1.
Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company
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Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited, often referred to simply as Scotts, was a Scottish shipbuilding company based in Greenock on the River Clyde. In its time in Greenock, Scotts built over 1,250 ships, John Scott founded the company, beginning shipbuilding at Greenock in 1711. The Scott family took over the Greenock Foundry in 1790 and C G Scott started building at Cartsdyke Dockyard in 1850 as Scott & Company. John Scott and Robert Scott bought the adjacent yard of R Steele & Company in 1883 to create the Cartsburn Dockyard, by 1900 John Swire & Company were major shareholders and Henry Scott was a director of Swire Scotts. In 1900–1901 he specified and oversaw construction of Swires Taikoo Dockyard in Hong Kong, Swires was 25% owned by the Scott Family. In 1925 Scotts took over Ross & Marshalls Cartsdyke Mid Yard, in 1934 they exchanged their Cartsdyke East yard for Cartsdyke Mid yard with Greenock Dockyard Ltd. In June 1965 the Company took over Scotts & Sons Ltd and in December 1965 Scotts merged with the Greenock Dockyard Company and the Cartsburn and Cartsdyke Dockyards were fully integrated in 1966. In 1967 the Company merged with Lithgows to form Scott Lithgow Ltd, Cartsdyke Shipyard was closed in 1979 and Cartsburn in 1984. In 1983 the Scott Lithgow company and yards were sold to Trafalgar House, No further shipbuilding was undertaken and the 270-year-old Scott shipbuilding company finally ceased trading in 1993. Between 1988 and 1997 the Cartsburn and Cartsdyke shipyards were gradually demolished and redeveloped as offices, computer warehouses. Principal customers of Scotts were Alfred Holt & Co, The China Navigation Company / John Swire Ltd, Scotts Assistant Manager James Richardson devised an early Snorkel for submarines, for which they were granted British Patent No.106330 of 1917. It was not taken up by the Admiralty for use by the Royal Navy, there is extant the builders certificate of SS Thetis. Captain William Kennedy of Greenock took Thetis for her trials on the Clyde, pictures of some Scotts-built vessels were painted by the Greenock marine artist William Clark. A painting of the launch in 1818 from Scotts yard of the wood ship Christian was painted by the Anglo-US marine artist Robert Salmon. Before the Cartsdyke yard closed in the late 1970s it was used to part of a BBC Television Play for Today called Just a Boys Game. In 2011, Greenocks McLean Museum and Art Gallery celebrated the tercentenary of Scotts foundation, RMS Ajax RMS Andania Johnston, Ian, Buxton, Ian. The Battleship Builders - Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships, Clyde built ships data base - lists all ships built on the Clyde WikiSwire website
2.
Oberon-class submarine
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The Oberon class was a ship class of 27 British-designed submarines operated by five different nations. They were designed as a direct follow-on from the Porpoise-class, physical dimensions were the same, but stronger materials were used in hull construction, the submarines were built between 1957 and 1978 by four shipyards, Cammel Laird, Chatham Dockyard, Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company and Vickers-Armstrongs. Submarines of the class were in service until 2000, as of 2015, eight of the submarines are preserved intact as museum vessels, another three are partially preserved, and one is in private ownership and awaiting conversion for display. The rest have been sold for scrap, including one former museum vessel, the 295. 2-foot -long Oberon class was based heavily on the preceding Porpoise class of submarines, which were in service from 1956 to 1988. Changes from the Porpoise design were primarily to improve the strength and stealth of the submarine, instead of UXW steel, the hull was built from QT28 steel, which was easier to fabricate and stronger, allowing the submarine to dive deeper. Glass-reinforced plastic was used in construction of the casing, electronics, sonar, and radar systems were also upgraded to the latest standard. The submarines were equipped with a type 1002 surface search and navigation radar, a type 187 active-passive attack sonar, construction of the British submarines was shared amongst four dockyards, the three mentioned above and Cammell Laird. The Oberons were originally armed with eight 21-inch torpedo tubes, six tubes in the bow, Naval mines could be carried instead of torpedoes, the torpedo payload would be replaced with up to 50 Mark 5 Stonefish or Mark 6 Sea Urchin mines. The forward torpedo tubes are constructed in two sections bolted together across the bulkhead at the end of the torpedo compartment. The 116-in long inner section is constructed of 0. 5-in rolled steel fitted with welded flanges, the outer section is constructed of a similar tube 175 in long but with a reinforced 1.125 inch thick section behind the main bulkhead. The outer end of the tube is sealed with a domed bow cap, bow shutters close across the bow caps so as to preserve the streamlined shape of the bow when the cap is closed. The bow caps and shutters are mechanically linked to a hydraulically operated drive rod from within the torpedo compartment, the bow cap opens first behind the shutter, which then folds back against it forming a smooth exit tube. The tube internal diameter is 22.5 in, wider than the torpedo, torpedoes could be fired either electrically or with compressed air. The aft torpedo tubes passed through the ballast tank at the rear of the submarine, a 31-in section projected into the boat through the bulkhead, forming overall a relatively short tube of 12 ft, but of 25 in diameter. The class used diesel-electric propulsion, with batteries to provide power when the engines cannot be used. Each vessel has two Admiralty-pattern V-16 diesel engines, each driving one 1280-kW 880-V generator and these can provide power directly to the two 3000-BHP electric motors, one directly connected to each propellor, or for charging batteries. One snorkel brings in new air to the boat, while the other takes exhaust fumes from the engines, the ventilation system is designed so the fresh air spreads through the boat. The generators are cooled by a fan on the shaft which circulates air through a filter
3.
Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility System
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Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility System was a passive sonar system for submarines. It was designated AN/BQG-4 and was equipped on United States Navy conventional submarines converted to GUPPY III or otherwise modernized in the 1960s. It was also equipped on the nuclear-powered USS Tullibee, a version known as Micropuffs was fitted on Oberon-class submarines for the Royal Australian Navy, and as Type 2041 on the Upholder-class for the British Royal Navy. This class still serves in the Royal Canadian Navy, where Micropuffs is known as BQG-501, the system was notable for three tall, fin-like domes topside, except on Micropuffs installations. The system was retained on several submarines transferred to foreign navies and it was associated with long-range passive detection of targets for the Mark 45 nuclear torpedo and other torpedoes as well. Most submarines backfitted with it were also lengthened 12-16 feet to accommodate additional electronics and it was also planned for Thresher and Sturgeon-class nuclear submarines, but was not fitted on them except Micropuffs experimentally on Barb and Haddock. With the exception of the four Canadian Victoria-class submarines, all PUFFS-equipped submarines have been disposed of or preserved as museum ships, greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program Alden, John D. Commander. The Fleet Submarine in the U. S. Navy, A Design, Sub vs Sub, Cdr R Compton Hall, Orion Books,1989
4.
Mark 48 torpedo
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The Mark 48 and its improved Advanced Capability variant are American heavyweight submarine-launched torpedoes. They were designed to sink deep-diving nuclear-powered submarines and high-performance surface ships, the Mk-48 torpedo was designed at the end of the 1960s to keep up with the advances in Soviet submarine technology. Operational since 1972, it replaced the Mk-37 and Mk-14 torpedoes as the weapon of U. S. Navy submarines. With the entry service of the new Soviet Alfa class submarine in 1972, the decision was made to accelerate the ADCAP program. Tests were run to ensure that the weapon could keep up with the developments, the new version of the weapon, also known as Mk-48 Mod 4, was extensively tested and production started in 1985, with entry into service in 1988. From then on, various upgrades have been added to the torpedo, as of 2012 Mk-48 Mod 6 was in service, a Mod 7 version was test fired in 2008 in the Rim of Pacific Naval exercises. The inventory of the U. S. Navy is 1,046 Mk-48 torpedoes, the Mk-48 torpedo is designed to be launched from submarine torpedo tubes. The weapon is carried by all U. S. Navy submarines, including Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines and Seawolf-, Los Angeles- and it is also used on Canadian, Australian, and Dutch submarines. The Royal Navy elected not to buy the Mark 48, preferring to use the Spearfish instead, Mk-48 and Mk-48 ADCAP torpedoes can be guided from a submarine by wires attached to the torpedo. They can also use their own active or passive sensors to execute programmed target search, acquisition, the torpedo is designed to detonate under the keel of a surface ship, breaking the keel and destroying its structural integrity. In the event of a miss, it can back for another attempt. The swashplate piston engine is fueled by Otto fuel II, a monopropellant that decomposes into hot gas when ignited, the thrust is generated by a propulsor assembly. The torpedos seeker has an electronically steered pinger that helps avoid having to maneuver as it closes with the target. Unconfirmed reports indicate that the sensors can monitor surrounding electrical. This may refer to the coils on the warhead, used to sense the metallic mass of the ships hull. The torpedo has been the subject of continued improvement over its service lifetime, in the 1990s, a Mod 6 variant of the ADCAP provided much improved noise isolation for the engine, which makes this torpedo more difficult to detect for a potential target. The Mk48 Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System torpedo is optimized for both the deep and littoral waters and has advanced counter-countermeasure capabilities, the MK48 ADCAP Mod 7 torpedo is the result of a Joint Development Program with the Royal Australian Navy and reached Initial Operational Capability in 2006. On July 25,2008 a MK48 Mod 7 CBASS torpedo fired by an Australian Collins-class submarine, HMAS Waller, successfully sank a test target during the Rim of the Pacific 2008 exercises
5.
Harpoon (missile)
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The Harpoon is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system, developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. In 2004, Boeing delivered the 7, 000th Harpoon unit since the introduction in 1977. The missile system has also further developed into a land-strike weapon. The regular Harpoon uses active homing, and a low-level. The missiles launch platforms include, Fixed-wing aircraft Surface ships Submarines, Coastal defense batteries, in 1965 the United States Navy began studies for a missile in the 45 kilometres range class for use against surfaced submarines. The name Harpoon was assigned to the project, Harpoon was primarily developed for use on US Navy warships such as the Ticonderoga-class cruiser as their principal anti-ship weapon system. The Harpoon was purchased by many American allies, including Pakistan, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and most NATO countries. The Royal Australian Air Force is capable of firing AGM-84 series missiles from its F/A-18F Super Hornets, F/A-18A/B Hornets, and AP-3C Orion aircraft, the Royal Australian Navy deploys the Harpoon on major surface combatants and in the Collins-class submarines. The Spanish Air Force and the Chilean Navy are also AGM-84D customers, and they deploy the missiles on ships, and F/A-18s, F-16s. The British Royal Navy deploys the Harpoon on several types of surface ship, the Royal Canadian Navy carries Harpoon missiles on its Halifax-class frigates. The Republic of Singapore Air Force also operates five modified Fokker 50 Maritime Patrol Aircraft which are fitted with the sensors needed to fire the Harpoon missile, the Pakistani Navy carries the Harpoon missile on its frigates and P-3C Orions. The Turkish Navy carries Harpoons on surface warships and Type 209 submarines, the Turkish Air Force will be armed with the SLAM-ER. S. Navy Knox-class frigates and the four former USN Kidd-class destroyers which have sold to Taiwan. The two Zwaardvis/Hai Lung submarines and 12 P-3C Orion aircraft can use the missile. The Block 1 missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84A in US service and UGM-84B in the UK, Block 1B standard missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84C, Block 1C missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84D. This version featured a fuel tank and re-attack capability, but was not produced in large numbers because its intended mission was considered to be unlikely following the events of 1991–92. Block 1D missiles were designated RGM/AGM-84F, Block 1G missiles AGM/RGM/UGM-84G, the original SLAM-ER missiles were designated AGM-84H and later ones the AGM-84K. Block 1J was a proposal for an upgrade, AGM/RGM/UGM-84J Harpoon
6.
Royal Australian Navy
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The Royal Australian Navy is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the colonial navies were integrated into a national force. Originally intended for defence, the navy was granted the title of Royal Australian Navy in 1911. Britains Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provided additional blue-water defence capability in the Pacific up to the years of World War II. Then, rapid expansion saw the acquisition of large surface vessels. In the decade following the war, the RAN acquired a number of aircraft carriers. Today, the RAN consists of 47 commissioned vessels,3 non-commissioned vessels, the current Chief of Navy is Vice Admiral Tim Barrett. The Commonwealth Naval Forces were established on 1 March 1901, two months after the federation of Australia, when the forces of the separate Australian colonies were amalgamated. As a result, the force structure was set at one battlecruiser. On 10 July 1911, King George V granted the service the title of Royal Australian Navy. The first of the RANs new vessels, the destroyer Yarra, was completed in September 1910, in this time the focus of Australias naval policy shifted from defence against invasion to trade protection, and several fleet units were sunk as targets or scrapped. By 1923, the size of the navy had fallen to eight vessels, following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the virtual destruction of British naval forces in south-east Asia, the RAN operated more independently, or as part of United States Navy formations. As the navy took on a greater role, it was expanded significantly and at its height the RAN was the fourth-largest navy in the world. A total of 34 vessels were lost during the war, including three cruisers and four destroyers, after the Second World War, the size of the RAN was again reduced, but it gained new capabilities with the acquisition of two aircraft carriers, Sydney and Melbourne. The RAN saw action in many Cold War–era conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region and operated alongside the Royal Navy and United States Navy off Korea, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Since the end of the Cold War, the RAN has been part of Coalition forces in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, operating in support of Operation Slipper and it was also deployed in support of Australian peacekeeping operations in East Timor and the Solomon Islands. The strategic command structure of the RAN was overhauled during the New Generation Navy changes, the RAN is commanded through Naval Headquarters in Canberra. The professional head is the Chief of Navy, who holds the rank of Vice Admiral, NHQ is responsible for implementing policy decisions handed down from the Department of Defence and for overseeing tactical and operational issues that are the purview of the subordinate commands
7.
Target ship
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A target ship is a vessel — typically an obsolete or captured warship — used as a seaborne target for naval gunnery practice or for weapons testing. The potential consequences of a drifting wreck require careful preparation of the ship to prevent pollution. Sinking redundant warships is a way of testing new weapons. Whilst practice torpedoes are fired fairly frequently, they behave differently from warshots, in order to meet environmental, health, and safety standards, ships now have to be thoroughly cleaned so that all dangerous material and potential contaminants are removed. In the event of the becoming an artificial reef, escape exits also have to be created in the vessel. It is now common practice to remove pennant numbers and sink the warships anonymously. A commission studied the matter, and decided to build two Paixhans howitzers for trial purposes in 1822, in 1824, the 80-gun ship of the line Pacificateur, made redundant by the Bourbon Restoration, was condemned. She was a Bucentaure-class two-decker of the type as the French flagship of the Battle of Trafalgar. The two prototypes were fired at her with devastating effect and this led to the adoption of the Paixhans gun in 1827. They were used to great effect at the Battle of San Juan de Ulua, to the interest of British and US observers, who announced the demise of wooden warships and the era of the ironclad. Baden In 1921 former German battleship SMS Baden was used by the Royal Navy to test new types of shells, the tests indicated that medium-strength armour could not stop the latest armour-piercing shells, causing the British switch to an all or nothing armour scheme for their new battleships. She was replaced in the role by the battleship Centurion in 1926, Iowa After World War I ended, the US Navy and Army did live fire testing of attacking warships from the air. To get the testing as close to wartime conditions as possible, USS Iowa was converted into a target ship. A well known engineer, John Hays Hammond, Jr. developed the radio control gear for Iowa. In 1923, Iowa was sunk off the Pacific coast of Panama during fleet exercises, with members of the United States Congress and the press attending, by the battleship Mississippi. The evaluation proved so successful that the US Navy moved up their plans for radio controlled warships and in 1932 the obsolete battleship USS Utah, James Longstreet A familiar sight for more than fifty years in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts was SS James Longstreet. This World War II Liberty ship was towed to a sandbar 3.5 miles off shore in 1944 and was used for bombing practice through the Vietnam War, Operation Crossroads Operation Crossroads was a 1946 series of US nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll that used 95 target ships. Torrens The Royal Australian Navy sank HMAS Torrens on June 14,1999 with a Mk48 wire guided torpedo fired from the Collins-class submarine HMAS Farncomb, Torrens was the last of six Australian River-class destroyers, the others having been disposed of previously
8.
HMAS Colac
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Construction of the prototype HMAS Kangaroo did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. Colac was laid down by Morts Dock and Engineering Company at Balmain and she was launched on 30 August 1941 by Miss M. Heady, senior lady on the staff of Morts Dock and Engineering, and commissioned into the RAN on 6 January 1942. The ship was originally to be named HMAS Hamilton, after entering service, Colac was assigned as an anti-submarine patrol and convoy escort vessel, operating between Townsville and New Guinea. The first attempt, early on 14 December, saw 46 soldiers landed at Cape Sudest before the three corvettes were attacked by Japanese aircraft and forced to withdraw and that night, under the cover of darkness, the remaining troops were landed nearby. Throughout December, Colac was involved in three similar troop deployments, and later took part in Operation Lilliput, the reinforcement and supply of the captured area, in March 1943, Colac and Ballarat were reassigned to convoy escort duty along the east coast of Australia. On 26 April, a convoy escorted by the two corvettes was attacked by Japanese submarine I-177 off Cape Byron. The MV Limerick was torpedoed and sunk, with all but two of the rescued by Colac. In July, Colac was instructed to begin escorting convoys between Australia and New Guinea, before returning to east coast convoys at the start of 1944, in mid-May, Colac was assigned to harass Japanese bases in the Solomon Islands area. On 26 May, the ship suffered her first casualties of the war, the corvette jettisoned stores, her depth charge payload, and replaceable pieces of equipment to avoid sinking and escape, and later limped to the Treasury Islands under tow for repairs. Temporary repairs were made to allow Colac to sail to New Guinea and then to Sydney, Colac was still under repair when World War II ended, and she was paid off into reserve on 27 November 1945. The corvette was awarded two battle honours for her service, Pacific 1942–45 and New Guinea 1942–44. On 20 February 1951, Colac was recommissioned for use as a ship for National Service trainees. Colac was returned to reserve on 30 January 1953, in 1962, the ship was converted into a tank cleaning vessel, and served in this role until 30 September 1983. Colac was not recommissioned during this time, on 4 March 1987, Colac was sunk by a Mark 48 torpedo fired by the submarine HMAS Ovens in a weapons test. The corvette sank at 34°49. 2′S 151°32′E, from Empire Defence to the Long Haul, post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955. A Critical Vulnerability, the impact of the threat on Australias maritime defense 1915–1954. Stevens, David, Sears, Jason, Goldrick, James, Cooper, Alastair, Jones, Peter, Spurling, the Australian Centenary History of Defence. South Melbourne, VIC, Oxford University Press, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Journal and news articles Stevens, David
9.
Western Australian Museum
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The Western Australian Museum is the state museum for Western Australia. It has six sites, in Perth within the Perth Cultural Centre. The Western Australian Museum is an authority within the Culture. Established in 1891 in the Old Perth Gaol, it was known as the Geological Museum, in 1892, ethnological and biological exhibits were added, and in 1897, the museum officially became the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery. During 1959, the collection was transferred to the new herbarium and the museum. The museum focussed its collecting and research interests in the areas of sciences, anthropology, archaeology. Over the 1960s and 1970s, it began to work in the then-emerging areas of historic shipwrecks. The Western Museum has six branches and four collection facilities. The museum also offers services to all areas of Western Australia. On 9 September 1891, the Geological Museum was opened at the site of the Old Gaol, the Old Gaol still forms a significant part of the Western Australian Museum — Perth and is one of the oldest standing buildings in Western Australia. From 1971 to 2003, a part of the research. This site was closed due to concerns with asbestos, and demolition concluded in late 2011, throughout the Western Australian Museums history the prominent James Street location has remained central to the museums identity and the location of many large permanent and touring exhibits. Exhibitions on fashion, natural history, cultural heritage and history have attracted large numbers of visitors, diamonds to Dinosaurs, An exhibition exploring 12 billion years of WAs history, featuring specimens such as rocks from the Moon and Mars, pre-solar diamonds and dinosaur skeleton casts. Katta Djinoong, This exhibition depicts the history and culture of the Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia from past to present, Dampier Marine Gallery, This exhibit explores the biodiversity of the waters around the Dampier Archipelago. Mammal, Bird and Butterfly Galleries, These galleries contain extensive collections of various animals, the Western Australian Museum — Perth also features the Discovery Centre, designed to help children and adults interact and learn about the museums collections and research. The Western Australian Museum has two branches in Fremantle, Maritime and Shipwreck Galleries, the Western Australian Museum - Maritime is located on Victoria Quay, and contains galleries with themes such as the Indian Ocean, the Swan River, fishing, maritime trade and naval defence. One of the highlights is the yacht, Australia II. Nearby in Cliff Street, the Western Australian Museum — Shipwreck Galleries is recognised as the foremost maritime archaeology, the museum is housed in an 1850s-era Commissariat building and contains a reconstructed hull from the Batavia, which was wrecked off the coast of Western Australia in 1629
10.
Museum ship
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A museum ship, also called a memorial ship, is a ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public for educational or memorial purposes. Some are also used for training and recruitment purposes, mostly for the number of museum ships that are still operational. Many, if not most, museum ships are also associated with a maritime museum, only a few survive, sometimes because of historical significance, but more often due to luck and circumstance. The restoration and maintenance of museum ships presents problems for historians who are asked for advice, for instance, the rigging of sailing ships has almost never survived, and so the rigging plan must be reconstructed from various sources. Studying the ships also allows historians to analyze how life on and operation of the ships took place, numerous scientific papers have been written on ship restoration and maintenance, and international conferences are held discussing the latest developments. Another consideration is the distinction between a museum ship, and a ship replica. As repairs accumulate over time, less and less of the ship is of the materials. Visitors without historical background are often unable to distinguish between a historical museum ship and a ship replica, which may serve solely as a tourist attraction. Typically the visitor enters via gangplank, wanders around on the deck, then goes below, usually using the original stairways, giving a sense of how the crew got around. The interior features restored but inactivated equipment, enhanced with mementos including old photographs, explanatory displays, pages from the logs, menus. Some add recorded sound effects, audio tours or video displays to enhance the experience, in some cases, the ships radio room has been brought back into use, with volunteers operating amateur radio equipment. Often, the callsign assigned is a variation on the identification of the ship. For example, the submarine USS Cobia, which had the call NBQV, is now on the air as NB9QV. The World War II submarine USS Pampanito, berthed at the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, had the wartime call NJVT and is now on the air as NJ6VT, in other cases, such as the USS Missouri, a distinctive call is used. This radio work not only helps restore part of the vessel, a number of the larger museum ships have begun to offer hosting for weddings, meetings, other events, and sleepovers, and on a few ships still seaworthy, cruises. In the United States, this includes the USS Constitutions annual turnaround, a place on the deck is by invitation or lottery only, and highly prized. Many consider the appeal of an interesting old vessel on the city waterfront strong enough that any port city should showcase one or more museum ships. This may even include building a ship at great expense
11.
British Porpoise-class submarine
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The Porpoise class was an eight-boat class of diesel-electric submarines operated by the Royal Navy. This class was originally designated patrol submarines, then attack and they were the first conventional British submarines to be built after the end of World War II. Their design was, in ways, influenced by the German World War II-era Type XXI U-boats. The Porpoise-class submarines were larger but shorter than their T-class predecessors and this, and improved design and construction techniques allowed much deeper diving. It was found in tests that the long engine room was liable to collapse, so there were extra large frames in this section. Designed with a top speed of 18 knots, the boats were capable of 17 knots, however, quieter running was felt to be a positive trade-off for the reduced speed. The Porpoise class were exceptionally quiet underwater, more so than their NATO counterparts and this was in part due to careful attention to detail in the mounting of machinery, and advances made in propeller design to prevent cavitation. Initially, the silenced propellers actually set up a distinctive resonant singing, however, grooves were cut into the propellers and injected with a damping filler which cured the problem, Rorqual was later able to surface undetected off the Statue of Liberty. The silent running abilities made their sonar equipment particularly effective, each submarines armament consisted of eight 21 in torpedo tubes, six in the bow, and two in the stern. Initially, up to 30 Mark 8 or Mark 23 torpedoes were carried, the class were also the first since the World War I-era R class to not carry a deck gun. The Porpoises were far more capable than previous classes in operating for prolonged periods, thanks to much improved air recirculation. The class also performed excellently in clandestine operations, such as surveillance, the first Porpoise-class boats were launched in 1958 during the ever-increasing threat of the Soviet Unions submarine fleet. The Porpoise-class boats were all decommissioned by the 1980s, list of submarines of the Royal Navy Battleships-Cruisers. co. uks page of photographs of Porpoise Class submarines Submariners Association – Post-war Submarines
12.
Fleet Air Arm (RAN)
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The Fleet Air Arm, known formally as the Australian Navy Aviation Group, is the division of the Royal Australian Navy responsible for the operation of aircraft. The FAA was founded in 1947 following the purchase of two carriers from the Royal Navy. FAA personnel fought in the Korean War and the Vietnam War, initially operating only fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters were first acquired by the FAA in 1952, forming Australias first helicopter squadron. Helicopter usage increased over time, particularly after 1982, when the carrier HMAS Melbourne was decommissioned, as of 2011, the FAA consists of three active squadrons, operating four helicopter types. The RAAF assumed responsibility for aviation, which consisted primarily of amphibious aircraft flown by No.101 Flight RAAF from the RANs cruisers. As Terrible was the closer of the two ships to completion, construction was finished without major modification, the ship was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS Sydney on 16 December 1948. Sydneys maiden voyage saw the delivery of the first two operated by the Fleet Air Arm,805 Squadron with Hawker Sea Furies, and 816 Squadron with Fairey Fireflies. The two squadrons operated as the 20th Carrier Air Group, Sydney returned to England in 1950 to collect the 21st CAG,808 and 817 Squadrons, with Sea Furies and Fireflies, respectively. During the Korean War, Sydney was deployed to Korean waters in late 1951, with a wartime CAG of 805,808, and 817 Squadrons embarked. The Fleet Air Arm operated in a strike, ground support, and escort role during the deployment, nine of these were shot down by North Korean flak artillery, with aircraft damaged by flak on at least ninety other occasions. The other four were lost in accidents, or crashed because of foul weather. Meanwhile, Majestic was undergoing major upgrades during construction to operate jet aircraft, including the installation of a flight deck, steam catapult. To allow the RAN to operate as a force while Majestic was completed. Vengeance arrived in Australia with three Bristol Sycamore helicopters for the Fleet Air Arm, Vengeance was returned to the United Kingdom in 1955, with the crew transferred to Majestic, which was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS Melbourne on 28 October 1955. This decision was rescinded in 1963, with Grumman S-2E Tracker anti-submarine aircraft, Melbourne remained in service until mid-1982, when she was placed in reserve. The RAN Skyhawks were sold to the Royal New Zealand Air Force, during the 1980s, the Eurocopter Ecureuil and Sikorsky S-70 Seahawk were acquired to operate from the Adelaide class frigates. During 1992, FAA Sea Kings were embarked aboard HMAS Tobruk for Operation Solace, during the 1990s, the FAA ordered several refurbished Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite helicopters to operate from the Anzac class frigates in the anti-submarine and anti-surface roles. The delays and problems with the led to the cancellation of the project in March 2008
13.
Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service
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The Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service is the collective name of the submarine element of the Royal Australian Navy. The service currently forms the Navys Submarine Force Element Group and consists of six Collins class submarines, the Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service has been established four times, with the initial three attempts being foiled by combat losses and Australias economic problems. The modern Submarine Service was established in 1964, and has formed an important element of the Australian militarys capacity since that date, while the Submarine Service has not seen combat since World War I, Australian submarines have conducted extensive surveillance operations throughout South East Asia. The current Director General Submarine Capability is Commodore G. J, the Royal Australian Navys submarine service has been established four times since 1914. After the formation of the navy upon Federation, a period of uncertainty had followed as the size of the force to be established was determined, eventually, this was set at 13 vessels, including three submarines. Initially, it had intended to purchase three small submarines, but this order was later changed, and instead Australias first submarines were the larger British E class submarines AE1. These submarines were built in Britain and arrived in Australia in 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, both boats took part in the occupation of Rabaul in German New Guinea in September 1914. During this operation, AE1 disappeared on 14 September off Cape Gazelle and it is probable that she was wrecked on a reef during a practice dive, but she is yet to be found. AE2 remained in the South Pacific until December 1914, when she was ordered to the Mediterranean to support the British-led operations off the Galipoli peninsula in Turkey, AE2 was the first British submarine to penetrate the Dardanelles, achieving this task on 25 April 1915. AE2 operated in the Sea of Marmora for five days and made four attacks on Turkish ships before being damaged by a Turkish gunboat. These attacks are the only occasions an Australian submarine has fired in anger, the Australian submarine service was reformed in 1919, when the British government transferred six J Class submarines to Australia, HMA Submarines J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, and J7. These submarines arrived in Australia with their tender HMAS Platypus in April 1919 and were based at Osborne House, the boats were in poor mechanical condition, however, and spent most of their service in refit. Due to Australias worsening economic situation, all of the boats were decommissioned in 1922, the Australian submarine service was established a third time in 1927, when the British O Class submarines HMAS Oxley and HMAS Otway were commissioned. These submarines sailed from Portsmouth for Sydney on 8 February 1928, due to Australias poor economic situation, the O Class boats proved to be unaffordable and were placed in reserve in 1930, before transferring back to the Royal Navy in 1931. The Australian ports of Fremantle and Brisbane were important bases for Allied submarines during World War II, a total of 122 United States Navy,31 Royal Navy, and 11 Royal Netherlands Navy submarines conducted patrols from Australian bases between 1942 and 1945. Fremantle was the second largest Allied submarine base in the Pacific Theatre after Pearl Harbor, following World War II the Royal Navys 4th Submarine Flotilla was based in Sydney from 1949 until 1969. The impending withdrawal of the British submarine flotilla sparked the fourth attempt to establish an Australian submarine service, eight British Oberon class submarines were ordered in 1964, to be built in Scotland in two batches of four boats. Only six boats were delivered, the seventh and eighth were cancelled in 1971 to fund the acquisition of ten A-4 Skyhawk aircraft for the Fleet Air Arm, the final Royal Navy submarine to be based in Australia, HMS Trump, was withdrawn in 1969
14.
Beam (nautical)
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The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point as measured at the ships nominal waterline. The beam is a bearing projected at right-angles from the fore and aft line, Beam may also be used to define the maximum width of a ships hull, or maximum width plus superstructure overhangs. Typical length-to-beam ratios for small sailboats are from 2,1 to 5,1, large ships have widely varying beam ratios, some as large as 20,1. Rowing shells designed for racing may have length to beam ratios as high as 30,1. The beam of many vessels can be calculated using the following formula. Some examples, For a standard 27 ft yacht, the root of 27 is 3,3 squared is 9 plus 1 =10. The beam of many 27 ft monohulls is 10 ft, for a Volvo Open 70 yacht,70.5 to the power of 2/3 =17 plus 1 =18. The beam is often around 18 ft, for a 741 ft long ship, the cube root is 9, and 9 squared is 81, plus 1. The beam will usually be around 82 ft, e. g. Seawaymax, as catamarans have more than one hull, there is a different beam calculation for this kind of vessel. BOC stands for Beam On Centerline and this term in typically used in conjunction with LOA. The ratio of LOA/BOC is used to estimate the stability of multihull vessels, the lower the ratio the greater the boats stability. The BOC for vessels is measured as follows, For a catamaran, carlin – similar to a beam, except running in a fore and aft direction. Keever, John M. American Merchant Seamans Manual, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A
15.
Draft (hull)
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Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The draft can also be used to determine the weight of the cargo on board by calculating the displacement of water. A table made by the shows the water displacement for each draft. The density of the water and the content of the bunkers has to be taken into account. The closely related term trim is defined as the difference between the forward and aft drafts, the draft aft is measured in the perpendicular of the stern. The draft forward is measured in the perpendicular of the bow, the scale may use traditional English units or metric units. If the English system is used, the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet, in metric marking schemes, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high. Larger ships try to maintain a water draft when they are light, in order to make a better sea crossing. In order to achieve this they use sailing ballasts to stabilize the ship, the water draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends solely on the respective positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. It is also however, that a light ship has quite high stability which can lead to implying too much rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship can have either a strong or weak stability, the draft of ships can be increased when the ship is in motion in shallow water, a phenomenon known as squat. Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels, of course this includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes. Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal—do have a limit but are usually limited by beam, or sometimes length overall. However, in the much wider Suez Canal, the factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship has the deepest draft able to transit the very busy, there are only a few ships of this size. A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water and this makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to beach the boat. A large draft ensures a level of stability in strong wind
16.
Displacement (ship)
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The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is the ships weight. The name reflects the fact that it is measured indirectly, by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship, by Archimedes principle, this is also the weight of the ship. Displacement should not be confused with other measurements of volume or capacity typically used for vessels such as net tonnage, gross tonnage. The process of determining a vessels displacement begins with measuring its draft This is accomplished by means of its draft marks, a merchant vessel has three matching sets, one mark each on the port and starboard sides forward, midships, and astern. These marks allow a ships displacement to be determined to an accuracy of 0. 5%, the draft observed at each set of marks is averaged to find a mean draft. The ships hydrostatic tables show the corresponding volume displaced, to calculate the weight of the displaced water, it is necessary to know its density. Seawater is more dense than water, so a ship will ride higher in salt water than in fresh. The density of water varies with temperature. Devices akin to slide rules have been available since the 1950s to aid in these calculations and it is done today with computers. Displacement is usually measured in units of tonnes or long tons and these bring the ship down to its load draft, colloquially known as the waterline. Full load displacement and loaded displacement have almost identical definitions, full load is defined as the displacement of a vessel when floating at its greatest allowable draft as established by classification societies. Warships have arbitrary full load condition established, deep load condition means full ammunition and stores, with most available fuel capacity used. Light displacement is defined as the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, crew, normal displacement is the ships displacement with all outfit, and two-thirds supply of stores, ammunition, etc. on board. Standard displacement, also known as Washington displacement, is a term defined by the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Naval architecture Hull Hydrodynamics Tonnage Dear, I. C. B, oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. George, William E. Stability & Trim for the Ships Officer, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A. Trim and Stability Information for Drydocking Calculations, conference on the Limitation of Armament,1922. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States,1922, proceedings of the United States Naval Institute
17.
Horsepower
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Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
18.
British 21 inch torpedo
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There have been several British 21-inch diameter torpedoes used by the Royal Navy since their first development just before the First World War. The 21-inch was the largest size of torpedo in use in the RN. They were used by ships and submarines rather than aircraft which used smaller 18 inch torpedoes. The first British 21 inch torpedo came in two lengths Short at 17 ft 10.5 in, and Long at 23 ft 1.25 in, the explosive charge was 200 lb of gun cotton increased later to 225 lb. The Mark II, chiefly used by destroyers, entered service in 1914, apart from some older British ships, it was used with the old US Town-class destroyers provided to the UK during the early part of the Second World War. The running speed was reduced from 45 knots for better reliability, the Mark II*, an improved Mark II was used by battleships and battlecruisers. A wet heater design, it could run for 4.1 km at 45 knots From 1912, used by destroyers, in the Second World War they were carried on HMS Hood. The Mark V was used by the A and B-class destroyers and, with modification, the Mark VII was issued for use on the British heavy cruisers, i. e. cruisers with 8-inch guns. Designed in the mid-1920s the County-class cruisers were built at the time in the post Washington Naval Treaty period. The power came from the use of enriched air, though torpedo stocks were converted to run on normal air at the start of the Second World War. It was used from 1927 on submarines of the O class onwards, the principal World War II version was the improved Mark VIII**,3,732 being fired by September 1944. The torpedo was still in service with the Royal Navy as late as 1983, the Mark VIII** was used in two particularly notable incidents, - On 9 February 1945 the Royal Navy submarine HMS Venturer sank the German submarine U-864 with four Mark VIII** torpedoes. This is the only intentional sinking of one submarine by another while both were submerged. On 2 May 1982 the Royal Navy submarine HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano with three Mark VIII** torpedoes during the Falklands War and this is the only sinking of a surface ship by a nuclear-powered submarine in wartime. First appeared in 1930 and was improved by 1939. Used on Leander and later cruisers, A and later destroyer classes, also replaced the old Mark VII in some 8 cruisers during the war. From 1939, used by submarines, motor boats and destroyers. Electric battery powered torpedo with a 322 kg TNT warhead, entering service during the Second World War it was used by destroyers
19.
Wire-guided missile
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A wire-guided missile is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site. As the missile flies, the wires are reeled out behind it, the longest range wire-guided missiles in current use are limited to about 4 km. Electrical wire guidance was first employed by the Germans during World War II, most German guided missile projects used radio control, but as the British proved to be able to jam anything they used, rushed projects were started in 1944 in order to develop alternatives. The first system to be modified in fashion was the Henschel Hs 293B anti-ship missile. Other examples included the X-4 air-to-air missile, and the X-7 anti-tank version of the X-4, the X-7 influenced other military thinkers after the war. By the early 1950s a number of systems had been developed, leading to their widespread deployment in the late 1950s. Large numbers of Israeli tanks were destroyed using wire guided AT-3 Sagger missiles during the Yom Kippur War of 1973, wire guidance has remained the main system for most smaller weapons although newer systems such as laser beam riding have come into use in anti-aircraft and some anti-tank use roles. Some torpedoes can be wire-guided, such as the U. S. Mk 48 Advanced Capability torpedo, Russian UGST torpedo, or the Swedish Torped 613 and this is a timeline of notable early wire-guided missiles. 1945 X-4 missile in production in Germany,1955 SS.10 enters service with the French army. 1956 Vickers Vigilant 1957 ENTAC enters service with the French army,1958 Malkara missile enters service with the British and Australian armies. 1960 AT-1 Snapper / 3M6 Shmel enters service in the Soviet Union,1960 Swingfire 1963 AT-3 Sagger / 9M14 Malyutka enters service in the Soviet Union. 1970 BGM-71 TOW enters service with the US Army,1972 MILAN is accepted for service with the French Army. Guided missile Missile guidance Semi automatic command line of sight Manual command line of sight
20.
Greenock, Scotland
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Greenock is a town and administrative centre in the Inverclyde council area in Scotland and a former burgh within the historic county of Renfrewshire, located in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It forms part of an urban area with Gourock to the west. The 2011 census showed that Greenock had a population of 44,248 and it lies on the south bank of the Clyde at the Tail of the Bank where the River Clyde expands into the Firth of Clyde. The name of the town has had various spellings over time and it was printed in early Acts of Parliament as Grinok, Greenhok, Grinock, Greenhoke, Greinnock, and later as Greinok. Old Presbyterial records used Grenok, a common spelling until it was changed to Greenock around 1700 and it has also been suggested that Grian cnoc or sunny hill could refer to the hill on which the castle and mansion house stood, but this has not found much support. The towns modern indoor shopping centre is called The Oak Mall, the name is also recalled in a local song. Significantly, no green oak appears on the coat of arms which features the three chalices of the Shaw Stewarts, a sailing ship in full sail and two herring above the motto God Speed Greenock. Hugh de Grenock was created a Scottish Baron in 1296, around 1540 the adjoining barony of Finnart was passed to the Schaw family, extending their holdings westward to the boundary of Gourock, and in 1542 Sir John Schaw founded Wester Greenock castle. The coast of Greenock formed a bay with three smaller indentations, the Bay of Quick was known as a safe anchorage as far back as 1164. To its east, a sandy bay ran eastwards from the Old Kirk, the fishing village of Greenock developed along this bay, and around 1635 Sir John Schaw had a jetty built into the bay which became known as Sir Johns Bay. In that year he obtained a Charter raising Greenock to a Burgh of Barony with rights to a weekly market, further east, Saint Laurence Bay curved round past the Crawfurd Barony of Easter Greenock to Garvel Point. When a pier was built making the bay an important harbour, in 1642 it was made into the Burgh of Barony of Crawfurdsdyke, and part of the ill-fated Darien Scheme set out from this pier in 1697. This town was later renamed Cartsdyke, the fishing trade grew prosperous, with barrels of salted herring exported widely, and shipping trade developed. As seagoing ships could not go further up the River Clyde, a separate Barony of Cartsburn was created, the first baron being Thomas Craufurd. The work was completed in 1710, with quays extended out into Sir Johns Bay to enclose the harbour, in 1711 the shipbuilding industry was founded when Scotts leased ground between the harbour and the West Burn to build fishing boats. A whaling business operated for about 40 years, in 1714 Greenock became a custom house port as a branch of Port Glasgow, and for a period this operated from rooms leased in Greenock. Receipts rose rapidly from the 1770s, and in 1778 the custom house moved to new premises at the West Quay of the harbour. By 1791 a new pier was constructed at the East Quay, in 1812 Europes first steamboat service was introduced by PS Comet with frequent sailings between Glasgow, Greenock and Helensburgh, and as trade built up the pier became known as Steamboat Quay
21.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
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The formal institution of SEATO was established on 19 February 1955 at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok, Thailand The organizations headquarters were also in Bangkok. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost interest and these treaties and agreements were intended to create alliances that would contain communist powers. This policy was considered to have largely developed by American diplomat. The organization, headquartered in Bangkok, was created in 1955 at the first meeting of the Council of Ministers set up by the treaty, also present were committees for economics, security, and information. Unlike the NATO alliance, SEATO had no joint commands with standing forces. S. military intervention in the region during the Vietnam War, despite its name, SEATO mostly included countries located outside of the region but with an interest either in the region or the organization itself. They were Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the Philippines and Thailand were the only Southeast Asian countries that actually participated in the organization. Both shared close ties with the United States, particularly the Philippines, Thailand became a member upon the discovery of the newly founded Thai Autonomous Region in Yunnan - apparently feeling threatened by potential Chinese communist subversion on its land. Other regional countries like Burma and Indonesia were far more minded with domestic internal stability rather than concern of communist threat, malaya also chose to not participate formally, though it was kept updated with key developments due to its close relationship with the United Kingdom. S. Cambodia, however rejected the protection in 1956, the majority of SEATO members were not located in Southeast Asia. To Australia and New Zealand, SEATO was seen as a more satisfying organization than ANZUS – a collective defense organization with the U. S. Great Britain and France joined partly due to having long maintained colonies in the region, Pakistan, however, was simply interested in joining over the appeal of potential support for its long struggle against India. Last but not least, the U. S. upon perceiving Southeast Asia to be a frontier for Cold War geopolitics saw the establishment of SEATO as essential to its Cold War containment policy. All in all, the membership reflected a mid-1950s combination of anti-communist Western nations, the United Kingdom, France and the United States, the latter of which joined after the U. S. Senate ratified the treaty by an 82–1 vote, represented the strongest Western powers. Canada also considered joining, but decided against it in order to concentrate on its NATO responsibilities, secretaries-General of SEATO, After its creation, SEATO quickly became insignificant militarily, as most of its member nations contributed very little to the alliance. While SEATO military forces held joint military training, they were never employed because of internal disagreements, SEATO was unable to intervene in conflicts in Laos because France and Britain rejected use of military action. As a result, the U. S. provided unilateral support for Laos after 1962, though sought by the U. S. involvement of SEATO in the Vietnam War was denied because of lack of British and French cooperation. Both the United States and Australia cited the alliance as justification for involvement in Vietnam, American membership in SEATO provided the United States with a rationale for a large-scale U. S. military intervention in Southeast Asia. Other countries, such as Great Britain and key nations in Asia, in 1962, as part of its commitment to SEATO, the Royal Australian Air Force deployed CAC Sabres of its No.79 Squadron to Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
22.
Newcastle, New South Wales
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Located 162 kilometres north-northeast of Sydney, at the mouth of the Hunter River, it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region. Famous for its coal, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the part of the Sydney basin. Newcastle and the lower Hunter Region were traditionally occupied by the Awabakal and Worimi Aboriginal People, in September 1797 Lieutenant John Shortland became the first European settler to explore the area. His discovery of the area was largely accidental, as he had sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized HMS Cumberland as she was sailing from Sydney Cove. While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he described as a very fine river. He returned with reports of the port and the areas abundant coal. Over the next two years, coal mined from the area was the New South Wales colonys first export, Newcastle gained a reputation as a hellhole as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes. By the start of the 19th century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by groups of men, including coal diggers, timber-cutters. Philip Gidley King, the Governor of New South Wales from 1800, in 1801, a convict camp called Kings Town was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney and this settlement closed less than a year later. A settlement was attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, the new settlement, comprising convicts and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships, HMS Lady Nelson, the Resource and the James. The convicts were rebels from the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion, Morpeth, New South Wales is a similar distance north of Newcastle as Morpeth, Northumberland is north of Newcastle upon Tyne. Under Captain James Wallis, commandant from 1815 to 1818, the conditions improved. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only breakwater survives, during this period, in 1816, the oldest public school in Australia was built in East Newcastle. Newcastle remained a settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming. As a penal colony, the rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners Bay
23.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
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USS Enterprise, formerly CVA-65, is a decommissioned United States Navy aircraft carrier. She was the worlds first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and the eighth United States naval vessel to bear the name, like her predecessor of World War II fame, she is nicknamed Big E. At 1,123 ft, she is the longest naval vessel ever built and her 93, 284-long-ton displacement ranked her as the 12th-heaviest supercarrier, after the 10 carriers of the Nimitz class and the USS Gerald R. Ford. Enterprise had a crew of some 4,600 service members, the only ship of her class, Enterprise was, at the time of inactivation, the third-oldest commissioned vessel in the United States Navy after the wooden-hulled USS Constitution and USS Pueblo. Enterprises home port was Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia as of September 2012 and her second home port was Naval Air Station Alameda until its closure in 1997. When in port at NAS Alameda, she was visible to those crossing the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and she was the flagship of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz while he lived in Berkeley, California until his death in 1966. Her final deployment, the last before her inactivation, began on 10 March 2012 and she was inactivated on 1 December 2012 and has undergone the 48 month inactivation process that rendered her unfit for further military service. Enterprise was officially decommissioned on February 3,2017, after over 55 years of service and she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. The name has been adopted by the future Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier USS Enterprise, Enterprise was meant to be the first of a class of six carriers, but construction costs ballooned and the remaining vessels were never laid down. Because of the huge cost of her construction, Enterprise was launched and commissioned without the planned RIM-2 Terrier missile launchers and these were never installed and the ships self-defense suite instead consisted of three shorter-range RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, Basic Point Defense Missile System launchers. Later upgrades added two NATO Sea Sparrow and three Mk 15 Phalanx CIWS gun mounts, One CIWS mount was later removed and two 21-cell RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers were added. She is the carrier with four rudders, two more than other classes, and features a more cruiser-like hull. Enterprise also had a phased array radar system known as SCANFAR, SCANFAR was intended to be better at tracking multiple airborne targets than conventional rotating antenna radars. SCANFAR consisted of two radars, the AN/SPS-32 and the AN/SPS-33, the AN/SPS-32 was a long-range air search and target acquisition radar developed by Hughes for the US Navy. The AN/SPS-32 operated together with the AN/SPS-33, which was the square used for 3D tracking. It was installed on two vessels, Enterprise and the cruiser USS Long Beach, placing a massive power drain on the ships electric system. The technology of the AN/SPS-32 was based on vacuum tubes and the required constant repairs. The SPS-32 was a phased array radar which had a range of 400 nautical miles against large targets and these early phased arrays, replaced around 1980, were responsible for the distinctive square-looking island
24.
Clean sweep (naval)
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A clean sweep for a naval vessel refers to having swept the enemy from the seas, a completely successful mission. It is traditionally indicated by hanging a broom from a mast or lashing it to the periscope of a submarine, however, both stories are legends, a broom in the seventeenth century indicated the ship was for sale. The United States Submarine Service during World War II generally considered a patrol a clean sweep if the sub sank every target she engaged. Individual torpedoes might miss, and convoys usually had far too many ships for all to be sunk by a single boat, few wide-ranging war patrols have been conducted since World War II, so commanding officers have taken other opportunities to fly brooms. For example, in the year 2000 the Military Sealift Command hung a broom from the flagpole yardarm outside their headquarters to symbolize its clean sweep of the Y2K bug on all the commands ships, use of the Jolly Roger by submarines
25.
Bathurst-class corvette
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The Bathurst-class corvettes were a class of general purpose vessels produced in Australia during World War II. Originally classified as minesweepers, but widely referred to as corvettes, the Bathurst-class vessels fulfilled a broad anti-submarine, anti-mine, sixty Bathurst-class corvettes were built in eight Australian shipyards to an Australian design. 36 were constructed for the Royal Australian Navy,20 were built on British Admiralty orders but manned and commissioned by the RAN, three more were ordered for construction in India, but were cancelled. Four of the Netherlands Bathursts were sold onward to the Indonesian Navy, the rest of the RAN and Admiralty ships were sold for scrap to help fund other projects. Two vessels are preserved as museum ships, in February 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel that was easy to construct and operate. The ships had to be capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, in an initially unrelated development, three Bar-class boom defence vessels were ordered by the RAN in 1937. When the requirement was lowered to two ships in early 1938, the third, HMAS Kangaroo, was earmarked for construction as a prototype of the local defence vessel. McNeil completed his drawings in February 1939, his design was for a 680-ton vessel, with a speed of 15.5 knots, and a range of 2,850 nautical miles. The prototype would have been armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, although closer to a small sloop than a local defence vessel, the increase in size and speed meant the design was more versatile than originally envisioned. Before construction could begin, the number of vessels was increased back to three, and Kangaroo was laid down as a boom defence vessel. The design underwent the normal procurement process, and in September 1939, the ships were officially designated Australian Minesweepers to hide their intended anti-submarine role, although the Bathursts were popularly referred to as corvettes. Each ships company varied in size, the complement was 85. Sailors were accommodated in ten-man messdecks, which were small, poorly lit rooms that were perpetually damp from seawater, in anything but calm weather, hatches and portholes would have to be closed, sunlight and fresh air was a rarity inside the hull. Because of the conditions, high rates of sickness were experienced, officers slept in cabins with bunks, and ate and relaxed in each ships wardroom, complete with bar and steward service. The difference in conditions between officers and sailors prompted tensions between two groups. Six large escort vessels based on a version of the Bathurst design were considered for construction in mid-1941. The corvettes carried up to 40 depth charges, which were deployed by 4 throwers and 2 chutes, many of the 12-pounder carrying corvettes were refitted with the 4-inch during their service life, while one of the Oerlikons was often replaced with a Bofors 40 mm gun. Due to the variety of shipyards constructing the corvettes, as well as the roles the Bathursts were pressed into
26.
Use of the Jolly Roger by submarines
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The Jolly Roger is a symbol that has been used by submarines, primarily those of the Royal Navy Submarine Service and its predecessors. The practice of flying the Jolly Roger was adopted by some other submarines during World War I, flotilla commanders began to issue flags to submarines, and procedures were drafted for usage. Usage of the Jolly Roger was copied by some Allied submarines during World War II, the symbols on a Jolly Roger are used to indicate the achievements of the submarine. Bars represented ships torpedoed, although post-war flags have sometimes used the silhouette of the ship instead. Mines indicated minelaying operations, while torches or lighthouses meant the boat had been used as a marker for an operation. More unusual symbols have also used, with comic character Eugene the Jeep marking the recovery of a Chariot manned torpedo. In September 1914, the British submarine HMS E9 successfully torpedoed the German cruiser SMS Hela, remembering Wilsons statement, commanding officer Lieutenant Commander Max Horton instructed his signaller to manufacture a Jolly Roger, which was flown from the submarine as she entered port. The Admiralty disapproved of the practice, but was unable to stop it, the practice restarted during World War II. The flotilla leader wanted to recognise the achievement, which had involved penetrating deep into the heavily guarded Adriatic, so had a Jolly Roger made. After this, the commanders of submarine flotillas began to issue the flags to submarines following the boats first successful patrol, once handed over, it became the responsibility of the boats personnel to maintain the flag and update it with new symbols indicating the submarines achievements. The Jolly Roger could also be flown on the day a submarine returned to the UK from an overseas deployment. Flying the Jolly Roger continued in the late 20th century and on into the 21st, HMS Conqueror raised the flag decorated with the silhouette of a cruiser to recognise her successful attack on the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the Falklands War. The Jolly Roger has been adopted as the logo of the Royal Navy Submarine Service, the practice, while commonly associated with British submarines, is not restricted to them. During World War II, Allied submariners working with Royal Navy fleets adopted the process from their British counterparts. While operating in the Mediterranean, the Polish submarines ORP Sokół and ORP Dzik were presented with Jolly Rogers by General Władysław Sikorski, at least one British surface ship recorded their U-boat kills through silhouettes on a Jolly Roger. The Royal Australian Navy has also flown the Jolly Roger from submarines on occasion, following the first Australian live firing of a Mark 48 torpedo in 1987, HMAS Ovens used the flag to indicate the successful sinking of the target ship Colac. A Precarious Existence, British Submarines in World War I, why Would Anyone Want to Swing a Cat. and 499 other questions. U-Boats Vs Destroyer Escorts, The Battle of the Atlantic, journal and news articles Kefford, Ali
27.
Geelong
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Geelong is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia,75 kilometres south-west of the state capital, Melbourne. It is the second largest Victorian city, with an urban population of 191,440 as at June 2016. Geelong runs from the plains of Lara in the north to the hills of Waurn Ponds to the south, with Corio Bay to the east. Geelong is the centre for the City of Greater Geelong municipality. Geelong was named in 1827, with the derived from the local Wathaurong Aboriginal name for the region, Jillong. The area was first surveyed in 1838, three weeks after Melbourne, the post office was open by June 1840. The first woolstore was erected in this period and it became the port for the industry of the Western District. During the gold rush, Geelong experienced a boom as the main port to the rich goldfields of the Ballarat district. The city then diversified into manufacturing, and during the 1860s, it one of the largest manufacturing centres in Australia with its wool mills, ropeworks. Population increases over the last decade were due to growth in service industries, redevelopment of the inner city has occurred since the 1990s, as well as gentrification of inner suburbs, and currently has a population growth rate higher than the national average. It is known for being home to the Geelong Football Club, today, Geelong stands as an emerging health, education and advanced manufacturing hub. The area of Geelong and the Bellarine Peninsula was originally occupied by the Wathaurong Indigenous Australian tribe, the first nonindigenous person recorded as visiting the region was Lt. John Murray, who commanded the brig HMS Lady Nelson. After anchoring outside Port Phillip Heads, on 1 February 1802, led by John Bowen, they explored the immediate area, returning to the Lady Nelson on 4 February. On reporting favourable findings, the Lady Nelson entered Port Phillip on 14 February, during this time, Murray explored the Geelong area and, whilst on the far side of the bay, claimed the entire area for Britain. He named the bay Port King, after Philip Gidley King, Governor King later renamed the bay Port Phillip after the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip. Arriving not long after Murray was Matthew Flinders, who entered Port Phillip on 27 April 1802, in October of the same year, the HMS Calcutta led by Lieutenant Colonel David Collins arrived in the bay to establish the Sullivan Bay penal colony. Collins was dissatisfied with the chosen, and sent a small party led by First Lieutenant J. H. Tuckey to investigate alternate sites. The party spent 22 October to 27 October on the shore of Corio Bay
28.
Fremantle
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Fremantle is a major Australian port city in Western Australia, located at the mouth of the Swan River. Fremantle Harbour serves as the port of Perth, the state capital, Fremantle was the first area settled by the Swan River colonists in 1829. It was declared a city in 1929, and has a population of approximately 27,000, the city is named after Captain Charles Fremantle, the English naval officer who established a camp at the site on 2 May 1829. The city contains well-preserved 19th century buildings and other heritage features, the Western Australian vernacular diminutive for Fremantle is Freo. The Nyungar name for the area is Walyallup, Fremantle lies on a series of limestone hills known by the Nyungar people as Booyeembara, the sandplain to the east is Gardoo. The original vegetation of the area was mainly Xanthorrhoea and eucalyptus trees, the central part of the suburb extends eastwards to include Royal Fremantle Golf Club and a suburban area south of Marmion Street and west of Carrington Street. The City of Fremantle local government area also includes the suburbs of Beaconsfield, Hilton, North Fremantle, OConnor, Samson, South Fremantle, East Fremantle has its own town council and is not governed by the City of Fremantle. Fremantle is the end of the Fremantle railway line runs from Perth to Fremantle. Major highways including Stirling Highway, Canning Highway and Leach Highway have Fremantle as their start point and/or terminus, the regular sea breeze is known as the Fremantle Doctor, as it provides cooling relief from the summer heat when it arrives between noon and 3pm. The traditional owners of the land on which the city of Fremantle is built are the Whadjuk Noongar people who called the area Walyalup, to the local Noongar people, Fremantle is a place of ceremonies, significant cultural practices and trading. For millennia the Noongar people met there in spring and autumn to feast on fish, today, Whadjuk and other Noongars continue to gather and meet in Walyalup and at Manjaree. The area was considered as a site for possible British settlement in 1827 and his favourable report was welcomed by the British Government, who had for some time been suspicious of French colonial intentions towards the western portion of Australia. As a result of Stirlings report, Captain Charles Howe Fremantle of HMS Challenger, the settlement of Perth began on 12 August 1829. Captain Fremantle left the colony on 25 August after providing much assistance to Stirling in setting up the colony and it was then that Stirling decided to name the port settlement Fremantle. In early September 1829 the merchant vessel Anglesea grounded at Gage Roads and she did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australias first prison hulk. Lotus, which arrived on 10 October 1829, became the vessel to land immigrants at Fremantle. On 1 June 1850, the first convicts arrived at Fremantle aboard the Scindian, the thirty-seventh and last convict ship to dock at Fremantle was the Hougoumont on 10 January 1868, signalling the end of penal transportation to Australia. During this period, notorious South Sea pirate Bully Hayes lived in Fremantle with his fiancée Miss Scott, in 1897, Irish-born engineer C. Y
29.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
30.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
31.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
32.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
33.
HMS Ocelot (S17)
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HMS Ocelot was an Oberon-class diesel-electric submarine operated by the Royal Navy. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard,2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Ocelot was laid down by Chatham Dockyard on 17 November 1960, the boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 31 January 1964. Ocelot was the last submarine built for the Royal Navy at Chatham Dockyard, after commissioning, Ocelot was assigned to the 3rd Submarine Squadron, based at HMNB Clyde, in Faslane. During the 1960s, Ocelot took part in clandestine missions, Ocelot attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the Submarine Flotilla. HMS Ocelot was paid off in August 1991 as the submarine fleet of the RN began to decline. She was sold in 1992 and preserved as a fully tourable museum in Chatham Historic Dockyard, in November 2013 the interior of HMS Ocelot was added to Google Street View by Google Business Photos Agency, CInsideMedia Ltd. Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy, HMS Ocelot at Historic Naval Ships Association Google Streetview
34.
HMS Olympus (S12)
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HMS Olympus was an Oberon-class submarine that served in the Royal Navy, and later in the Canadian Forces as a submarine trainer. and constructed from a better grade of steel. These build differences allowed the Oberons to have a diving depth at roughly 1,000 feet. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tonnes standard,2,030 tonnes full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tonnes full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Olympus was laid down by Vickers-Armstrongs on 4 March 1960, the boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 7 July 1962. In September 1967 Olympus was among the vessels sent in search of a downed French Navy Breguet Atlantic which had been operating out of RAF Kinloss, in April 1982, Olympus departed HMNB Devonport. It was believed at the time that she was deployed to the South Atlantic during the Falklands War, in fact, for the duration of the Falklands Conflict Olympus took in NATO exercises off the coast of Scotland. In 1986, Olympus appeared in the popular UK Channel 4 television game show Treasure Hunt, retired from the Royal Navy, Olympus was sold to the Canadian Forces in 1989 and was stationed as a non-operational training boat in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The ship was never commissioned into Canadian service and was turned over to Crown Assets for disposal on 27 April 2000, in May 2005, the Halifax Chronicle-Herald announced that Maritime Command was looking to sell Olympus and three other Canadian Oberons for scrap metal. MARCOM stated that the submarines were not in condition to be used as museum ships. In July 2011, Olympus started making her journey from Halifax to a scrapyard in Port Maitland, the submarine arrived on 28 July for scrapping
35.
HMS Onyx (S21)
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HMS Onyx was an Oberon class submarine of the Royal Navy. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard,2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Onyx was laid down by Cammel Laird on 16 November 1964, the boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 20 November 1967. Onyx was ordered after a previous Oberon-class submarine of the name was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy as HMCS Ojibwa before launching in February 1964. The submarines motto, Taurus excreta cerebrum vincit, is translated as Bullshit conquers brains. The first commission of Onyx saw her visit Swansea in South Wales for the investiture of His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales and she also attended the bicentennial celebrations of the United States of America in 1976. Onyx was the only submarine of the Royal Navy to take part in the Falklands War. During one of missions, Onyx hit an uncharted pinnacle while submerged at 150 feet. Contrary to some reports, after the British cancelled Operation Mikado, prior to the submarine being damaged the SBS had been embarked to attack a mainland airfield but this operation, too, was cancelled. Sir Galahad had been damaged beyond repair during an Argentine Air Force raid at Fitzroy, defence cuts in the UK saw the Royal Navy dispense with its diesel-powered submarines to concentrate on nuclear attack submarines. In 1991, Onyx was decommissioned from the navy and she was then cared for by the Warship Preservation Trust and was on public display alongside several other ships in Birkenhead, UK. In May 2006, Onyx was sold to the Barrow-in-Furness businessman Joe Mullen, after the submarine museum went into debt she was taken by an unknown liquidation company as a financial asset, to be broken up for scrap. A small party from HMS Exploit gave her a send off recognizing her contribution to the Navy and country in the cold war and Falklands conflict. On 30 April 2014 she was sailed from Barrow in tow for the Clyde and has since berthed at Rosneath amid continued uncertainty as to whether at least part of Onyx might be preserved, Onyx was alongside Rosneath Jetty on the Gare Loch, Scotland on 18 July 2014
36.
HMS Opportune (S20)
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HMS Opportune was an Oberon-class submarine of the Royal Navy. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard,2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Opportune was laid down by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company on 26 October 1962, the boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 29 December 1964. Opportune attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the Submarine Flotilla, Opportune was paid off on 2 June 1993. For several years the vessel resided at Pounds scrapyard in Portsmouth, Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
37.
HMS Opossum (S19)
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HMS Opossum was an Oberon-class submarine in service with the Royal Navy from 1964 to 1993. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard,2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Opossum was laid down by Cammel Laird on 21 December 1961, the boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 5 June 1964. In 1990, Opossum took part in the celebrations at Pitcairn Island. Opossum was deployed to the Persian Gulf during the 1991 Gulf War under Operation Granby, on her return to Gosport, she was flying a Jolly Roger, the only indication that the submarine had been involved in deploying and recovering Special Air Service and Special Boat Service personnel. On 14 July 1993, Opossum collided with the fishing vessel Amber Rose off the coast of Scotland, on paying off in 1993, the nameplate from Opossum was given to St Edmundsbury council in commemoration of the submarines association with the town of Bury St. Edmunds. Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
38.
HMS Osiris (S13)
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HMS Osiris was an Oberon-class submarine that served in the Royal Navy. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard,2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Osiris was laid down by Vickers-Armstrongs on 26 January 1962, the boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 11 January 1964. Osiris attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the Submarine Flotilla and she was decommissioned and sold to the Canadian Forces in 1989 for spare parts, towed to Birkenhead on the River Mersey where Cammell Laird shipyard completed the stripping out. In August 1991, the remains were moved to Garston for final demolition, Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
39.
HMS Otter (S15)
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HMS Otter was an Oberon-class submarine of the Royal Navy. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard,2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Otter was laid down by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company on 14 January 1960, the boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 20 August 1962. Otter was paid off on 31 July 1991
40.
HMS Otus (S18)
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HMS Otus was a Royal Navy Oberon-class submarine launched in 1962. She was decommissioned in the early 1990s and is now a museum in Germany. As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 feet in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 feet in overall, with a beam of 26.5 feet. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard,2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, top speed was 17 knots when submerged, and 12 knots on the surface. Eight 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes were fitted, with a payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, the standard complement was 68,6 officers,62 sailors. Otus was laid down by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company on 31 May 1961, sea trials were undertaken in Scottish waters, mainly Loch Long and Loch Fyne. The boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 5 October 1963, the first commission of Otus included large-scale missile trial exercises in the Atlantic Ocean and visits to the United States and Halifax, Canada. Otus attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the Submarine Flotilla, in July 1987, a team of British, Commonwealth and international submariners took part in trials in Bjornafjorden, near Bergen, Norway, aboard Otus. They ran a series of progressively deeper escapes, starting at 30 metres, at 90 metres, individuals started to drop out. At the end of the trials two submariners reached a depth of 183 metres and this set a new world record which to date has not been broken. Of the two record breakers, the first was a regular ascent under control, the second, a petty officer instructor from the Submarine Escape Training Tower suffered an emergency release having given the alarm signal whilst flooding up the chamber. It was considered safer and quicker to escape him rather than depressurise, both escapees suffered no lasting effects and returned to normal service. Both received military honours of the British Empire in the years for this act. Otus was deployed to the Persian Gulf during the 1991 Gulf War under Operation Granby, on her return to Gosport, she was flying a Jolly Roger, the only indication that the submarine had been involved in deploying and recovering Special Air Service and Special Boat Service personnel. Otus was decommissioned in the early 1990s and resided at Pounds scrapyard in Portsmouth for several years. She was later purchased by a German entrepreneur, who moored her in the harbour of the town of Sassnitz on the island of Rügen in Germany to act as a naval museum
Australia
