1.
Magners
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Bulmers Irish Cider, branded as Magners Irish Cider outside the Republic of Ireland, is a brand of cider produced in County Tipperary in Ireland by the C&C Group. The product range includes the varieties, Original, Light, Pear. The cider was originally produced as Bulmers and continues to be sold under that name in Ireland, Magners is a former sponsor of the Celtic League rugby union competition and Scottish football club Celtic. Commercial cider production was started in Clonmel, South Tipperary, Ireland in 1935, Magner bought the orchard from Mr Phelan from Clonmel. Magner quickly established a cider factory in Dowds Lane, Clonmel. In 1937, English cider-makers H. P. Bulmer purchased a 50% share in the business, after the war in 1946, Bulmers purchased the remaining 50%, changing the name to Bulmers Ltd Clonmel. Bulmer maintained international rights to the Bulmers trade mark, so that any exports were carried out via the parent company rather than directly exported from Ireland. In the 1960s, H. P. Bulmer produced a Champagne perry product in competition with Babycham. Showerings challenged this in court, and H. P, in 1964 they were forced to sell Bulmers Clonmel to Guinness and Allied Breweries, parent company of Showerings. The company name was changed to Showerings Ltd, soon after, the company moved its main processing operations to a new complex at Annerville, five kilometres east of Clonmel, which was opened in 1965 by the then Taoiseach, Seán Lemass. Today the Bulmers/Magners arm of C&C Group employs more than 470 people and is a part of the economic infrastructure of Clonmel. The company also once produced Cidona, a soft drink in Ireland which along with all of the companys other soft drinks was sold to Britvic in 2007. The success of Bulmers cider in Ireland led to the development of the Magners brand to market the companys cider outside Ireland. Since H. P. Bulmer retained the right to market their original English Bulmers worldwide, majorca in Spain was the first market to sell Magners in May 1999 followed by Munich in Germany in July 1999. Magners was first sold in the UK in late 1999 when the brand was launched in Northern Ireland, C&C established the trade mark by selling to Wholesalers and retailers in London, Glasgow, Birmingham and Cardiff. Irish Bulmers cider and Magners have the label and are identical products. The ciders are made from 17 varieties of apples, fermented and matured for up to two years and it is available in 330 ml, 440ml, pint, litre and 750 ml bottles and 500 ml cans, and is served over ice. It is also available in most Irish bars on draught and Magners is available in bars on draught in Scotland
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Heineken International
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Heineken N. V. is a Dutch brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2017, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries and it produces 250 international, regional, local and specialty beers and ciders and employs approximately 73,000 people. Heinekens Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, s-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre, the original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience. Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, the Heineken company was founded in 1864 when the 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery known as De Hooiberg in Amsterdam. In 1869 Heineken switched to the use of bottom-fermenting yeast, in 1873 the brewerys name changed to Heinekens Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij, and opened a second brewery in Rotterdam in 1874. In 1886 Dr. H. Elion, a pupil of the French chemist Louis Pasteur and this yeast is still the key ingredient of Heineken beer. The founders son, Henry Pierre Heineken, managed the company from 1917 to 1940, during his tenure, Heineken developed techniques to maintain consistent beer quality during large-scale production. After World War I, the company focused more and more on export, three days after Prohibition ended in the United States, the first Heineken shipment landed in New York. From that day on, Heineken has remained one of the most successful imported beer brands in the United States, Henry Pierres son, Alfred Henry Freddy Heineken, started working at the company in 1940, and in 1971 was appointed Chairman of the Executive Board. He was a force behind Heinekens continued global expansion, and while he retired from the Executive Board in 1989. During this period, Heineken tried to increase its price by purchasing competing breweries. After World War II, many breweries were bought or closed. In 1968 Heineken merged with its biggest competitor, Amstel, the Amstel brewery was closed in 1980, and its production moved to Zoeterwoude and Den Bosch. Since the merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller in October 2016, Heineken has been the second largest brewer in the world. On January 12,2010, Heineken International successfully bought the division of Mexican giant FEMSA. The company will sell its products there through FEMSA, which is the largest bottler and brewery in all of Latin America, and maker of such brands as Dos Equis XX, Bohemia and Sol. FEMSA now owns 20% of Heineken N. V. after the early 2010 all-stock deal, becoming its largest single shareholder after the Dutch families who owns 25. 83% and public shareholders owning 54. 17%. The FEMSA acquisition is expected to keep Heineken in its position by growing its market share in the Latin American markets
5.
Cider
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Cider is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. The juice of any variety of apple can be used to make cider, the addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the alcoholic content of the resulting beverage. Cider is popular in the United Kingdom, especially in the West Country, the UK has the worlds highest per capita consumption, as well as its largest cider-producing companies. Cider is also popular in other European countries including Ireland, Portugal, France, northern Italy, central Europe also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in UK law, it must contain at least 35% apple juice, although CAMRA says that real cider must be at least 90% fresh apple juice. In the US, there is a 50% minimum, in France, cider must be made solely from apples. Perry is a product made from fermented pear juice. Ciders can be classified from dry to sweet and their appearance ranges from cloudy with sediment to completely clear, and their colour ranges from almost clear to amber to brown. The variations in clarity and colour are mostly due to filtering between pressing and fermentation, some apple varieties will produce a clear cider without any need for filtration. Both sparkling and still ciders are made, the variety is the more common. Modern, mass-produced ciders closely resemble sparkling wine in appearance, more traditional brands tend to be darker and cloudier. They are often stronger than the varieties and taste more strongly of apples. Almost colourless, white cider has the apple juice content as conventional cider but is harder to create because the cider maker has to blend various apples to create a clearer liquid. White ciders tend to be sweeter and more refreshing and they are typically 7-8 % ABV in strength. Black cider, by contrast, is dry amber premium cider which has an content of 7-8 % ABV. The descriptor black usually comes after the name such as Union Black. Apples grown for consumption are suitable for making, though some regional cider-makers prefer to use a mix of eating and cider apples. There are many hundreds of varieties of cultivars developed specifically for cider making, once the apples are gathered from trees in orchards they are scratted into what is called pomace or pommage
6.
Hereford
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Hereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately 16 miles east of the border with Wales,24 miles southwest of Worcester, with a population of 58,896, it is the largest settlement in the county. The name Hereford is said to come from the Anglo-Saxon here, an army or formation of soldiers, and the ford, if this is the origin it suggests that Hereford was a place where a body of armed men forded or crossed the Wye. The Welsh name for Hereford is Henffordd, meaning old road, much of the county of Herefordshire was Welsh-speaking, as reflected in the Welsh names of many places in the county. An early town charter from 1189 granted by Richard I of England describes it as Hereford in Wales, Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed as recently as October 2000. It is now known chiefly as a centre for a wider agricultural and rural area. Products from Hereford include, cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals, hostilities between the Anglo-Saxons and the Welsh came to a head with the Battle of Hereford in 760, in which the Britons freed themselves from the influence of the English. Hereford had the only mint west of the Severn in the reign of Athelstan, and it was to Hereford, then a border town, the present Hereford Cathedral dates from the early 12th century, as does the first bridge across the Wye. Former Bishops of Hereford include Saint Thomas de Cantilupe and Lord High Treasurer of England Thomas Charlton. The city gave its name to two suburbs of Paris, France, Maisons-Alfort and Alfortville, due to a manor built there by Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Hereford, in the middle of the 13th century. Hereford, a base for successive holders of the title Earl of Hereford, was once the site of a castle, Hereford Castle, which rivalled that of Windsor in size and scale. This was a base for repelling Welsh attacks and a stronghold for English kings such as King Henry IV when on campaign in the Welsh Marches against Owain Glyndŵr. The castle was dismantled in the 18th century and landscaped into Castle Green, after the Battle of Mortimers Cross in 1461, during the Wars of the Roses, the defeated Lancastrian leader Owen Tudor was taken to Hereford by Sir Roger Vaughan and executed in High Town. A plaque now marks the spot of the execution, Vaughan was later himself executed, under a flag of truce, by Owens son Jasper. During the civil war the city changed several times. On 30 September 1642 Parliamentarians led by Sir Robert Harley and Henry Grey, in December they withdrew to Gloucester because of the presence in the area of a Royalist army under Lord Herbert. The city was occupied briefly from 23 April to 18 May 1643 by Parliamentarians commanded by Sir William Waller. On 31 July 1645 a Scottish army of 14,000 under Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven besieged the city but met resistance from its garrison
7.
Credenhill
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Credenhill is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. The population of civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 2,271. Near Credenhill is the site of the former Royal Air Force station RAF Hereford, Credenhill village has had military connections since 80 BC, when Iron Age Celts constructed a hill fort and earthwork defence system commanding the surrounding area. The Romans founded the town of Magnis at what is now Kenchester, in 428 AD Magnis was destroyed by a fire during raids by the Picts and Scots. The remains of the old fort was occupied by the Saxons in 480 AD, the Saxon chief Creda occupied the fort in 540 AD, and Credas Hill gave its name to Credenhill. During the First World War, land in Credenhill was occupied by a unit to store ammunition. In 1939 the land was requisitioned for defence and became RAF Hereford, the 12th-century church of St Mary is a grade I listed building. An electoral ward of the name exists. This ward stretches south to Breinton with a ward population as at the 2011 Census of 3,612. There is an Iron Age hill fort half a mile north of Credenhill, archaeological finds are in Hereford Museum. The defences of this large hill fort follow the 600 ft contour. They comprise an embankment and ditch with a slight counter-scarp bank, there are traces of a quarry ditch inside the main rampart around most of the circuit. Original in-turned entrances are at the centre of the east side and at the south-east corner, trial excavation has shown that the internal quarry-ditch is 5–10 ft deep. There were also storage pits and other remains of occupation including pottery with stamped and incised patterns typical of the West Midlands Iron Age, date, c.400 BC, occupied continuously until about 75 AD. The fort and the ancient woodland are now part of the Woodland Trust. Credenhill has links to cider production, one of Herefordshires key industries, in 1887 Percy Bulmer founded the Bulmers cider company. The then 20-year-old son of the Reverend Charles Bulmer used apples from the garden for the companys first produce. Thomas Traherne, the 17th-century English poet and religious writer, was rector of Credenhill for ten years, at Credenhill, the temperature is usually between −0.8 °C and 23.2 °C
8.
Bulmers
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Bulmers cider is one of a number of brands owned by British cider maker H. P. Bulmer of Hereford. It is one of the biggest selling British bottled cider brands in the UK and it should not be confused with Bulmers Irish Cider, sold outside the Republic of Ireland as Magners. Fred and Percy Bulmer grew the apples at their family orchard at Credenhill in Herefordshire which would be used to make the cider for which they became known. Production was initially at Ryelands Street in Hereford, the buildings, including cider cellars survives today as the Cider Museum. Production moved to the current Plough Lane site in the late 1970s, today HP Bulmer makes 65% of the UKs five hundred million litres of cider sold annually, and the bulk of the UKs cider exports. From 1937 to 1949, Bulmers operated with Wm. Magners of Clonmel, from 1949 Magners withdrew from this partnership but retained rights to trade under the name HP Bulmer Ltd in Ireland. In 2003, the Hereford-based firm was bought for £278 million by Scottish & Newcastle with the loss of some 200 jobs initially, in 2008, S&N were bought for £7.8 billion by the Carlsberg and Heineken groups. Bulmers now only survives as a name and subsidiary of the Heineken group. During spring 2006, the company relaunched Bulmers Original in the UK, aimed at the served over ice market, Bulmers Original is a 4. 5% ABV cider, primarily sold in pint bottles. In November 2007, Bulmers pear cider was launched, in summer 2011, Bulmers relaunched with a new look and new bottles. In reference to the Bulmers naming tradition dating back to the early 1900s, they number-coded the then-current,9, Pear as No.10 and Crisp Blend as No.15. At the same time, the Red Berry and Lime flavour was launched as No.17. In March 2013, two new flavours, Bulmers Cider Bold Black Cherry and Bulmers Cider Pressed Red Grape, number-coded No.19 and No.20 respectively, were added to the range. In March 2014, two lower-alcohol flavours were added, Bulmers Cider Five Fruit Harvest and Bulmers Cider Indian Summer, number-coded No.21 and No.22 and with an ABV of 2. 8%. In 2015, the red grape flavour was discontinued and replaced with a new flavour Zesty Blood Orange, the black cherry flavour was discontinued the following year and replaced with Wild Blueberry and Lime, number-coded as No.24. By law, all produced in the UK must contain a minimum of 35% apple juice. Bulmers do not disclose the percentage of apple juice in their product, however this was delisted a year later due to poor sales. In Summer 2010, a limited version was made, combining both apple and pear flavours in one and named Summer Blend
9.
Strongbow (cider)
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Strongbow is a dry cider produced by H. P. Bulmer in England since 1962. Strongbow is the worlds leading cider with a 15 per cent volume share of the global market. Bulmers is a subsidiary of Heineken International, the multinational Dutch brewer, in 2011, Strongbow Gold, produced in Belgium, was launched across Europe in response to ciders growing popularity on the continent. In 2012, Strongbow was the highest selling cider in Australia, in 2014, the original Strongbow dry cider was discontinued in the USA by Heineken and replaced with two new sweeter variants. Strongbow was launched in England by H. P and it was initially marketed as the strong cider for men. By 1970, it was the second highest selling cider in the world after its Bulmers stablemate Woodpecker, by 2001, Strongbow was among the top ten drinks by sales in English and Welsh pubs and bars. In 2003 Bulmers was purchased by Scottish & Newcastle, who in turn were taken over by Heineken in 2008, in January 2011, Heineken announced their intention to take the Strongbow brand global. In the United Kingdom, Strongbow is a blend of bitter-sweet cider and culinary apples, the apples are grown in England and France. It is mass-produced using modern methods, and contains apple concentrate and it is fermented with a controlled yeast strain, and at least some varieties are flavoured with artificial sweeteners. The Bulmers Strongbow vat is the largest alcoholic container in the world, in the UK, Strongbow is available on draught at 4. 5% ABV and in cans and bottles at 5% ABV. In 2012 the UK packaged versions were reduced from 5. 3% ABV to 5. 0% ABV, Strongbow Gold is the variant available in mainland Europe and is available only in bottles. It was launched in May 2011, and its major markets include Italy and it is 5% ABV and designed to be served over ice. It is over 50% apple juice, making it a product to Magners. It also contains glucose syrup, glucose-fructose syrup, food acidifier, malic acid, anti-oxidant, sulphur dioxide, colouring agent, cochineal and it is made in Belgium at Heinekens Stassen plant. Strongbow is exported to overseas markets. It was launched into the Australian market in 1970, and today remains as Australia’s most popular cider. Strongbow is available in five varieties in Australia, Dry, Sweet, Original, fosters Group purchased the Strongbow brand in Australia in 2003, and continues to produce, distribute & market the brand. They were themselves purchased by SABMiller in 2011, in 2012, Heineken launched Strongbow Pear in the UK and in 2013 introduced Strongbow Dark Fruit which contains blackcurrant and blackberry juices
10.
C&C Group
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C&C Group plc, is a manufacturer, marketer and distributor of alcoholic drinks, particularly cider. It has production facilities across Ireland, the UK and the US, cochrane was appointed a baronet in 1903. A particularly famous product in Ireland is C&C Club Orange, an orange soft drink developed in the 1930s. Other flavours were developed, such as Club Lemon and Club Rock Shandy. With C&Cs increasing emphasis on alcoholic beverages, the Club range of drinks was sold to Britvic Ireland early in the 21st century. In 1937 William Magner acquired the rights to produce the Bulmers Cider brand in the Republic of Ireland from H. P. Bulmer. C&C introduced Magners cider in 1999, as they held rights to Bulmers in the Republic of Ireland. In America the company saw a chance to challenge soft-drink giants Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola with its own C&C Cola, an elaborate marketing scheme was launched in 1955, in connection with the television revival of 740 motion pictures produced by RKO Radio Pictures. C&C Television Corporation reprinted the entire RKO library for nationwide syndication in the United States, all of the features now began with a C&C Movietime title card, and TV stations showing the films would interrupt the telecasts for commercial mentions of C&C Cola. The company changed its name to C&C Group and then launched itself on the Irish Stock Exchange in 2004, the company started selling Magners cider in Northern Ireland, then in London, and then in the rest of England, Spain and Bavaria. Sales exploded in 2005 and 2006, and the company had to bring forward plans to meet forecast demand. H. P. Bulmer, seeing their market share in the UK decline, relaunched their Bulmers cider in packaging similar to Magners and sold it to be served over ice, as a result of better distribution and better pricing, H. P. C&C acquired the Tennents lager brand and Wellpark Brewery in August 2009 from InBev, Tennents is the largest lager brand in Scotland. Tennents also has a share of the Northern Irish lager market and it was intended this would strengthen Magners position as Tennents. As part of the acquisition C&C will also exclusively distribute InBev brands on the island of Ireland, with the exception of Budweiser, in 2009 Magners had about 12% of the UK cider market. C&C cut production and laid off staff at Clonmel in 2009 due to overcapacity, in late 2009 C&C bought the Gaymer Cider Company giving them a large production facility in Somerset and a distribution warehouse in Bristol. C&C sold its portfolio of brands in May 2010. In April 2010, C&C announced it was selling its Spirits & Liqueurs division to Scottish distillers William Grant & Sons for €300m and this would be used to pay down debt built up from the Tennents and Gaymers purchases
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