1.
St. George station
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St. George is a station on the Yonge-University and Bloor-Danforth lines in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located north of Bloor Street West between St. George Street and Bedford Road and this is the second-busiest station, after Bloor-Yonge Station, serving a combined total of approximately 276,260 people a day. Wi-fi service is available at this station, St. George Street entrance is automatic and staffed during rush hours. Patrons board the 26 Dupont bus from a platform within the boundaries at this entrance without the need for a paper transfer. The Bedford entrance has two turnstiles with Presto card access, between 1963 and 1966, there was a direct surface connection at the Bedford Road subway entrance to Bloor and Danforth streetcars. The Bedford Loop was immediately south of the structure and had opened in 1954 to provide a short turn facility for westbound streetcars serving Bloor station on the new Yonge Subway. Streetcars entered from Bedford Road, turned west into the loop beside the station and this loop gave passengers travelling in peak hours a more direct connection between the subway and eastbound and westbound streetcars than walking to/from the curbside stops. The loop closed in February 1966 when streetcar routes were replaced by the Bloor-Danforth Subway, in 1999, this station became accessible with elevators. Bay and St. George stations each have four parallel tracks, between these stations and Museum is a full double-track, grade-separated wye junction. The tracks to and from Museum connect to the upper St. George and Lower Bay stations, while the tracks along Bloor use lower St. George and upper Bay. From February to September 1966 all three sides of the wye were used in service, from each of three terminals — Eglinton, Keele, and Woodbine — trains ran alternately to the other two. After the six months of interlining, the Bloor-Danforth Line became a separate route, upper St. George would become the terminus of the Yonge-University line until 1978, when the extension to Wilson was opened. Lower Bay is sometimes used as a movie or TV set, some areas of the station contain wayfinding signage with the image of a crest with a dragon, referencing the Christian legend of St. George. However, St. George Street is actually named for Quetton St. George, the signs were designed by Paul Arthur and installed in 1993 as part of a new system of wayfinding signage, which was to be implemented in the entire subway system. Ultimately, the TTC did not go through with the project but did not remove the prototypes either, a further wayfinding project began implementation in 2014, using circles with the colour and number of each line to identify them more easily. Signage for that project rolled out at Bloor-Yonge station in March of that year, upon leaving the station, the line curves south by 90 degrees to run under Queen’s Park. 26 Dupont to Jane Station Media related to St. George Station at Wikimedia Commons St. George Station at the Toronto Transit Commission
2.
Hawker Siddeley Canada
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Hawker Siddeley Canada was the Canadian unit of the Hawker Siddeley Group of the United Kingdom and manufactured railcars, subway cars, streetcars, aircraft engines and ships from the 1960s to 1980s. Founded in 1962 as the Canadian division of British Hawker Siddeley Group, Hawker Siddeley Canada focused on manufacturing heavy rail cars and transit vehicles. Its formation in 1962 saw the company control of several A. V. Hawker Siddeley forced its DOSCO subsidiary to close money-losing coal mines and steel mills, subsequently expropriated by the federal, likewise, CC&F was forced to shed various assets. Halifax Shipyards was sold to Irving Shipbuilding Inc. a subsidiary of J. D. Irving Limited, Hawker Siddeley Canadas operations were then acquired by Kingston-based UTDC. SNC-Lavalin purchased the business but mothballed the TrentonWorks plant, which was later acquired by the Government of Nova Scotia. SNC-Lavalin sold the Thunder Bay plant to Bombardier Transportation and the Hawker Siddeley Canada name was dissolved in 2001. Today the Thunder Bay plant is owned by Bombardier Transportation, the Thunder Bay plant primarily built passenger rail and transit equipment, while the Trenton plant built freight cars. RTC85/RTC-85SP/RTC-85SPD lightweight commuter cars for GO Transit, urban Transportation Development Corporation Bombardier Transportation Montreal Locomotive Works Molson, Ken M. and Taylor, Harold A. Stittsville, Ontario, Canadas Wings, Inc.1982, the Camshaft Control Hawkers HS railcar gallery
3.
Urban Transportation Development Corporation
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The Urban Transportation Development Corporation Ltd. was a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Ontario, Canada. It was created in the 1970s as a way to enter what was expected to be a burgeoning market in advanced light rail mass transit systems. UTDC built a team of engineers and project managers. It developed significant expertise in linear propulsion, steerable trucks and driverless system controls which were integrated into a system known as the Intermediate Capacity Transit System. Urban Transportation Development Corporation Ltd. was a holding company, during its time it held several wholly owned subsidiary companies, Metro Canada Ltd. was established as the contracting, delivery and operating company for system sales. UTDC USA Inc. was a company located in Detroit. UTDC Services Inc. provided transit service consulting to international clients, UTDC Research and Development Ltd. was formed to support the continuing improvement of the group’s base technology, and to repurpose it and apply it to different, non-transit markets. Buses that ran on rails, materials handling systems, steerable trucks for freight rail cars, the Services and R&D companies were merged in the mid-1980s to form Transportation Technology Ltd. The Intermediate Capacity Transit System was sold into three markets, the Toronto Transit Commission for its Scarborough RT line, Detroits Detroit People Mover, and Vancouvers SkyTrain system. Now armed with a portfolio from light to heavy rail, UTDC had a number of additional successes in North America. It was privatized in the 1980s, when it was purchased by Lavalin of Quebec, the UTDC factories in Kingston and Thunder Bay continue to produce rapid transit systems for use in Ontario and abroad. Toronto grew extensively during the 1960s and 1970s, and like many cities in North America, most of this growth was in the suburbs. In order to move workers to and from the business and industrial areas in the city centre, an series of expressways was planned. As work on the new highways started, a wave of public protest followed as many houses, the work became increasingly opposed in Toronto, especially after the cause was taken up by famous urban commentator, Jane Jacobs. In 1971 Bill Davis won the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership contest, if we are building a transportation system to serve the automobile, the Spadina Expressway would be a good place to start. But if we are building a system to serve people. Davis felt that the future of urban transit lay not in the automobile, in keeping with this, the street portion of the Spadina Expressway was cancelled in 1971, but full funding remained for the Spadina subway line that shared the same right-of-way. However, subways were suitable only for high-density routes that could afford to pay for their construction and operation
4.
Bombardier Transportation
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Bombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Canadian firm Bombardier Inc. Bombardier Transportation is one of the worlds largest companies in the rail vehicle, the division is headquartered in Berlin, Germany, and has regional offices and major development facilities in Canada and the United States. Bombardier Transportation has many production and development facilities worldwide. Bombardier Transportation produces a range of products including passenger rail vehicles, locomotives, bogies, propulsion and controls. Laurent Troger is the president and chief operating officer of Bombardier Transportation, in January 2011, the company had 34,900 employees,25,400 of them in Europe, and 60 manufacturing locations around the world. Bombardier Transportations first order for mass transit rolling stock was in 1974 for the Société de transport de Montréal to build trains for the Montreal Metro. The core of the Transportation group was formed with the purchase of Montreal Locomotive Works in 1975, with that purchase, Bombardier acquired MLWs LRC tilting train design which it produced in the 1980s. The group also purchased Urban Transportation Development Corporation from the Government of Ontario, MLW was sold to General Electric in 1988. GE ended railcar operations in Canada in 1993, Bombardier Transportation continues to operate the railcar operations in Thunder Bay. In 1987, Bombardier bought the assets of US railcar manufacturers Budd, in 1990, Procor Engineering Ltd. of Horbury near Wakefield, UK, a manufacturer of bodyshells, was acquired, and renamed Bombardier Prorail. In 1991, the grouping Bombardier Eurorail was formed consisting of the companys European subsidiaries, BN, ANF-Industrie, Prorail, in 1992, the company acquired Mexicos largest railway rolling-stock manufacturer, Concarril, from the Mexican government. In 1995, Waggonfabrik Talbot KG in Aachen, Germany, and in 1998, Deutsche Waggonbau AG, DWA encompassed the major portion of the railway equipment industry of the former East Germany, and had its principal sites in Bautzen and Görlitz. In 2001, Bombardier Transportation acquired Adtranz from DaimlerChrysler, and became by many measurements the Western worlds largest rail-equipment manufacturer, the addition of ADtranz made Bombardier a manufacturer of locomotives along with its existing product lines of passenger carriages, multiple-unit trains, and trams. With the acquisition of ADtranz, Bombardier also gained competence in the propulsion components business. Other sites had their work reduced in scope, or were closed. In Sep 2014 the downsizing and eventual closure of the Maryborough factory was announced, in January 2015, the government of Hungary nationalised the loss-making and under-utilised Bombardier carriage works at Dunakeszi, acquiring a 64. 9% stake for $7.8 million. An IPO was planned for late 2015, the investment initially representing a 30% stake - a valuation of $5 billion. The sale was required in part to continue the financing of the parent companys C-Series jet, in Aug 2016 Bombardier opened a 6,000 square metres production facility in Isando, Johannesburg, South Africa
5.
Hitachi
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Hitachi, Ltd. is a Japanese multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is the parent company of the Hitachi Group and forms part of the DKB Group of companies, Hitachi is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices. It is ranked 38th in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 and 129th in the 2012 Forbes Global 2000, Hitachi was founded in 1910 by electrical engineer Namihei Odaira in Ibaraki Prefecture. The companys first product was Japans first 5-horsepower induction motor, initially developed for use in copper mining, odairas company soon became the domestic leader in electric motors and electric power industry infrastructure. The company began as a venture of Fusanosuke Kuharas mining company in Hitachi. Odaira moved headquarters to Tokyo in 1918, long before that, he coined the company’s toponymic name by superimposing two kanji characters, hi meaning “sun” and tachi meaning “rise”. The young companys national aspirations were conveyed by its original brand mark, world War II and its aftermath devastated the company. Many of its factories were destroyed by Allied bombing raids, and after the war, founder Odaira was removed from the company. Nevertheless, as a result of three years of negotiations, Hitachi was permitted to all but 19 of its manufacturing plants. The cost of such a production shutdown, though, compounded by a labor strike in 1950. Only the Korean War saved the company from complete collapse, Hitachi and many other struggling Japanese industrial firms benefited from defense contracts offered by the American military. Meanwhile, Hitachi went public in 1949, Hitachi America, Ltd. was established in 1959. Hitachi Europe, Ltd. was established in 1982, in March 2011, Hitachi agreed to sell its hard disk drive subsidiary, HGST, to Western Digital for a combination of cash and shares worth US$4.3 billion. Due to concerns of a duopoly of WD and Seagate Technology by the EU Commission, the transaction was completed in March 2012. The talks subsequently broke down and were suspended, the joint venture began operations in February 2014. It is a high density information storage medium utilizing laser etched/readable Fused quartz, Hitachi is taking for 2016 an estimated ¥65 billion write-off in value of a SILEX technology laser uranium enrichment joint venture with General Electric. Hitachi Consulting is a management and technology consulting firm with headquarters in Dallas, Texas. Hitachi Data Systems is an owned subsidiary of Hitachi which provides hardware, software
6.
Thunder Bay
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Thunder Bay is a city in, and the seat of, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is the most populous municipality in Northwestern Ontario with a population of 108,359 as of the Canada 2011 Census, European settlement in the region began in the late 17th century with a French fur trading outpost on the banks of the Kaministiquia River. Forestry and manufacturing played important roles in the citys economy and they have declined in recent years, but have been replaced by a knowledge economy based on medical research and education. Thunder Bay is the site of the Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, the city takes its name from the immense Thunder Bay at the head of Lake Superior, known on 18th-century French maps as Baie du Tonnerre. The city is referred to as the Lakehead, or Canadian Lakehead. European settlement at Thunder Bay began with two French fur trading posts which were subsequently abandoned, in 1803, the Montreal-based North West Company established Fort William as its mid-continent entrepôt. The fort thrived until 1821 when the North West Company merged with the Hudsons Bay Company, by the 1850s, the Province of Canada began to take an interest in its western extremity. Discovery of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan had prompted a demand for mining locations on the Canadian shores of Lake Superior. In 1849, French-speaking Jesuits established the Mission de lImmaculée-Conception on the Kaministiquia to evangelize the Ojibwe, the Province of Canada negotiated the Robinson Treaty in 1850 with the Ojibwa of Lake Superior. As a result, an Indian reserve was set aside for them south of the Kaministiquia River, in 1859–60, the Department of Crown Lands surveyed two townships and the Town Plot of Fort William for European-Canadian settlement. Another settlement developed a few miles to the north of Fort William after construction by the federal Department of Public Works of a road connecting Lake Superior with the Red River Colony, the work was directed by Simon James Dawson. This public works depot or construction headquarters acquired its first name in May 1870 when Colonel Garnet Wolseley named it Prince Arthurs Landing and it was renamed Port Arthur by the Canadian Pacific Railway in May 1883. The arrival of the CPR in 1875 sparked a rivalry between the towns, which did not end until the amalgamation of 1970. Until the 1880s, Port Arthur was a larger and dynamic community. The CPR, in collaboration with the Hudsons Bay Company, preferred east Fort William, provoked by a prolonged tax dispute with Port Arthur and its seizure of a locomotive in 1889, the CPR relocated all its employees and facilities to Fort William. The collapse of silver mining after 1890 undermined the economy of Port Arthur and it had an economic depression, while Fort William thrived. In the era of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Thunder Bay began a period of growth, based on improved access to markets via the transcontinental railway. The CPR double-tracked its Winnipeg–Thunder Bay line, the Canadian Northern Railway established facilities at Port Arthur
7.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
8.
Toronto Transit Commission
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The Toronto Transit Commission is a public transport agency that operates bus, rapid transit, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1921, the TTC comprises four rapid transit lines with 69 stations, over 149 bus routes, and 10 streetcar lines. In 4th quarter 2012, the daily ridership was 2.76 million passengers,1,425,300 by bus,271,100 by streetcar,46,400 by intermediate rail. The TTC also operates paratransit service for the elderly and disabled. The TTC is the third most heavily used urban mass transit system in North America, after the New York City Transit Authority, public transit in Toronto started in 1849 with a privately operated transit service. In later years, the city operated some routes, but in 1921 assumed control over all routes, during this period, streetcars provided the bulk of the service. In 1954, the TTC adopted its present name, opened the first subway line, the system has evolved to feature a wide network of surface routes with the subway lines as the backbone. On February 17,2008, the TTC made many improvements, finally reversing more than a decade of service reductions. The Gloucester subway cars, the first version of TTC subway cars, another common slogan is The Better Way. The TTC has recovered about 70% of its costs from the fare box in recent years. From its creation in 1921 until 1971, the TTC was self-supporting both for capital and operations, deficits and subsidies soared throughout the 1970s and 1980s, followed by service cuts and a period of ridership decline in the 1990s, partly attributable to recession. Since then, the TTC has consistently been in financial difficulties, Service cuts were averted in 2007, though, when the Toronto City Council voted to introduce new taxes to help pay for city services, including the TTC. As a result, the TTC became the largest transit operator in Anglo-America not to receive provincial/state subsidies, the TTC has received federal funding for capital projects from as early as 2009. The TTC is also considered one of the costliest transit systems per fare price in North America, for the 2011 operating year, the TTC had a projected operating budget of $1.45 billion. Revenue from fares covered approximately 70% of the budget, whereas the remaining 30% originated from the city, in 2009 through 2011, provincial and federal subsidies amounted to 0% of the budget. In contrast to this, STM Montreal receives approximately 10% of its budget from the provincial government. The fairness of preferentially subsidizing transit in specific Canadian cities has been questioned by citizens, the TTC operated the ferry service to the Toronto Islands from 1927 to 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department. Gray Coach Lines was a suburban and regional intercity bus operator founded in 1927 by the TTC, Gray Coach used interurban coaches to link Toronto to points throughout southern Ontario
9.
Ankara Metro
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The Ankara Metro is the rapid transit system serving Ankara, the capital of Turkey. The Ankaray, the M1, M2 and M3 lines, together transported 104.1 million passengers in 2014, the Kızılay to Atatürk Cultural Center link of M4 is not yet opened and remains under construction. Also, a line between Kızılay and Ankara Esenboğa Airport is in the planning stages and would make up the next phase of expansion of the metro. The Ankaray, a rail system was the first phase of the modern rapid transit network of the city. The Ankaray was constructed by a consortium headed by Siemens over a period of four years and it opened on 20 August 1996. The line runs between AŞTİ and Dikimevi, covering a distance of 8.53 kilometres, of which 6.68 kilometres is through underground tunnels. The Ankara Metro has been operating since 29 December 1997, with the opening of its first full line, M1. The M2 line, operating from Kızılay, the city center, to Koru, the M3 line, which serves almost as an extension of the M1 line, operating from Batıkent to Törekent, opened a month later on 13 March 2014. Construction of the metro line is currently underway, North. Another extension of the network to the south is being considered, the TBMM–Dikmen line would run for 4.8 km and have five new stations. The expanded Ankara Metro is expected to reach a capacity of 58,000 passengers per hour per direction in the near future. P. A. M1, M2, and M3 trains, which have a top speed of 80 km/h, the system is served by 11 three-car trainsets. Each traincar is 29-metre long, with 60 seats, and can transport a maximum of 308 passengers, thus each three-car trainset is approximately 90-metre long, the current passenger volume capacity on the Ankaray line is 27,000 passengers per hour per direction. The system has a total of 108 vehicles, which are configured as 18 six-car trainsets. The cars have no forward- or rear-facing seats, and no seats at the front or rear, the cars seats are made of rigid plastic. Istanbul Metro Sincan-Kayaş Line Ankara metro construction resumes soon in, February 2012 Ankaray – official website Network map Ankara Metro at UrbanRail. net
10.
Aluminium
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Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal, Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite, Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building facades. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium, despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts abundance, the potential for a role for them is of continuing interest. Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite, a fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel and it is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a cubic structure. Aluminium has an energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2. Aluminium is a thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper. Aluminium is capable of superconductivity, with a critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin. Aluminium is the most common material for the fabrication of superconducting qubits, the strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. In highly acidic solutions, aluminium reacts with water to form hydrogen, primarily because it is corroded by dissolved chlorides, such as common sodium chloride, household plumbing is never made from aluminium
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