because it was above what was believed to be the ruins of the Temple of Solomon. The Crusaders therefore referred to the Al-Aqsa Mosque as Solomons Temple, and from this location the new order took the name of Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, or Templar knights. The order, with about nine knights including Godfrey de Saint-Omer and André de Montbard, had few financial resources and their emblem was of two knights riding on a single horse, emphasising the orders poverty. The impoverished status of the Templars did not last long, another major benefit came in 1139, when Pope Innocent IIs papal bull Omne Datum Optimum exempted the order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars could pass freely through all borders, were not required to pay any taxes, with its clear mission and ample resources, the order grew rapidly. One of their most famous victories was in 1177 during the Battle of Montgisard, although the primary mission of the order was military, relatively few members were combatants. The others acted in support positions to assist the knights and to manage the financial infrastructure, the Templar Order, though its members were sworn to individual poverty, was given control of wealth beyond direct donations. A nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades might place all his assets under Templar management while he was away, based on this mix of donations and business dealing, the Templars established financial networks across the whole of Christendom. The Order of the Knights Templar arguably qualifies as the worlds first multinational corporation, in the mid-12th century, the tide began to turn in the Crusades. The Muslim world had become united under effective leaders such as Saladin, and dissension arose amongst Christian factions in, and concerning
Templars
–
A
Seal of the Knights Templar
Templars
–
The first headquarters of the Knights Templar, on the
Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it the
Temple of Solomon and from this location derived their name of Templar.
Templars
–
Battle of the Horns of Hattin in 1187, the turning point in the Crusades
Templars
–
Convent of Christ Castle in Tomar,
Portugal. Built in 1160 as a stronghold for the Knights Templar, it became the headquarters of the renamed
Order of Christ. In 1983, it was named a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
11.
House of Lorraine
–
The House of Lorraine originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death of duke Nicholas I without a male heir, Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman Emperors from 1745 to the dissolution of the empire in 1806. Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918, the house claims descent from Gerard I of Paris whose immediate descendants are known as the Girardides. The Matfridings of the 10th century are thought to have been a branch of the family, at the turn of the 10th century they were Counts of Metz and ruled a set of lordships in Alsace and Lorraine. Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, louis XIVs imperialist ambitions forced the dukes into a permanent alliance with his archenemies, the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Habsburg. Following the failure of both Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the yet unborn daughter. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Francis of Lorraine who agreed to exchange his hereditary lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, at Charless death in 1740 the Habsburg lands passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I. The Habsburg-Lorraine nuptials and dynastic union precipitated, and survived, the War of the Austrian Succession, another member of the house, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, was Emperor of Mexico. In 1900, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria contracted a marriage with Countess Sophie Chotek. Their descendants, known as the House of Hohenberg, have been excluded from succession to the Austro-Hungarian crown, but not that of Lorraine, where morganatic marriage has never been outlawed. Nevertheless, Otto von Habsburg, the eldest grandson of Franz Ferdinands younger brother, was regarded as the head of the house until his death in 2011. It was at Nancy, the capital of the House of Vaudemont. House of Metz Adalbert, Duke of Upper Lorraine r, 1047/8 Gérard, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1390–1431 Charles II died without heir, the duchy passing to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. The duchy passed to their son John II, whose son Nicholas I died without male heir, the title now went to Nicholas aunt Yolande. René inherited the title of Duke of Lorraine upon his marriage in 1473, René II, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1608–1624 Nicole Claude Francis II, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine r, 1624–1675 Nicholas Francis Charles V, r. 1690–1729 Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, r, 1745–1765 House of Habsburg-Lorraine Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, r
House of Lorraine
–
The
Château du Grand Jardin in
Joinville, the seat of the
Counts and Dukes of Guise.
House of Lorraine
–
House of Habsburg-Lorraine Haus Habsburg-Lothringen
House of Lorraine
–
Francis I of Lorraine with his family.
12.
Francis Joseph, Duke of Guise
–
Born at the Hôtel de Guise in Paris to the daughter of Gaston dOrléans and the head of the Princely House of Guise, Francis Joseph would be their only child. He was a first cousin of the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany Gian Gastone de Medici, he was also of second cousin of Louis XIV and he was also a double descendant of Catherine de Medici and her husband Henry II. Upon the premature death of his father in 1671, he became Duke of Guise and Joyeuse, at the death of his maternal grandmother Marguerite of Lorraine in 1672 Francis Joseph and his mother moved into the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. The last male of the line of the House of Guise. Still unable to walk unaided at age four, he was dropped by his nurse and he died at the Luxembourg Palace. He was succeeded by his great-aunt Marie de Lorraine,28 August 1670 -30 July 1671 His Highness the Duke of Alençon 30 July 1671 -16 March 1675 His Highness the Duke of Guise, Joyeuse and Prince of Joinville
Francis Joseph, Duke of Guise
–
An engraving from when he was Duke of Guise.
13.
Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of Guise
–
Marie de Lorraine was the daughter of Charles de Lorraine, Duke of Guise and Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse and the last member of the House of Guise, a branch of the House of Lorraine. Marie de Lorraine de Guise was a foreign princess naturalized in France, exiled to Florence with her family, 1634–43, Marie became close to the Medicis and came to love Italy and especially Italian music. For over forty years scarcely a week passed that she did not write to her Medici friends in Florence, as guardian for her nephew, Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise, she was preoccupied with returning the House of Guise to its former glory. This meant giving the man a fine residence and a prestigious bride. In 1666 Marie therefore commissioned Jacques Gabriel to carry out extensive renovations for the familys urban residence and she also ordered a total reworking of the garden by the famous garden designer, André Le Nôtre. For a bride, Marie de Lorraine aimed high and was victorious, Isabelle dOrléans, Louis XIVs first cousin, the marriage was celebrated on May 5,1667. The newly-weds settled down into their apartment on the noble floor of the Hôtel de Guise. Starting in 1670, Marc-Antoine Charpentier began composing for the three Guises, sometimes singing haute-contre lines, mlle de Guise protected him and advanced his career by soliciting commissions from people or establishments who were seeking her continued patronage. Indeed, for eighteen years her patronage fostered a number of works, most of them devotional. In 1671 her nephew Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise died and she and the young widow fought over who would be guardian of the late Dukes little son, François Joseph, the last male of the House of Guise. Marie de Lorraine won the battle, but her guardianship was short-lived, the little boy died in 1675. Henceforth, as the last member of the House of Guise, she used her vast wealth not only to live splendidly, in a cartouche beneath her portrait by Mignard, above, a solitary tree stands in a forest of stumps, to indicate her position as last survivor. A Latin motto makes the explicit, Succisas dat conjectare superstes. After these two closely spaced deaths, Marie turned to devotion, with the help of Father Nicolas Barré, Minim, she founded a teachers training institute and created schools for girls and hospitals for the poor in her Parisian parish and in her provincial lands. Music was the entertainment at these events. Both Guise women had private apartments at Montmartre, in the early 1670s, Marie had begun to assemble a small ensemble of household musicians to perform pieces by a variety of French and Italian composers, among them Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Then, in the early 1680s she enlarged the group, until it rivaled both in size and quality the ensembles maintained by several sovereigns. Over the years she made her composer and her musicians available to her nephews widow, Mme de Guise, for performances in churches and at the royal court
Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of Guise
–
Marie after a portrait by
Pierre Mignard
14.
Anne de Rohan-Chabot
–
Anne de Rohan-Chabot was a French noble. A member of the House of Rohan, she was wife of the Prince of Soubise and it was she who brought the lordship of Soubise into the junior line of the House of Rohan. She was for some time the mistress of Louis XIV and she was sometimes called Madame de Frontenay due to being the Dame of Frontenay. Born to Henri Chabot and his wife Marguerite de Rohan, she was the third of five children and her parents marriage had caused a scandal as Marguerite was a Foreign Princess as a member of the House of Rohan. This had obliged Louis XIV to issue a decree that she was able to marry Henri and her family were allowed to bear the name of Rohan-Chabot, the Rohans being her maternal family. On 17 April 1663, at not more than fifteen years old, François was a widower and the younger son of Hercule de Rohan Duke of Montbazon, and his wife Marie de Bretagne dAvaugour. His older half sister was Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse and she was presented at court in 1665. Anne was the Dame of Soubise in her own right, as such, at the time of her marriage she passed the title onto her husband. The couple styled themselves as the Prince and Princess of Soubise after March 1667 based on letters patent which raised the title of Soubise to a principality, Anne was also the Dame of Frontenay in her own right. She received an excellent education for the time, although only a teenager, she was devoted to her husband. She was also a beauty of the era with her red hair, fresh pale skin. Known as la Belle Florice, she maintained her beauty by keeping to a diet of chicken and salad, fruit, dairy products. Anne became Louis XIVs mistress in 1669 when he was staying at the Château of Chambord where Anne was also present, at the time, Louis affections were split between Louise de La Vallière and her future successor Madame de Montespan. Some time later Anne gave birth to her son, Hercule Mériadec de Rohan. In January 1674 Anne became a Lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie Thérèse, although nothing was proved, Louis XIV did allot a large sum of money to the compliant husband, in consideration of his services. In the portraits of the time, the similarity between the king and Armand is obvious, the couples affair ended in 1675 having been on an off for some six years. At the same relationship between Madame de Montespan and the King also came to an end. She persuaded her husband to purchase the Hôtel de Guise from the trustees of the late Duchess of Guise and he bought the property on 27 March 1700 and renamed it the Hôtel de Soubise
Anne de Rohan-Chabot
–
Anne from the studio of the Beaubrun brothers
15.
Marie Sophie de Courcillon
–
Marie Sophie de Courcillon was a French noblewoman and Duchess of Rohan-Rohan as well as Princess of Soubise by marriage. She was the daughter of Philippe de Courcillon, better known as the marquis de Dangeau. She was praised for being a woman for the age. Marie Sophie was the child of Philippe Egon de Courcillon styled as the marquis de Courcillon and his wife Françoise de Pompadour. Her paternal grandfather was Philippe de Courcillon, the marquis de Dangeau. Another first cousin was Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg and her first cousins included Charles Philippe dAlbert de Luynes, Duke of Luynes, she was a second cousin Charles Louis dAlbert de Luynes another famous memoir writer of the court of Louis XV. Mademoiselle de Courcillon was married twice, firstly to Charles François dAlbert dAilly, son of Louis Auguste dAlbert de Luynes and Marie Anne Romaine de Beaumanoir. The couple married on 17 January 1729 and she was thus known as the Duchess of Pecquigny. The couple had a daughter who died young and little information exists, soon after, Louis Auguste himself died and Marie Sophie was a widow at the age of 17. Her second husband was Hercule Mériadec de Rohan, Duke of Rohan-Rohan, son of François de Rohan, Prince de Soubise, Hercule Mériadec was a widower, his first wife Anne Geneviève de Lévis dying in 1727. The couple were married in Paris on 2 September 1732, the duke of Rohan-Rohan was a member of the House of Rohan and had the prestigious rank of Foreign Princes at Versailles. This entitled Marie Sophie, styled as the Princess of Rohan the style of Highness, the bride was some forty four years younger than the groom, Marie Sophie was closer to her daughter in law the Princess of Guéméné. To celebrate the union, her husband commissioned Germain Boffrand to redecorate the interior of the Hôtel de Soubise and she kept a fashionable salon at the hôtel. In 1737, it was she who presented Anne Marie Louise de La Tour dAuvergne to the court at Versailles, Anne Marie Louise was wife of Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise - grandson of Hercule Mériadec and his heir. Her husband died in 1749 in Paris and she was the mistress of Duke de Richelieu, who lost his last wife, born Élisabeth Sophie de Lorraine in 1740. She died in Paris at the age of 42, with her, the Courcillon family died out
Marie Sophie de Courcillon
–
Marie Sophie by
Nattier
16.
Marquis de Dangeau
–
Philippe de Courcillon, Marquis de Dangeau was a French officer and author. Born in Dangeau, he is most remembered for keeping a diary from 1684 until the year of his death and these Memoirs, which, as Saint-Simon said of an insipidity to make you sick, contain many facts about the reign of Louis XIV. Brother of Louis de Courcillon de Dangeau, he was born into a Calvinist family but converted very early in his life to Catholicism. He first gained repute for his skill at playing cards, to the extent that “jouer à la Dangeau” became an expression in the language of the time and he attracted the attention of Louis XIV. In 1665, he was named colonel of the king’s regiment and he became, in 1667, governor of Touraine and undertook several diplomatic missions to Trier, Mainz and Modena. A patron of men of letters, he became friends with Boileau, la Bruyère depicted him in his Caractères through the traits of “Pamphile”. From 1684 to 1720, he kept a journal on daily life at the court of Versailles, extracts from it were published by Voltaire in 1770, by Madame de Genlis in 1817 and by Pierre-Édouard Lémontey in 1818. It was whilst writing notes on these memoirs that Saint-Simon undertook to write his own Mémoires, the 19 volumes of the complete edition of Journal de la cour de Louis XIV appeared for the first time between 1854 and 1860. In 1686, Philippe de Courcillon married his second wife Sophia Maria Wilhelmina von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort and she was the daughter of Ferdinand Karl, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort and his wife Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg. Together they had at least one son, also called Philippe de Courcillon, Dangeau willingly lent his pen to the king and his entourage. The abbé de Choisy relates a time when Louis XIV asked him to compose his letters to Louise de la Vallière, the king, on his part confessed that he had had the same idea
Marquis de Dangeau
–
Portrait of Philippe de Courcillon by
Hyacinthe Rigaud
Marquis de Dangeau
–
His second wife Sophia Maria Wilhelmina von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort, Dame du Palais de
Madame la duchesse de Bourgogne.
17.
Charles de Rohan
–
Charles de Rohan, duke of Rohan-Rohan, seigneur of Roberval, and marshal of France from 1758, was a military man, and a minister to the kings Louis XV and Louis XVI. The last male of his branch of the House of Rohan, he was also the great-grandfather to the duc dEnghien, styled prince dEpinoy at birth, he became the Prince of Soubise after 1749. The prince was born at Versailles on 16 January 1715, the son of Jules, Prince of Soubise, lieutenant captain of the gendarmes of the Royal Guard, the eldest of five children, he was styled the Prince of Epinoy till his fathers death in 1724. His parents died in Paris of smallpox in 1724, remaining his siblings, including Marie Louise and his sister lost her husband to smallpox in 1743. He was entrusted to his grandfather Hercule Mériadec, Duke of Rohan-Rohan, who raised Soubise to the court, where he became the companion of Louis XV, who was the same age as he. One of his grandmothers was Madame de Ventadour, via his paternal grandmother Anne Geneviève de Lévis, Madame de Ventadour. He accompanied Louis XV in the campaign of 1744-1748 and attained high military rank, along with the failure to hold Hanover following the Invasion of Hanover this marked a dramatic turnaround for French fortunes as just months before they have seemed on the brink of victory. Soubise also refers to a dish with a sauce made with a rice and onion purée, named to compliment Charles de Rohan, prince of Soubise. Their daughter was, Charlotte Élisabeth Godefride de Rohan 1737–1760 known as Charlotte and she married Louis Joseph de Bourbon, a Prince du sang and descendant of Louis XIV of France and Madame de Montespan. Charlotte was the grandmother of the murdered Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien. Anna Teresa gave birth to another daughter Victoire Armande Josèphe de Rohan 1743–1807 and she married Henri Louis Marie de Rohan, Prince of Guéménée who was a cousin. Victoire was later the governess to the daughter of Marie Antoinette, the same year Charles married again to a German Princess and Landgravine, Anne Victoire of Hesse-Rotenburg 1728–1792. Anna Viktoria was a niece of an old Princess of Condé,16 July 1715 –6 May 1724 His Highness the Prince of Epinoy 6 May 1724 –4 July 1787 His Highness the Prince of Soubise
Charles de Rohan
–
Charles
18.
Germain Boffrand
–
Germain Boffrand was a French architect. A pupil of Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Germain Boffrand was one of the creators of the precursor to Rococo called the style Régence. His uncle, Philippe Quinault, introduced him to prospective clients among the aristocracy of Paris, in 1709, he was placed in charge of the interior apartments of the Hôtel de Soubise, where he soon succeeded the architect Pierre-Alexis Delamair. None of his early interiors survive, largely replaced by his spectacular Rococo work of the years following 1735, Boffrand was received by the Académie royale darchitecture in 1709. The following year he was among those employed in the additions to the Palais Bourbon, in 1732, he was appointed inspecteur général des ponts et chaussées and produced plans for restructuring Les Halles. He was a participant in the competition for the design of Place Louis XV, named chief architect to the hôpital général in 1724, he constructed in the Île de la Cité a foundling hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Trouvés. Boffrand also worked for the hospitals at the Salpêtrière, at Bicêtre and he built a series of hôtels particuliers in Paris as speculative business enterprises. Boffrands pavilion of 1712-15 that inaugurated the new quarter of the Faubourg Saint-Honoré was purchased, abroad, Boffrand worked for the Duke of Lorraine, where he was appointed Premier Architecte to Duke Léopold in 1711, but little of significance remains. He also constructed a fountain and a hunt pavilion, Bouchefort, in the gardens of the schloss belonging to the Elector of Bavaria, in 1724 Boffrand worked on site at Würzburg with Balthasar Neumann, who had been consulting him in Paris, on the Prince-Bishops Residenz. His designs were carried out in the suite of rooms. Among the architects trained in his atelier were François Dominique Barreau de Chefdeville, Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Emmanuel Héré de Corny, Boffrands two sons collaborated in the office, both dying young, in 1732 and 1745. Boffrands folio, Livre darchitecture, was published in 1745, there are no surviving caches of his drawings. In January 1745 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, Germain Boffrand died in Paris in 1754 at age 86. The following commissions of Boffrand are largely taken from Fiske Kimball, Hôtel Le Brun,49 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine, for Charles II Le Brun, the nephew and heir of the premier peintre du roi Charles Le Brun and a relative of Boffrands. One of the first hôtels particuliers noted and commended by contemporary critics, remodelling of the Hôtel de Mesme. Remodelling of the Hôtel de Livry, Hôtel de Soubise,60 rue des Francs-Bourgeois, and the suite of interiors, Boffrands last major work and his masterpiece, for the prince de Rohan and his wife Marie Sophie de Courcillon. Façade of the Convent of Fathers of Mercy,45 rue des Archives, built for the prince de Soubise to provide a suitable sdtreet front opposite his new hôtel. Renovation for Anne Henriette of Bavaria, princess Palatine, widow of the Henri Jules, much of Boffrands decoration survives, including the staircase with its coved cornices filled with scrolls and foliage and rounded corners
Germain Boffrand
–
Portrait of Germain Boffrand by
Lambert-Sigisbert Adam
Germain Boffrand
–
Hôtel de Soubise (1704-1707); Boffrand reurned to execute a suite of high
rococo interiors (1735-1740)
Germain Boffrand
–
Wall elevation in the bedroom of the Prince de Rohan at the Hôtel de Soubise
Germain Boffrand
–
Château de Lunéville (1708-1709)
19.
Rococo
–
Rococo artists and architects used a more jocular, florid, and graceful approach to the Baroque. Their style was ornate and used light colours, asymmetrical designs, curves, unlike the political Baroque, the Rococo had playful and witty themes. By the end of the 18th century, Rococo was largely replaced by the Neoclassic style. In 1835 the Dictionary of the French Academy stated that the word Rococo usually covers the kind of ornament, style and design associated with Louis XVs reign and it includes therefore, all types of art from around the middle of the 18th century in France. The word is seen as a combination of the French rocaille and coquilles, the term may also be a combination of the Italian word barocco and the French rocaille and may describe the refined and fanciful style that became fashionable in parts of Europe in the 18th century. The Rococo love of shell-like curves and focus on decorative arts led some critics to say that the style was frivolous or merely modish, when the term was first used in English in about 1836, it was a colloquialism meaning old-fashioned. While there is some debate about the historical significance of the style to art in general. Italian architects of the late Baroque/early Rococo were wooed to Catholic Germany, Bohemia and Austria by local princes, an exotic but in some ways more formal type of Rococo appeared in France where Louis XIVs succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion. By the end of the long reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves. These elements are obvious in the designs of Nicolas Pineau. During the Régence, court life moved away from Versailles and this change became well established, first in the royal palace. The delicacy and playfulness of Rococo designs is seen as perfectly in tune with the excesses of Louis XVs reign. The 1730s represented the height of Rococo development in France, the style had spread beyond architecture and furniture to painting and sculpture, exemplified by the works of Antoine Watteau and François Boucher. The Rococo style was spread by French artists and engraved publications, william Hogarth helped develop a theoretical foundation for Rococo beauty. Though not intentionally referencing the movement, he argued in his Analysis of Beauty that the lines and S-curves prominent in Rococo were the basis for grace. The development of Rococo in Great Britain is considered to have connected with the revival of interest in Gothic architecture early in the 18th century. The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early 1760s as figures like Voltaire and Jacques-François Blondel began to voice their criticism of the superficiality, Blondel decried the ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons, reeds, palm-trees and plants in contemporary interiors. By 1785, Rococo had passed out of fashion in France, replaced by the order, in Germany, late 18th century Rococo was ridiculed as Zopf und Perücke, and this phase is sometimes referred to as Zopfstil
Rococo
–
Pair of lovers group of
Nymphenburg porcelain, c. 1760, modelled by
Franz Anton Bustelli
Rococo
–
The Rococo
Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria): architectural spaces flow together and swarm with life.
Rococo
–
Rococo-style
House of the Good Shepherd in
Bratislava (
Slovakia) - an example of the 18th century
bourgeoisie house.
Rococo
–
François Boucher, Le Déjeuner, (1739,
Louvre), shows a rocaille interior of a French bourgeois family in the 18th century. The porcelain statuette and vase add a touch of
chinoiserie.
20.
Piano nobile
–
The piano nobile is the principal floor of a large house, usually built in one of the styles of Classical Renaissance architecture. This floor contains the reception and bedrooms of the house. The piano nobile is often the first or sometimes the second storey, located above a ground floor containing minor rooms, the reasons for this were so the rooms would have finer views, and more practically to avoid the dampness and odors of the street level. This is especially true in Venice where the piano nobile of the many palazzi is especially obvious from the exterior by virtue of its windows and balconies. Examples of this are Ca Foscari, Ca dOro, Ca Vendramin Calergi, larger windows than those on other floors are usually the most obvious feature of the piano nobile. Often in England and Italy the piano nobile is reached by an outer staircase. Kedleston Hall is an example of this in England, as is Villa Capra in Italy, most houses contained a secondary floor above the piano nobile which contained more intimate withdrawing and bedrooms for private use by the family of the house when no honoured guests were present. Above this floor would often be an attic floor containing staff bedrooms, in these instances, occasionally in museums etc. the principal piano nobile is described as the primo piano nobile to differentiate it. Though often found, this usage is potentially misleading, rooms in the piano nobile are always the grandest, the term is not used in Britain. This arrangement of floors continued throughout Europe for as long as large houses continued to be built in the classical styles and this arrangement was designed at Buckingham Palace as recently as the mid-19th century. Holkham Hall, Osterley Park and Chiswick House are among the innumerable 18th-century English houses which employed this design, Life in the English Country House. Harris, John, de Bellaigue, Geoffrey, & Miller, Oliver, English Country Houses, Early Georgian 1715–1760 London, Country Life. Pavilion Books Ltd. Kaminski Marion, Art and Architecture of Venice,1999, Könemann, ISBN 3-8290-2657-9 Masson, Georgina
Piano nobile
–
An early-15th-century piano nobile at the
Palazzo dei Diamanti,
Ferrara. Its larger windows indicate its superior status compared to the rooms on the floor below
Piano nobile
–
At the
Palazzo Barbarigo,
Venice, the floor above the piano nobile is of almost equal status so is referred to as the secondo piano nobile.
Piano nobile
–
Palais Gise in Munich: A rich decor of the facade underlines the meaning of the piano nobile on the 2nd floor.
Piano nobile
–
At 18th-century
Kedleston Hall the piano nobile is placed above a
rusticated ground floor, and reached by an external staircase. The uppermost windows indicate that the upper floor is of far lower status.
21.
Boiserie
–
Panelling is a millwork wall covering constructed from rigid or semi-rigid components. These are traditionally interlocking wood, but could be plastic or other materials, panelling was developed in antiquity to make rooms in stone buildings more comfortable. The panels served to insulate the room from the cold stone, in more modern buildings, such panelling is often installed for decorative purposes. The term wainscot originally applied to high quality riven oak boards, Wainscot oak came from large, slow-grown forest trees, and produced boards that were knot-free, low in tannin, light in weight, and easy to work with. It was preferred to home-grown oak, especially in Holland and Great Britain, because it was a far superior product, the Oxford English Dictionary states that it derives from the medieval German wagenschot as well as wageschot or wall-board. Johnsons Dictionary defined it thus, Wainscot, the inner wooden covering of a wall, to wainscot, to line the walls with boards A wainscot was therefore a board of riven oak, and wainscoting was the panelling made from it. Also in the 18th century, the style of panelling changed from a covering to one in which only the lower part of the wall was covered. Hence wainscot or wainscoting became a panelling style applied to the lower 90 to 150 cm of a wall, below the dado rail or chair rail. It is traditionally constructed from tongue-and-groove boards, though bead-board or decorative panels, new manufacturing techniques are capable of milling large panels from one sheet, reducing seams, caulking, and expansion/contraction cracks that have plagued traditional construction. Wainscoting may also refer to materials used in a similar fashion. The original purpose of wainscoting was to cover the part of walls. Boiserie is the French term used to define ornate and intricately carved wood panelling, early examples of boiseries were unpainted, but later the raised mouldings were often painted or gilded. Boiseries were popular in seventeenth and eighteenth century French interior design, the panels were not confined to just the walls of a room but were used to decorate doors, frames, cupboards, and shelves also. Often pictures would be set into the boiseries, the framing the picture rather like a conventional frame. Moulding Ornament Panel edge staining Structural insulated panel Vacuum insulated panel Wainscot
Boiserie
–
39-inch (1 m) wainscoting using 3-inch (76 mm)
tongue and groove pine boards
Boiserie
–
Elaborate boiseries in the guild hall of the Zunfthaus zu Kaufleuten,
Kramgasse 29,
Berne
22.
Overdoor
–
An overmantel serves a similar function above a fireplace mantel. Overdoors of such pieces, allegorical subjects, and landscapes were favoured through the end of the 18th century
Overdoor
–
Carved and inlaid Late Baroque supraporte in
Toruń, Poland
23.
Charles-Joseph Natoire
–
Charles-Joseph Natoire was a French painter in the Rococo manner, a pupil of François Lemoyne and director of the French Academy in Rome, 1751-1775. Considered during his lifetime the equal of François Boucher, he played a prominent role in the life of France. In 1721 he obtained the Prix de Rome with a Sacrifice of Manoah to obtain a son, on 30 June 1723 he was appointed a pensionnaire at the French Academy in Rome, at the time lodged in the Palazzo Mancini, where he arrived in October. During his stay he executed a copy of Pietro da Cortonas Rape of the Sabine Women, in December 1725 he won a first prize from the Accademia di San Luca with a Moses Returning from Sinai. In 1728 he painted for the French ambassador, the prince de Polignac, Natoire returned to Paris via Venice in the early part of 1729. He was received into the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture on 30 September 1730 and his reputation was quickly established, and he received major commissions. From 1731 to 1740 he provided several suites of canvasses for Philibert Orry, contrôleur général des finances, during the same period, in 1732 he provided three overdoors on Old Testament subjects for the duc dAntin in Paris. In June 1734, Natoire submitted to an Exposition de la Jeunesse in place Dauphine a Galatea, in 1737 he received the commission at the Hôtel de Soubise. From 1741, he produced a series of cartoons for the History of Mark Anthony woven at the Gobelins, in 1747, he painted the portrait of Louis, Dauphin of France. In a more familiar vein, he provided a Saint Stephen, a major loss was his illusionistic decor for the chapel in the Hôpital des Enfants-Trouvés, built by Germain Boffrand but demolished in the 19th century. Also in 1747 he participated in the organized by the new general director of the Bâtiments du Roi, Le Normant de Tournehem, with the Triumph of Bacchus. In 1751, Natoire was appointed director of the French Academy in Rome, a prestigious position, far from court, Natoire witnessed his rivals Carle Van Loo, then François Boucher named premier peintre du Roi in turn. His own fresco of the Apotheosis of Saint Louis for the French national Church of San Luigi dei Francesi, 1754–1756, Natoires late work, in the two decades that remained to him was largely confined to numerous drawings of the Campagna for his own pleasure, and few canvasses. The new general director of the Bâtiments, the comte dAngiviller retired Natoire from office in June 1775 and he withdrew to Castel Gandolfo, where he died. This article depends in part on a translation from French Wikipedia
Charles-Joseph Natoire
–
Gustaf Lundberg 's portrait of Charles-Joseph Natoire (
Musée du Louvre).
Charles-Joseph Natoire
–
Sibylle
Charles-Joseph Natoire
–
Portrait of French bishop and theologian Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy.
Charles-Joseph Natoire
–
Venus Demanding Arms from Vulcan for Aeneas.
24.
Carle Van Loo
–
Carle or Charles-André van Loo was a French subject painter, son of the painter Louis-Abraham van Loo, a younger brother of Jean-Baptiste van Loo and grandson of Jacob van Loo. He was the most famous member of a dynasty of painters of Dutch origin. His oeuvre includes every category, religion, history painting, mythology, portraiture, allegory and he was born in Nice, then part of the Duchy of Savoy. Van Loo followed his brother Jean-Baptiste to Turin, and then to Rome in 1712, where he studied under Benedetto Luti and the sculptor Pierre Legros. After again visiting Turin in 1727, he was employed by king Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, in 1734 he settled in Paris, and in 1735 became a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture and rose rapidly in the hierarchy of the academy. Madame de Pompadour and the French court were taking the artist under their patronage and he was decorated with the Order of Saint Michael and named First Painter to king Louis XV of France in 1762. He was a most successful court painter but his portraits as well as history paintings also enjoyed a success throughout all Europe. He died in Paris on 15 July 1765 and his patrons included members of the court, the Gobelins factory, private individuals, and the church. In the ensuing centuries, Van Loos critical fortune has plummeted, although his ability remains admirable, and his Marriage of the Virgin is preserved in the Louvre. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. Media related to Charles André van Loo at Wikimedia Commons Charles André van Loo in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Carle Van Loo
–
Portrait of Carle van Loo, by his nephew
Louis-Michel van Loo
Carle Van Loo
–
Charles-André van Loo, The Virgin, 1738
Carle Van Loo
–
Saint Andrew
Carle Van Loo
–
Portrait of Innocente Guillemette de Rosnyvinen de Pire, 1762
25.
Napoleon
–
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleons political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and he was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica to a relatively modest family from the minor nobility. When the Revolution broke out in 1789, Napoleon was serving as an officer in the French army. Seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution, he rose through the ranks of the military. The Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed a revolt against the government from royalist insurgents, in 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic and his ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and in 1804 he became the first Emperor of the French. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805, in 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched the Grand Army deep into Eastern Europe, France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high watermark of the French Empire, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support, the Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, the Russians routinely violated the Continental System and enticed Napoleon into another war. The French launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the collapse of the Grand Army, the destruction of Russian cities, in 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, the Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba near Rome and the Bourbons were restored to power, however, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June, the British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51
Napoleon
–
The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by
Jacques-Louis David, 1812
Napoleon
–
Imperial coat of arms
Napoleon
–
Napoleon's father
Carlo Buonaparte was
Corsica 's representative to the court of
Louis XVI of France.
Napoleon
–
Napoleon Bonaparte, aged 23, Lieutenant-Colonel of a battalion of Corsican
Republican volunteers
26.
French National Archives
–
In 1800 the Archives Nationales became an autonomous body of the French state. Today, they contain about 406 km. of documents, a mass of documents growing every year. The original documents stored by the Archives Nationales range from AD625 to today, the Archives Nationales are under the authority of the French Archives Administration in the Ministry of Culture. The Archives of France also manage the 100 departmental archives located in the préfectures of each of the 100 départements of France, as well as various other local archives. The Archives Nationales has been located since 1808 in a group of buildings comprising the Hôtel de Soubise and this centre stores all the documents and records from before 1958 as well as the archives of the French heads of state. Since 1867 it has housed the Musée de lHistoire de France. The Archives Nationales, however, do not keep the records of Paris. These were entirely destroyed by fires set by extremists at the end of the Paris Commune in 1871, the oldest document kept at the AN is a papyrus dated AD625 coming from the archives of the Basilica of St Denis seized at the time of the French Revolution. This papyrus is the confirmation of a grant of land in the city of Paris to the Abbey of Saint-Denis issued by King Chlothar II. This document is the oldest original one kept by the Archives Nationales, in total the Archives Nationales possess 47 original documents from the Merovingian period. It was inscribed on UNESCOs Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003 in recognition of its historical significance, the Centre for Contemporary Archives, founded as the Cité interministérielle des archives, opened in Fontainebleau in 1969. It is the repository for documents issued by the French central state since 1958 and it contains 193 km. of archives. The National Overseas Archives, originally the Centre for Overseas Archives, the ANOM also possesses private and corporate archives related to the former French colonies and Algeria. In total the ANOM keeps 37 km. of archives from the 17th to the 20th century covering more than 40 currently independent countries spread over 5 continents. Note that the archives concerning Tunisia and Morocco, which were protectorates and not colonies, are kept by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in its Diplomatic Archives. In addition to these 37 km. of archives, the ANOM also possesses 60,000 maps and plans going back to the 17th century,150,000 photographs,20,000 postcards, and 100,000 books. The National Archives of the World of Work, originally the Centre for the Archives of the World of Work and it stores the archives of businesses, trades unions, associations and societies, and architects. In total it contains 35 km. of archives, most of the archives in this centre are private archives
French National Archives
–
One of the oldest records in the Archives nationales:
parchment dated December 23, 695. King
Childebert III rules that the land of
Hodenc-l'Évêque (
Oise) belongs to the
Basilica of St Denis.
French National Archives
–
Façade of the
Hôtel de Soubise
French National Archives
French National Archives
–
1289 letter of
Arghun to
Philip the Fair, in the
Uyghur script, with detail of the introduction. The letter was remitted to the French king by
Buscarel of Gisolfe. The seal is that of the Great Khan, in Chinese characters: "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". The paper is of
Korean manufacture. 182x25 cm. French National Archives.
27.
Fiske Kimball
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Sidney Fiske Kimball was an American architect, architectural historian and museum director. A pioneer in the field of preservation in the United States, he played a leading part in the restoration of Monticello. Over his nearly-30-year tenure as director of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, he moved the museum into its current building, Kimball was born in Newton, Massachusetts on December 8,1888. He was educated at Harvard University, where he took both his bachelors and masters degrees in architecture and he then taught at the University of Illinois and the University of Michigan, receiving a Ph. D from the latter institution in 1915. In 1919, Kimball was appointed to head the newly formed department of art, while at the University of Virginia, he served as the supervising architect for Memorial Gymnasium, and the McIntire Amphitheatre on grounds at the university. He also designed the campus of Woodberry Forest School, in 1923, Kimball left the University of Virginia to establish the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University. In 1925, he was appointed director of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Kimball continued to work on projects in Virginia. Kimball designed his own home, Shack Mountain, in Albemarle County, Virginia, Kimball used Jeffersons architectural principles as the basis of his design of Shack Mountain, short for Shackelford Mountain, the surname of a branch of Jeffersons descendants. Built in 1935-1936, Shack Mountain is a Jefferson-style pavilion, like Monticello, Fiske Kimball died in Munich, Germany, on August 14,1955. He and his wife are buried at Monticello Memorial Gardens on Monticello Mountain, Kimball married, in June 1913, Marie Christina Goebel, the half Dutch, half German daughter of Julius Goebel, a professor of Germanic languages at the University of Illinois. She eventually was the recipient of two Guggenheim Fellowships and served as Monticellos first curator and she also wrote a three-volume biography of Jefferson. Kimball and Mr. Jefferson, Hugh Howard, Bloomsbury,2006, Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jeffersons Monticello, monticello. org Fiske Kimball Papers, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fiske Kimball, Culmination and Legacy, University of Virginia
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Thomas Jefferson 's drawing of original front elevation of
Monticello. Illustration in Fiske Kimball's Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic, 1922
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Kimball, ca. 1915
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Philadelphia Museum of Art, East Entrance.
