1.
Magners
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Bulmers Irish Cider, branded as Magners Irish Cider outside the Republic of Ireland, is a brand of cider produced in County Tipperary in Ireland by the C&C Group. The product range includes the varieties, Original, Light, Pear. The cider was originally produced as Bulmers and continues to be sold under that name in Ireland, Magners is a former sponsor of the Celtic League rugby union competition and Scottish football club Celtic. Commercial cider production was started in Clonmel, South Tipperary, Ireland in 1935, Magner bought the orchard from Mr Phelan from Clonmel. Magner quickly established a cider factory in Dowds Lane, Clonmel. In 1937, English cider-makers H. P. Bulmer purchased a 50% share in the business, after the war in 1946, Bulmers purchased the remaining 50%, changing the name to Bulmers Ltd Clonmel. Bulmer maintained international rights to the Bulmers trade mark, so that any exports were carried out via the parent company rather than directly exported from Ireland. In the 1960s, H. P. Bulmer produced a Champagne perry product in competition with Babycham. Showerings challenged this in court, and H. P, in 1964 they were forced to sell Bulmers Clonmel to Guinness and Allied Breweries, parent company of Showerings. The company name was changed to Showerings Ltd, soon after, the company moved its main processing operations to a new complex at Annerville, five kilometres east of Clonmel, which was opened in 1965 by the then Taoiseach, Seán Lemass. Today the Bulmers/Magners arm of C&C Group employs more than 470 people and is a part of the economic infrastructure of Clonmel. The company also once produced Cidona, a soft drink in Ireland which along with all of the companys other soft drinks was sold to Britvic in 2007. The success of Bulmers cider in Ireland led to the development of the Magners brand to market the companys cider outside Ireland. Since H. P. Bulmer retained the right to market their original English Bulmers worldwide, majorca in Spain was the first market to sell Magners in May 1999 followed by Munich in Germany in July 1999. Magners was first sold in the UK in late 1999 when the brand was launched in Northern Ireland, C&C established the trade mark by selling to Wholesalers and retailers in London, Glasgow, Birmingham and Cardiff. Irish Bulmers cider and Magners have the label and are identical products. The ciders are made from 17 varieties of apples, fermented and matured for up to two years and it is available in 330 ml, 440ml, pint, litre and 750 ml bottles and 500 ml cans, and is served over ice. It is also available in most Irish bars on draught and Magners is available in bars on draught in Scotland
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Heineken International
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Heineken N. V. is a Dutch brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2017, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries and it produces 250 international, regional, local and specialty beers and ciders and employs approximately 73,000 people. Heinekens Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, s-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre, the original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience. Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, the Heineken company was founded in 1864 when the 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery known as De Hooiberg in Amsterdam. In 1869 Heineken switched to the use of bottom-fermenting yeast, in 1873 the brewerys name changed to Heinekens Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij, and opened a second brewery in Rotterdam in 1874. In 1886 Dr. H. Elion, a pupil of the French chemist Louis Pasteur and this yeast is still the key ingredient of Heineken beer. The founders son, Henry Pierre Heineken, managed the company from 1917 to 1940, during his tenure, Heineken developed techniques to maintain consistent beer quality during large-scale production. After World War I, the company focused more and more on export, three days after Prohibition ended in the United States, the first Heineken shipment landed in New York. From that day on, Heineken has remained one of the most successful imported beer brands in the United States, Henry Pierres son, Alfred Henry Freddy Heineken, started working at the company in 1940, and in 1971 was appointed Chairman of the Executive Board. He was a force behind Heinekens continued global expansion, and while he retired from the Executive Board in 1989. During this period, Heineken tried to increase its price by purchasing competing breweries. After World War II, many breweries were bought or closed. In 1968 Heineken merged with its biggest competitor, Amstel, the Amstel brewery was closed in 1980, and its production moved to Zoeterwoude and Den Bosch. Since the merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller in October 2016, Heineken has been the second largest brewer in the world. On January 12,2010, Heineken International successfully bought the division of Mexican giant FEMSA. The company will sell its products there through FEMSA, which is the largest bottler and brewery in all of Latin America, and maker of such brands as Dos Equis XX, Bohemia and Sol. FEMSA now owns 20% of Heineken N. V. after the early 2010 all-stock deal, becoming its largest single shareholder after the Dutch families who owns 25. 83% and public shareholders owning 54. 17%. The FEMSA acquisition is expected to keep Heineken in its position by growing its market share in the Latin American markets
5.
Cider
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Cider is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. The juice of any variety of apple can be used to make cider, the addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the alcoholic content of the resulting beverage. Cider is popular in the United Kingdom, especially in the West Country, the UK has the worlds highest per capita consumption, as well as its largest cider-producing companies. Cider is also popular in other European countries including Ireland, Portugal, France, northern Italy, central Europe also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in UK law, it must contain at least 35% apple juice, although CAMRA says that real cider must be at least 90% fresh apple juice. In the US, there is a 50% minimum, in France, cider must be made solely from apples. Perry is a product made from fermented pear juice. Ciders can be classified from dry to sweet and their appearance ranges from cloudy with sediment to completely clear, and their colour ranges from almost clear to amber to brown. The variations in clarity and colour are mostly due to filtering between pressing and fermentation, some apple varieties will produce a clear cider without any need for filtration. Both sparkling and still ciders are made, the variety is the more common. Modern, mass-produced ciders closely resemble sparkling wine in appearance, more traditional brands tend to be darker and cloudier. They are often stronger than the varieties and taste more strongly of apples. Almost colourless, white cider has the apple juice content as conventional cider but is harder to create because the cider maker has to blend various apples to create a clearer liquid. White ciders tend to be sweeter and more refreshing and they are typically 7-8 % ABV in strength. Black cider, by contrast, is dry amber premium cider which has an content of 7-8 % ABV. The descriptor black usually comes after the name such as Union Black. Apples grown for consumption are suitable for making, though some regional cider-makers prefer to use a mix of eating and cider apples. There are many hundreds of varieties of cultivars developed specifically for cider making, once the apples are gathered from trees in orchards they are scratted into what is called pomace or pommage
6.
Hereford
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Hereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately 16 miles east of the border with Wales,24 miles southwest of Worcester, with a population of 58,896, it is the largest settlement in the county. The name Hereford is said to come from the Anglo-Saxon here, an army or formation of soldiers, and the ford, if this is the origin it suggests that Hereford was a place where a body of armed men forded or crossed the Wye. The Welsh name for Hereford is Henffordd, meaning old road, much of the county of Herefordshire was Welsh-speaking, as reflected in the Welsh names of many places in the county. An early town charter from 1189 granted by Richard I of England describes it as Hereford in Wales, Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed as recently as October 2000. It is now known chiefly as a centre for a wider agricultural and rural area. Products from Hereford include, cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals, hostilities between the Anglo-Saxons and the Welsh came to a head with the Battle of Hereford in 760, in which the Britons freed themselves from the influence of the English. Hereford had the only mint west of the Severn in the reign of Athelstan, and it was to Hereford, then a border town, the present Hereford Cathedral dates from the early 12th century, as does the first bridge across the Wye. Former Bishops of Hereford include Saint Thomas de Cantilupe and Lord High Treasurer of England Thomas Charlton. The city gave its name to two suburbs of Paris, France, Maisons-Alfort and Alfortville, due to a manor built there by Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Hereford, in the middle of the 13th century. Hereford, a base for successive holders of the title Earl of Hereford, was once the site of a castle, Hereford Castle, which rivalled that of Windsor in size and scale. This was a base for repelling Welsh attacks and a stronghold for English kings such as King Henry IV when on campaign in the Welsh Marches against Owain Glyndŵr. The castle was dismantled in the 18th century and landscaped into Castle Green, after the Battle of Mortimers Cross in 1461, during the Wars of the Roses, the defeated Lancastrian leader Owen Tudor was taken to Hereford by Sir Roger Vaughan and executed in High Town. A plaque now marks the spot of the execution, Vaughan was later himself executed, under a flag of truce, by Owens son Jasper. During the civil war the city changed several times. On 30 September 1642 Parliamentarians led by Sir Robert Harley and Henry Grey, in December they withdrew to Gloucester because of the presence in the area of a Royalist army under Lord Herbert. The city was occupied briefly from 23 April to 18 May 1643 by Parliamentarians commanded by Sir William Waller. On 31 July 1645 a Scottish army of 14,000 under Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven besieged the city but met resistance from its garrison
7.
Credenhill
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Credenhill is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. The population of civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 2,271. Near Credenhill is the site of the former Royal Air Force station RAF Hereford, Credenhill village has had military connections since 80 BC, when Iron Age Celts constructed a hill fort and earthwork defence system commanding the surrounding area. The Romans founded the town of Magnis at what is now Kenchester, in 428 AD Magnis was destroyed by a fire during raids by the Picts and Scots. The remains of the old fort was occupied by the Saxons in 480 AD, the Saxon chief Creda occupied the fort in 540 AD, and Credas Hill gave its name to Credenhill. During the First World War, land in Credenhill was occupied by a unit to store ammunition. In 1939 the land was requisitioned for defence and became RAF Hereford, the 12th-century church of St Mary is a grade I listed building. An electoral ward of the name exists. This ward stretches south to Breinton with a ward population as at the 2011 Census of 3,612. There is an Iron Age hill fort half a mile north of Credenhill, archaeological finds are in Hereford Museum. The defences of this large hill fort follow the 600 ft contour. They comprise an embankment and ditch with a slight counter-scarp bank, there are traces of a quarry ditch inside the main rampart around most of the circuit. Original in-turned entrances are at the centre of the east side and at the south-east corner, trial excavation has shown that the internal quarry-ditch is 5–10 ft deep. There were also storage pits and other remains of occupation including pottery with stamped and incised patterns typical of the West Midlands Iron Age, date, c.400 BC, occupied continuously until about 75 AD. The fort and the ancient woodland are now part of the Woodland Trust. Credenhill has links to cider production, one of Herefordshires key industries, in 1887 Percy Bulmer founded the Bulmers cider company. The then 20-year-old son of the Reverend Charles Bulmer used apples from the garden for the companys first produce. Thomas Traherne, the 17th-century English poet and religious writer, was rector of Credenhill for ten years, at Credenhill, the temperature is usually between −0.8 °C and 23.2 °C
8.
Bulmers
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Bulmers cider is one of a number of brands owned by British cider maker H. P. Bulmer of Hereford. It is one of the biggest selling British bottled cider brands in the UK and it should not be confused with Bulmers Irish Cider, sold outside the Republic of Ireland as Magners. Fred and Percy Bulmer grew the apples at their family orchard at Credenhill in Herefordshire which would be used to make the cider for which they became known. Production was initially at Ryelands Street in Hereford, the buildings, including cider cellars survives today as the Cider Museum. Production moved to the current Plough Lane site in the late 1970s, today HP Bulmer makes 65% of the UKs five hundred million litres of cider sold annually, and the bulk of the UKs cider exports. From 1937 to 1949, Bulmers operated with Wm. Magners of Clonmel, from 1949 Magners withdrew from this partnership but retained rights to trade under the name HP Bulmer Ltd in Ireland. In 2003, the Hereford-based firm was bought for £278 million by Scottish & Newcastle with the loss of some 200 jobs initially, in 2008, S&N were bought for £7.8 billion by the Carlsberg and Heineken groups. Bulmers now only survives as a name and subsidiary of the Heineken group. During spring 2006, the company relaunched Bulmers Original in the UK, aimed at the served over ice market, Bulmers Original is a 4. 5% ABV cider, primarily sold in pint bottles. In November 2007, Bulmers pear cider was launched, in summer 2011, Bulmers relaunched with a new look and new bottles. In reference to the Bulmers naming tradition dating back to the early 1900s, they number-coded the then-current,9, Pear as No.10 and Crisp Blend as No.15. At the same time, the Red Berry and Lime flavour was launched as No.17. In March 2013, two new flavours, Bulmers Cider Bold Black Cherry and Bulmers Cider Pressed Red Grape, number-coded No.19 and No.20 respectively, were added to the range. In March 2014, two lower-alcohol flavours were added, Bulmers Cider Five Fruit Harvest and Bulmers Cider Indian Summer, number-coded No.21 and No.22 and with an ABV of 2. 8%. In 2015, the red grape flavour was discontinued and replaced with a new flavour Zesty Blood Orange, the black cherry flavour was discontinued the following year and replaced with Wild Blueberry and Lime, number-coded as No.24. By law, all produced in the UK must contain a minimum of 35% apple juice. Bulmers do not disclose the percentage of apple juice in their product, however this was delisted a year later due to poor sales. In Summer 2010, a limited version was made, combining both apple and pear flavours in one and named Summer Blend
9.
Strongbow (cider)
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Strongbow is a dry cider produced by H. P. Bulmer in England since 1962. Strongbow is the worlds leading cider with a 15 per cent volume share of the global market. Bulmers is a subsidiary of Heineken International, the multinational Dutch brewer, in 2011, Strongbow Gold, produced in Belgium, was launched across Europe in response to ciders growing popularity on the continent. In 2012, Strongbow was the highest selling cider in Australia, in 2014, the original Strongbow dry cider was discontinued in the USA by Heineken and replaced with two new sweeter variants. Strongbow was launched in England by H. P and it was initially marketed as the strong cider for men. By 1970, it was the second highest selling cider in the world after its Bulmers stablemate Woodpecker, by 2001, Strongbow was among the top ten drinks by sales in English and Welsh pubs and bars. In 2003 Bulmers was purchased by Scottish & Newcastle, who in turn were taken over by Heineken in 2008, in January 2011, Heineken announced their intention to take the Strongbow brand global. In the United Kingdom, Strongbow is a blend of bitter-sweet cider and culinary apples, the apples are grown in England and France. It is mass-produced using modern methods, and contains apple concentrate and it is fermented with a controlled yeast strain, and at least some varieties are flavoured with artificial sweeteners. The Bulmers Strongbow vat is the largest alcoholic container in the world, in the UK, Strongbow is available on draught at 4. 5% ABV and in cans and bottles at 5% ABV. In 2012 the UK packaged versions were reduced from 5. 3% ABV to 5. 0% ABV, Strongbow Gold is the variant available in mainland Europe and is available only in bottles. It was launched in May 2011, and its major markets include Italy and it is 5% ABV and designed to be served over ice. It is over 50% apple juice, making it a product to Magners. It also contains glucose syrup, glucose-fructose syrup, food acidifier, malic acid, anti-oxidant, sulphur dioxide, colouring agent, cochineal and it is made in Belgium at Heinekens Stassen plant. Strongbow is exported to overseas markets. It was launched into the Australian market in 1970, and today remains as Australia’s most popular cider. Strongbow is available in five varieties in Australia, Dry, Sweet, Original, fosters Group purchased the Strongbow brand in Australia in 2003, and continues to produce, distribute & market the brand. They were themselves purchased by SABMiller in 2011, in 2012, Heineken launched Strongbow Pear in the UK and in 2013 introduced Strongbow Dark Fruit which contains blackcurrant and blackberry juices
10.
C&C Group
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C&C Group plc, is a manufacturer, marketer and distributor of alcoholic drinks, particularly cider. It has production facilities across Ireland, the UK and the US, cochrane was appointed a baronet in 1903. A particularly famous product in Ireland is C&C Club Orange, an orange soft drink developed in the 1930s. Other flavours were developed, such as Club Lemon and Club Rock Shandy. With C&Cs increasing emphasis on alcoholic beverages, the Club range of drinks was sold to Britvic Ireland early in the 21st century. In 1937 William Magner acquired the rights to produce the Bulmers Cider brand in the Republic of Ireland from H. P. Bulmer. C&C introduced Magners cider in 1999, as they held rights to Bulmers in the Republic of Ireland. In America the company saw a chance to challenge soft-drink giants Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola with its own C&C Cola, an elaborate marketing scheme was launched in 1955, in connection with the television revival of 740 motion pictures produced by RKO Radio Pictures. C&C Television Corporation reprinted the entire RKO library for nationwide syndication in the United States, all of the features now began with a C&C Movietime title card, and TV stations showing the films would interrupt the telecasts for commercial mentions of C&C Cola. The company changed its name to C&C Group and then launched itself on the Irish Stock Exchange in 2004, the company started selling Magners cider in Northern Ireland, then in London, and then in the rest of England, Spain and Bavaria. Sales exploded in 2005 and 2006, and the company had to bring forward plans to meet forecast demand. H. P. Bulmer, seeing their market share in the UK decline, relaunched their Bulmers cider in packaging similar to Magners and sold it to be served over ice, as a result of better distribution and better pricing, H. P. C&C acquired the Tennents lager brand and Wellpark Brewery in August 2009 from InBev, Tennents is the largest lager brand in Scotland. Tennents also has a share of the Northern Irish lager market and it was intended this would strengthen Magners position as Tennents. As part of the acquisition C&C will also exclusively distribute InBev brands on the island of Ireland, with the exception of Budweiser, in 2009 Magners had about 12% of the UK cider market. C&C cut production and laid off staff at Clonmel in 2009 due to overcapacity, in late 2009 C&C bought the Gaymer Cider Company giving them a large production facility in Somerset and a distribution warehouse in Bristol. C&C sold its portfolio of brands in May 2010. In April 2010, C&C announced it was selling its Spirits & Liqueurs division to Scottish distillers William Grant & Sons for €300m and this would be used to pay down debt built up from the Tennents and Gaymers purchases
11.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
12.
King's College, Cambridge
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Kings College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Formally The Kings College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, Kings was founded in 1441 by Henry VI, soon after he had founded its sister college in Eton. However, the Kings plans for the college were disrupted by the Wars of the Roses and resultant scarcity of funds, and his eventual deposition. Little progress was made on the project until in 1508 Henry VII began to take an interest in the college, the building of the colleges chapel, begun in 1446, was finally finished in 1544 during the reign of Henry VIII. Kings College Chapel is regarded as one of the greatest examples of late Gothic English architecture and it has the worlds largest fan-vault, and the chapels stained-glass windows and wooden chancel screen are considered some of the finest from their era. The building is seen as emblematic of Cambridge, the chapels choir, composed of male students at Kings and choristers from the nearby Kings College School, is one of the most accomplished and renowned in the world. Every year on Christmas Eve the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is broadcast from the chapel to millions of listeners worldwide, on 12 February 1441 King Henry VI issued letters patent founding a college at Cambridge for a rector and twelve poor scholars. This college was to be named after Saint Nicholas, upon whose saint day Henry had been born, William Millington, a fellow of Clare College was installed as the rector. Henry directed the publication of the colleges first governing statutes in 1443 and his original modest plan for the college was abandoned, and provision was instead made for community of seventy fellows and scholars headed by a provost. Henry had belatedly learned of William of Wykehams 1379 twin foundation of New College, Oxford and Winchester College, the King had in fact founded Eton College on 11 October 1440, but up until 1443 Kings and Eton had been unconnected. However, that year the relationship between the two was remodelled upon Wykehams successful institutions and the sizes of the colleges scaled up to surpass Wykehams. A second royal charter which re-founded the now much larger Kings College was issued on 12 July 1443, members of Kings were to be recruited entirely from Eton. Membership of Kings was a vocation for life, scholars were eligible for election to the fellowship after three years of probation, irrespective of whether they had achieved a degree or not. In fact, undergraduates at Kings – unlike those other colleges – did not even have to pass university examinations to achieve their BA degree. The gateway and south range of Old Court had already been built, Henrys grand design for the new college buildings survives in the 1448 Founders Will which describes his vision in detail. Behind the hall and buttery was to be another courtyard, the first stone of the chapel was laid by the King on St James Day,25 July 1446. However, within a decade Henrys engagement in the Wars of the Roses meant that funds began to dry up, work proceeded sporadically until a generation later in 1508 when the Founders nephew Henry VII was prevailed upon to finish the shell of the building. The interior had to wait a further generation until completion by 1544 with the aid of Henry VIII, the chapel would be the only part of Henry VIs Founders Will to be realised
13.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
14.
Chulalongkorn
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Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Chulalongkorn Phra Chunla Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua, or Rama V, was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang and his reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the British and French. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, all his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siams survival in the face of Western colonialism, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat. King Chulalongkorn was born on 20 September 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra, in 1861, he was designated Krommamuen Pikhanesuan Surasangkat. His father gave him an education, including instruction from European tutors such as Anna Leonowens. In 1866, he became a monk for six months at Wat Bawonniwet according to royal tradition. Both father and son fell ill of malaria, Mongkut died on 1 October 1868. Si Suriyawongse, the most powerful government official of the day, managed the succession of Chulalongkorn to the throne, the coronation was held on 11 November 1868. Chulalongkorns health improved, and he was tutored in public affairs, traveled to India and he was crowned king in his own right as Rama V on 16 November 1873. Si Suriyawongse then arranged for the Front Palace of King Pinklao to be bequeathed to King Pinklaos son, the young Chulalongkorn was an enthusiastic reformer. He visited Singapore and Java in 1870 and British India during 1870–1872 to study the administration of British colonies and he toured the administrative centres of Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, and back to Calcutta in early-1872. This journey was a source of his ideas for the modernization of Siam. As regent, Si Suriyawongse wielded great influence, Si Suriyawongse continued the works of King Mongkut. He supervised the digging of several important khlongs, such as Padung Krungkasem and Damneun Saduak, and he was also a patron of Thai literature and performing arts. At the end of his regency, Si Suriyawonse was raised to Somdet Chao Phraya, Si Suriyawongse was the most powerful noble of the 19th century. His family, Bunnag, was a one, of Persian descent. It dominated Siamese politics since the reign of Rama I, Chulalongkorn then married four of his half-sisters, all daughters of Mongkut, Savang Vadhana, Saovabha, and Sunandha, and Sukumalmarsri. Chulalongkorns first reform was to establish the Auditory Office, solely responsible for tax collection, as tax collectors had been under the aegis of various nobles and thus a source of their wealth, this reform caused great consternation among the nobility, especially the Front Palace
15.
Fermentation in food processing
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Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired, the science of fermentation is known as zymology or zymurgy. The term fermentation sometimes refers specifically to the conversion of sugars into ethanol, producing alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer. However, similar processes take place in the leavening of bread, other widely consumed fermented foods include vinegar, olives, and cheese. More localised foods prepared by fermentation may also be based on beans, grain, vegetables, fruit, honey, dairy products, fish, meat, since ancient times, humans have exploited the fermentation process. Seven-thousand-year-old jars containing the remains of wine, now on display at the University of Pennsylvania, were excavated in the Zagros Mountains in Iran. There is strong evidence that people were fermenting alcoholic drinks in Babylon c.3000 BC, ancient Egypt c.3150 BC, pre-Hispanic Mexico c.2000 BC, the French chemist Louis Pasteur founded zymology, when in 1856 he connected yeast to fermentation. When studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast, Pasteur concluded that the fermentation was catalyzed by a force, called ferments. The ferments were thought to only within living organisms. Alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells, nevertheless, it was known that yeast extracts can ferment sugar even in the absence of living yeast cells. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research, one year earlier, in 1906, ethanol fermentation studies led to the early discovery of NAD+. Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into alcohol or preservative organic acids, all three products have found human uses. The production of carbon dioxide is used to leaven bread, the production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products. It has more cases of botulism than any state in the United States of America. The World Health Organization has classified pickled foods as possibly carcinogenic, other research found that fermented food contains a carcinogenic by-product, ethyl carbamate. A2009 review of the studies conducted across Asia concluded that regularly eating pickled vegetables roughly doubles a persons risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Science aid, Fermentation - Process and uses of fermentation Fermented cereals, a global perspective - FAO1999
16.
Yeast
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Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The yeast lineage originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and 1,500 species are currently identified and they are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species. Yeast sizes vary greatly, depending on species and environment, typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by the asymmetric division process known as budding. Yeasts, with their growth habit, can be contrasted with molds. Fungal species that can take both forms are called dimorphic fungi and it is also a centrally important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell. Other species of yeasts, such as Candida albicans, are opportunistic pathogens, yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells, and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. Yeasts do not form a taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The budding yeasts are classified in the order Saccharomycetales, within the phylum Ascomycota, the word yeast comes from Old English gist, gyst, and from the Indo-European root yes-, meaning boil, foam, or bubble. Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms, archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeast-raised bread, as well as drawings of 4, 000-year-old bakeries and breweries. In 1680, Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, researchers were doubtful whether yeasts were algae or fungi, but in 1837 Theodor Schwann recognized them as fungi. In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst. Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, by the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis. S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by the Dutch for bread-making since 1780, while, around 1800, in 1825, a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks. The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a process to create granulated yeast. Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs, as they use organic compounds as a source of energy, carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. Some species can metabolize pentose sugars such as ribose, alcohols, Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production
17.
Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)
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Royal warrants of appointment have been issued for centuries to those who supply goods or services to a royal court or certain royal personages. The warrant enables the supplier to advertise the fact that they supply to the royal family, in the United Kingdom, grants are currently made by the three most senior members of the British Royal Family to companies or tradesmen who supply goods and services to individuals in the family. Suppliers continue to charge for their goods and services – a warrant does not imply that they provide goods, the warrant is typically advertised on company hoardings, letter-heads and products by displaying the coat of arms or the heraldic badge of the royal personage as appropriate. Underneath the coat of arms usually appear the phrase By Appointment to. Followed by the title and name of the customer. No other details of what is supplied may be given, the earliest recorded British royal charter was granted to the Weavers’ Company in 1155 by Henry II of England. Food and drinks suppliers have always been some of the most important warrant holders to the palace, one of the first monarchs to grant a warrant was King George IV, who turned Buckingham Palace into his residence. Warrants are currently granted for the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh, Warrants issued by the Queen Mother automatically expired in 2007, five years after her death. Royal Warrants are only awarded to tradesmen, such as carpenters, engravers, cabinet makers, dry-cleaners, some are well-known companies, many are not. The professions, employment agencies, party planners, the media, government departments, some 850 individuals and companies, including a few non-UK companies, hold more than 1,100 warrants to the British Royal Family. The Royal Warrant signifies there is a satisfactory trade relation in place between the grantor and the company, within the company, there is a nominated person called the grantee. That person is in all respects responsible for all aspects of the Royal Warrant and it takes at least five years of supplying goods or services to the member of the Royal Family before a company is eligible to have its application considered for recommendation. That application is presented to the Royal Household and goes to the buyer who makes its recommendation for inclusion. It then goes in front of the Royal Household Warrants Committee, which is chaired by the Lord Chamberlain and it then goes to the grantor, who personally signs it. The grantor is empowered to reverse the Committees decision, and therefore the decision to accept or withhold a grant is a very personal one. Some Royal Warrants have been held for more than a hundred years, goods need not be for the use of the grantor. For example, cigarettes were only bought for the use of guests of the Royal Family, most Warrant holders are members of the Royal Warrant Holders Association, which liaises closely with the palace. Its secretary, Richard Peck, is a submarine commander
18.
Scottish & Newcastle
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The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Heineken and Carlsberg in 2008 and its assets split between them. The name Scottish & Newcastle UK continued to be used until 2009 for the UK trading operation of Heineken International until it was renamed Heineken UK, the former S&N Pub Enterprises leased pub division has been renamed Star Pubs & Bars. The Company was founded by Grizel Syme who ran her second husbands brewery, this brewery. It merged with McEwans in 1931 becoming Scottish Brewers, in 1960 it merged again this time with Newcastle Breweries to form Scottish & Newcastle. By 1985, the company had become a regional brewer focused on Scotland, by 1995, with the purchase of rival brewing business Courage, S&N had become the UK’s leading brewer, producing around 15 Mhl per annum. Its UK brewing division became known as Scottish Courage but this reverted to S&N UK in February 2006 and its Managed Pub division was known as S&N Retail with around 2,500 outlets in the estate. In early 2000, S&N expanded outside the UK via a number of acquisitions in Western Europe, the remaining 50% of BBH was owned by Carlsberg, which gained full control after the takeover of S&N in 2008. In July 2003, S&N acquired the Bulmers cider business, adding the Strongbow, Scrumpy Jack and Woodpecker brands to its portfolio, together with the UKs biggest cider mill and orchards in Hereford. In 2004 some radical cost-cutting measures were introduced, particularly within the UK where it was noted by analysts that the cost base was too high, during the year, the Fountain Brewery in Edinburgh was closed, followed some months later by the Tyne Brewery in Newcastle. The company began to use Transit Points in Chelmsford and Faversham as cheap alternatives to full working depots. Reciprocal acquisitions saw the Caledonian Brewery in Edinburgh and the Northern Clubs Federation Brewery in Gateshead added to the business, in February 2005, Scottish & Newcastle and Carlsberg UK finalised a joint venture to carry out Technical Services work in the UK. Service Dispense Equipment Limited was formed from the assets of both businesses. This work is now contracted by the JV, to a new company Innserve Ltd, Innserve supplies, installs and maintains drinks dispense systems in 98,000 Pubs and bars around the UK. In 2006, S&N entered into a joint venture with the Swiss based freight company, Kuehne, some 3,000 S&N employees transferred to the new business. 2% abv pale lager produced by Scottish Courage from the 1980s to 2003. The brand was marketed in the 1980s with a series of advertisements featuring a bear, George, with a shiny, yellow jacket, the first batch of the adverts in 1983 were the final directorial work of legendary film director Orson Welles. On 17 October 2007, Heineken International and Carlsberg jointly announced that they were considering forming a consortium to bid for, no formal offer had been put to S&N at the time. On 25 October, however, Heineken and Carlsberg announced that they had submitted a proposal to S&N. They invited S&N to discuss an offer, the terms as to which they were prepared to proceed included a bid of 720 pence per share
19.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
20.
Foster's Group
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Fosters Group was an Australian beer group with interests in brewing and soft drinks. Fosters Group Limited was based in Melbourne, Victoria and was renamed Carlton & United Breweries prior to sale to British-South African multinational SABMiller in 2011, Fosters Group was the brewer of the Fosters Lager. Fosters wine business was split into a company, Treasury Wine Estates. SABMiller ceased to exist as a corporation, SABMiller also ceased trading on global stock markets. As a result, Fosters Group is now a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. It was founded in Melbourne in 1888 by two American brothers William and Ralph Foster of New York, who happened to own a refrigeration plant, cooling was necessary to brew and store acceptable lagers in Australias hot climate, unlike the English-style dark ales commonly brewed at the time. They sold the brewery the following year and returned to the United States, in 1983 Elders IXL, a giant Australian diversified conglomerate, purchased Carlton and United Breweries, and renamed it Elders Brewing Group. Then in 1990, the Elders Brewing Group changed its name to the Fosters Group, in 2005, Fosters Group acquired the Australian wine-making group Southcorp. This acquisition added brands such as Penfolds, Lindemans and Rosemount to the Fosters stable. Fosters Group was acquired by SABMiller plc in December 2011 In May 2011, the first day of trading saw its share price soaring, valuing the separate entity at A$2.2 billion. There had long been speculation that the sector or all of Fosters Group will be subject to a takeover by a larger firm. Groups to express such an interest over the years have included Diageo, SABMiller, Molson Coors, in September 2011, the board of Fosters agreed to a takeover bid by SABMiller, valuing the company at A$9. 9bn. Fosters Group Limited shares were suspended from trading on the ASX on 2 December 2011, since October 10,2016, when Anheuser-Busch InBev acquired SABMiller, Fosters Group has been owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. In 1990, Asahi Breweries acquired a 19. 9% stake in Australian brewery giant Elders IXL which later became Foster s Group, Fosters Group imports, licenses, and distributes a large number of brands. In Australia, Fosters distributes the Cinzano, Perrier, Skyy vodka, Stella Artois, while in the United States and Canadian markets, Molson brews and sells Fosters Lager under license. In August 2008, it was convicted and fined more than $1-million for two breaches of Victorias Occupational Health and Safety Act which led to the death of a worker in 2006. The prosecution of the company by the Director of Public Prosecutions for WorkSafe Victoria resulted in a call for the company to report on health. CEO Trevor OHoy, resigned on 10 June 2008 after poor performance by the division of the group
21.
Hereford Racecourse
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Hereford Racecourse is a horse racing venue located in Hereford, Herefordshire, England, owned by Herefordshire Council. Arena Racing Company held the lease for operating Thoroughbred racing fixtures there until December 2012, National Hunt Racing resumed in October 2016. The course is almost square in shape with a circuit of about a mile-and-a-half, opened in 1771 the course was greatly modernised in the 1960s, with also in 1966 a photo-finish camera being installed. Having failed to obtain a new lease from the Herefordshire Council, Hereford staged its final Thoroughbred race meeting on 16 December 2012, but continued to be used for Arabian racing. The course reopened for National Hunt racing on 6 October 2016, in 2017 the course will stage 11 National Hunt Fixures spread between January and March and October to December. The North Herefordshire Hunt Point to Point will be staged at the racecourse in May 2017, in 1978 the racecourse hosted the final of Motorcycles European Grasstrack Championship Hereford Racecourse Course guide on GG. COM Course guide on At The Races
22.
Pectin
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Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. It was first isolated and described in 1825 by Henri Braconnot and it is produced commercially as a white to light brown powder, mainly extracted from citrus fruits, and is used in food as a gelling agent, particularly in jams and jellies. It is also used in dessert fillings, medicines, sweets, as a stabilizer in fruit juices and milk drinks, and as a source of dietary fiber. In plant biology, pectin consists of a set of polysaccharides that are present in most primary cell walls and are particularly abundant in the non-woody parts of terrestrial plants. Pectin is a component of the middle lamella, where it helps to bind cells together. The amount, structure and chemical composition of pectin differs among plants, within a plant over time, Pectin is an important cell wall polysaccharide that allows primary cell wall extension and plant growth. A similar process of cell separation caused by the breakdown of pectin occurs in the zone of the petioles of deciduous plants at leaf fall. Pectin is a part of the human diet, but does not contribute significantly to nutrition. The daily intake of pectin from fruits and vegetables can be estimated to be around 5 g, in human digestion, pectin binds to cholesterol in the gastrointestinal tract and slows glucose absorption by trapping carbohydrates. Pectin is thus a soluble dietary fiber, Pectin has been observed to have DNA repair properties. Pectinaceous surface pellicles, which are rich in pectin, create a layer that holds in dew that helps the cell repair its DNA. Consumption of pectin has been shown to reduce cholesterol levels. The mechanism appears to be an increase of viscosity in the intestinal tract, in the large intestine and colon, microorganisms degrade pectin and liberate short-chain fatty acids that have positive influence on health. A study found a mean of 4.5 ppm methanol in the breath of subjects. The mean endogenous methanol production in humans of 0.45 g/d may be metabolized from pectin found in fruit, methanol is poisonous to the central nervous system and may cause blindness, coma, and death. However, in amounts, methanol is a natural endogenous compound found in normal. Pectins, also known as polysaccharides, are rich in galacturonic acid. Several distinct polysaccharides have been identified and characterised within the pectic group, homogalacturonans are linear chains of α--linked D-galacturonic acid
23.
Pomagne
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Pomagne is a brand of cider produced by Bulmers in the United Kingdom. It was first marketed in 1906 under the name Cider De Luxe, in 1916, it was renamed Pomagne. It was originally produced by the méthode champenoise using only the juice from the first pressing, Bulmers marketed Pomagne as champagne cider until Bollinger took them to court over the use of the term champagne in 1974. Bulmers won the case, but stopped using the méthode champenoise in 1975, the drink was referenced in the BBC sitcom The Royle Family along with the Snowball. Bulmers - How It All Began
24.
Bralima Brewery
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Bralima is a brewing company of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with six breweries, founded in 1923. The brewery is owned by Heineken International, after World War I, Belgian businessmen came to visit the present Democratic Republic of the Congo to evaluate the opportunities to invest in the country. It was understood that the government was interested in producing beer for the population as the beer produced by the inhabitants themselves caused major health problems. A brewery, which could brew a high quality beer, would be a substitute for the current situation. The investors decided to set up a brewery with the support of the “Société Congolaise de Banque”, on 23 October 1923 the “Brasserie de Léopoldville” was established for 4.000.000 Congolese francs. The first beer was produced on 27 December 1926, after 1945 the brewery grew due to the economic boom in the DRC. Stakeholders were more likely to invest and Bralima decided to out a decentralized structure. From 1950 to 1958 Bralima decided to keep on five breweries in DR Congo, Kinshasa, Boma, Bukavu, Kisangani and Mbandaka. Majority owned by Heineken since 1986, the operations of Bralima have attracted scrutiny due to alleged links with government figures. According to Foreign Policy, Bralima paid an estimated $1 million to groups, primarily to M23. Such rebel groups were alleged to have carried out abductions, mass sexual assault, looting, bracongo is the competitor of Bralima in the DRC. Primus beer, Mützig, Turbo King and Guinness under licence, primus beer is a 5% abv lager that is brewed in 4 different countries in Central Africa. It is brewed in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Rwanda
25.
Brarudi
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Brarudi S. A. also known by its French name Brasseries et Limonaderies du Burundi, is the largest brewer and soft beverage company in the Republic of Burundi. The city of Usumbura, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, was selected to house the new brewery whose name was Brasserie du Rwanda-Urundi. The brewery became operational December 23,1955 and began producing Primus Beer, in November 1957, Bralima started the construction work for a second brewery to be located in Gisenyi on the northern shores of Lake Kivu under the name Brasseries et Limonaderies du Rwanda. Upon independence, Bralima was incorporated in Congo Léopoldville, Brarudi in Burundi, in 1966, Brarudi diversified into the production of soft drinks. This was through the partnership with The Coca-Cola Company making it a bottler for Coca-Cola products. A soft beverages plant was opened in Gitega for this purpose, in 1975, the Government of Burundi acquired 40% control of Brarudi while Banque Bruxelles Lambert retained its 60% shareholding. BBL exited Brarudi in 1982 through a selling its 60% stake to Heineken and this made Brarudi a subsidiary of Heineken. Today, Brarudi is a regionally and internationally recognized brewer and soft beverage manufacturer with a portfolio of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. The shares of stock of the company are privately held, the ownership of the company stock is as depicted in the table below, The brands manufactured by Bralirwa include, Bralirwa Homepage Heineken Homepage
26.
Central de Cervejas
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Sociedade Central de Cervejas is a Portuguese brewery, founded in 1934. Its main output is the Sagres brand of beers, the company has been controlled by Heineken since April 2008. In 1935, and after 99 years of activity, Fábrica de Cervejas Trindade was integrated by Sociedade Central de Cervejas. Centralcer – Central de Cervejas, E. P. is incorporated in 1977 as a result of the merger of Sociedade Central de Cervejas, with Cergal - Cervejas de Portugal, S. A. R. L. Centralcer – Central de Cervejas, S. A. was therefore created as a result of the above-mentioned company’s conversion into a joint stock company, the Company’s total share capital is privatised in 1990, and it is the first operation of this kind to be undertaken in Portugal. The Bavaria Group purchases a shareholding in Centralcer - Central de Cervejas, S. A. in its turn and in the summer of the same year, this group assigned a 49% share to the international brewing group Scottish & Newcastle. In terms of the Group’s organisation restructuring, the merger of Centralcer – Central de Cervejas, S. A. was concluded in December 2001. The new merged entity changed its denomination to SCC - Sociedade Central de Cervejas, S. A. as well as its head office. In 2003, Scottish & Newcastle purchases Parfil’s total shareholding, assuming control of Sociedade Central de Cervejas. In 2007, after a consortium was set up between Carlsberg and Heineken a takeover bid was made for the acquisition of the Scottish & Newcastle Group and this consortium was dissolved after the deal was completed and the traditional healthy relationship between both groups remained untouched. SCC produces a range of beers, mainly pale lagers, Sagres brand was born in 1940 as a prestige beer, to represent Sociedade Central de Cervejas at the Portuguese World Exhibition inaugurated in May 1940. Sagres is named after a town of the name, a small village located in the most south-westerly point of Europe. Nowadays Sagres beer is present in almost every corner of the world, no additives or preservatives are used in its brewing. Moderately rich, it has a dry and pleasantly bitter taste and it is light and has a golden colour. Sagres was the first Portuguese brand to launch the Mini version, Sagres Preta, is a dark Munich type of beer, moderately rich, with a pleasant caramel bouquet. For many, it is the drink to an immense minority who want to know the difference. For many years, Sagres Preta was the only dark ale in the domestic market, Sagres Bohemia, is an auburn beer, with an intense character, fruity aroma, creamy foam and a reddish amber colour. Sagres Radler, Launched in 2013, it is the beer for light drinking occasions
27.
Heineken Asia Pacific
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It currently controls 30 breweries in 14 countries in the Asia Pacific region, selling over 40 beer brands and variants. It is wholly owned by parent company Heineken International, in 1931, Fraser & Neave formed a joint venture with Holland’s Heineken to venture into the brewing business. The brewery, Malayan Breweries Limited produced Tiger Beer, and later acquired Archipelago Brewery, in 1990, Malayan Breweries changed its name to Asia Pacific Breweries. In 2004, APB acquired 90% of DB Breweries, in 2010, APB acquired PT Multi Bintang Indonesia from Heineken International BV In August 2012, Fraser & Neave has accepted an offer from Heineken to acquire its stake in APB for US$4.1 billion. Shareholders approved the deal during the general meeting held on September 28,2012. In 2013, APB was merged with Heineken Asia Pacific and was renamed to Heineken Asia Pacific to reflect their role as Heinekens regional hub. The company’s main brands includes Tiger Beer, Anchor, Baron’s Strong Brew, Bintang Beer, DB Bitters, Tui, ABC Extra Stout and it also brews Heineken under a license from its parent company. Launched in 1932, Tiger beer became Singapores first locally brewed beer and it is a 5% abv bottled pale lager. APBs flagship brand, it is available in more than 60 countries worldwide, the flagship brand has entered in a number of beer tastings competitions and has performed well. At the 2011 World Quality Selections, organized by Monde Selection, according to Brand Finance’s Top 100 Singapore brands 2012 Report, Tiger is amongst Singapore’s top 10 most valuable brands. The Its Time for a Tiger slogan for Tiger Beer has run for decades since its inception in the 1930s, the writer Anthony Burgess named his first novel Time for a Tiger after the advertising slogan. The beer was popular in the Malaya of the 1950s, where Burgess was working, Burgess reveals in his autobiography that, when his Time for a Tiger was published, he asked the manufacturer, then Fraser and Neave, for a complimentary clock with the Tiger beer slogan. The brewery declined to offer this or any other free gift to him, but, fourteen years later, when Burgess was more famous, it relented. In 1970, the company offered Burgess the privilege to any of their beers free of charge while in Singapore. However, in his own words Burgess wrote in response, But it was too late, the beer was also seen in the 2002 movie The Transporter with Jason Statham. Crates of Tiger appeared in the 2008 film Tropic Thunder, in the movie The Odd Angry Shot about the Australian Special Air Service during the Viet Nam war, Tiger is considered the beer of choice among American and Aussie troops. Tiger is seen as a favourite among British troops during the Malayan emergency in the film The Virgin Soldiers, Heineken Lager Beer is another flagship product of APB. It is a 5% abv pale lager that was first made in 1868, Bintang Beer, is a 4. 7% abv Pilsner brewed by APBs subsidiary PT Multi Bintang Indonesia in Indonesia
28.
DB Breweries
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DB Breweries is a New Zealand-based brewing company, owned by Heineken Asia Pacific. Founded in 1930 by Sir Henry Kelliher and W Joseph Coutts, the partners purchased Levers and Co. Asia Pacific Breweries acquired DB Breweries in 2004, which in turn was bought-out by Heineken International in 2012. The company mainly produces pale lager, whilst its TUI brand is one of the beers in New Zealand. The company was founded in 1930 by Sir Henry Kelliher with the purchase of Levers and Co. and the Waitemata Brewery Co. in Otahuhu, owned by W. J. Coutts, the system proved popular enough to be sold to other brewing companies. DB Breweries owns and operates four breweries in New Zealand - Waitemata Brewery, Tui Brewery, DB Draught Brewery, mainland Brewery was renamed to DB Draught Brewery in 2012 in honour of the brand’s significance in the South Island. The Tui Brewery was established in 1889 by Henry Wagstaff and Edward Russell, the main brand is Tui, a 4% abv pale lager. Tui is promoted through an advertising campaign which uses stereotypes, heavy irony. These advertisements have caused controversy, such as a billboard in Wellington stating Camilla for Queen. Yeah Right and one stating Aucklanders are people too, in 2010 a church was threatened with legal action after parodying the Tui billboard campaign with the slogan, Atheists have nothing to worry about - Yeah Right. LiquorLand was formed in New Zealand in 1981 as a wholesale liquor chain, although it shares the name, it is not related to Liquorland in Australia. LiquorLand is an owned subsidiary of DB Breweries who originated. Through acquisition of rival Dalgety NZ Ltd in 1982, the chain expanded to 29 outlets. Further expansion throughout the 1980s with the acquisition of the Wilson Neill business in 1989 saw Liquorland reach over sixty stores, in April 2000 LiquorLand’s business model changed from being managed stores to a total franchise chain called LiquoLand Limited. Today LiquorLand has almost 80 stores nationwide with sales close to $300 million per year, in November 2008, DB Breweries sold the company to Foodstuffs for an undisclosed sum. It is understood that DB was negotiating with both Progressive Enterprises and Foodstuffs, DB officially confirmed that it was looking to continue its relationship with the franchise, retaining marketing and supply agreements. DB trademarked the word Radler in 2003, the Society of Beer Advocates likens this trademark to being able to trademark the word Muesli for cereal and is disappointed in this result as the word radler is commonly used in Europe. This ruling has also labelled as out of touch with reality. DB Breweries Tui My Choice Tui Ad Export Gold
29.
Monteith's
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Monteiths Brewery Company was originally a family-owned brewing company until it was bought by DB Breweries. It continued to brew its beers on the West Coast of New Zealand until DB decided that the cost of keeping production there was no longer viable, the Greymouth brewery was closed on 22 March 2001, but reopened four days later following a public outcry. The beers are now produced in Auckland, and Timaru as well as Greymouth, on 25 July 2012, the newly transformed Greymouth brewery was officially reopened after 18 months of refurbishment. DB Breweries attracted controversy during a battle over the exclusive use of the name Radler. Radler is a style of beer, in the way that Pilsner or Stout are. However, DB has trademarked the term Radler since 2001, the Society of Beer Advocates asked the Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand for the brewerys Radler trademark to be revoked. The issues of this trademark were brought to attention when a small independent brewery in Dunedin. IPoNZ handed down its decision on 14 July 2011, the trademark has been upheld, citing the fact that the term Radler was not well known in New Zealand at the time the trademark was taken out
30.
Cieszyn Brewery
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The Cieszyn Brewery is a brewery in Poland and belongs to the Żywiec Group. Żywiec Group has five breweries, Żywiec Brewery, Elbrewery, Leżajsk Brewery, Cieszyn Brewery and Warka Brewery. The brewery is located in the town of Cieszyn, on the Castle Hill in the Classicist palace. The Archdukal Brewery, or Brackie Browar Zamkowy, was built in 1846 by Albrecht Frederick of Habsburg and this brewery is the smallest of Żywiec Group and has a capacity of approximately 160 thousand hl a year. Brackie Brewery only brews Żywiec Porter and Brackie beer and they also brew a special Mastne brew created on the towns 1,200 anniversary out of four different malts, pilsner, Munich, caramel and wheat malt. Brackie beers logo is green and contains an image of the Brackie Browar castle, polish beer Żywiec Brewery Elbrewery Warka Brewery Leżajsk Brewery Official website Żywiec Group
31.
Elbrewery
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The Elbląg Brewery is Polands largest brewery and belongs to the Żywiec Group, established in 1998 after merging Zakłady Piwowarskie Żywiec SA and Brewpole B. V. The history of the Elbing Brewing Tradition dates back to 1309, the present brewery was founded in 1872 as the Elbinger Aktien-Brauerei. In the early 1900s, the brewery was the supplier of Pilsner beer to the court of German Emperor Wilhelm II. After Soviet Communist take-over at the end of WW II, Elbing became the Polish Elbląg, following the 1990 collapse of Communism, the brewerys owners Żywiec S. A. and Brewpole BV merged to form Grupa Zywiec S. A. The Dutch Heineken Group then became a majority shareholder in Grupa Zywiec S. A. with a 61% shareholding. Harbin B. V. a private investment company and the owner of Brewpole B. V. owns 36. 2%. The brewery has a capacity of approximately 2 million hectolitres, EB was a popular brand of beer introduced by Elbląg Brewery in 1993 and marketed toward young consumers. Although Grupa Żywiec no longer includes EB in its product line, according to the Grupa Żywiec website, Elbląg Brewery currently produces the following beers, Specjal Jasny Pełny, Specjal Mocny, Warka Gdańskie, and Hevelius Kaper. The Elbląg Brewerys logo features a kangaroo and an emu, Polish beer Żywiec Brewery Leżajsk Brewery Warka Brewery Cieszyn Brewery Żywiec Group RateBeer
32.
Warka Brewery
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The Warka Brewery /ˈvɑːrkə/ is one of Polands oldest breweries and belongs to the Żywiec Group. Żywiec Group has five breweries, Żywiec Brewery, Elbrewery, Leżajsk Brewery, Cieszyn Brewery and Warka Brewery. The brewery is located in the center of Warka, Poland. The company claims that in 1478 Bolesław V, the Mazovian Prince, the current plant was opened in 1975, under the Zakłady Piwowarskie w Warszawie. Warka Brewery was purchased in 1999 by Grupa Żywiec S. A, the brewery was modernized in 2004 and now has a production capacity between 200-350 million litres annually. It is the second largest brewery in Grupa Żywiec, the Warka Brewery makes three products, Warka, Strong and Królewskie, the latter meaning royal. Warka is well known for its distinct red packaging, the label has a picture of the historic center of the town Warka. On the export bottle the red label has a winged hussar knight on horseback holding a lance, polish beer Żywiec Brewery Elbrewery Leżajsk Brewery Cieszyn Brewery Żywiec Group
33.
Murphy's Brewery
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Murphys Brewery was a brewery founded in Cork, Ireland in 1856 by James Jeremiah Murphy. It was known as Ladys Well Brewery until it was purchased by Heineken International in 1983, the name of the brewery was recently changed to Heineken Brewery Ireland, Ltd. The brewery produces Heineken, Murphys stout and other Heineken products for the Irish market, by 1906, Murphy’s Brewery was Ireland’s second largest brewer. Murphys Irish Stout is a dry stout, brewed to be less bitter than its chief competitor and it is sometimes described as having a slightly nutty flavour, with coffee undertones. In 1983, after the Murphys brand was bought by Dutch brewer Heineken International, Irish Red was launched for the export market, Ó Drisceoil, Diarmuid and Ó Drisceoil, Donal The Murphys story, the history of Ladys Well Brewery, Cork. Cork, Murphy Brewery Ireland,1997 Official site
34.
Murphy's Irish Stout
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Murphys Irish Stout, is a stout brewed at the Murphys Brewery in Cork, Ireland. It is owned and distributed by the Dutch brewer Heineken International and it is brewed to be less heavy and less bitter than its chief competitor Guinness. Its flavour is evocative of caramel and malt, and is described as a distant relative of chocolate milk. The resemblance to milk extends beyond flavour to texture, Murphys is free from any hint of carbonation, the water of the River Lee in Cork allegedly gave Murphys its quality. Local Irish history pits the Guinness drinkers of Dublin squarely against the Murphys drinkers of Cork, there has long been a lively rivalry between the two, with Murphys viewed as the more craft stout, and Guinness being the more mainstream. In 1988, Whitbread acquired the distribution and brewing rights for Murphys in the UK, in 2000, these rights went to Interbrew when they acquired Whitbread Brewing Company. In addition to being distributed in kegs, Murphys is also available in a can, to simulate the appearance and texture of the tap version, cans of Murphys contain a nitrogen widget, which increases the creaminess of the head when poured. Export volumes peaked in the mid-1990s and domestic volume peaked around 2000, the brand is suffering in its native Ireland due to a declining market for stout. It holds a 5 per cent market share of the Irish on trade stout market, Murphys has a limited presence in Ireland outside of Cork. In 2011,60,000 hectolitres of Murphys were sold in Ireland, Murphys was launched on draught in the United Kingdom in 1989. It is now found on draught in the UK, although is stocked by many major supermarkets in cans. In the UK it is brewed at Heinekens Tadcaster plant in North Yorkshire for the home market, according to Euromonitor, Murphys sold 25,000 hl in the UK in 2011. Popular export markets include Norway and Italy, in New York the importer is United States Beverage, which is a premium imported /craft beer sales and marketing company located in Stamford, Connecticut. In 1997 an anime television advertisement was created for Murphys called Last Orders and it was created by Production I. G, and directed by Hiroyuki Kitakubo. The 60-second film features six fierce samurai who rush through a post-futuristic megalopolis to make it on time for the last order at their favourite pub and it was the first anime style commercial film ever aired in the UK and Ireland. Murphys Irish Stout is the sponsor of the Cork Athletic Union League. They were also the sponsor of the Irish Open golf tournament from 1994 to 2002
35.
Heineken brands
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Heineken International is a group which owns a worldwide portfolio of over 170 beer brands, mainly pale lager, though some other beer styles are produced. As of 2006, Heineken owns over 125 breweries in more than 70 countries, the two largest brands are Heineken and Tecate, though the portfolio includes Amstel, Fosters, Sagres, Cruzcampo, Skopsko, Affligem, Żywiec, Starobrno, Zagorka, Zlatý Bažant and Birra Moretti. Heineken Lager Beer is the product of the company. It is a 5% abv pale lager that was first made in 1868 and it is brewed by 40 breweries in 39 countries around the world. In 20062.58 billion litres of Heineken was produced, since 1975 most Heineken beer is brewed in the Heineken brewery in Zoeterwoude, Netherlands. Other beers produced under the Heineken brand name include, Heineken Dark Heineken Oud Bruin Heineken Premium Light Heineken Tarwebok Buckler is a low alcohol pale lager and it was launched in the summer of 1988, and is distributed worldwide. There was a recall in 2004 due to a fault in the pasteurising process, Buckler is no longer available in the Netherlands after the brands image declined following Dutch comedian Youp van t Hek mocking the brand in a show in 1989. Buckler was the beverage of choice for US Vice President Joe Biden at the Beer Summit with Henry Louis Gates, Joe Crowley, the event was the result of the controversial arrest of Henry Louis Gates, which gained national attention regarding law enforcement racial profiling. Former US President George W. Heinekens Italian operation began in 1974 with the acquisition of the Dreher brewery, in 1996 it added the Moretti brewery. Heineken Italy has six brewing plants producing over 575 million litres of beer and its plants are, Pollein, Massafra, Messina, Comun Nuovo, Assemini. Birra Dreher was founded in Trieste in 1896 and it was bought by Heineken in 1974. Heineken also purchased Birra Ichnusa, a brewery founded in 1912 in Assemini and it is named after the Latinized ancient name Sardinia, Hyknusa. Birra Moretti was founded in Udine in 1859 by Luigi Moretti, Heineken acquired the company in 1996, selling the brewing plant to the new Castello beer company. There are eight beers under the Birra Moretti brand, Birra Moretti is the main brand, a 4. 6% abv pale lager launched in 1859, followed by La Rossa is a 7. 2% strong dark lager or dunkel. Other brands include Doppio Malto, Baffo dOro, and Sans Souci, a number of bottled beers named after regions of Italy, have also been introduced, such as Piemontese, a 5. 5%ABV fruit beer. Affligem was taken over by Heineken who renamed it the Affligem brewery. The brewery produces a range of beers, including Affligem Blonde, a 6. 8% pale ale, Affligem Dubbel, a 7% dubbel, Affligem Tripel, a 9. 5% tripel and Affligem Patersvat, a 6. 8% belgian ale. Amstel, Heineken, Athenian, Alfa Hellenic, Fischer, Marathon and it was established in 1963 by a group of Greek entrepreneurs and is a member of Heineken Group N. V
36.
Beamish and Crawford
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Beamish and Crawford was a brewery in Cork, Ireland, established in 1792 by William Beamish and William Crawford on the site of an existing porter brewery. Beamish and Crawford operated until 2009 and had a number of owners, including Carling OKeefe, Elders IXL, Scottish & Newcastle and, most recently, Heineken International. While the Beamish and Crawford brewery closed in 2009, Beamish stout is brewed in the city. The Beamish and Crawford brewery was founded in 1792, when two merchants, William Beamish and William Crawford, went into partnership with two brewers, Richard Barrett and Digby O’Brien. They purchased a brewery on a site in Cramers lane that had been used for brewing since at least 1650. Beamish and Crawfords Cork Porter Brewery prospered, and by 1805 it had become the largest brewery in Ireland, in 1805, its output was 100,000 barrels per annum – up from 12,000 barrels in 1792. It remained the largest brewery in Ireland until overtaken by Guinness in 1833, in 1865, the brewery underwent a modernisation programme and was completely revamped at a cost of £100,000. The company went public in 1901, issuing a share capital of £480,000, further expansion was aided by the acquisition of a number of local breweries in the early 1900s. In 1962, it was purchased by the Canadian brewing firm Carling-OKeefe Ltd, in 1987, Elders IXL purchased Canadian Breweries. In 1995, Elders sold the brewery to Scottish & Newcastle, with the 2008 takeover of Scottish & Newcastle, the brewery passed into the hands of its main Cork-based rival Heineken International. In December 2008, it was announced that the Beamish and Crawford brewery was to close in March 2009 with the loss of 120 jobs, production was moved to the nearby Heineken Brewery, with about forty of the Beamish staff moved to Heineken. The brewery buildings are still in the heart of Corks medieval city, the original brewery facilities are subject to planning permission for use as a visitor and events centre. Before the takeover and closure of the brewery, beers included, Beamish stout, Beamish and Crawfords flagship product, Beamish Red, a sweetish Irish red ale, made to resemble Kilkenny or Murphys Irish Red. Production ceased immediately following the takeover, several Cork pubs which once stocked Beamish Red replaced it with Franciscan Well Rebel Red. In addition to their own beers, Beamish and Crawford brewed and distributed a number of known brands of beer, with the Irish franchises for Fosters, Kronenbourg 1664. Fosters has remained with the new owners, while Miller was transferred to a new distributor, in 2009, after just over two years of being reintroduced to the US market, owners Heineken decided to stop distribution of Beamish products outside Ireland
37.
Bintang Beer
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Bintang Beer is a brand of beer from Indonesia and is produced by PT Multi Bintang Indonesia Tbk, part of Heineken. The beer is styled as an American Pale Lager, gold in colour with an ideal serving temperature of 7 °C, the 4. 7% ABV Pilsner has a malt and hop flavour. Bintang makes a malt based beverage called Bintang Zero 0. 0%, a low alcohol Radler called Bintang Radler 2. 0%, construction of the brewery began in Surabaya in 1929 during Dutch colonial rule of Indonesia. In 1949, following Indonesian independence, the brewery was renamed Heinekens Indonesian Brewery Company, in 1957 the Indonesian Government appropriated the brewery, and retained control for the next ten years. In 1967 Heineken resumed operations of the brewery, which was later renamed Multi Bintang Indonesia, in 2011, Bintang Beer won a gold medal for Lager and Champion Beer for the lager category at the Brewing Industry International Awards in London. Bir Bintang brand was awarded as Top 50 Most Valuable Indonesian Brand 2013 by Brand Finance, alcohol in Indonesia List of Indonesian beverages Official website
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