1.
Reading, Berkshire
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Reading is a large, historically important town in Berkshire, England, of which it is the county town. The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway, Today Reading is a major commercial centre, with involvement in information technology and insurance, and, despite its proximity to London, has a net inward commuter flow. The first evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century, by 1525, Reading was the largest town in Berkshire, and tax returns show that Reading was the 10th largest town in England when measured by taxable wealth. By 1611, it had a population of over 5000 and had grown rich on its trade in cloth, the 18th century saw the beginning of a major iron works in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous. During the 19th century, the town rapidly as a manufacturing centre. It is ranked the UKs top economic area for economic success and wellbeing, according to such as employment, health, income. Reading is also a regional retail centre serving a large area of the Thames Valley. Every year it hosts the Reading Festival, one of Englands biggest music festivals, sporting teams based in Reading include Reading Football Club and the London Irish rugby union team, and over 15,000 runners annually compete in the Reading Half Marathon. In 2015, Reading had an population of 232,662. The town is represented in Parliament by two members, and has been continuously represented there since 1295, for ceremonial purposes the town is in the county of Berkshire and has served as its county town since 1867, previously sharing this status with Abingdon-on-Thames. It is in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway. Reading is 75 miles east of Bristol,25 miles south of Oxford,42 miles west of London,17 miles north of Basingstoke,13 miles south-west of Maidenhead and 20 miles east of Newbury. Reading may date back to the Roman occupation of Britain, possibly as a port for Calleva Atrebatum. However the first clear evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century, the name probably comes from the Readingas, an Anglo-Saxon tribe whose name means Readas People in Old English, or less probably the Celtic Rhydd-Inge, meaning Ford over the River. In late 870, an army of Danes invaded the kingdom of Wessex, on 4 January 871, in the first Battle of Reading, King Ethelred and his brother Alfred the Great attempted unsuccessfully to breach the Danes defences. The battle is described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and that account provides the earliest known record of the existence of Reading. The Danes remained in Reading until late in 871, when they retreated to their quarters in London. After the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest of England, William the Conqueror gave land in, in its 1086 Domesday Book listing, the town was explicitly described as a borough
2.
Her Majesty's Prison Service
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Her Majestys Prison Service is a part of the National Offender Management Service of Her Majestys Government tasked with managing most of the prisons within England and Wales. The CEO of the National Offender Management Service, currently Michael Spurr, is the administrator of the prison service, the CEO reports to the Secretary of State for Justice and also works closely with the Prisons Minister, a junior ministerial post within the Ministry of Justice. It has its office in Clive House. It formerly had its office in Cleland House in the City of Westminster. The British Overseas Territory of Bermudas HM Prison Service was a separate organisation, in 2004, the Prison Service was responsible for 130 prisons and employed around 44,000 staff. As of 2009 the number of prisons had increased to 131, the Services statement of purpose states Her Majestys Prison Service serves the public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts. Our duty is to look after them with humanity and help them lead law-abiding and useful lives in custody, the Ministry of Justices objective for prisons seeks Effective execution of the sentences of the courts so as to reduce re-offending and protect the public. Population statistics for the Service are published weekly, statistics available for 24 June 2016 showed the service housed 85,130 prisoners,81,274 males and 3,856 females. The over 60s are the fastest growing age category and Professor David Wilson, early in 2004, it was announced that the Prison Service would be integrated into a new National Offender Management Service later in the year. As of 2008, rationalisation of the management system is underway with the advent of the Titan Prison concept. Six new reform prisons are to be built with prison governors in charge of operation, Penal charities claimed reforms would fail if prisoners were crammed into filthy institutions with no staff. In 2015 the Justice Select Committee, following a long prison inquiry, were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012. The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons. Prison officer numbers had reduced from about 23,000 in 2012, already reduced from about 25,000 in 2010. The government had announced an intention of recruiting 2,500 extra prison officers by the end of 2018. Prisons are overcrowded and understaffed leading to riots, prison escapes and it is suggested that alternative punishments should be found for less serious offenders. Also mental health issues of prisoners are not addressed. Prison assaults have been increasing year on year reaching 22,195 from March 2015 to March 2016, assaults by prisoners on staff are rising with just under 700 causing serious injury
3.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
4.
Berkshire
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Berkshire is a county in south east England, west of London. It was recognised as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of Windsor Castle by the Queen in 1957, Berkshire is a county of historic origin and is a home county, a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council. Berkshire County Council was the main county governance from 1889 to 1998 except for the separately administered County Borough of Reading, in 1974, significant alterations were made to the countys administrative boundaries although the traditional boundaries of Berkshire were not changed. The towns of Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire, Slough was gained from Buckinghamshire, since 1998, Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham. It borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Greater London, Surrey, according to Asser, it takes its name from a large forest of box trees that was called Bearroc. Berkshire has been the scene of notable battles through its history. Alfred the Greats campaign against the Danes included the Battles of Englefield, Ashdown, Newbury was the site of two English Civil War battles, the First Battle of Newbury in 1643 and the Second Battle of Newbury in 1644. The nearby Donnington Castle was reduced to a ruin in the aftermath of the second battle, another Battle of Reading took place on 9 December 1688. It was the only military action in England during the Glorious Revolution. Reading became the new county town in 1867, taking over from Abingdon, boundary alterations in the early part of the 20th century were minor, with Caversham from Oxfordshire becoming part of the Reading county borough, and cessions in the Oxford area. On 1 April 1974 Berkshires boundaries changed under the Local Government Act 1972, Berkshire took over administration of Slough and Eton and part of the former Eton Rural District from Buckinghamshire. 94 Signal Squadron still keep the Uffington White Horse in their insignia, the original Local Government White Paper would have transferred Henley-on-Thames from Oxfordshire to Berkshire, this proposal did not make it into the Bill as introduced. On 1 April 1998 Berkshire County Council was abolished under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, unlike similar reforms elsewhere at the same time, the non-metropolitan county was not abolished. Berkshire divides into two distinct sections with the boundary lying roughly on a north-south line through the centre of Reading. The eastern section of Berkshire lies largely to the south of the River Thames, in two places the county now includes land to the north of the river. Tributaries of the Thames, including the Loddon and Blackwater, increase the amount of low lying land in the area. Beyond the flood plains, the land rises gently to the county boundaries with Surrey, much of this area is still well wooded, especially around Bracknell and Windsor Great Park. In the west of the county and heading upstream, the Thames veers away to the north of the county boundary, leaving the county behind at the Goring Gap
5.
Reading Abbey
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Reading Abbey is a large, ruined abbey in the centre of the town of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire. Reading Abbey is currently the focus of a major £3 million project called Reading Abbey Revealed and this project is conserving the ruins so that they can be re-opened to the public. Alongside the conservation, new interpretation of the Reading Abbey Quarter will be installed, Abbey Ward of Reading Borough Council takes its name from Reading Abbey, which lies within its boundaries. The abbey was founded by Henry I in 1121, as part of his endowments, he gave the abbey his lands within Reading, along with land at Cholsey. He also arranged for land in Reading, previously given to Battle Abbey by William the Conqueror, to be transferred to Reading Abbey. Following its royal foundation, the abbey was established by a party of monks from Cluny Abbey in Burgundy, the abbey was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St John the Evangelist. The first abbot, in 1123, was Hugh of Amiens who became archbishop of Rouen and was buried in Rouen Cathedral, the adjacent rivers provided convenient transport, and the abbey established wharves on the River Kennet. The Kennet also provided power for the water mills, most of which were established on the Holy Brook. When Henry I died in Lyons-la-Forêt, Normandy in 1135 his body was returned to Reading, other royal persons buried in the abbey include parts of Matilda of Scotland, William of Poitiers, and Constance of York. The abbey also held over 230 relics including the hand of St James, a shrivelled human hand was found in the ruins during demolition work in 1786 and is now in St Peters RC Church, Marlow. The song Sumer is icumen in, which was first written down in the abbey about 1240, is the earliest known six part harmony from Britain, the original document is held in the British Library. Reading Abbey was frequently visited by kings and others, most especially by Henry III who often visited three or four times a year staying several weeks on each visit, the abbey was largely destroyed in 1538 during Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries. The last abbot, Hugh Cook Faringdon, was tried and convicted of high treason and hanged, drawn. After this, the buildings of the abbey were extensively robbed, with lead, glass, some twenty years after the dissolution, Reading town council created a new town hall by inserting an upper floor into the former refectory of the hospitium of the abbey. The lower floor of this continued to be used by Reading School. For the next 200 years, the old building continued to serve as Readings town hall. Between 1785 and 1786, the old hall was dismantled and replaced on the site by the first of several phases of building that were to make up todays Reading Town Hall. St Jamess Church and School was built on a portion of the site of the abbey between 1837 and 1840 and its founder was James Wheble, who owned land in the area at that time
6.
River Kennet
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The Kennet is a river in the south of England, and a tributary of the River Thames. The lower reaches of the river are navigable to craft and are known as the Kennet Navigation. This, together with the Avon Navigation, the Kennet and Avon Canal, the former local government district of Kennet in Wiltshire was named after it. The River Kennet has been assigned as a Site of Special Scientific Interest from near its sources west of Marlborough down to Woolhampton and this is primarily because it has an extensive range of rare plants and animals that are unique to chalk watercourses. In these early stages it passes close by many sites including Avebury Henge, West Kennet Long Barrow. From there the river flows through Marlborough, Hungerford and Newbury before flowing into the Thames on the reach above Sonning Lock at Reading in Berkshire. The upper reaches of the River Kennet have two tributaries, the River Og which flows into the Kennet at Marlborough and the River Dun which enters at Hungerford, the Kennets principal tributaries below Marlborough are the River Lambourn, the River Enborne and the Foudry Brook. For six miles to the west of, and through, Reading, the Kennet supports a secondary channel, the Holy Brook, the Horseshoe Bridge at Kennet Mouth, a timber-clad iron-truss structure, was built in 1891 as a way for horses towing barges to cross the river. Originally this short stretch of river was under the control of the Abbey, today, including Blakes Lock. From High Bridge through to Newbury, the river was navigable between 1718 and 1723 under the supervision of the engineer John Hore of Newbury. Known as the Kennet Navigation, this stretch of the river is now administered by the Canal & River Trust as part of the Kennet, the River Kennet is a haven for various plants and animals. Its course takes it through the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the protection that this status affords the Kennet means that many endangered species of plants and animals can be found here. Animal species such as the vole, grass snake, reed bunting, brown trout. Crayfish are very common in parts of the river, and not forgetting the foundation to supporting this varied wildlife food chain, there are the insects, many hundreds of species, common and rare, that can be found in and around the River Kennet. There are large hatches of mayflies, whose long-tailed, short-lived adults are a food of trout, many species of water beetle. Caddisflies are also numerous, especially in the late summer. Alongside the river, the beds, grasses and other vegetation support many other insect species, including the scarlet tiger moth, poplar hawk moths. Throughout its history, water mills on the Kennet have been a source of power for various pre-industrial and industrial activities, in places the river has been built up to provide an additional head of water to drive the mills
7.
George Gilbert Scott
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Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him. Born in Gawcott, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, Scott was the son of a cleric and he studied architecture as a pupil of James Edmeston and, from 1832 to 1834, worked as an assistant to Henry Roberts. He also worked as an assistant for his friend, Sampson Kempthorne, who specialised in the design of workhouses, Scotts first work was built in 1833. It was a vicarage for his father, a clergyman, in the village of Wappenham and it replaced the previous vicarage occupied by other relatives of Scott. Scott went on to several other buildings in the village. In about 1835, Scott took on William Bonython Moffatt as his assistant, over ten years or so, Scott and Moffatt designed more than forty workhouses, during the boom in building such institutions brought about by the Poor Law of 1834. In 1837 they built the Parish Church of St John in Wall, at Reading, they built the prison in a picturesque, castellated style. Scotts first church, St Nicholas, was built at Lincoln, with Moffat he built the Neo-Norman church of St Peter at Norbiton, Surrey. Meanwhile, he was inspired by Augustus Pugin to participate in the Gothic revival, while still in partnership with Moffat. He designed the Martyrs Memorial on St Giles, Oxford, and St Giles Church, Camberwell and it did, however, like many churches of the time, incorporate wooden galleries, not used in medieval churches and highly disapproved of by the high church ecclesiological movement. In 1844 he received the commission to rebuild the Nikolaikirche in Hamburg, Scotts entry had been the only design in the Gothic style. In 1854 he remodelled the Camden Chapel in Camberwell, a project in which the critic John Ruskin took a close interest and he added an apse, in a Byzantine style, integrating it to the existing plain structure by substituting a waggon roof for the existing flat ceiling. Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849, in 1853 he built a Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary. Between 1864 and 1876, the Albert Memorial, designed by Scott, was constructed in Hyde Park and it was a commission on behalf of Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, Prince Albert. Scott advocated the use of Gothic architecture for secular buildings, rejecting what he called the absurd supposition that Gothic architecture is exclusively and intrinsically ecclesiastical and he was the winner of a competition to design new buildings in Whitehall to house the Foreign Office and War Office. Before work began, however, the administration which had approved his plans went out of office, palmerston, the new Prime Minister, objected to Scotts use of the Gothic, and the architect, after some resistance drew up new plans in a more acceptable style. Scott was awarded the RIBAs Royal Gold Medal in 1859 and he was appointed an Honorary Liveryman of the Turners Company and in 1872, he was knighted. He died in 1878 and is buried in Westminster Abbey, a London County Council blue plaque marks Scotts residence at the Admirals House on Admirals Walk in Hampstead
8.
Cruciform
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Cruciform means having the shape of a cross or Christian cross. Christian churches are described as having a cruciform architecture. In the Western churches, a cruciform architecture usually, though not exclusively and this layout comprises the following, An east end, containing an altar and often with an elaborate, decorated window, through which light will shine in the early part of the day. A west end, which contains a baptismal font, being a large decorated bowl, in which water can be firstly, blessed. North and south transepts, being arms of the cross and often containing rooms for gathering, small chapels, or in many cases other necessities such as an organ. The crossing, which in later designs often was under a tower or dome, in churches that are not oriented with the altar at the geographical east end, it is usual to refer to the altar end as liturgical east and so forth. Another example of ancient cruciform architecture can be found in Herods temple, DNA can undergo transitions to form a cruciform shape, otherwise known as a Holliday junction. This structure is important for the biological processes of DNA recombination. A cruciform joint is a joint in which 4 spaces are created by the welding of 3 plates of metal at right angles. A cruciform manuscript was a form of Anglo-Saxon / Insular manuscript written with the words in a block shaped like a cross. In music, a melody of four pitches where a line drawn between the outer pair bisects a straight line drawn between the inner pair, thus forming a cross. In its simplest form, the melody is a changing tone. Often representative of the Christian cross, such melodies are cruciform in their retrogrades or inversions, johann Sebastian Bach, whose last name may be represented in tones through a musical cryptogram known as the BACH motif that is a cruciform melody, employed the device extensively. The subject of the fugue in c-sharp minor from The Well-Tempered Clavier Book I is cruciform, the plain sword used by knights, distinctive due to the flat bar used as a guard. The overall shape of the sword when held point down is that of a cross and it is believed this shape was encouraged by the church to remind Knights of their religion. It was however very popular due to the protection it offered to the hand, some airplanes use a cruciform tail design, wherein the horizontal stabilizer is positioned midway up the vertical stabilizer, forming a cruciform shape when viewed from the front or rear. Some examples are the F-9 Cougar, the F-10 Skyknight and the Sud Aviation Caravelle, cruciform web designs use a cross-shaped web page that expands to fill the width and height of the web browser window. There are a number of different approaches to implementing them, in addition to common cross-shaped products, such as key chains and magnets, certain designers have gone so far as to create cruciform devices and accessories
9.
Victorian architecture
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Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria, called the Victorian era, however, many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victorias reign. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles mixed with the introduction of middle east, the name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme, it follows Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture, during the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built. Paxton also continued to build houses as Mentmore Towers, in the still popular English Renaissance styles. In this era of prosperity new methods of construction were developed, other notable Scottish architects of this period are Archibald Simpson and Alexander Marshall Mackenzie whose stylistically varied work can be seen in the architecture of Aberdeen. Victorian architecture usually has many intricate window frames inspired by the famous architect Elliot Rae, some chose the United States, and others went to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Normally, they applied architectural styles that were fashionable when they left England, thus, the influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent architects produced English-derived designs around the world, including William Butterfield, the Victorian period flourished in Australia and is generally recognised as being from 1840 to 1890, which saw a gold rush and population boom during the 1880s in the state of Victoria. There were fifteen styles that predominated, The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are considered to be part of the Federation Period, during the British colonial period of British Ceylon, Sri Lanka Law College, Sri Lanka College of Technology and the Galle Face Hotel. In the United States, Victorian architecture generally describes styles that were most popular between 1860 and 1900, a list of these styles most commonly includes Second Empire, Stick-Eastlake, Folk Victorian, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Shingle. As in the United Kingdom, examples of Gothic Revival and Italianate continued to be constructed during this period, some historians classify the later years of Gothic Revival as a distinctive Victorian style named High Victorian Gothic. Stick-Eastlake, a manner of geometric, machine-cut decorating derived from Stick, on the other hand, terms such as Painted Ladies or gingerbread may be used to describe certain Victorian buildings, but do not constitute a specific style. The names of architectural styles varied between countries, many homes combined the elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another. San Francisco is well known for its extensive Victorian architecture, particularly in the Haight-Ashbury, Lower Haight, Alamo Square, Noe Valley, Castro, Nob Hill, the extent to which any one is the largest surviving example is debated, with numerous qualifications. The Distillery District in Toronto, Ontario contains the largest and best preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America, cabbagetown is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America. Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include The Annex, Parkdale, and Rosedale, in the USA, the South End of Boston is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country. Old Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky also claims to be the nations largest Victorian neighborhood, richmond, Virginia is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being The Fan
10.
HM Prison Pentonville
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HM Prison Pentonville is an English Category B/C mens prison, operated by Her Majestys Prison Service. Pentonville Prison is not in Pentonville, but is located north, on the Caledonian Road in the Barnsbury area of the London Borough of Islington. The first modern prison in London, Millbank, opened in 1816, construction started on 10 April 1840 and was completed in 1842. The cost was £84,186 12s 2d and it had a central hall with five radiating wings, all visible to staff at the centre. This design, intended to keep prisoners isolated – the separate system first used at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia – was not, as is often thought, guards had no view into individual cells from their central position. The cost of keeping a prisoner at Pentonville was about 15 shillings a week in the 1840s, prisoners were forbidden to speak to each other and when out on exercise would tramp in silent rows, wearing brown cloth masks. In chapel, which they had to every day, they sat in cubicles, or coffins as the prisoners referred to them, their heads visible to the warder. The chaplains were very influential, making individual cell visitations, urging the convicts to reform, an official report admitted that for every sixty thousand persons imprisoned in Pentonville there were 220 cases of insanity,210 cases of delusion, and forty suicides. However, conditions were better and healthier than at Newgate and similar older prisons, the work lasted from six in the morning until seven at night. Pentonville became the model for British prisons, a further 54 were built to similar designs over six years, for instance, Pentonville was used as a model for the eventual construction of Corradino Prison in Rahal Gdid, Malta by W. Lamb Arrowsmith in 1842. Prisoners under sentence of death were not housed at Pentonville Prison until the closure of Newgate in 1902, condemned cells were added and an execution room built to house Newgates gallows. At the same time Pentonville took over from Newgate the function of being the location for future executioners. Irish revolutionary Roger Casement was hanged there on 3 August 1916, Udham Singh, the Indian revolutionary, who shot Sir Michael ODwyer, was also held in custody and hanged at Pentonville. Various other people were executed at Pentonville and all were buried at the rear of the prison in unmarked graves. The prison cemetery is at 51°32′44. 05″N 0°06′54. 62″W, the final execution at Pentonville took place on 6 July 1961 when Edwin Bush, aged 21, was hanged. He returned to the four days later after giving himself up to police. The public was warned not to approach the escaped prisoners, Baker was recaptured a few days later hiding in his sisters house in Illford, with Whitlock found by police six days after the breakout. The Prison Officers Association said that the escape of Baker and Whitlock followed years of under investment, steve Gillan of the POA said, The reality of the situation is the focus should be on Government and their budget cuts that have created this situation
11.
Eastern State Penitentiary
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The Eastern State Penitentiary, also known as ESP, is a former American prison in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at 2027 Fairmount Avenue between Corinthian Avenue and North 22nd Street in the Fairmount section of the city, and was operational from 1829 until 1971. The penitentiary refined the system of separate incarceration first pioneered at the Walnut Street Jail which emphasized principles of reform rather than punishment. Notorious criminals such as Al Capone and bank robber Willie Sutton were held inside its innovative wagon wheel design, james Bruno and several male relatives were incarcerated here between 1936-1948 for the alleged murders in the Kelayres Massacre of 1934, before they were pardoned. Designed by John Haviland and opened on October 25,1829, Eastern States revolutionary system of incarceration, dubbed the Pennsylvania system or separate system, encouraged separate confinement as a form of rehabilitation. The Pennsylvania System was opposed contemporaneously by the Auburn system, which held that prisoners should be forced to work together in silence, and could be subjected to physical punishment. Although the Auburn system was favored in the United States, Eastern States radial floor plan, the halls were designed to have the feel of a church. Some believe that the doors were small so prisoners would have a time getting out. Others have explained the small doors forced the prisoners to bow while entering their cell and this design is related to penance and ties to the religious inspiration of the prison. The cells were made of concrete with a glass skylight, representing the Eye of God. Outside the cell was an area for exercise, enclosed by high walls so prisoners could not communicate. Exercise time for each prisoner was synchronized so no two prisoners next to other would be out at the same time. Prisoners were allowed to garden and even keep pets in their exercise yards, when a prisoner left his cell, an accompanying guard would wrap a hood over his head to prevent him from being recognized by other prisoners. Toilets were remotely flushed twice a week by the guards of the cellblock, the original design of the building was for seven one-story cell blocks, but by the time cell block three was completed, the prison was already over capacity. All subsequent cell blocks had two floors, toward the end, cell blocks 14 and 15 were hastily built due to overcrowding. They were built and designed by prisoners, Cell block 15 was for the worst behaved prisoners, and the guards were gated off from there entirely. Inmates were punished with the individual-treatment system, at the time this form of punishment was thought to be most effective. They would be separated from others, in 1924, Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot allegedly sentenced Pep The Cat-Murdering Dog to a life sentence at Eastern State
12.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
13.
Separate system
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The separate system is a form of prison management based on the principle of keeping prisoners in solitary confinement. More commonly however, the separate system is used to refer to a specific type of prison architecture built to support such a system. The first prison built according to the system was the Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. Its design was copied by more than 300 prisons worldwide. Its revolutionary system of incarceration, dubbed the Pennsylvania System or separate system, common features of a separate system prison include a central hall, with several radiating wings of prison blocks, separated from the central hall and from each other by large metal bars. While all the blocks are visible to the prison staff positioned at the centre. This is in contrast to the panopticon prisons, the spaces between the prison blocks and the prison wall are used as exercise yards. By the end of the 19th century, these structures were removed in favour of more open—if communal—exercise yards, however, in certain prisons such as Pentonville, in London, even during communal exercise, prisoners were required to wear masks in silent isolation. Many of these separate system prisons from the 19th century continue to house prisoners to this day, moreover, prisoners incarcerated in separate system prisons were reduced to numbers, their names, faces, and past histories eliminated. The guards and warders charged with overseeing these prisoners knew neither their names nor their crimes, prisoners were hooded upon exiting a cell, and even wore felted shoes to muffle their footsteps. The result was a dumb obedience and a passive disorientation that shattered the criminal community. The regime extended to the chapel, Lincoln Castle, which was used as a gaol in the early Victorian period, in which the prisoners could all see the chaplain. It was also used in the chapel of Port Arthur, Tasmania. The prison in Alfred Besters science fiction novel The Stars My Destination uses the separate system, the Rise and Decline of the Separate System of Prison Discipline. The Aims and Methods of the Separate System
14.
Easter Rising
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The Easter Rising, also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and it was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798, and the first armed action of the Irish revolutionary period. Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Rising began on Easter Monday,24 April 1916, the British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a gunboat. There was fierce fighting on the routes into the city centre. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were surrounded and bombarded with artillery. Germany had sent a shipment of arms to the rebels, Volunteer leader Eoin MacNeill had then issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the number of rebels who mobilised. With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising, Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued until Sunday, when word reached the other rebel positions. After the surrender the country remained under martial law, about 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British, many of whom had played no part in the Rising, and 1,800 of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following courts-martial, the Rising brought physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly 50 years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. It, and the British reaction to it, led to increased support for Irish independence. In December 1918, republicans, represented by the reconstituted Sinn Féin party and they did not take their seats, but instead convened the First Dáil and declared the independence of the Irish Republic, which led to the War of Independence. 485 people were killed in the Easter Rising, about 54% were civilians, 30% were British military and police, and 16% were Irish rebels. Many of the civilians were killed as a result of the British using artillery and heavy machine guns, others were caught in the crossfire in a crowded city. The shelling and the fires it caused left parts of inner city Dublin in ruins, from early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the ensuing exploitation and impoverishment of the island, which led to a high level of depopulation. Opposition took various forms, constitutional, social and revolutionary, the Irish Home Rule movement sought to achieve self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. In 1886, the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell succeeded in having the First Home Rule Bill introduced in the British parliament, the Second Home Rule Bill of 1893 was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. After the fall of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics, the Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and the cultural revival under W. B
15.
Internment
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Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. The term is used for the confinement of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects. Thus, while it can simply mean imprisonment, it tends to refer to preventive confinement, use of these terms is subject to debate and political sensitivities. Interned persons may be held in prisons or in known as internment camps. In certain contexts, these may also be known either officially or pejoratively, internment also refers to a neutral countrys practice of detaining belligerent armed forces and equipment on its territory during times of war under the Hague Convention of 1907. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights restricts the use of internment, article 9 states that No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. The United States set up camps for Cherokee and other Native Americans in the 1830s. From 1863 to 1868, the U. S, military persecuted and imprisoned 9,500 Navajo and 500 Mescalero Apache. Living under armed guards, more than 3,500 Navajo and Mescalero Apache men, women, the term concentration camp saw wider use during the Second Boer War, when the British operated such camps in South Africa for interning Boers. They built 45 tented camps for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans, of the 28,000 Boer men captured as prisoners of war, the British sent 25,630 overseas. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the camps were women and children. Some of them managed to go into exile or went off to join the armies of the Allies in order to fight against the Axis powers, while others ended up in Nazi concentration camps. During the 20th century, the internment of civilians by the state reached its most notorious excesses with the establishment of the Nazi concentration camps. The Nazi concentration camp system was notable for its size, with as many as 15,000 camps. Moreover, Nazi Germany established six camps, specifically designed to kill millions
16.
Borstal
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A borstal was a type of youth detention centre in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. In India, it is known as a borstal school, borstals were run by HM Prison Service and were intended to reform seriously delinquent young people. The word is used loosely to apply to other kinds of youth institution or reformatory, such as Approved Schools. The court sentence was officially called borstal training, borstals were originally for offenders under 21, but in the 1930s the maximum age was increased to 23. The Criminal Justice Act 1982 abolished the system in the UK. In India, borstal schools are used for the imprisonment of minors, as of 31 December 2014, there were 20 functioning borstal schools in India, with a combined total capacity of 2,108 inmates. The Gladstone Committee first proposed the concept of the borstal, wishing to separate youths from older convicts in adult prisons, the system was developed on a national basis and formalised in the Prevention of Crime Act 1908. The regimen in these institutions was designed to be rather than punitive. In the 1930s, the system produced a re-offending rate of around 30%. The Criminal Justice Act 1982 officially abolished the system in the UK. Only male inmates over 18 might be so punished and this power was very rarely used – there were only 7 birching cases in borstals in the 10 years to 1936. This birching power was only in England and Wales. Caning as a more day-to-day punishment was used in the single borstal in Northern Ireland but was not authorised in England, Scotland or Wales, a similar system under the name borstal or borstal school has also been introduced in several other Commonwealth countries. In India,9 States, namely Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu had the highest capacity, at 678 inmates. Himachal Pradesh and Kerala are the states that have the capacity to lodge female inmates in two of their borstal schools. There are no schools in any of the union territories. In Ireland the Criminal Justice Act,1960 removed the term borstal from official use and this was part of a policy to broaden the system from reform and training institutions to a place of detention for youths between 17 and 21 for any sentence which carried a prison term. The only borstal in the state was based for most of its existence in Clonmel, founded in 1906, it finally closed in 1956, when the remaining detainees were transferred to the newly established St. Patricks Institution in Dublin
17.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
18.
Oscar Wilde
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Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he one of Londons most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment, Wildes parents were successful Anglo-Irish, Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life, at university, Wilde read Greats, he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the philosophy of aestheticism. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles, known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with social themes. He wrote Salome in French in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to the prohibition of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, at the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest, was still being performed in London, Wilde had the Marquess of Queensberry prosecuted for criminal libel. The Marquess was the father of Wildes lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, the charge carried a penalty of up to two years in prison. The trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest, after two more trials he was convicted and imprisoned for two years hard labour. Upon his release he left immediately for France, never to return to Ireland or Britain, there he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life. He died destitute in Paris at the age of 46, Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Wilde, two years behind William. Wildes mother was of Italian descent, and under the pseudonym Speranza and she read the Young Irelanders poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Lady Wildes interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece, William Wilde was Irelands leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland. He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore, a renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the citys poor at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road. On his fathers side Wilde was descended from a Dutchman, Colonel de Wilde, on his mothers side Wildes ancestors included a bricklayer from County Durham who emigrated to Ireland sometime in the 1770s. Wilde was baptised as an infant in St, marks Church, Dublin, the local Church of Ireland church
19.
The Ballad of Reading Gaol
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The Ballad of Reading Gaol is a poem by Oscar Wilde, written in exile either in Berneval-le-Grand or in Dieppe, France, after his release from Reading Gaol on 19 May 1897. Wilde had been incarcerated in Reading after being convicted of offences in 1895. During his imprisonment, on Tuesday,7 July 1896, a hanging took place, charles Thomas Wooldridge had been a trooper in the Royal Horse Guards. He was convicted of cutting the throat of his wife, Laura Ellen, earlier that year at Clewer and he was aged 30 when executed. Wilde spent mid-1897 with Robert Ross in Berneval-le-Grand, where he wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, the poem narrates the execution of Wooldridge, it moves from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners as a whole. No attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them, Wilde juxtaposes the executed man and himself with the line Yet each man kills the thing he loves. Wilde too was separated from his wife and sons, the finished poem was published by Leonard Smithers on 13 February 1898 under the name C.3.3. Which stood for cell block C, landing 3, cell 3 and this ensured that Wildes name – by then notorious – did not appear on the poems front cover. It was not commonly known, until the 7th printing in June 1899, a third edition, of 99 numbered copies signed by the author, was printed on 4 March, on the same day a fourth edition of 1,200 ordinary copies was printed. A fifth edition of 1,000 copies was printed on 17 March, so far the books title page had identified the author only as C.3.3.3.3. It brought him an income in his remaining lifetime. The poem consists of 109 stanzas of 6 lines, of 8-6-8-6-8-6 syllables, some stanzas incorporate rhymes within some of all of the 8-syllable lines. The whole poem is grouped into 6 untitled sections of 16,13,37,23,17 and 3 stanzas, Wilde entered prison on 25 March 1895, sentenced to two years hard labour – a punishment that was considered more severe than mere penal servitude. Prisoners were not allowed to speak to other, and. A few months later he was moved to Wandsworth Prison, which had a similar regimen, while he was there, he was required to declare bankruptcy, by which he lost virtually all his possessions including his books and manuscripts.3.3. Prisoners were identified only by their numbers and not by name. Wilde was released from prison on 18 May 1897 and he went to France. He died in Paris, at the age of 46, on 30 November 1900, as one biographer said, Never, perhaps, since Grays Elegy had a poem been so revised, pruned, and polished over and over again as this cry from a prison cell
20.
Charles Thomas Wooldridge
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The son of Eleanor and Charles Wooldridge, Wooldridge was born in East Garston and joined the Royal Horse Guards in 1886. He married Laura Ellen Nell Glendell in 1894 when his regiment was posted to Windsor, at first the couple were devoted to each other, despite the enforced separation. Nell Wooldridge was of a lively and flirtatious nature, while Charles Wooldridge was of a jealous and suspicious disposition, consequently, they argued a great deal when they were together. By March 1896 she had started to use her name again. From then on she avoided Wooldridge, refusing to see him, Wooldridge told the police that he would have cut his own throat if he had not dropped the murder weapon. At his subsequent trial he was defended by H. S, wood of High Wycombe, but the jury took just two minutes to find him guilty, despite Woods attempts to get the charge reduced to manslaughter because of Nells unfaithfulness. Wood set up a petition for a reprieve and, assisted by a Miss Eleanor Grave, however, the trial judge, Judge Hawkins, stated that Wooldridges taking the cut-throat razor with him to Windsor was evidence of premeditation and so refused to consider a reprieve. On the morning of the execution Wooldridge attended a service in the prison chapel, because of The Ballad of Reading Gaol Wooldridge became the most famous person ever to be executed at Reading. The executioner was James Billington, whose use of a longer than specified by the official Table of Drops stretched Wooldridges neck by eleven inches. He was aged only 30 when executed, the execution of Wooldridge had a profound effect on Wilde, inspiring the line in the Ballad Yet each man kills the thing he loves. Wilde was mistaken in his belief that Woodbridge killed his wife in her home,1896, Charles Thomas Wooldridge, of The Ballad of Reading Gaol on the ExecutedToday website Charles Wooldridge on True Crime Library Wooldridge on Oscar Wilde, A Centennial Wreath Of Memories
21.
Stacy Keach
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Walter Stacy Keach, Jr. is an American actor of stage, film, and television. Highly prolific, he has played dramatic roles throughout his career. He has also performed as a narrator for programs including CNBCS American Greed, comedic roles include his role in the Fox sitcom Titus as Ken, the father of comedian Christopher Titus, and as Sergeant Stedenko in Cheech & Chongs films Up in Smoke and Nice Dreams. Keach was born in Savannah, Georgia, the son of Mary Cain, an actress, and Stacy Keach, Sr. a theatre director, drama teacher and his brother James Keach is an actor and television director. Keach graduated from Van Nuys High School in June 1959, where he was class president and he earned a Master of Fine Arts at the Yale School of Drama and was a Fulbright Scholar at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. While studying in London Keach met his acting hero Laurence Olivier, Keach played the title role in MacBird. An Off-Broadway anti-war satire by Barbara Garson staged at the Village Gate in 1966, in 1967, he was cast, again Off Broadway, in George Taboris The Niggerlovers with Morgan Freeman in his acting debut. To this day, Freeman credits Keach with teaching him the most about acting, in 1967, Keach also starred in We Bombed in New Haven, a play by Joseph Heller which premiered in New Haven at the Yale Repertory Theatre and later went on to Broadway. Keach first appeared on Broadway in 1969 as Buffalo Bill in Indians by Arthur Kopit, early in his career, he was credited as Stacy Keach, Jr. to distinguish himself from his father. He played the actor in The Nude Paper Sermon an avant-garde musical theatre piece for media presentation. He has won awards, including Obie Awards, Drama Desk Awards. In the early 1980s, he starred in the role of the national touring company of the musical Barnum composed by Cy Coleman. In 1991 and 1996 he won Helen Hayes Awards for Outstanding Actor for his work in Richard III, in 1998, he was one of the three principals in a London production of Art with George Wendt. In 2006, he performed the role in Shakespeares King Lear at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. In 2008, he played Merlin in Lerner and Loewes Camelot, in the summer of 2009, Shakespeare Theatre Company remounted the production of King Lear at Sidney Harman Hall in Washington, D. C. which won him another Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Actor. He has played the role in two separate productions of Hamlet. In 2008 and 2009, Keach played Richard M. Nixon in the U. S. traveling version of the play Frost/Nixon, on December 16,2010, Keach began performances as patriarch Lyman Wyeth in the off-Broadway premiere of Jon Robin Baitz acclaimed new play Other Desert Cities. The production transferred to Broadways Booth Theatre, where it opened November 3,2011
22.
Amelia Dyer
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Amelia Elizabeth Dyer was one of the most prolific serial-killers in history, murdering infants in her care over a 20-year period in Victorian Britain. She was tried and hanged for one murder, but there is little doubt she was responsible for more similar deaths—possibly 400 or more. Amelia Dyer was born the youngest of five in the village of Pyle Marsh, just east of Bristol, the daughter of a master shoemaker, Samuel Hobley. She learned to read and write and developed a love of literature, however, her childhood was marred by the mental illness of her mother, caused by typhus. Amelia witnessed her mothers violent fits and was obliged to care for her until she died, raving, in 1848. Researchers would later comment on the effect this had on Dyer, Dyer had an elder sister, Sarah Ann who died in 1841, aged 6 and a younger sister also named Sarah Ann who died in 1845, aged a few months. An elder cousin had a daughter at the time who was later accepted as the daughter of the grandparents, Dyers aunt and uncle William. After her mothers death Amelia lived with an aunt in Bristol for a while and her eldest brother, Thomas, inherited the family shoe business. In 1861, at the age of 24, Amelia became permanently estranged from at least one of her brothers, James, George was 59 and they both lied about their ages on the marriage certificate to reduce the age gap. George deducted 11 years from his age and Amelia added 6 years to her age—many sources later reported this age as fact, after marrying George Thomas, Dyer trained as a nurse. This led to the practice of farming in which individuals acted as adoption or fostering agents, in return for regular payments or a single. Many businesses were set up to take in young women. The mothers subsequently left their babies to be looked after as nurse children. £50 might be negotiated if the father of the wanted to hush up his involvement. However, it was common for these expectant young women to be impoverished. Such women would be charged about £5, unscrupulous carers resorted to starving the farmed-out babies, to save money and even to hasten death. Noisy or demanding babies could be sedated with easily available alcohol and/or opiates, godfreys Cordial—known colloquially as Mothers Friend, —was a frequent choice, but there were several other similar preparations. Many children died as a result of such practices, Opium killed far more infants through starvation than directly through overdose
23.
Anthony Joshua
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Anthony Joshua, MBE is a British professional boxer. He has held the IBF heavyweight title since 2016, having held the British. As an amateur he represented Britain at the 2012 Olympics, winning a medal in the super-heavyweight division, he also represented England at the 2011 World Championships. As of February 2017, Joshua is ranked as the worlds best heavyweight by BoxRec, second by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and he also boasts a 100% knockout-to-win ratio. He is also the second boxer, after Joe Frazier, to win a heavyweight title whilst still reigning as Olympic champion at the top weight. Joshua was born in Watford to Nigerian-born parents and his cousin is fellow unbeaten professional boxer Ben lleyemi. The pair made their professional debuts together in 2013, Joshua grew up for some of his early years in Nigeria and returned to the UK halfway through Year Seven to join Kings Langley Secondary School. Growing up on the Meriden Estate in Garston, Hertfordshire, Joshua was called Femi by his friends and former teachers and he excelled at football and athletics and broke the Year Nine 100m record with a time of 11.6 seconds. A late starter in the sport, Joshua only began boxing in 2007, aged 18 and his club, Finchley ABC in Barnet, North London, is also home to professional heavyweight Dereck Chisora. Joshua won the 2009 and 2010 Haringey Box Cup, Joshua won the senior ABA Championships in 2010, in only his 18th bout, and later turned down £50,000 to turn professional. Turning down that £50,000 was easy, I didnt take up the sport for money, I want to win medals. He also went on to win the tournament the following year. In 2010 his domestic success earned him a place on the GB Boxing team, in October 2011 he was named Amateur Boxer of the Year by the Boxing Writers Club of Great Britain. Joshua had a record of 40-3. En route to the final, Joshua secured his place at the 2012 Olympic Games in the 91 kg+ division as a relative new-comer to the level of the sport. Results were, Lost to Dillian Whyte UD-32010 won the ABA National Championships 91 kg+ in Bethnal Green, results were, Defeated Chris Duff WO Defeated Simon Hadden WO Defeated Dominic Winrow RSC-12010 won the Haringey International Tournament in Haringey, London as a Super Heavyweight. Results were, Defeated Otto Wallin PTS2011 won the ABA National Championships 91 kg+ in Colchester, results were, Defeated Fayz Aboadi Abbas PTS2011 came 7th in the 39th European Amateur Boxing Championships 91 kg+ in Ankara, Turkey as a Super Heavyweight. He received a tough draw in the last 16 of the heavyweight event, in Cuban Erislandy Savón, ranked #4 in the world by AIBA
24.
World Boxing Association
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The World Boxing Association is the oldest and one of four major organizations which sanction world championship boxing bouts, alongside the IBF, WBC and WBO. The WBA awards the WBA world championship title at the professional level, by 1975, a majority of votes were held by Latin American nations, and the organization headquarters were moved to Panama. After being located during the 1990s and early 2000s in Venezuela, the World Boxing Association can be traced back to the original National Boxing Association, organized in the United States in 1921. The first bout it recognized was the Jack Dempsey–Georges Carpentier Heavyweight Championship bout in New Jersey, the NBA was formed by representatives from thirteen American states, including Sam Milner, to counterbalance the influence that the New York State Athletic Commission wielded in the boxing world. The NBA and the NYSAC sometimes crowned different world champions in the same division and it also did not conduct purse bids or collect sanctioning fees. Gilberto Mendoza from Venezuela was the President of the WBA since 1982 until his death in 2016, in the 1990s, the WBA moved its central offices from Panama City, Panama, to Caracas, Venezuela. In January 2007, it returned its offices to Panama, in 2014 the WBA approved the creation of the WBA Oceania based in Brisbane, Australia. The WBA Oceanias inaugural Committee is President Francisco Martinez, Vice President Damon Locantro, Secretary Derek Milham, the WBA has been plagued with charges of corruption for years. In a 1981 Sports Illustrated article, a WBA judge claimed that he was influenced by the WBA president to support certain fighters, the same article also discussed a variety of bribes paid to WBA officials to obtain title fights or rankings with the organization. In a 1982 interview, the promoter Bob Arum claimed that he had to pay off WBA officials to obtain rankings for his fighters. This particular practice has come under scrutiny, as several boxing experts consider it a means for the organization to gain more sanctioning fees within each division, the WBA continued ranking Ali Raymi in its flyweight rankings in 2015, despite the fact that he was dead. Ali Raymi was ranked Number 6 at the time of his death, the WBA recognises the title holders from the WBC, WBO, and IBF organisations. The WBA refers to a champion who holds two or more of these titles in the weight class as a Super Champion, Unified Champion. This applies even if the WBA title is not one of the held by the Undisputed Champion. As a result, the WBAs official list of champions will often show a WBA Super World Champion, a WBA champion may be promoted to Super Champion without winning another organizations title, Chris John, Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Anselmo Moreno are examples. The WBA will also promote their titlist to a Super champion when he defends his title five times
25.
International Boxing Federation
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In 1983, at the WBAs annual convention, held in Puerto Rico that year, Bob Lee, president of the USBA, lost in his bid to become WBA president against Gilberto Mendoza. Lee and others withdrew from the convention after the election, at first, the new group was named the USBA-International. They decided to base the new organization in New Jersey, where its offices are still located. The IBFs first world champion was Marvin Camel, a former World Boxing Council world Cruiserweight champion who won the IBFs belt in the same division, during its first year of existence, however, the IBF remained largely obscure. But by 1984, the IBF decided to recognize Larry Holmes, Aaron Pryor, Marvin Hagler and Donald Curry, already established champions from other organizations, in Holmes case, he relinquished his WBC title to accept the IBFs recognition. It established the IBF as the sanctioning body, and a legitimate organization. Hiawatha Knight then became the first woman president of any of the governing boxing bodies. In 2001, Marian Muhammad followed her as president, the organization was under federal observation from Lees conviction through September 2004. After Marian Muhammad, the next IBF president was Daryl J. Peoples, List of boxing organisations List of IBF world champions Official website All-time IBF World champions - Reference book
26.
Historic England
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Historic England is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It is tasked with protecting the environment of England by preserving and listing historic buildings, ancient monuments. The body was created by the National Heritage Act 1983. Historic England has a remit to and complements the work of Natural England which aims to protect the natural environment. Historic England inherits English Heritages position as the UK governments statutory adviser and this includes archaeology on land and under water, historic buildings sites and areas, designated landscapes and the historic elements of the wider landscape. It monitors and reports on the state of Englands heritage and publishes the annual the Heritage at Risk survey which is one of the UK Governments Official statistics and it is tasked to secure the preservation and enhancement of the man-made heritage of England for the benefit of future generations. Giving grants national and local organisations for the conservation of buildings, monuments. In 2013/14 over £13 million worth of grants were made to support heritage buildings, advising central UK government on which English heritage assets are nationally important and should be protected by designation. Administering and maintaining the register of Englands listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered battlefields, conservation areas and protected parks and this is published as an online resource as The National Heritage List for England. Advising local authorities on managing changes to the most important parts of heritage, providing expertise through advice, training and guidance to improve the standards and skills of people working in heritage, practical conservation and access to resources. In 2009–2010 it trained around 200 professionals working in local authorities, consulting and collaborating with other heritage bodies, local and national planning organisations e. g. It is not responsible for approving alterations to listed buildings, the management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Department for Communities and Local Government. It also owns the National Heritage Collection of nationally important historic sites, however they do not run these sites as this function is instead carried out by the English Heritage Trust under licence until 2023. Britain from Above, presents the unique Aerofilms collection of photographs from 1919-1953. Images of England website Heritage Explorer, Education site for teachers Department for Culture Media and Sport
27.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
28.
South East England
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South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, as with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km², and is also the most populous with a population of over eight. Its proximity to London and connections to several national motorways have led to south east England becoming an economic hub and it is the location of Gatwick Airport, the UKs second-busiest airport, and its coastline along the English Channel provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland Europe. The region is known for its countryside, which includes the North Downs, the River Thames flows through the region and its basin is known as the Thames Valley. The region has many universities, the University of Oxford is ranked among the best in the world. South east England is host to sporting events, including the annual Henley Royal Regatta, Royal Ascot and the Epsom Derby. Some of the events of the 2012 Summer Olympics were held in the south east, including the rowing at Eton Dorney, the largest city in the region is Brighton & Hove. The dominant influence on the economy is neighbouring London. The highest point is Walbury Hill in Berkshire at 297 metres, until 1999, there was a south east Standard Statistical Region, which also included the counties of Bedfordshire, Greater London, Essex and Hertfordshire. The former south east Civil Defence Region covered the area as the current government office region. The South East is also used as a synonym for the home counties. The population of the region at the 2011 census was 8,634,750 making it the most populous English region, the major conurbations of the region include Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton, Portsmouth, Southampton and Reading. Settlements closer to London are part of the known as the Greater London Urban Area. The South East has the highest percentage of people born outside of Britain other than London. Estimates in 2007 state 87. 2% of people as White British,4. 8% Other White,3. 5% South Asians,1. 5% Mixed Race,1. 6% Black British,0. 7% Chinese,0. 7% Other. The area also has some seats where there is support for other parties, for example, Slough and Oxford for Labour. Buckingham, the seat of Speaker John Bercow, is also in this region, out of 83 parliamentary seats, the Conservatives hold 78
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HM Prison Blantyre House
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HM Prison Blantyre House was a Category C/D resettlement prison for men, located on the outskirts of Goudhurst in Kent, England. The prison was operated by Her Majestys Prison Service until it closed in January 2016, originally a country house, the Prison Service converted the building into a Young Offenders Institution in 1954. The prison was then re-classified as a prison in 1991. Blantyre House courted controversy in 1996 after an accused the prison regime of corruption. This followed an incident that resulted in the death of a grandmother when two prisoners caused a traffic accident during a 100 mph chase while out on day release. In 2000 a large raid at Blantyre House caused controversy amongst the press, Prison authorities claimed the raid was needed to expose potential deep-rooted corruption at the prison. The following year Blantyre House was singled out as having the best community relations of any prison in the UK along with one of the lowest re-offending rates, the management at Blantyre House was amalgamated with HMP East Sutton Park in 2007. In the same year the Home Office announced plans to expand the prison by building a new block which could double capacity at Blantyre House when built. Prisoners tend to have served three years or more in other prisons and are transferred to Blantyre House to complete the last part of their sentence. Because of this the main focus is the re-integration and re-settlement of prisoners into the community. Prisoners are also able to find paid work outside of the prison 12 months before their release. The prison closed in January 2015, there are no confirmed plans regarding what to do with the buildings Satpal Ram, convicted murderer whose case caused controversy after allegations racism by the courts and prison service
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HM Prison Bronzefield
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HMP Bronzefield is a Category A adult and young offender females prison located on the outskirts of Ashford in Surrey, England. Bronzefield is the only private prison solely for women in the UK. The prison is operated by Sodexo Justice Services, Bronzefield Prison was opened in June 2004 as the UKs new top security prison for women. In 2009, a 77 bed unit was built on the existing site, plans also exist to further expand the prison to include a male section along the lines of HMP Peterborough making it a dual prison holding males and females. In 2012 it was reported that Bronzefield was the first prison in the UK to have its own branch of the Womens Institute, the branch is for members of staff and inmates who are taking part of resettlement programmes ahead of their release. HM Prison Bronzefield is currently one of two prisons to house Category A prisoners in the female estate. The prison is staffed by approx 140 prison custody officers which has a ratio of 50% female, Bronzefield is also a local prison, taking prisoners directly from the courts. Bronzefield holds a range of female offenders, including remand. Accommodation at Bronzefield is divided into four residential units, each holding approximately 135 women. The prison also has a 12 bed Mother and Baby Unit, Bronzefield has a Level 4 Healthcare provision with inpatient facilities for 18 women, as well as a smaller 10-bed Help & Direction Unit. Bronzefield offers full-time education courses including Art, ESOL and Information Technology, there are also workshops in Cleaning Science and Arts and Crafts. The report condemned their practices, in particular for keeping a prisoner in segregation for five years in bad conditions
31.
HM Prison Coldingley
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HM Prison Coldingley is a Category C mens prison, located in the village of Bisley, in Surrey, England. The prison is operated by Her Majestys Prison Service, Coldingley was opened in 1969 as a Category B training prison. The opening was attended by Lord Stonham, Minister of State at the Home Office, in 1991 Coldingley was hailed as a flagship prison in England. In 1993 Coldingley was re-designated as Category C training prison, a report published in 2004, by Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons, criticised the prison for its lack of work and training for inmates, and poor prisoner resettlement programmes. In 2006 Coldingley was criticised again after it emerged that inmates at the prison were earning up to £11,000 a year for prison work as well as earning up to £1,300 in working tax credits. In 2005, the Howard League for Penal Reform set up a design studio in Coldingley which offers prisoners fully remunerated employment at market rates. Coldingley consists of 5 wings, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, wings A-D consist of 87 single cells and 3 doubles. Echo Wing also has single cells with a number of doubles. E Wing houses kitchen Workers, Orderlies & inmates enrolled in the Rehabilitation of Addicted Prisoners Trust course, E Wing cells have in-cell sanitation and a shower. The other wings all operate on an automated night sanitation system, high wages are not on offer at Coldingley anymore, but inmates can still earn up to £33 a week in the various industries located within the Prison. These industries are, Laundry, Sign Shop and Engineering, Coldingley also operates a Crime Diversion Scheme, in which inmates are employed. There is a brand new Education block which is reaching its potential. The facilities in the block are of a high standard. The Education department offers courses, such as, Numeracy, literacy, Bookkeeping, Business Enterprise, Art, IT courses, preparation for work. A brand new gym was completed and opened to inmates in January 2009, the new equipment has already begun to inspire inmates and Prison officers to improve their fitness & health. The gym contains a variety of cardiovascular and weight training machines,5 treadmills,4 ergometers,4 cross trainers,2 bikes &2 recumbent bikes. Inmates are offered 7 gym sessions every fortnight, Coldingley has a small library, which has a reasonable selection of books. Ministry of Justice pages on Coldingley HMP Coldingley - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports
32.
HM Prison Elmley
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HM Prison Elmley is a local Category B/C mens prison, located close to the village of Eastchurch on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent. The term local means that this prison holds people on remand to the local courts, Elmley once formed part of the Sheppey prisons cluster, which included HMP Standford Hill and HMP Swaleside, it is now a stand-alone establishment. The prison is operated by Her Majestys Prison Service, Elmley is a purpose built prison opened in 1992, and is one of six Bullingdon design prisons in England. A new Category C Unit was opened at the prison in 1997, in 2000, Elmley Prison had a serious infestation of fleas, affecting both inmates and staff at the prison. In a 2001 investigation, Elmley prison was employing drug dealers to smuggle large amounts of cocaine into the prison, in a 2003 report Elmley Prison was praised for making noticeable improvements, despite being overcrowded. However the report raised concerns about the number of prisoners who were being held two together in cells designed for one. The report also highlighted the lack of resources for dealing with foreign nationals in the prison, the problem of overcrowding at Elmley Prison was highlighted again in 2004 in a report from the Independent Monitoring Board. The report also criticised Emley for its staff shortages meant that prisoners had less time out of their cells. Overcrowding was identified as a key concern again in a report in 2007 on Elmley Prison, in November 2014, A prisoner at the prison had been found dead on the day a damning report highlighted staff shortages and overcrowding at the jail. His death is the seventh in custody at the Kent jail this year, on 3 December 2014, Another prisoner has been found dead in his cell at the prison - the third in as many weeks. Elmley Prison holds unsentenced and sentenced men and unsentenced male young offenders from all of the courts in the county of Kent. Accommodation at the prison comprises five House Blocks holding between 183 and 240 prisoners each in single, double and treble cells, a sixth House Block has recently opened and houses the remaining 282 prisoners. Education at the prison concentrates on improving key and basic skills as well as Information Technology, Art, ESOL, the PE department offers a range of qualifications and in conjunction with Charlton Athletic F. C. offers a range of football qualifications. In addition the works with the local Primary Care Trust to offer Health trainer Qualifications. Daily employment is available at Elmley in horticulture, environmental services and recycling, production workshops, laundry. Vocational training qualifications are offered in all work areas. There is a visitors centre at Elmley Prison. Facilities include a childrens play area and a canteen
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HM Prison Ford
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HM Prison Ford is a Category D mens prison, located at Ford, in West Sussex, England, near Arundel and Littlehampton. The prison is operated by Her Majestys Prison Service, the site was initially RAF Ford before changing into Royal Naval Air Station Ford a Fleet Air Arm station. The following units were here at some point, The site was converted to a prison in 1960 with a capacity of 521. The prison houses convicted adult males and specialises in dealing with non-violent offenders with a low risk of absconding, media during the 1990s widely portrayed Ford as the favoured location for the placement of high-profile and celebrity prisoners, though this was more of a tabloid-led portrayal rather than fact. Creating headlines, in 1996 Lord Brocket, aged 44, was transferred to Ford following an incident in which he was stabbed in a prison in Bedfordshire. Following that incident, he was denied the freedom that comes with a stay in an open prison. The Board of Visitors at the time had raised concern over the system regarding inmates being able to obtain medical treatment. Chairpersons Mrs Lillian Holdsworth and subsequently Mrs Alison Munn had discussed this at Area Manager level, the system was changed after this incident and all external medical appointments more thoroughly vetted. Since about 1999 Ford has had a varied population. Jonathan Aitken was sent to an Open Prison in Kent, the prison has been criticised for its lax security – especially after 70 people, including three murderers serving the last three years of their sentences, absconded in 2006 alone. The report also found that drugs, alcohol and mobile phones were being smuggled into the prison for inmates, two months later, an inspection report from Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons found that inmates were leaving the prison complex at night to acquire alcohol. The report also stated that the prison was underperforming in preparing inmates for resettlement on release, in October 2009, an investigation was launched after it emerged that a prisoner at Ford had been able to remove documents from a disused office in the prison complex. Open prisons are operated on trust, prisoners who break this trust are often sent back to closed conditions or have their freedom curtailed. Staffing levels have often considered to be too low by the IMB even as far back as 1997 and 1998. The IMB Annual Reports, made to the Home Secretary, are available to the public once they have been vetted for any confidential information, in July 2010, managers of Ford Prison had to apologise after Muslim prisoners at the jail were served burgers containing pork. 20 Muslim inmates were served the food before they noticed that the packaging for the burgers listed pork as an ingredient. On 1 January 2011, inmates at Ford Prison started a riot after they were ordered to undergo tests for contraband alcohol. Approximately 40 prisoners began smashing windows and activating fire alarms, the incident then escalated, eight blocks at the open jail were set on fire
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HM Prison Grendon
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HM Prison Grendon is a Category B mens prison, located in the village of Grendon Underwood, in Buckinghamshire, England. The prison is operated by Her Majestys Prison Service, and is managed with HMP Spring Hill which is situated next to Grendon. Opened in 1962, Grendon was initially used as a psychiatric prison. It developed into a therapeutic community prison based upon principles established at the Henderson Hospital in London, there are five, sometimes six discrete therapeutic communities, each with over 40 resident prisoners. In 2014, a small tc opened for prisoners with learning disabilities who had previously excluded from treatment. This TC+ was modelled on similar projects begun the year at Dovegate. Research studies have shown lower levels of reoffending for men who stay longer than eighteen months, over the years, Grendon has slowly evolved into a mainstream prison with a standard regime. However the prison is the United Kingdoms only therapeutic community for the treatment of serious sex offenders. Three prisoners escaped from Grendon in October 2001, the three inmates were recaptured days later. A prisoner at Grendon serving 18 years for robbery escaped in June 2003 while at the John Radcliffe Hospital for treatment, in October 2006 another prisoner escaped whilst returning to Grendon. The inmate had been released on a licence, and was being driven back to the prison by officers, when he jumped out of the moving car on to a motorway. Grendon Prison holds category B & C adult male prisoners in England & Wales, each the six wings of the prison is a therapeutic community which operates autonomously. Grendon Prison has a centre, which has been awarded a Charter Mark for its facilities. These include a childrens playroom and an outside play area, a baby changing room, toilets. Ministry of Justice pages on Grendon HMP Grendon - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports
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HM Prison Isle of Wight
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HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name, across the three sites there were nearly 1,700 prisoners making it one of the largest prisons in the country. The reorganization took effect on 1 April 2009, in March 2013 Camp Hill closed, reducing the overall prison population by 595. The idea for re-organising the three prisons was suggested in October 2008 as a way of improving efficiency across the three sites. The plans attracted criticism from prison officers who feared for their jobs and claimed with fewer staff on duty, the safety of staff, inmates and the public was being put at risk. The chairman of the Prison Officers Association claimed that the aim of the move was to save around £1.1 million through natural wastage. However none of these new names were implemented and the new name HMP Isle of Wight was announced in March 2009 and it was also stated that the individual sites would still retain their old names. HMP Isle of Wight was officially launched on 1 April 2009, on the day of the launch the prison union slammed the move stating that it had only been done to save money, and would become more of a danger to the public. The main motivation of clustering, as the process is known, is cost cutting, in May 2010 a man dressed as Snoopy and an accomplice failed in their attempt to enter the Albany site in the prison, trying to free a prisoner. The pistol the costumed man carried was a water gun, the person the men were trying to free was actually located in the Camp Hill site at the time. In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that the Camp Hill site of the prison will close, the prison formally closed in March 2013. Clustering Project information on HM Prison Service website HM Prison Service pages on HMP Isle of Wight
