1.
Edmundston
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Edmundston /ˈɛdməndstən/ is a city in Madawaska County, New Brunswick, Canada. During the early period, the area was a camping and meeting place of the Maliseet Nation during seasonal migrations. From the mid to late century, one of the largest Maliseet villages had been established at Madawaska and had become a refuge site for other Wabanaki peoples. The Maliseet village was located near the falls at the confluence of the Madawaska. Currently, the City of Edmundston surrounds a federal Indian Reserve, originally a small logging settlement, Edmundstons growth is mostly attributed to the citys strategic location. The area was at the centre of the Aroostook War, a skirmish over boundary lines between the U. S. A. and what was then British North America. Bakers wife, Sophie Rice, designed the Republics eagle flag that is still in use, in 1998, Edmundston, Saint-Basile, Saint-Jacques and Verret merged to form the City of Edmundston. The nearby Village of St-Hilaire was supposed to amalgamate as well, Edmundston had a population of 16,643 people in 2006, which was a decrease of 4. 2% from the 2001 census count. The median household income in 2005 for Edmundston was $42,551, the city is 95 per cent francophone, the highest such proportion of all cities in the province. Unlike most other living in the Maritimes, most people living in the Edmundston area do not consider themselves Acadians other than for statistical purposes. Nor do they consider themselves Québécois despite their heritage, mainly due to the politicization of Quebec-specific issues they do not feel concerned with, the local accent is quite unique. Christianity is the dominant religion of the inhabitants, with most residents being Roman Catholics. Moreover, Edmundston gives its name to the see of the region. A small number of Muslims live in Edmundston and the surrounding area, Edmundston experiences a Humid continental climate. The highest temperature recorded in Edmundston was 37.2 °C on 3 June 1919. The coldest temperature recorded was −43.6 °C on 16 January 2009. Edmundston is a town whose economy centers on the Saint John River paper industry. The river historically provided power for the mills and was the route of log drives bringing pulpwood from upstream forests
2.
Yarrow Shipbuilders
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Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited, often styled as simply Yarrows, was a major shipbuilding firm based in the Scotstoun district of Glasgow on the River Clyde. It is now part of BAE Systems Surface Ships, owned by BAE Systems, the company was founded by Alfred Yarrow, later Sir Alfred Yarrow, 1st Baronet, in the year 1865 as Yarrow & Company, Limited. Originally it was based at Folly Wall, Poplar, then in 1898 as the company grew, Yarrow moved his shipyard to London Yard, Cubitt Town. Hundreds of steam launches, lake and river vessels, and eventually the Royal Navys first destroyers, between 4,000 and 5,000 tons of material had to be transported, from models to heavy machine tools. A train-load of from forty to fifty wagons left the works at Poplar every day, the first vessel launched from the new works at Scotstoun on 14 July 1908 was the lead ship of the Pará-class destroyers for the Brazilian Navy. The company also established the Coventry Ordnance Works joint venture in 1905, during the First World War, the company developed the pioneering Erskine artificial limb with Sir William Macewen. The Yarrow company was one of the leading builders of destroyers and frigates from its inception. For many years until the 1960s Yarrow also built a number of merchant ships, specialising particularly on Riverboat vessels for the rivers and lakes of Burma, India, Africa. Several of these vessels were built to serve on lakes that had no access to deliver them by sea. Yarrows Scotstoun yard built the knock down ferry MV Ilala for Nyasaland in 1949 and she was completed and launched on Lake Nyasa in 1951. The yard built three knock down ferries for Lake Victoria in East Africa, RMS Victoria was built in Scotstoun in 1960 and reassembled at the Kenyan port of Kisumu on the lake in 1961. The train ferries MV Umoja and MV Uhuru were built in Scotstoun in 1965, in total Yarrow built approximately 400 ships on the Clyde – these can be traced in detail in the Clyde-built Ship Database. In 1968 the Company became part of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders which collapsed in 1971, Yarrows had already left the UCS joint venture by April 1970 however, as the only profitable division of the joint venture. Investment continued in the yard, with the construction of a large GRP fabrication hall at the end of the yard. Dry dock No.1 was also covered over and this was in preparation for the Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel project, although only two vessels of the class were eventually built at Yarrow. The long-disused hall was demolished in 2008. The succeeding government of Margaret Thatcher began a programme and the profitable Yarrow was one of British Shipbuilders early divestitures. It was sold in 1985 to GECs GEC-Marconi division, becoming Marconi Marine, GEC began a programme of major capital investment, culminating in the construction of a large Module Hall, north of the covered building berths, in 1987
3.
Esquimalt
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The Township of Esquimalt /ᵻˈskwaɪmɔːlt/ is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. 1A Indian reserve and the town of View Royal, and to the north by an inlet of water called the Gorge. It is one of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria and part of the Capital Regional District, Esquimalt had a population of 16,209 in 2011. It is home to the Pacific fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy, the region now known as Esquimalt was settled by First Nations people approximately 400 years before the arrival of Europeans. The treaties of the Hudsons Bay Company, signed in 1843, refer to people as the Kosampsom group. The word Esquimalt is a transliteration of Ess-whoy-malth, a phrase translated as place of the shoaling waters. The Songhees people, who now have a reserve in Esquimalt, were located on the western shore of what is now Victoria Harbour. Both nations spoke a North Straits Salish dialect called Lekwungen, the first Europeans to reach Esquimalt were the Spanish expedition of Manuel Quimper in the Princesa Real in 1790, with Gonzalo López de Haro and Juan Carrasco as pilotos. Quimper entered and carefully mapped Esquimalt Harbour, which his first mate named Puerto de Córdova after the 46th viceroy of New Spain, Quimper claimed the region for Spain and placed a wooden cross on a hill. When the Spanish returned later that summer the cross had vanished, in 1792 Captain George Vancouver extensively explored the region. Following resolution of the Nootka Crisis, control of the went to the British. In 1843, near the height of the Oregon question, the HBC was looking for a new location for its Pacific base of operations, john McLoughlin, the companys chief factor at Fort Vancouver, ordered James Douglas to build a new fort on Vancouver Island. Douglas liked Esquimalt Harbour, but rejected it as a site for a fort there were too many trees there. Douglas chose a spot on the shore of Victoria Harbour at the mouth of the Gorge Inlet. He called it Fort Camosun, but later renamed it Fort Victoria in honour of the British Queen, however, ships continued to use Esquimalt Harbour to load and offload passengers and supplies. In 1852, sailors from a British naval ship, HMS Thetis, built a trail through the forest linking the harbour with Victoria Harbour and this trail, since paved over, is now one of Esquimalts main streets, Old Esquimalt Road. Meanwhile, the Hudsons Bay Company decided to try its hand at farming, Douglas leased all of Vancouver Island for seven shillings a year from Great Britain, and had a division of the HBC, the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, come in to develop the land. The Viewfield farm was the first in 1850, with the Constance Cove farm, the Craigflower farmhouse still exists as a heritage site, as does the Craigflower schoolhouse built to serve the settlers children
4.
Flower-class corvette
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The Flower-class corvette was a British class of 267 corvettes used during World War II, specifically with the Allied navies as anti-submarine convoy escorts during the Battle of the Atlantic. Royal Navy ships of class were named after flowers, hence the name of the class. The majority served during World War II with the Royal Navy, several ships built largely in Canada were transferred from the RN to the United States Navy under the lend-lease programme, seeing service in both navies. Some corvettes transferred to the USN were manned by the US Coast Guard, the vessels serving with the US Navy were known as Temptress and Action-class patrol gunboats. After World War II many surplus Flower-class vessels saw worldwide use in other navies, HMCS Sackville is the only member of the class to be preserved as a museum ship. The term corvette was originally a French name for a sailing warship. In the 1830s the term was adopted by the RN for sailing warships of similar size. With the arrival of power, paddle- and later screw-driven corvettes were built for the same purpose, growing in power, size. In 1877 the RN abolished the corvette as a category, corvettes and frigates were then combined into a new category. The months leading up to World War II saw the RN return to the concept of a small escort warship being used in the shipping protection role, the modified Flowers were slightly larger and somewhat better armed. All Flower-class vessels, of original or modified design, that saw service with the USN are known as Action-class gunboats, and carried the hull classification symbol PG. In early 1939, with the risk of war with Nazi Germany increasing, one particular concern was the need to protect shipping off the east coast of Britain. What was needed was something larger and faster than trawlers, but still enough to be built in large numbers, preferably at small merchant shipyards. They were intended as convoy escort ships that could be produced quickly and cheaply in large numbers. The Flower class became a resource for North Atlantic convoy protection until larger vessels such as destroyer escorts. Flower-class vessels were slow for a warship, with speed of 16 kn. The original Flowers had the standard RN layout, consisting of a forecastle, a well deck, then the bridge or wheelhouse. The crew quarters were in the focsle while the galley was at the rear, the modified Flowers saw the forecastle extended aft past the bridge to the aft end of the funnel, a variation known as the long forecastle design
5.
Corvette
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A corvette is a small warship. It is traditionally the smallest class of vessel considered to be a proper warship, the warship class above the corvette is that of the frigate, while the class below was historically that of the sloop-of-war. The modern types of ship below a corvette are coastal patrol craft, in modern terms, a corvette is typically between 500 tons and 2,000 tons although recent designs may approach 3,000 tons, which might instead be considered a small frigate. The word corvette is first found in Middle French, a diminutive of the Dutch word corf, meaning a small ship, from the Latin corbis, the rank corvette captain, equivalent in many navies to lieutenant commander, derives from the name of this type of ship. During the Age of Sail, corvettes were one of many types of smaller than a frigate. They were very closely related to sloops-of-war, the role of the corvette consisted mostly of coastal patrol, fighting minor wars, supporting large fleets, or participating in show-the-flag missions. The English Navy began using small ships in the 1650s, the first reference to a corvette was with the French Navy in the 1670s, which may be where the term originated. The French Navys corvettes grew over the decades and by the 1780s they were ships of 20 guns or so, the British Navy did not adopt the term until the 1830s, long after the Napoleonic Wars, to describe a small sixth-rate vessel somewhat larger than a sloop. Most corvettes and sloops of the 17th century were around 40 to 60 ft in length and they carried four to eight smaller guns on a single deck. Over time, vessels of increasing size and capability were called corvettes, by 1800, they reached lengths of over 100 ft, ships during the steam era became much faster and more manoeuvrable than their sail ancestors. Corvettes during this era were used alongside gunboats during colonial missions. Battleships and other vessels were unnecessary when fighting the indigenous people of the Far East. The modern corvette appeared during World War II as an easily built patrol, first Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill, later Prime Minister, had a hand in reviving the name corvette. During the arms buildup leading to World War II, the corvette was almost attached to the Tribal-class destroyer. The Tribals were so much larger than and sufficiently different from other British destroyers that some consideration was given to resurrecting the classification of corvette and this idea was dropped, and the term applied to small, mass-produced antisubmarine escorts such as the Flower class of World War II. The first modern corvettes were the Flower class and their chief duty was to protect convoys throughout the Battle of the Atlantic and on the routes from the UK to Murmansk carrying supplies to the Soviet Union. They were very seaworthy and maneuverable, but living conditions for ocean voyages were appalling, because of this, the corvette was superseded in the Royal Navy as the escort ship of choice by the frigate, which was larger, faster, better armed, and had two shafts. The Royal Australian Navy built 60 Bathurst-class corvettes, including 20 for the Royal Navy crewed by Australians and these were officially described as Australian mine sweepers, or as minesweeping sloops by the Royal Navy, and were named after Australian towns
6.
Length overall
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Length overall, often abbreviated as is the maximum length of a vessels hull measured parallel to the waterline. This length is important while docking the ship and it is the most commonly used way of expressing the size of a ship, and is also used for calculating the cost of a marina berth. LOA is usually measured on the hull alone, for sailing ships, this may exclude the bowsprit and other fittings added to the hull. This is how some racing boats and tall ships use the term LOA, however, other sources may include bowsprits in LOA. Sparred length, Total length including bowsprit, Mooring length and LOA including bowsprit are other expressions that might indicate the length of a sailing ship. Often used to distinguish between the length of a vessel including projections from the length of the hull itself, the Length on Deck or LOD is often reported and this is especially useful for smaller sailing vessels, as their LOA can be significantly different from their LOD. In ISO8666 for small boats, there is a definition of LOH and this may be shorter than a vessels LOA, because it excludes other parts attached to the hull, such as bowsprits. Another measure of length is LWL which is useful in assessing a vessels performance. In some cases LWL can be shorter than LOA. Overall length in cartridges The National Register of Historic Vessels Length between perpendiculars Hayler, William B, keever, John M. American Merchant Seamans Manual. Turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A
7.
Horsepower
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Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
8.
BL 4 inch Mk IX naval gun
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This turned out to be unworkable in practice. Janes Fighting Ships of 1919 commented, 4-inch triples are clumsy and they are not mounted in one sleeve, have separate breech mechanism, a gun crew of 23 to each triple. Guns were thereafter used in single-gun mountings, typically on smaller ships as primary armament, in World War II the gun was employed on many small warships such as Flower-class corvettes and minesweepers, primarily for action against surfaced submarines. This was the last BL4 inch gun in British service, naval Weapons of World War Two
Canada
. Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
