1.
Castlemaine, Victoria
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It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander. The population at the 2011 Census was 6,751 and it was named by the chief goldfield commissioner, Captain W. Wright, in honour of his Irish uncle, Viscount Castlemaine. Castlemaine began as a gold rush boomtown in 1851 and developed into a regional centre, being officially proclaimed a City on 4 December 1965. It is home to cultural institutions including the Theatre Royal. The first European settlers named it Forest Creek and as the population grew it became known as Mount Alexander, in 1854, Chief goldfields commissioner, Captain W. Wright, renamed the settlement to Castlemaine in honour of his Irish uncle, Viscount Castlemaine. Castlemaine exists on the lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung people. They were regarded by other tribes as being a people, not only because of their rich hunting grounds. Early Europeans described the Dja Dja Wrung as a strong, physically well-developed people, nevertheless, the early years of European settlement in the Mount Alexander area were bloodied by clashes between intruder and dispossessed. Major Mitchell passed through the region in 1836, following his discovery, the first squatters arrived in 1837 to establish vast sheep runs. On 20 July 1851 gold was discovered near present-day Castlemaine at Specimen Gully on Barkers Creek, the gold was discovered by Christopher Thomas Peters, a shepherd and hut-keeper on the Barkers Creek, in the service of Dr William Barker on his Mount Alexander run. When the gold was shown in the quarters, Peters was ridiculed for finding fools gold. Barker did not want his workmen to abandon his sheep, and this letter was published on 8 September 1851. By the end of the year there were about 25,000 on the field, on 28 January 1852, William Henry Wright was one of nearly 200 men who were assigned or affirmed as Territorial Magistrates for Victoria. Not long after, he took control of the Mount Alexander diggings and set up a government camp on Forest Street near the junction of Barker and this was to be the new township of Castlemaine. The first reference in a newspaper to the township is found in the Geelong Advertiser of 13 March 1852 with the following notice. - The Lieutenant Governor has appointed John Fletcher, Esq. J. P. to be Police Magistrate at Castlemaine, a court house was established on what is today known as Goldsmith Crescent, Castlemaine near to the new government camp. The first official Post Office at Castlemaine, named Forrest Creek, at the same time he described the Forest Creek diggings as having many businesses like stores and licensed hawkers and at least 8000 persons on the two creeks. On 15 February 1853 town lots were offered for sale, by that time the first Castlemaine District Hospital had been opened, the gaol had been built, and Castlemaine was moving from ‘tent’ town to bricks and mortar
2.
Williamstown, Victoria
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Williamstown is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,9 km south-west of Melbournes central business district in the local government area of the City of Hobsons Bay. Williamstown is also the town where the Australian Television Program Blue Heelers was filmed. Indigenous Australians occupied the area long before maritime activities shaped the historical development of Williamstown. The Yalukit-willam clan of the Kulin nation were the first people to call Hobsons Bay home and they roamed the thin coastal strip from Werribee to Williamstown/Hobsons Bay. The Yalukit-willam referred to the Williamstown area as koort-boork-boork, a term meaning clump of she-oaks, literally She-oak, She-oak, the head of the Yalikut-willam tribe at the time of the arrival of the first white settlers was Benbow, who became one of John Batmans guides. Cn}} The first European to arrive at the now known as Williamstown was Acting-Lieutenant Robbins. The mouth of the Yarra River was later inspected in May, the site of what became Williamstown they named Port Harwood, after the captain of one of their ships. After reaching the coastline of Port Phillip, Captain Coltish chose the area now known as Port Gellibrand, within weeks of the first consignment, a stream of vessels began making their way across Bass Strait. Because of the harbour, many of these new arrivals decided to settle in the immediate area. It served as the Settlement of Port Phillips first anchorage and as the centre for port facilities until the late 19th century, Williamstown was initially considered along with the sites that became known as Geelong and Melbourne for the capital of the new colony at Port Phillip. Although Williamstown offered excellent proximity to anchorage, Melbourne was ultimately due to its abundance of fresh water. Wiliamstown remained an important port of the new colony, and the first streets of old Williams Town were laid out in 1837 with that in mind, the first land sales in the area took place in 1837. A 30-metre stone jetty was built by labour in 1838 where Gem Pier now stands. That same year a service between Melbourne and Williamstown was established aboard the steamer Fire Fly. It was used to convey passengers, as well as sheep, the first lighthouse, a wooden one with an oil-burning beacon at the top, was erected at Point Gellibrand in 1840. In that same year a water police superintendent was appointed to Williamstown, Williamstown remains the present-day home of the Victorian Water Police. A bluestone lighthouse was built in 1849–50 to replace the wooden one. It only operated as a lighthouse until 1860, when a Pile Light was built and anchored off Shelly Beach, the first Williamstown Post Office opened on 1 March 1850
3.
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
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The South West Pacific theatre, during World War II, was a major theatre of the war between the Allies and Japan. It included the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, Borneo, Australia and its mandate Territory of New Guinea and this area was defined by the Allied powers South West Pacific Area command. In the South West Pacific theatre, Japanese forces fought primarily against the forces of the United States, New Zealand, the Netherlands, the Philippines, United Kingdom, and other Allied nations also contributed forces. The South Pacific became a theatre of the war following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Initially, US warplans called for a counteroffensive across the Central Pacific, during the First South Pacific Campaign, US forces sought to establish a defensive perimeter against additional Japanese attacks. This was followed by the Second South Pacific Campaign, which began with the battle of Guadalcanal, shortly after the collapse of ABDACOM, supreme command of the South West Pacific theatre passed to MacArthur who was appointed Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific Area on 30 March 1942. In the other theatre in the Pacific region, known as the Pacific Ocean theatre. Both MacArthur and Nimitz were overseen by the US Joint Chiefs, most Japanese forces in the theatre were part of the Southern Expeditionary Army, which was formed on November 6,1941, under General Hisaichi Terauchi. The Nanpo gun was responsible for Imperial Japanese Army ground and air units in Southeast Asia, the Combined Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy was responsible for all Japanese warships, naval aviation units and marine infantry units. The Official Chronology of the U. S. Navy in World War II, a Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The American Heritage Picture History of World War II, in the Service of the Emperor, Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Griffith, Thomas E. Jr. MacArthurs Airman, General George C, kenney and the War in the Southwest Pacific. From Down Under to Nippon, Story of the 6th Army in World War II, United States Army Center of Military History. Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I, - Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navys participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War
4.
New Guinea campaign
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The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. The campaign resulted in a defeat and very heavy losses for Empire of Japan. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action, most Japanese troops never even came into contact with Allied forces, and were instead simply cut off and subjected to an effective blockade by the US Navy. Garrisons were effectively besieged and denied shipments of food and medical supplies, according to John Laffin, the campaign. was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II. The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the tip of New Britain Island in January 1942. Rabaul overlooks Simpson Harbor, a natural anchorage, and was ideal for the construction of airfields. Over the next year, the Japanese built up the area into a major air, the Japanese 8th Area Army, under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. The Japanese 18th Army, under Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea, the colonial capital of Port Moresby on the south coast of Papua was the strategic key for the Japanese in this area of operations. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies principal forward base and serve as a springboard for the invasion of Australia, for the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. MacArthur was further determined to conquer all of New Guinea in his progress toward the eventual recapture of the Philippines, General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area Operational Instruction No. Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are Huon Gulf, the Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, unopposed in early March 1942. MacArthur would have liked to deny this area to the Japanese, the Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort. Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their plan to take possession of Port Moresby. After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. Buna was easily taken as the Allies had no presence there. The Japanese occupied the village with a force of 1,500 on 21 July. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, an experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. On 17 September, the Japanese had reached the village of Ioribaiwa, the Australians held firm and began their counterdrive on 26 September. the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout
5.
Bathurst-class corvette
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The Bathurst-class corvettes were a class of general purpose vessels produced in Australia during World War II. Originally classified as minesweepers, but widely referred to as corvettes, the Bathurst-class vessels fulfilled a broad anti-submarine, anti-mine, sixty Bathurst-class corvettes were built in eight Australian shipyards to an Australian design. 36 were constructed for the Royal Australian Navy,20 were built on British Admiralty orders but manned and commissioned by the RAN, three more were ordered for construction in India, but were cancelled. Four of the Netherlands Bathursts were sold onward to the Indonesian Navy, the rest of the RAN and Admiralty ships were sold for scrap to help fund other projects. Two vessels are preserved as museum ships, in February 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel that was easy to construct and operate. The ships had to be capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, in an initially unrelated development, three Bar-class boom defence vessels were ordered by the RAN in 1937. When the requirement was lowered to two ships in early 1938, the third, HMAS Kangaroo, was earmarked for construction as a prototype of the local defence vessel. McNeil completed his drawings in February 1939, his design was for a 680-ton vessel, with a speed of 15.5 knots, and a range of 2,850 nautical miles. The prototype would have been armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, although closer to a small sloop than a local defence vessel, the increase in size and speed meant the design was more versatile than originally envisioned. Before construction could begin, the number of vessels was increased back to three, and Kangaroo was laid down as a boom defence vessel. The design underwent the normal procurement process, and in September 1939, the ships were officially designated Australian Minesweepers to hide their intended anti-submarine role, although the Bathursts were popularly referred to as corvettes. Each ships company varied in size, the complement was 85. Sailors were accommodated in ten-man messdecks, which were small, poorly lit rooms that were perpetually damp from seawater, in anything but calm weather, hatches and portholes would have to be closed, sunlight and fresh air was a rarity inside the hull. Because of the conditions, high rates of sickness were experienced, officers slept in cabins with bunks, and ate and relaxed in each ships wardroom, complete with bar and steward service. The difference in conditions between officers and sailors prompted tensions between two groups. Six large escort vessels based on a version of the Bathurst design were considered for construction in mid-1941. The corvettes carried up to 40 depth charges, which were deployed by 4 throwers and 2 chutes, many of the 12-pounder carrying corvettes were refitted with the 4-inch during their service life, while one of the Oerlikons was often replaced with a Bofors 40 mm gun. Due to the variety of shipyards constructing the corvettes, as well as the roles the Bathursts were pressed into
6.
Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
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The Oerlikon 20 mm cannon is a series of autocannons, based on an original German 20 mm Becker design that appeared very early in World War I. It was widely produced by Oerlikon Contraves and others, with various models employed by both Allied and Axis forces during World War II, and many still in use today. During World War I, the German Reinhold Becker developed a 20 mm caliber cannon and this used a 20x70 RB cartridge and had a cyclic rate of fire of 300 rpm. It was used on a scale as an aircraft gun on Luftstreitkräfte warplanes. Because the Treaty of Versailles banned further production of weapons in Germany. SEMAG continued development of the weapon, and in 1924 had produced the SEMAG L, the Oerlikon firm, named after the Zürich suburb where it was based, then acquired all rights to the weapon, plus the manufacturing equipment and the employees of SEMAG. In 1927 the Oerlikon S was added to the product line. This fired a larger cartridge to achieve a muzzle velocity of 830 m/s, at the cost of increased weight. The purpose of development was to improve the performance of the gun as an anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapon. An improved version known as the 1S followed in 1930, three sizes of gun with their different ammunition and barrel length, but very similar mechanisms, continued to be developed in parallel. In 1930 Oerlikon reconsidered the application of its gun in aircraft and introduced the AF and AL, designed to be used in flexible mounts, the 15-round box magazine used by earlier versions of the gun was replaced by drum magazine holding 15 or 30 rounds. In 1935 it made an important step by introducing a series of guns designed to be mounted in or on the wings of fighter aircraft, designated with FF for Flügelfest meaning wing-mounted, these weapons were again available in the three sizes, with designations FF, FFL and FFS. The FF fired a larger cartridge than the AF, 20x72RB. The FF weighed 24 kg and achieved a velocity of 550 to 600 m/s with a rate of fire of 520 rpm. The FFL of 30 kg fired a projectile at a velocity of 675 m/s with a rate of fire of 500 rpm. And the FFS, which weighed 39 kg, delivered a high velocity of 830 m/s at a rate of fire of 470 rpm. Apart from changes to the design of the guns for wing-mounting and remote control, for the FF series drum sizes of 45,60,75 and 100 rounds were available, but most users chose the 60-round drum. The 1930s were a period of global re-armament, and a number of foreign firms took licenses for the Oerlikon family of aircraft cannon
7.
Depth charge
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A depth charge is an anti-submarine warfare weapon. It is intended to destroy a submarine by being dropped into the nearby and detonating, subjecting the target to a powerful. Most depth charges use high explosive charges and a set to detonate the charge. Depth charges can be dropped by ships, patrol aircraft, Depth charges were developed during World War I, and were one of the first effective methods of attacking a submarine underwater. They were widely used in World War I and World War II and they remained part of the anti-submarine arsenals of many navies during the Cold War. Depth charges have now largely replaced by anti-submarine homing torpedoes. A depth charge fitted with a warhead is known as a nuclear depth bomb. These were designed to be dropped from a plane or deployed by an anti-submarine missile from a surface ship, or another submarine. All nuclear anti-submarine weapons were withdrawn from service by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and they were replaced by conventional weapons whose accuracy and range had improved greatly as ASW technology improved. The first attempt to fire charges against submerged targets was with aircraft bombs attached to lanyards which triggered them, a similar idea was a 16 lb guncotton charge in a lanyarded can. Two of these together became known as the depth charge Type A. Problems with the lanyards tangling and failing to function led to the development of a chemical pellet trigger as the Type B and these were effective at a distance of around 20 ft. A1913 Royal Navy Torpedo School report described a device intended for countermining, at Admiral John Jellicoes request, the standard Mark II mine was fitted with a hydrostatic pistol preset for 45 ft firing, to be launched from a stern platform. Weighing 1,150 lb, and effective at 100 ft, the design work was carried out by Herbert Taylor at the RN Torpedo and Mine School, HMS Vernon. The first effective depth charge, the Type D, became available in January 1916 and it was a barrel-like casing containing a high explosive. There were initially two sizes—Type D, with a 300 lb charge for fast ships, and Type D* with a 120 lb charge for ships too slow to leave the area before the more powerful charge detonated. A hydrostatic pistol actuated by water pressure at a pre-selected depth detonated the charge, initial depth settings were 40 or 80 ft. Because production could not keep up with demand, anti-submarine vessels initially carried two depth charges, to be released from a chute at the stern of the ship
8.
Royal Australian Navy
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The Royal Australian Navy is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the colonial navies were integrated into a national force. Originally intended for defence, the navy was granted the title of Royal Australian Navy in 1911. Britains Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provided additional blue-water defence capability in the Pacific up to the years of World War II. Then, rapid expansion saw the acquisition of large surface vessels. In the decade following the war, the RAN acquired a number of aircraft carriers. Today, the RAN consists of 47 commissioned vessels,3 non-commissioned vessels, the current Chief of Navy is Vice Admiral Tim Barrett. The Commonwealth Naval Forces were established on 1 March 1901, two months after the federation of Australia, when the forces of the separate Australian colonies were amalgamated. As a result, the force structure was set at one battlecruiser. On 10 July 1911, King George V granted the service the title of Royal Australian Navy. The first of the RANs new vessels, the destroyer Yarra, was completed in September 1910, in this time the focus of Australias naval policy shifted from defence against invasion to trade protection, and several fleet units were sunk as targets or scrapped. By 1923, the size of the navy had fallen to eight vessels, following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the virtual destruction of British naval forces in south-east Asia, the RAN operated more independently, or as part of United States Navy formations. As the navy took on a greater role, it was expanded significantly and at its height the RAN was the fourth-largest navy in the world. A total of 34 vessels were lost during the war, including three cruisers and four destroyers, after the Second World War, the size of the RAN was again reduced, but it gained new capabilities with the acquisition of two aircraft carriers, Sydney and Melbourne. The RAN saw action in many Cold War–era conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region and operated alongside the Royal Navy and United States Navy off Korea, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Since the end of the Cold War, the RAN has been part of Coalition forces in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, operating in support of Operation Slipper and it was also deployed in support of Australian peacekeeping operations in East Timor and the Solomon Islands. The strategic command structure of the RAN was overhauled during the New Generation Navy changes, the RAN is commanded through Naval Headquarters in Canberra. The professional head is the Chief of Navy, who holds the rank of Vice Admiral, NHQ is responsible for implementing policy decisions handed down from the Department of Defence and for overseeing tactical and operational issues that are the purview of the subordinate commands
9.
HMAS Whyalla (J153)
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The ship was sold to the Victorian Public Works Department at the end of the war, who renamed her Rip and used her as a maintenance ship. In 1984, she was purchased by Whyalla City Council, who put her on display as a museum ship in 1987. Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, Whyalla was laid down by Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd at Whyalla, South Australia on 24 July 1940. The corvette was launched on 12 May 1941 by Lady Barclay-Harvey, wife of the Governor of South Australia, Whyalla was the first ship built by the Whyalla shipyard. The ship was originally to be named Glenelg, for the city of Glenelg and that name was later used by another Bathurst-class vessel. In 1942, the corvette worked supporting convoys off the south eastern Australian coast,12 days later, Whyalla was escorting a southbound convoy when the freighter Guatemala was torpedoed and sunk by Japanese submarine I-21, the only ship to be lost in a convoy escorted by Whyalla. In December 1942, the corvette was assigned to New Guinea, where she performed escort, hydrographic survey work. On 2 January 1943, Whyalla and two small Australian survey ships, Stella and Polaris, were attacked by Japanese dive-bombers while in McLaren Harbour, Cape Nelson, the corvette received minor damage from near-misses, with two crew injured by shrapnel. The corvette continued survey work until relieved by sister ship Shepparton in April 1943, Whyalla proceeded to Milne Bay, and was present when the anchorage was attacked by a force of approximately 100 Japanese aircraft. Again, Whyalla was not seriously damaged, and the corvette assisted sister ships Kapunda and Wagga in the rescue, Whyalla returned to Australia for refits in June 1943, and on completion was assigned to convoy duty off Australias east coast, where she remained until February 1944. Between February and June, she was involved in patrols off Sandy Cape. In December 1944, Whyalla was one of nine Australian Bathursts assigned to the British Pacific Fleets 21st Minesweeping Flotilla, following the conclusion of World War II, Whyalla spent a short time operating in Hong Kong before returning to Brisbane in October 1945. She was decommissioned on 16 May 1946, the corvette received three battle honours for her wartime service, Pacific 1942–45, New Guinea 1942–44, and Okinawa 1945. Whyalla was sold to the Victorian Public Works Department on 10 February 1947, the corvette was modified for civilian service, renamed Rip, and towed to Melbourne, where she entered service as a lighthouse maintenance vessel at the entrance to Port Phillip Bay. The ship was in service until 1984, and was to be sold for scrap, when the Whyalla City Council learned that the corvette was to be scrapped, they negotiated to purchase the ship. Whyalla was purchased for A$5,000 and sailed back to Whyalla with a crew of 11. The corvette was located in her launching slipway until April 1987, when she was moved 2 kilometres inland to become the centrepiece of the Whyalla Maritime Museum, Whyalla is one of only two Bathurst-class corvettes still in existence as museum ships, the other being HMAS Castlemaine. From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy, a Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the submarine threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954
10.
Displacement (ship)
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The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is the ships weight. The name reflects the fact that it is measured indirectly, by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship, by Archimedes principle, this is also the weight of the ship. Displacement should not be confused with other measurements of volume or capacity typically used for vessels such as net tonnage, gross tonnage. The process of determining a vessels displacement begins with measuring its draft This is accomplished by means of its draft marks, a merchant vessel has three matching sets, one mark each on the port and starboard sides forward, midships, and astern. These marks allow a ships displacement to be determined to an accuracy of 0. 5%, the draft observed at each set of marks is averaged to find a mean draft. The ships hydrostatic tables show the corresponding volume displaced, to calculate the weight of the displaced water, it is necessary to know its density. Seawater is more dense than water, so a ship will ride higher in salt water than in fresh. The density of water varies with temperature. Devices akin to slide rules have been available since the 1950s to aid in these calculations and it is done today with computers. Displacement is usually measured in units of tonnes or long tons and these bring the ship down to its load draft, colloquially known as the waterline. Full load displacement and loaded displacement have almost identical definitions, full load is defined as the displacement of a vessel when floating at its greatest allowable draft as established by classification societies. Warships have arbitrary full load condition established, deep load condition means full ammunition and stores, with most available fuel capacity used. Light displacement is defined as the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, crew, normal displacement is the ships displacement with all outfit, and two-thirds supply of stores, ammunition, etc. on board. Standard displacement, also known as Washington displacement, is a term defined by the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Naval architecture Hull Hydrodynamics Tonnage Dear, I. C. B, oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. George, William E. Stability & Trim for the Ships Officer, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A. Trim and Stability Information for Drydocking Calculations, conference on the Limitation of Armament,1922. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States,1922, proceedings of the United States Naval Institute
11.
Naval mine
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A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, Naval mines can be used offensively—to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a harbour, or defensively—to protect friendly vessels and create safe zones. Mines can be laid in many ways, by purpose-built minelayers, refitted ships, submarines and their flexibility and cost-effectiveness make mines attractive to the less powerful belligerent in asymmetric warfare. The cost of producing and laying a mine is usually anywhere from 0. 5% to 10% of the cost of removing it, parts of some World War II naval minefields still exist because they are too extensive and expensive to clear. It is possible for some of these 1940s-era mines to remain dangerous for many years to come, Mines have been employed as offensive or defensive weapons in rivers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and oceans, but they can also be used as tools of psychological warfare. Offensive mines are placed in enemy waters, outside harbours and across important shipping routes with the aim of sinking both merchant and military vessels. Defensive minefields safeguard key stretches of coast from enemy ships and submarines, forcing them into more easily defended areas, minefields designed for psychological effect are usually placed on trade routes and are used to stop shipping from reaching an enemy nation. They are often spread thinly, to create an impression of minefields existing across large areas, a single mine inserted strategically on a shipping route can stop maritime movements for days while the entire area is swept. International law requires nations to declare when they mine an area, the warnings do not have to be specific, for example, during World War II, Britain declared simply that it had mined the English Channel, North Sea, and French coast. Chinese records tell of naval explosives in the 16th century, used to fight against Japanese pirates and this kind of naval mine was loaded in a wooden box, sealed with putty. General Qi Jiguang made several timed, drifting explosives, to harass Japanese pirate ships, although this is the rotating steel wheellocks first use in naval mines, Jiao Yu had described their use for land mines back in the 14th century. The first plan for a sea mine in the West was by Ralph Rabbards, the Dutch inventor Cornelius Drebbel was employed in the Office of Ordnance by King Charles I of England to make weapons, including a floating petard which proved a failure. Weapons of this type were apparently tried by the English at the Siege of La Rochelle in 1627, American David Bushnell developed the first American naval mine for use against the British in the American War of Independence. It was a watertight keg filled with gunpowder that was floated toward the enemy and it was used on the Delaware River as a drift mine. In 1812 Russian engineer Pavel Shilling exploded a mine using an electrical circuit. Russian naval specialists set more than 1500 naval mines, or infernal machines, designed by Moritz von Jacobi and by Immanuel Nobel, the mining of Vulcan led to the worlds first minesweeping operation. During the next 72 hours,33 mines were swept, the Jacobi mine was designed by German born, Russian engineer Jacobi, in 1853. The mine was tied to the sea bottom by an anchor, a cable connected it to a cell which powered it from the shore
12.
Sloop-of-war
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In the 18th century and most of the 19th, a sloop-of-war in the Royal Navy was a warship with a single gun deck that carried up to eighteen guns. The rating system covered all vessels with 20 guns and above, thus, in the first half of the 18th century, most naval sloops were two-masted vessels, usually carrying a ketch or a snow rig. A ketch had main and mizzen masts but no foremast, while a snow had a foremast, the first three-masted sloops appeared during the 1740s, and from the mid-1750s most new sloops were built with a three-masted rig. The third sail afforded the sloop greater mobility and the ability to back sail, in the 1770s, the two-masted sloop re-appeared in a new guise as the brig sloop, the successor to the former snow sloops. Brig sloops had two masts, while ship sloops continued to have three, in the Napoleonic period, Britain built huge numbers of brig sloops of the Cruizer class and the Cherokee class. The brig rig was economical of manpower and, when armed with carronades, the carronades also used much less manpower than the long guns normally used to arm frigates. Consequently, the Cruizer class were used as cheaper and more economical substitutes for frigates. A carronade-armed brig, however, would be at the mercy of an armed with long guns. The other limitation of brig sloops as opposed to post ships and frigates was their relatively restricted stowage for water and provisions, however, their shallower draught made them excellent raiders against coastal shipping and shore installations. Bermuda sloops were found with gaff rig, mixtures of gaff and square rig and they were built with up to three masts. The single masted ships, with their sails, and the tremendous wind energy they harnessed, were demanding to sail. The longer decks of the vessels also had the advantage of allowing more guns to be carried. Originally a sloop-of-war was smaller than a frigate and was outside the rating system. A ship sloop was generally the equivalent of the corvette of the French Navy. The name corvette was also applied to British vessels. American usage, while similar to British terminology into the beginning of the 19th century, the Americans also occasionally used the French term corvette. In the Royal Navy, the sloop evolved into a vessel with a single gun deck. During the War of 1812 sloops of war in the service of the United States Navy performed well against their Royal Navy equivalents, the American ships had the advantage of being ship-rigged rather that brig-rigged, a distinction that increased their maneuverability
13.
HMAS Kangaroo
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HMAS Kangaroo was a Bar-class boom defence vessel of the Royal Australian Navy. Launched in 1940, the ship spent most of World War II operating the net in Darwin. Kangaroo remained in service until 1955, and after years as an accommodation ship, was sold for scrapping in 1967. In 1937, three ships were ordered by the RAN for use as Boom Defense Vessels, the plan was altered in early 1938 to require only two ships, the third, Kangaroo was earmarked to be constructed as a prototype local defense vessel. The RANs Director of Engineering was instructed to prepare plans for the ship in July 1938, the ship was to weigh 680 tons, with a speed of 15.5 knots, and a range of 2,850 miles. Kangaroo would have been armed with two 4-inch guns and depth charges, and equipped with asdic. Before construction could begin, the number of vessels was increased back to three, and Kangaroo was laid down to this design by Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Company on 15 November 1939. Kangaroo was launched on 4 May 1940, and commissioned into the RAN on 27 September 1940, the unused design was later modified and used for the Bathurst class corvettes. Kangaroo arrived in Darwin in January 1941 and established and maintained the anti-submarine boom in Darwin Harbour with three similar vessels, Kangaroo suffered damage and one fatality during the bombing of Darwin in February 1942. She was repaired in Brisbane from 1 April to 20 May 1942 and she received the battle honour Darwin 1942-43 for her wartime service. Kangaroo remained in commission after the war and performed various duties Australian and New Guinea waters during the late 1940s. She paid off to reserve on 15 December 1955 and was used as an accommodation ship, Kangaroo was sold for scrap on 28 August 1967 and was scrapped in 1968. Seapower Centre - Australia HMAS Kangaroo ship history Stevens, David, a Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the submarine threat on Australias maritime defense 1915-1954. Media related to HMAS Kangaroo at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Admiralty
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The new Admiralty Board meets only twice a year, and the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy is controlled by a Navy Board. It is common for the authorities now in charge of the Royal Navy to be referred to as simply The Admiralty. The title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom was vested in the monarch from 1964 to 2011, the title was awarded to Philip, Duke of Edinburgh by Queen Elizabeth II on his 90th birthday. There also continues to be a Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom, the office of Admiral of England was created around 1400 although there had already been Admirals of the Northern and Western Seas. In 1546, King Henry VIII established the Council of the Marine, later to become the Navy Board, operational control of the Royal Navy remained the responsibility of the Lord High Admiral, who was one of the nine Great Officers of State. In 1628, Charles I put the office of Lord High Admiral into commission, the office of Lord High Admiral passed a number of times in and out of commission until 1709 after which the office was almost permanently in commission. In 1831, the first Navy Board was abolished as a separate entity, in 1964, the Admiralty along with the War Office and the Air Ministry as separate departments of state were abolished, and re-emerged under one single new Ministry of Defence. Within the expanded Ministry of Defence are the new Admiralty Board which has a separate Navy Board responsible for the running of the Royal Navy. The Army Board and the Air Force Board, each headed by the Secretary of State for Defence, the Board of Admiralty consisted of a number of Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. The Lords Commissioners were always a mixture of admirals, known as Naval Lords or Sea Lords and Civil Lords, the quorum of the Board was two commissioners and a secretary. The president of the Board was known as the First Lord of the Admiralty, after 1806, the First Lord of the Admiralty was always a civilian while the professional head of the navy came to be known as the First Sea Lord. The first real concerted effort to organise the Admiralty was started by Henry VIII. Between 1860 and 1908 there was no study of strategy and of staff work conducted within the naval service. All the navys talent flowed to the great technical universitys and it was perceived by officials within the Admiralty at this time that the running of war was quite a simple matter for any flag officer who required no formal training. The new War Staff had hardly found its feet and it struggled with the opposition to its existence by senior officers they were categorically opposed to a staff. The deficiencies of the system within this department of state could be seen in the conduct of the Dardanelles campaign, there was no mechanisms in place to answer the big strategic questions in 1914 a Trade Division was created. In 1916, Sir John Jellicoe came to the Admiralty, he organized the staff as following, Chief of War Staff, Operations, Intelligence, Signal Section, Mobilization, Trade. This for the first time gave the naval staff direct representation on the Board, the would direct all operations and movements of the fleet, while the would be responsible for mercantile movements and anti-submarine operations
15.
Pattie Menzies
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Dame Pattie Maie Menzies GBE was the wife of Australias longest-serving Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies. He won the seat of Indi in 1917. Pattie usually accompanied her father on electorate tours until he lost his seat in 1919, Pattie Leckie attended Fintona Girls School in Melbourne, and during this time saw Robert Menzies, but they were not formally introduced until 1919. After they met, Menzies became a visitor at her fathers home. On 27 September 1920 they were married at Kew Presbyterian Church in Melbourne, soon after their marriage, the Menzies bought the house in Howard Street, Kew, which would become their family home for 25 years. They had three surviving children, two sons and a daughter and her father was elected to the Senate in 1934, serving until 1947. In 1940 he was appointed Minister without portfolio in his son-in-laws ministry, in the 1954 New Years Honours, Pattie Menzies was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire. Her husband was knighted in 1963, but she continued to be known as Dame Pattie Menzies, in the 1967 Americas Cup challenge, the Australian syndicate headed by Sir Frank Packer raced an International 12-metre class racing yacht which was named Dame Pattie in her honour. Sir Robert Menzies died in 1978, in 1992 Dame Pattie moved back to Melbourne from Canberra to live with her daughter, Heather Henderson. She was a member and first patron of the Australian Monarchist League. Dame Pattie Menzies died on 30 August 1995, aged 96 and her ashes were interred alongside her husband within the Prime Ministers Garden at Melbourne General Cemetery. She was survived by her daughter, Heather Henderson, having outlived not only her husband, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire 1954. Miss Pattie Leckie Mrs Robert Menzies Dame Pattie Menzies GBE Australias Prime Ministers - National Archives of Australia Prentis, archived from the original on 2006-12-11
16.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
17.
Robert Menzies
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Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, PC, QC, FAA, FRS, was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1949 to 1966. He is Australias longest-serving prime minister, serving over 18 years in total, Menzies studied law at the University of Melbourne and became one of Melbournes leading lawyers. He was Deputy Premier of Victoria from 1932 to 1934, and then transferred to federal parliament, subsequently becoming Attorney-General, in April 1939, following Lyons death, Menzies was elected leader of the United Australia Party and sworn in as prime minister. He authorised Australias entry into World War II in September 1939, on his return to Australia in August 1941, Menzies found that he had lost the support of his party and consequently resigned as prime minister. He subsequently helped to create the new Liberal Party, and was elected its leader in August 1945. At the 1949 federal election, Menzies led the Liberal–Country coalition to victory, after 1955, his government also received support from the Democratic Labor Party, a breakaway group from the Labor Party. Menzies won seven consecutive elections during his term, eventually retiring as prime minister in January 1966. Robert Gordon Menzies was born to James Menzies and Kate in Jeparit and he was the fourth of six children, with one sister and three brothers. His maternal grandfather, John Sampson, was a Cornish miner from Penzance who also came to seek his fortune on the goldfields and his father was elected to the Victorian State Parliament for the seat of Lowan in 1911 and moved with the family to Melbourne after selling the farm. His middle name, Gordon, was given to him in honour and memory of Charles George Gordon, Menziess formal education began at Humffray Street State School in Bakery Hill, Ballarat, then later at private school in Ballarat. He attended Wesley College in Melbourne and studied law at the University of Melbourne, when World War I began, Menzies was 19 years old and held a commission in the universitys militia unit. He resigned his commission at the very time others of his age and it was later stated that, since the family had made enough of a sacrifice to the war with the enlistment of two of three eligible brothers, Menzies should stay to finish his studies. Menzies himself never explained the reason why he chose not to enlist and it should be noted that the two brothers, James and Frank, who did enlist did not do so until 1915 after the landings at Anzac which belies the alleged reason. Subsequently, he was prominent in undergraduate activities and won prizes and declared himself to be a patriotic supporter of the war. In 1916 he became the editor of the Melbourne University Magazine, establishing a reputation as an unusually bright and articulate member of the undergraduate community. After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1916 with First Class Honours in Law, Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918. Establishing his own practice in Melbourne, Menzies specialised chiefly in Constitutional law which he had read with the leading Victorian jurist and future High Court judge, Sir Owen Dixon. In 1920 Menzies served as an advocate for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers which eventually took its appeal to the High Court of Australia, the case became a landmark authority for the positive reinterpretation of Commonwealth powers over those of the States
18.
Manly ferry services
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Manly ferry services services operate on Sydney Harbour connecting the Sydney suburb of Manly with Circular Quay in the CBD a journey of seven nautical miles. Services to Manly commenced in the 1850s, the Port Jackson and Manly Steamship Company operated the service until it was sold to Brambles Industries in April 1972 and the Public Transport Commission in December 1974. In the mid 1960s hydrofoil services were introduced to complement the traditional ferries, in July 1980 it came under the control of the Urban Transit Authority, in January 1989 the State Transit Authority and in 2004 Sydney Ferries. The Sydney JetCats high speed service, was discontinued on 31 December 2008, in March 2010, the government announced that that Manly Fast Ferries contract had not been renewed. Instead another private operator, Sydney Fast Ferries, was awarded a five year contract from 1 April 2010. On 13 December 2014, it was announced that Manly Fast Ferries had won back the rights to operate the service, with a new contract which commencing on 1 April 2015. On 28 July 2012 Harbour City Ferries, a 50/50 joint venture between Transdev Australasia and Transfield Services, began operating the services of Sydney Ferries under a seven year contract, in 2013, the Manly Ferry was given the designation of F1, during The Hop branding roll out. They were built by the State Dockyard in Newcastle and Carrington Slipways in Tomago and they are 70 metres in length,12.5 metres wide, draught of 3.3 metres and they displace 1,140 tonnes. Their passenger capacity is 1,100 and their speed is 16 knots. They are powered by two Daihatsu model 8DSMB-32 turbo-charged diesel engines which each develop 2238 kW at 600rpm, and have hand-controllable pitch propellers, the hull and lower cabin area are of welded steel construction and the upper cabin and two wheelhouses are aluminium. The newest vessel, Collaroy, is fitted with Sperry Gyrofin stabilisers, occasionally, a Lady Class ferry may be seen operating the F1, Manly. This is often due to one of the Freshwater Class being unavailable, Lady Class are often chosen to replace Freshwater Classes, due to their large capacity. First Fleet and even SuperCats have been known to go as far as Manly on rare occasions, Sydney Ferries services use Wharf 3 at Circular Quay for services to Manly. Wharf 3 is specially designed to allow for double deck boarding and alighting, lowering dwell time for ferries and this wharf serves the suburb of Manly and is located opposite the harbour end of The Corso on The Esplanade. The wharf was designed to allow for double deck boarding on the A side of the wharf, local bus services depart from stands in front of the wharf to many Northern Beaches Suburbs
19.
Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)
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Cockatoo Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located at the junction of the Parramatta and Lane Cove rivers, in Sydney Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Cockatoo Island is the largest of several islands that were heavily timbered sandstone knolls. Originally the Island rose to 18 metres above sea level and was 12.9 hectares, between 1839 and 1869, Cockatoo Island operated as a convict penal establishment, primarily as a place of secondary punishment for convicts who had re-offended in the colonies. Cockatoo Island was also the site of one of Australias biggest shipyards, the first of its two dry docks were built by convicts. In July 2010, UNESCO proclaimed Cockatoo Island as a World Heritage Site, the island is managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust which is also responsible for seven other lands around Sydney Harbour. The Harbour Trust is revitalising the island as a landmark harbour attraction with cultural events, today Cockatoo Island retains some remnants of its past. Its prison buildings have been World Heritage listed, part of a listing of 11 Australian Convict Sites. Although some large workshops, slipways, wharves, residences and other buildings remain, major buildings were demolished after Cockatoo Island closed as a dockyard in 1991, in late March 2005 the Harbour Trust, in partnership with an event organiser, held the Cockatoo Island Festival. The event put the island on Sydneys cultural map and initiated a range of activities including contemporary art installations, exhibitions. The Harbour Trust opened a camp and glampsite on the island in 2008, the camp ground attracts some 20,000 campers a year and is a popular spot for watching Sydneys renowned New Years Eve fireworks. In 2010, the island attracted a capacity crowd of over 2000 campers to view NYE fireworks, other island holiday accommodation consists of five renovated houses and apartments with harbour and city views. Sydney Ferries services Cockatoo Island as part of its Woolwich/Balmain ferry route, day visitors are welcome, and can picnic, barbecue, visit the cafe, wander at leisure or take an audio or guided tour. Cockatoo Island is open daily and there is no admission charge, regular events and art installations are a feature of the island. Cockatoo Island has grown into a cultural venue on Sydneys cultural calendar. In 2008, it was a venue partner of the 16th Biennale of Sydney. In 2010, the event attracted over 156,000 people, in 2009, Cockatoo Island hosted the Sydney Festivals All Tomorrows Parties music festival. The two-day festival included twenty-four bands over four stages across the island, the island hosted the Worlds Funniest Island Comedy Festival in October 2009, with 200 comedy acts appearing over a weekend, attracting over 8,000 visitors. The island is also used as a venue for private events both large and small
20.
2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia)
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The 2/2nd Commando Squadron was one of 12 independent companies or commando squadrons raised by the Australian Army for service during World War II. The 2/2nd served in Timor, New Guinea and New Britain during World War II, taking part in the Battle of Timor in June 1942 as part of Sparrow Force. Following the capture of the island, the company was withdrawn in December 1942 and returned to Australia, later taking part in operations in New Guinea in 1943–44, initially formed as the 2nd Independent Company, the unit was raised in 1941. With an authorised strength of 17 officers,256 other ranks, it undertook training at the Guerrilla Warfare Camp at Foster, near Wilsons Promontory, Victoria. After training the company was transported north to Katherine, Northern Territory, amid fears of a Japanese advance towards mainland Australia, the 2nd Independent Company was sent to Timor, as part of Sparrow Force, along with the 2/40th Battalion and a small force of artillery. Upon arriving at Dili on 17 December 1941, most of the 2nd Independent Company moved to protect Dili airfield in east Timor, whilst other elements took up positions in the nearby mountains. The Japanese invaded Timor on 20 February 1942, attacking both east and west Timor at the time, quickly overwhelming the small force of Australian. On 19/20 April 1942, however, members of the unit were able to contact with Darwin. Winnie, reputedly named after Winston Churchill was cobbled together by Signaller Max Loveless, the set was built on the back of a four-gallon kerosene tin, using parts from several failed radio sets. Some parts were obtained via night raids into occupied enemy territory, after this, the Royal Australian Navy was able to bring in supplies for the company on the south coast of east Timor in late May, allowing the guerrilla campaign to continue. In September, in an effort to maintain the pressure on the Japanese, furthermore, the Japanese used increasing numbers of Dutch Timorese to wreak havoc among the Portuguese Timorese, who then found it impossible to keep helping the Australians. As a part of this re-organisation, the company would eventually be renamed the 2/2nd Commando Squadron, in June 1943, the 2/2nd sailed from Townsville to Port Moresby and was subsequently flown to Bena Bena, in the Bismarck Ranges in New Guinea. Here, the 2/2nd supported the 2/7th Independent Company in patrolling the Ramu River area, in mid-July, the 2/2nd moved into position in Bena Bena and by the end of the month their patrols were skirmishing with the Japanese. After three months leave, the 2/2nd Commando Squadron reformed at Strathpine, Queensland and began a period of training, the remainder returned to Australia and in early 1946 the 2/2nd Commando Squadron was disbanded. During its service during the war, the 2/2nd lost 22 men killed in action or died on active service, members of the squadron received the following decorations, two DSOs, three MCs, one DCM, one MM,35 MIDs and two foreign awards. After the war, some of the members became advocates for the rights of the Timorese people. One member, John Patrick Paddy Kenneally, who died in March 2009 at the age of 93, Kenneally visited East Timor four times after World War II, once in 1990 and a further three times after independence from Indonesia was achieved in 1999. On 25 April 2008 Kenneally, two of his sons and one of his grandsons attended an ANZAC Day service in East Timor, at a memorial overlooking Dili and built by veterans from the 2/2nd
21.
HMAS Voyager (D31)
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HMAS Voyager was a W class destroyer of the Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy. Commissioned into the RN in 1918, the destroyer remained in RN service until 1933, recommissioned, Voyager served in the Mediterranean and Pacific theatres of World War II until 23 September 1942, when she ran aground while trying to deliver troops to Timor. The ship was damaged by Japanese bombers while trying to refloat, Voyager was a W class destroyer constructed for the Royal Navy during World War I. The ship had a displacement of 1,100 tons at standard load, and 1,470 tons at full load. She was 312 feet 1.375 inches in overall and 300 feet long between perpendiculars, with a beam of 29 feet 6 inches, and a maximum draught of 14 feet 6.75 inches. Propulsion machinery consisted of three Yarrow boilers feeding two Brown-Curtis turbines, which provided 27,000 shaft horsepower to the two propeller shafts, maximum designed speed was 34 knots. Voyager had a range of 2,600 nautical miles at 15 knots, the ships company consisted of 6 officers and 113 sailors. At launch, Voyagers main armament consisted of four single QF 4-inch Mark V guns and this was supplemented by a quad-barelled QF 2-pounder naval gun, and five.303 inch machine guns of various types. The destroyer was fitted with two 3-tube 21-inch torpedo sets, two depth charge chutes, and four depth charge throwers. Later modifications to her armament included the installation of a second 2-pounder gun, Voyager was laid down by Alexander Stephen and Sons at their shipyard in Glasgow, Scotland on 17 May 1917. She was launched on 8 May 1918, the destroyer was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 24 June 1918, the day of her completion. Voyager was the ship of her class that carried a name starting with V. In 1933, the British Admiralty decided to replace five S class destroyers on loan to the RAN with five more capable destroyers, Voyager was one of the five ships selected, and was commissioned into the RAN at Portsmouth on 11 October 1933. The ships arrived in Australia on 21 December 1933, and Voyager undertook routine peacetime duties until she was placed in reserve on 14 April 1936, the destroyer was recommissioned on 26 April 1938, and was involved in training cruises until the start of World War II. On 14 October 1939, Voyager left Sydney and it was originally intended for the Flotilla to be based in Singapore, but en route it was decided that the ships would be of more use in the Mediterranean. Voyager commenced operations on 1 January 1940, initially as a convoy escort operating out of Alexandria, the ship was docked at Malta for refit during April. Two days later, the Allied ships encountered the Italian submarine Uebi Scebeli, on 9 July, Voyager was involved in the Battle of Calabria, as escort to the carrier HMS Eagle. A day later, she was assigned to escort a convoy from Malta to Alexandria, on 23 July, there was a brief mutiny aboard the destroyer, when 12 sailors sat down outside their mess deck and refused to move until their issue was addressed
22.
HMAS Armidale (J240)
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Launched in early 1942, and initially assigned to convoy escort duties, Armidale was transferred to Darwin in October 1942. She was the only Bathurst-class corvette to be lost to enemy action, construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. Armidale was laid down by Morts Dock & Engineering Co in Sydney on 1 September 1941, as the ship was built in a dock, she was floated on 24 January 1942, with the ceremony officiated by Reverend A. G. Rix. Armidale was commissioned on 11 June 1942, following commissioning, Armidales primary role was the escort of convoys along the Australian coast and from Australia to New Guinea. In October 1942, Armidale was reassigned to the 24th Minesweeping Flotilla, Armidale, sister ship Castlemaine, and the auxiliary patrol boat Kuru were assigned to the operation by Commodore Cuthbert Pope, Naval Officer in Charge Darwin, with Castlemaine the commanding ship. The plan was for Kuru to reach Betano Bay early on the night of 30 November, offload supplies, the corvettes sailed from Darwin at midday on 29 November, leaving just as Japanese aircraft flew over the harbour. At 09,00 on 30 November, the two ships were located by a Japanese reconnaissance plane, but were unable to shoot it down. Armidale and Castlemaine were attacked at midday by 14 Japanese bombers, but these were driven off by a force of Bristol Beaufighters, another attack came at 14,00, but neither side was able to do damage. Delays from the course and two air attacks meant the corvettes reached Betano Bay after 02,30 on 1 December, with no sign of Kuru. Kuru was sighted at daybreak – assuming the corvettes were not coming, her commander chose to sail for Darwin with the civilians –, at 13,00, five approaching Japanese dive-bombers were sighted by Armidale. Two aircraft were damaged by the guns, while the other three missed while attempting to evade fire. A second air attack occurred at 14,00, five Zero fighters distracted the corvettes weapons while nine torpedo bombers made attack runs, at one point, a late-released torpedo passed over the bridge before hitting the water. At 15,10, the ship was hit in the side by two torpedoes in quick succession, the first into the mess deck, killing many of the soldiers there. As the soldiers and sailors began to evacuate into the water, ordinary Sailor Edward Teddy Sheean, who had been wounded in the initial attack, strapped himself into one of Armidales 20 mm Oerlikons and opened fire on the aircraft. Teddy forced one Zero to crash into the sea and damaged at least two others, continuing to fire until he went down with Armidale, low on fuel, the Japanese aircraft headed for home. The survivors found that the two boats survived the sinking, and were able to fashion a raft from debris. The survivors remained together until midday on 2 December, when one of the boats, with the officer aboard. At 10,15 on 5 December, they were spotted by an aircraft
23.
HMAS Kuru
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HMAS Kuru was an auxiliary patrol boat operated by the Royal Australian Navy during World War II. Constructed in 1938 for the Northern Territory Patrol Service, Kuru was requesitioned by the RAN following the Japanese declaration of war in December 1941, the ship operated from Darwin, and was one of the vessels used to keep Allied troops in Timor resupplied following the Japanese invasion. Kuru operated until 1943, when she was damaged beyond repair in an accident, Kuru was built at Balmain, New South Wales in 1938 for the Northern Territory Patrol Service and was used to counter poaching by Japanese fishermen. She was 23 metres long, had a speed of 9 knots. In RAN service, her armament was increased to an Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, a 0.50 calibre M2 Browning machine gun, following the outbreak of the Pacific War, Kuru was commissioned into the RAN in December 1941 as an auxiliary patrol boat. HMAS Kuru played an important role in the Battle of Timor from May 1942, Kuru sailed early on 29 November, and arrived without incident. During the day, Kuru was attacked by Japanese aircraft, despite the dropping of over 260 bombs, at 20,00, the operation was called off as Japanese cruisers had been sighted in the area, and Kuru returned to Darwin on 3 December. Armidale was not so lucky, she was attacked and sunk by Japanese aircraft on 1 December, following the evacuation of Timor, Kuru operated in Northern Australian waters and rescued the survivors of HMAS Patricia Cam in January 1943. Kuru was damaged beyond repair by an accident in October 1943, Kuru was awarded the battle honours Darwin 1942-43 and Pacific 1942 for her wartime service. Websites Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot - HMAS Kuru
24.
Betano
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Betano is a village and suco in southwest of Manufahi District, East Timor. Betano was a traditional Timorese kingdom in former times, the Kingdom of We Hale with their mighty King Nai Loro Tiris HMAS Voyager became grounded at the bay at Betano after offloading the 2/4th Independent Company on 25 September 1942. The ship was blown up and scuttled after it could not be refloated, on 1 December 1942, HMAS Armidale was sunk by 13 Japanese aircraft, while attempting to evacuate Australian and Dutch soldiers and deliver a relief contingent. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press
25.
Bristol Beaufighter
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The Bristol Type 156 Beaufighter is a multi-role aircraft developed during the Second World War by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in the United Kingdom. It was originally conceived as a fighter variant of the Bristol Beaufort bomber. In later operations, it served mainly as a maritime strike/ground attack aircraft, the Royal Australian Air Force also heavily used the type in the maritime anti-shipping role, such as during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. In addition, variants of the Beaufighter were also manufactured in Australia by the Department of Aircraft Production, the concept of the Beaufighter has its origins in 1938. Accordingly, Bristols design team, led by L. G, frise, commenced the development of a cannon-armed fighter derivative as a private venture. A key goal for the aircraft was to share the same jigs as the in-production Beaufort so that manufacturing could be switched from one aircraft to the other at short notice. As a torpedo bomber and aerial reconnaissance aircraft, the Beaufort had moderate performance, the Hercules was a considerably larger and more powerful engine, which required larger propellers. To obtain the necessary ground clearance, the engines were mounted centrally on the wing, in October 1938, the project, which received the internal designation Type 156, was outlined. In March 1939, the Type 156 was given the name Beaufighter, Bristol proceeded to suggest their concept for a fighter development of the Beaufort to the Air Ministry. The timing of the suggestion happened to coincide with delays in the development, while there was some scepticism that the aircraft was unnecessarily large for the fighter role, the proposal was given an overall warm reception by the Air Staff. Accordingly, the Air Ministry produced draft Specification F. 11/37 written around Bristols suggestion for an interim aircraft, on 16 November 1938, Bristol received formal authorisation to commence the detailed design phase of the project and to proceed with the construction of four prototypes. Bristol began building a prototype by taking a partly built Beaufort out of the production line. This conversion served to speed progress, Bristol had promised series production in early 1940 on the basis of an order being placed in February 1939. Designers expected that maximum re-use of Beaufort components would speed the process, perhaps in anticipation of this, the Air Ministry had requested that Bristol investigate the prospects of a slim fuselage configuration. Since the Beaufort cannon fighter was a conversion of a design, development. Within six months of the first F. 11/37 prototype, designated R2052, had been completed, on 17 July 1939, R2052, the first prototype, conducted its maiden flight, a little more than eight months after development had formally started. In its initial configuration, R2052 was unarmed, the rapid pace of development achieved is partially attributable due to the re-use of many elements of the Beauforts design along with frequently identical components. R2052 proceeded to be operated by Bristol for testing purposes while it was based at Filton Aerodrome
26.
HMAS Benalla (J323)
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Built by HMA Naval Dockyard in Victoria, Benalla was fitted out as armed survey ship instead of a minesweeper like the rest of the class, and was commissioned into the RAN in 1943. Benallas duties included convoy escort and performing hydrological surveys prior to landing operations. The corvette was present at the Japanese surrender of Timor at the end of the war, post-war, Benalla performed survey work around north-west Australia until late 1945. She was decommissioned in 1946, and sold for scrapping in 1958, construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. Despite being part of a class of minesweepers, Benalla was fitted out as a survey ship. Minesweeping gear was not installed, and an extension to X deck housed a large chart room and her role resulted in an increase from the standard ships company of 85 to 107. Benalla was laid down at HMA Naval Dockyard in Williamstown, Victoria on 24 March 1942 and she was launched on 19 December 1942 by the wife of Arthur Drakeford, serving Minister for the Air, and commissioned on 28 April 1943. Benalla entered service on 2 June 1943, towing a lighter from Sydney to Brisbane. She worked her way up the eastern Australia coast to New Guinea, Benalla remained at Milne Bay until early December, when she proceeded to Sydney for refit. In August, she sailed for Brisbane to undergo a two-month refit, on 11 October, Benalla sailed for the Philippines via Hollandia, joining the escort of 20 Liberty ships on the second leg. In November, the corvette assisted frigate HMAS Gascoyne in surveying San Pedro Bay, on 6 January 1945, Benalla was sent to Darwin and assigned to a Survey Group operating off the north-western coast of Australia. She spent four months with the group, then was assigned to Fremantle from 3 May to 20 July, the corvette was later awarded the battle honour New Guinea 1943–44 in recognition of her wartime service. Benalla resumed survey work off the north-west coast of Australia on her return from Timor, a role she would maintain until 2 November 1945, the corvette was decommissioned into reserve on 28 January 1946. From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy, a Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the submarine threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press, journal and news articles Stevens, David
27.
HMAS Vigilant
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HMAS Vigilant was an auxiliary patrol boat serving with the Royal Australian Navy during the Second World War. Notably it was the 120th ship built by the Cockatoo Island Dockyard, PV Vigilant was a prototype ship designed and built at Cockatoo Island Dockyard in 1937–38. The hull and wheelhouse were constructed entirely of aluminium to save weight, as a result, the 102-foot ship had a total displacement of only 106 tons. It was built for the Department of Trade and Customs, intended for use patrolling waters to the north of Australia in conjunction with the Kuru and it was initially based at Townsville. The ship was undergoing sea trials when it was requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy in October 1940. It was classed as a patrol vessel. It was initially equipped with a 3-pounder QF gun but this was replaced with a 20 mm Oerlikon, as well as the mounted gun, it carried a variety of light arms including a Bren light machine gun. Vigilant was transferred to Darwin, Northern Territory in 1941 and was used for protecting the harbour approaches, during the Bombing of Darwin, Vigilant engaged some of the attacking aircraft with its 20 mm Oerlikon and later assisted in picking up survivors from the water in Darwin Harbour. Vigilant, with a capacity of 7 tons, played an important role in the Battle of Timor from May 1942. During one of these voyages, it assisted in the search for survivors from HMAS Armidale. During this time, it also resupplied corvettes operating in the Timor Sea, HMAS Vigilant was renamed HMAS Sleuth on 17 April 1944 and HMAS Hawk on 13 March 1945. Hawk was paid off on 12 November 1945, after the war, the ship was returned to the Department of Trade and Customs as PV Vigilant, and served as a whaling patrol ship off Western Australia until 1965. Despite attempts to save the ship for preservation, it was scuttled off Sydney in April 1966, Vigilant Close in Bentley Park, Queensland is named after HMAS Vigilant
28.
Battle honour
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In European military tradition, military units may be acknowledged for their achievements in specific wars or operations of a military campaign. These honours usually take the form of a place and a date, theatre honours could be listed and displayed on regimental property but not emblazoned on the colours. Since battle honours are emblazoned on colours, artillery units. These honour titles were permitted to be used as part of their official nomenclature, similar honours in the same tenor include unit citations. Battle honours, theatre honours, honour titles and their ilk form a part of the variety of distinctions which serve to distinguish military units from each other. For the British Army, the need to adopt a system to recognise military units battlefield accomplishments was apparent since its formation as an army in the later part of the 17th century. Although the granting of battle honours had already been in place at the time, before then, a regiments colours were practical tools for rallying troops in the battlefield and not quite something for displaying the units past distinctions. The first battle honour to be awarded in the British Army was granted to the 15th Hussars for the Battle of Emsdorf in 1760, thereafter, other regiments received battle honours for some of their previous engagements. The battle honour is held by the successor regiment, the Princess of Waless Royal Regiment. During these early years of the British standing army, a regiment needed only to engage the enemy with musketry before it was eligible for a battle honour, thus in 1882, a committee was formed to adjudicate applications of battle honour claims. This committee, later called the Battles Nomenclature Committee, still maintains its function in the British Army today. A battle honour may be granted to infantry/cavalry regiments or battalions, as well as ships and squadrons, they are granted to sub-units such as companies. Battle honours are presented in the form of a name of a country, region, or city where the units distinguished act took place. Not every battle fought will automatically result in the granting of a battle honour, conversely, a regiment or a battalion might obtain more than one battle honour over the course of a larger operation. Similarly, while in Korea, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry earned both Kapyong and Korea 1951–1953, supporting corps/branches such as medical, service, ordnance, or transport do not currently receive battle honours. However and uniquely the Royal Logistic Corps has five battle honours inherited from its previous transport elements, Commonwealth artillery does not maintain battle honours as they carry neither colours nor guidons—though their guns by tradition are afforded many of the same respects and courtesies. However, both the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers were in 1832 granted by King William IV the right to use the Latin Ubique, meaning everywhere and this is worn on the cap badge of both the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The practice was extended to these same regiments and corps in the successor Commonwealth armed forces
29.
HMAS Cerberus (naval base)
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HMAS Cerberus is the Royal Australian Navys primary training establishment, located adjacent to Crib Point on the Mornington Peninsula, south of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is also a bounded locality of the Shire of Mornington Peninsula. At the 2011 census, HMAS Cerberus had a population of 1,085, the site for the Cerberus naval base on Hanns Inlet, between Sandy Point and Stony Point on Western Port Bay was purchased in 1911. The 15 square kilometres base was opened in September 1920 and became known as Flinders Naval Depot in 1921, the Post Office opened on 2 December 1912 as Flinders Naval Base, was renamed Flinders Naval Depot in 1925 and HMAS Cerberus, Westernport in 1963. HMAS Cerberus now occupies most of Stony Point to the north, from 1930 until 1958, Cerberus was the home of the Royal Australian Naval College, until it was clear that the base was becoming overcrowded and the College was moved back to HMAS Creswell. With the outbreak of World War II, many buildings were erected to facilitate the training of wartime recruits. Many of these buildings were demolished or replaced. The primary role of HMAS Cerberus has always been the training of Navy personnel, with the establishment of four tri-service schools over the last 13 years, this role has been extended to training Army and Air Force personnel. The base is also the home of the Recruit School – for all sailors their first contact with life in the Navy, HMAS Cerberus comprises numerous training and recreation facilities, two chapels and a small marina. Training is provided for about 6,000 personnel annually, averaging 800 trainees at any one time. The full-time recruit course is 11 weeks in duration, and gives sailors the skills and knowledge required to conduct basic duties in the RAN, recruits join the RAN in monthly intakes, and these recruits are placed into one of four divisions. The recruits stay with their division for the entire 11-week course, the engineering faculty is where Marine Technicians, Electronics Technicians, Marine Engineer Officers and Electronics Engineer Officers complete their employment training. The base had until 2010 an Australian Rules football team competing in the Southern Football League, golfers play at the Cerberus Golf Club on Stony Point Road. Numerous memorials are at the base with many including stained glass windows in the two chapels, Our Lady of the Sea, and St Marks, St Marks chapel also houses retired Kings/Queens colour flags of George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. RAN HMAS Cerberus official website RAN Website for Recruit School
30.
Government of Australia
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The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is the government of the Commonwealth of Australia, a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self-governing British colonies, the terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution, which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums. Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution, the Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics, and has been characterised as a Washminster mutation. Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Governments legislative powers and allocates certain powers, all remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States. Further, each State has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments, the High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States, or among the States, concerning their respective functions. The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution, the Commonwealth Constitution also provides that the States can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth. This may be achieved by way of an amendment to the Constitution via referendum, more commonly powers may be transferred by passing other acts of legislation which authorise the transfer and such acts require the legislative agreement of all the state governments involved. This transfer legislation may have a clause, a legislative provision that nullifies the transfer of power after a specified period. In addition, Australia has several territories, two of which are self-governing, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament. The territory of Norfolk Island was self-governing from 1979 until 2016, the other territories that are regularly inhabited—Jervis Bay, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands—have never been self-governing. The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution, the House of Representatives is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the States. Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has only five, but the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States, all States elect 12 Senators, regardless of population. This was intended to allow the Senators of the smaller States to form a majority, the ACT and the NT each elect two Senators. The third level of government after Commonwealth and State/Territory is Local government, in the form of shires, towns, the Councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives, usually serving part-time. Their powers are devolved to them by the State or Territory in which they are located, with this act, Australian law was made unequivocally sovereign, and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the highest court of appeal. The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed, the Legislature makes the laws, and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate. The Australian Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the Queen of Australia, a 76-member Senate, twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using proportional representation and the single transferable vote, with half elected every three years. In addition to the state Senators, two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory, while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory
31.
Museum ship
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A museum ship, also called a memorial ship, is a ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public for educational or memorial purposes. Some are also used for training and recruitment purposes, mostly for the number of museum ships that are still operational. Many, if not most, museum ships are also associated with a maritime museum, only a few survive, sometimes because of historical significance, but more often due to luck and circumstance. The restoration and maintenance of museum ships presents problems for historians who are asked for advice, for instance, the rigging of sailing ships has almost never survived, and so the rigging plan must be reconstructed from various sources. Studying the ships also allows historians to analyze how life on and operation of the ships took place, numerous scientific papers have been written on ship restoration and maintenance, and international conferences are held discussing the latest developments. Another consideration is the distinction between a museum ship, and a ship replica. As repairs accumulate over time, less and less of the ship is of the materials. Visitors without historical background are often unable to distinguish between a historical museum ship and a ship replica, which may serve solely as a tourist attraction. Typically the visitor enters via gangplank, wanders around on the deck, then goes below, usually using the original stairways, giving a sense of how the crew got around. The interior features restored but inactivated equipment, enhanced with mementos including old photographs, explanatory displays, pages from the logs, menus. Some add recorded sound effects, audio tours or video displays to enhance the experience, in some cases, the ships radio room has been brought back into use, with volunteers operating amateur radio equipment. Often, the callsign assigned is a variation on the identification of the ship. For example, the submarine USS Cobia, which had the call NBQV, is now on the air as NB9QV. The World War II submarine USS Pampanito, berthed at the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, had the wartime call NJVT and is now on the air as NJ6VT, in other cases, such as the USS Missouri, a distinctive call is used. This radio work not only helps restore part of the vessel, a number of the larger museum ships have begun to offer hosting for weddings, meetings, other events, and sleepovers, and on a few ships still seaworthy, cruises. In the United States, this includes the USS Constitutions annual turnaround, a place on the deck is by invitation or lottery only, and highly prized. Many consider the appeal of an interesting old vessel on the city waterfront strong enough that any port city should showcase one or more museum ships. This may even include building a ship at great expense
32.
Gem Pier
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Gem Pier is an historic pier on Port Phillip Bay, in Williamstown, Victoria, Australia. The pier is 145 metres in length and is home to the museum ship HMAS Castlemaine and Melbourne Seaplanes. The first pier was built in 1839 near the present-day Gem Pier, originally known as The Jetty, in 1853 it was renamed Old Pier following the construction of the New Pier. Throughout the 1860s and 1870s it was known as Steamboat Pier, in the 1870s it was renamed Gem Pier after the paddle steamer Gem that ran a ferry service from Williamstown to Port Melbourne from 1846 to 1886. The pier was rebuilt in 1992, picture Victoria - A photo of the old Gem passenger ferry and Quaratine Launch Greswell at the pier
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
35.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
36.
HMAS Ararat (K34)
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Ararat is the only ship of the Bathurst class to carry a pennant number with the flag superior K, to honour Flower-class corvette lead ship HMS Gladiolus, which was sunk in October 1941. Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, Ararat was laid down by Evans Deakin & Co in Brisbane on 6 July 1942. She was launched on 20 February 1943 by the wife of Arthur Fadden, then leader of the Australian Country Party and the Federal Opposition, Ararat entered active service in August 1943 escorting convoys firstly along the east coast of Australia, and later between Queensland and New Guinea. She continued in this role until March 1944, when she was transferred to Langemak, during this time, she was the first ship of her class to visit several recently recaptured areas in New Britain. The corvette was under refit in Melbourne from May until July 1944 and she was transferred to United States Naval command on 11 August 1944, and was used to patrol the forward areas of the Allied offensive. During this time, Ararat was involved in the transportation of survivors from sister ship HMAS Geelong following her collision with United States tanker York on 19 October, Ararat left US command at the end of 1944, and spent the early part of 1945 operating in the Morotai area. She briefly visited Townsville in March 1945, and in June, Ararat returned to Australia on 22 July for refits, and was in dock when the war ended. The corvettes wartime service was recognised by the battle honours Pacific 1943–45 and this assignment was completed in November 1946, and on 11 April 1947 was decommissioned into reserve. Ararat remained in reserve until 6 January 1961, when she was sold to Burns Philip & Co Ltd of Darwin and she was later sold on to the Fujita Salvage Company of Japan, who used her to perform salvage operations in Darwin Harbour. Ararat left Darwin for Japan on 20 July 1961, towing a crane, after arriving in Japan, she was broken up for scrap. ^ Although the source states that Gladiolus was a ship of the Royal Canadian Navy, from Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955. A Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press, journal and news articles Stevens, David
37.
HMAS Bendigo (J187)
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The first HMAS Bendigo was a Bathurst-class minesweeper, a group commonly known as corvettes and including escort and patrol duties along with minesweeping. Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, on 5 February only Bendigo and HMAS Wollongong, another ship of the flotilla, were at Singapore with the rest having shifted operations to Java and Sumatra in the Netherlands East Indies. The two ships then moved from their anchorage to assist HMAS Yarra and other escorts in the rescue of survivors of the troop ship RMS Empress of Asia. Bendigo left Singapore at 21,20 to act as lightship for an outgoing convoy followed by Wollongong, the convoy hugged the coast and, though still attracting air attacks, were not the focus as a convoy of large tankers taking the main route was the main target. The ships that had gone ahead were ordered back to the Sunda Strait but Bendigo with fifteen, on 1 March Batavia was being evacuated with truck convoys and trains headed for Tjilatjap where all British warships were ordered to assist in evacuation. Bendigo with eighty-nine passengers aboard sailed for Fremantle shortly before midnight in advance of the remainder of the group which, the Japanese forces south of Java were the cruisers and destroyers under Admiral Kondō. Bendigo had narrowly avoided that force which had accounted for USS Pillsbury and not long after being sighted by Bendigo. The remainder of the 21st Minesweeping Flotillas corvettes arrived safely on 9 March after having been among the rearguard of Allied naval forces all the way from Singapore, operations during this period included convoy duty during the Japanese submarine attacks on Australias east coast. By September 1942, in the buildup at Port Moresby and Milne Bay in New Guinea escorting convoys, by March 1945 Bendigo was operating in the Philippines as part of a task unit of that fleet and took part in the Battle of Okinawa later that month through May 1945. The corvette was awarded the battle honours Pacific 1942–44, New Guinea 1942–44, HMAS Bendigo paid off on 27 September 1946, was sold to the Ta Hing Company of Hong Kong as a seagoing vessel and renamed Cheung Hing. The ship was acquired by the Peoples Liberation Army Navy. She appears to have left PLAN service by 1988, from Empire Defence to the Long Haul, Post-war Defence Policy and its Impact on Naval Force Structure Planning 1945–1955. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, australia in the War of 1939–1945. A Critical Vulnerability, The Impact of the Submarine Threat on Australias Maritime Defense 1915–1954, Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, Kathryn. The Australian Centenary History of Defence, south Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press. Journal and news articles Stevens, David, websites Naval History and Heritage Command. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Approved Battle Honours. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011, HMAS Bendigo 1941 –42 HMAS Bendigo – New Guinea 1942 Royal Australian Navy, HMAS Bendigo
38.
HMAS Bowen
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HMAS Bowen, named for the town of Bowen, Queensland, was a Bathurst class corvette of the Royal Australian Navy. Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, Bowen was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 9 February 1942, launched on 11 June 1942 by Mrs. Crittal and commissioned on 9 November 1942. The corvette operated in the South West Pacific area during World War II, Bowen paid off on 17 January 1946 and was sold for scrap to the Hong Kong Rolling Mills on 18 May 1956. From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy, a Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the submarine threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press, journal and news articles Stevens, David
39.
HMAS Bunbury (J241)
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Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. Bunbury was laid down by Evans Deakin and Company at Brisbane on 1 November 1941, launched on 16 May 1942 by Mrs. F. A. Cooper, wife of the Treasurer of Queensland, and commissioned on 3 January 1943. The corvette received two battle honours for her service during World War II, Pacific 1943–45 and New Guinea 1943–44, bunbury paid off to reserve on 26 August 1946 and was sold for scrap to the Kinoshita Company of Japan on 6 January 1961. From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy, a Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the submarine threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press, journal and news articles Stevens, David
40.
HMAS Bundaberg (J231)
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Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The ship was awarded the battle honours Pacific 1942–45 and New Guinea 1943–44 for her service during World War II, bundaberg paid off to reserve on 26 March 1946, and was sold for scrap to the Kinoshita Company of Japan on 6 January 1961. From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy, a Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the submarine threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press, journal and news articles Stevens, David
41.
HMAS Colac
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Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. Colac was laid down by Morts Dock and Engineering Company at Balmain and she was launched on 30 August 1941 by Miss M. Heady, senior lady on the staff of Morts Dock and Engineering, and commissioned into the RAN on 6 January 1942. The ship was originally to be named HMAS Hamilton, after entering service, Colac was assigned as an anti-submarine patrol and convoy escort vessel, operating between Townsville and New Guinea. The first attempt, early on 14 December, saw 46 soldiers landed at Cape Sudest before the three corvettes were attacked by Japanese aircraft and forced to withdraw and that night, under the cover of darkness, the remaining troops were landed nearby. Throughout December, Colac was involved in three similar troop deployments, and later took part in Operation Lilliput, the reinforcement and supply of the captured area, in March 1943, Colac and Ballarat were reassigned to convoy escort duty along the east coast of Australia. On 26 April, a convoy escorted by the two corvettes was attacked by Japanese submarine I-177 off Cape Byron. The MV Limerick was torpedoed and sunk, with all but two of the rescued by Colac. In July, Colac was instructed to begin escorting convoys between Australia and New Guinea, before returning to east coast convoys at the start of 1944, in mid-May, Colac was assigned to harass Japanese bases in the Solomon Islands area. On 26 May, the ship suffered her first casualties of the war, the corvette jettisoned stores, her depth charge payload, and replaceable pieces of equipment to avoid sinking and escape, and later limped to the Treasury Islands under tow for repairs. Temporary repairs were made to allow Colac to sail to New Guinea and then to Sydney, Colac was still under repair when World War II ended, and she was paid off into reserve on 27 November 1945. The corvette was awarded two battle honours for her service, Pacific 1942–45 and New Guinea 1942–44. On 20 February 1951, Colac was recommissioned for use as a ship for National Service trainees. Colac was returned to reserve on 30 January 1953, in 1962, the ship was converted into a tank cleaning vessel, and served in this role until 30 September 1983. Colac was not recommissioned during this time, on 4 March 1987, Colac was sunk by a Mark 48 torpedo fired by the submarine HMAS Ovens in a weapons test. The corvette sank at 34°49. 2′S 151°32′E, from Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955. A Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Journal and news articles Stevens, David
42.
HMAS Cootamundra
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Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. Cootamundra was laid down by Poole & Steel at Sydney, New South Wales on 26 February 1942. She was launched on 3 December 1942 by Lady Davidson, wife of the manager of the Bank of New South Wales. Compared to other Bathurst class corvettes, Cootamundra is slightly longer and has a shallower draught. After commissioning, Cootamundra was assigned to escort duties along the east coast of Australia. On 15 June, a convoy heading for Brisbane and escorted by Cootamundra and sister ships Bundaberg, Deloraine, Kalgoorlie. This was the last submarine attack to be made on the east coast of Australia during World War II, Cootamundra was reassigned to Darwin in early June, and began to escort shipping between Darwin and Thursday Island. On 6 August, while escorting the merchantman SS Macumba, the two ships were attacked by two Japanese aircraft. Macumba’s engine room was destroyed, and despite efforts to tow the ship to safety, the crew were taken aboard the corvette that evening. Cootamundra remained in her role until April 1944, when she sailed to Sydney for refit, the refit finished at the end of May, and after a brief period operating as an escort from Darwin, Cootamundra was reassigned to New Guinea waters. The corvette served as an escort and anti-submarine patrol ship from 5 July until the end of World War II. The corvette was awarded three battle honours for her service, Darwin 1943, Pacific 1943–45, and New Guinea 1944. The corvette arrived in Melbourne on 26 November 1945, where she was decommissioned into reserve, on 12 December 1951, Cootamundra was re-commissioned as a training ship. In 1954, the corvette visited New Zealand, in 1957, she was assigned to northern Australian waters, to supervise the Japanese pearling fleet. Cootamundra was decommissioned for the time on 8 June 1959. She was marked for disposal on 27 September 1961, and was sold for scrap on 28 March 1962, from Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 2, Volume II, a Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the submarine threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence
Australia
