Habilitation
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Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Romania and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The cand
Habilitation Certificate from LMU Munich
Example of Italian professional qualification: Diploma in Agriculture
Doctorate
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A doctorate or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi.
Habilitation
…habil. (with the specification, such as Dr. rer. nat. habil.). The habilitation is thus an additional qualification at a higher level than the German doctoral degree. Only those candidates receiving the highest (or second-highest) grade for their doctoral thesis are encouraged to proceed with a habilitation. A typical…
Title page of the thesis presented by Claude Bernard to obtain his Doctor of Medicine degree (1843)
Man and woman wearing Durham and Glasgow PhD gowns, respectively
American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at Brigham Young University (April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown.
The ancient ceremony of bestowing Complutense's doctoral biretta