1.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
2.
Hanja
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Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
3.
Beach
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A beach is a landform along a body of water. It usually consists of particles, which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles. The particles comprising a beach are occasionally biological in origin, such as shells or coralline algae. Some beaches have man-made infrastructure, such as posts, changing rooms. They may also have hospitality venues nearby, wild beaches, also known as undeveloped or undiscovered beaches, are not developed in this manner. Wild beaches can be valued for their beauty and preserved nature. Beaches typically occur in areas along the coast where wave or current action deposits, although the seashore is most commonly associated with the word beach, beaches are also found by lakes and alongside large rivers. Beach may refer to, small systems where rock material moves onshore, offshore, or alongshore by the forces of waves and currents, the former are described in detail below, the larger geological units are discussed elsewhere under bars. There are several parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form. The part mostly above water, and more or less influenced by the waves at some point in the tide, is termed the beach berm. The berm is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline, the berm has a crest and a face — the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest. At the very bottom of the face, there may be a trough, at some point the influence of the waves on the material comprising the beach stops, and if the particles are small enough, winds shape the feature. Where wind is the force distributing the grains inland, the deposit behind the beach becomes a dune and these geomorphic features compose what is called the beach profile. The beach profile changes seasonally due to the change in energy experienced during summer and winter months. In temperate areas where summer is characterised by calmer seas and longer periods between breaking wave crests, the profile is higher in summer. The gentle wave action during this season tends to transport sediment up the beach towards the berm where it is deposited, onshore winds carry it further inland forming and enhancing dunes. Conversely, the profile is lower in the storm season due to the increased wave energy. The removal of sediment from the berm and dune thus decreases the beach profile
4.
Busan
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Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas largest industrial area, The Southeast Economic Zone, the city is the cultural, educational and economic center of the region. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth busiest seaport by cargo tonnage. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and the Suyeong River, with mountains separating most of the districts, administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts, Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and the APEC2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, on November 14,2005, the city authorities officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchangs successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Busan is considering bidding to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics, Busan has Koreas largest beach and longest river, and is home to the worlds largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. Geochilsan-guk existed in the second and 3rd and 4th centuries as a chiefdom of Jinhan and it was absorbed by Silla and renamed Geochilsan-gun. The word Geochilsan means rough mountain, probably referring to Hwangbyeongsan, the mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No,38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. In 757, Geochilsan-gun was again renamed Dongnae, which it is still called, from the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement, called Waegwan at the time, after the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan Waegwan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, though relocated into Choryang later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876, in 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea. During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan, Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. During the Korean War, Busan was one of two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the War. As a result, the city became a camp site for Koreans during the war. As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and autumn of 1950
5.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
6.
Haeundae District
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Haeundae District is a gu in eastern Busan, South Korea. It has an area of 51.44 km², and a population of about 423,000 and this represents about 11. 6% of the population in Busan. It became a division of Busan in 1976 and attained the status of gu in 1980, Haeundae is an affluent beach front community that attracts tens of thousands of tourists during summer. It has been subject to commercial development in recent decades. The beach is linked to Busan Subway Line 2 and train stations on the Donghae Nambu railway line. Haeundae takes its name from the ninth century Silla scholar and poet Choi Chi-won, a piece of Chois calligraphy, which he engraved on a rock at Haeundae, still exists. Haeundae used to be isolated from the communities in Busan. It remained undeveloped until the late 1970s and early 1980s, a small number of luxury hotels were constructed after the 1988 Seoul Olympics. The area has continued to grow, apart from during the Asian financial crisis of 1997, Haeundae has been a regular host of the annual Busan International Film Festival. Haeundaes Dongbaek Island was the location for the 2005 APEC Conference, Haeundae New Town, a major commercial and residential redevelopment project begun in 1990, is located in the Jwa-dong area. This area lies in the shadow of Jangsan mountain to the north. Another development project, Centum City, has been ongoing since early 2000 and is now a feature of Busan. Its BEXCO has become a venue for international conventions and exhibitions. Marine City, located nearby, is constructed on land reclaimed from the sea, additional apartment blocks are under construction, with water resorts and related facilities, for use by the public, also planned for Marine City. Haeundae’s Dalmaji Hill is touted as Korea’s best area to greet the moon, Busan’s citizens and tourists visiting the place bask in moonlight-drenched scenery while praying for their wishes to come true. Also, Haeundae’s Dalmaji Hill is touted as one of the eight attractions of Busan. Dynamic Busan introduces you to the best locale in the city where you can catch a view of the moon as Korea’s traditional Lunar New Year’s Day, Dalmaji Hill in Haeundae boasts spectacular scenery. It is one of Korea’s most scenic areas and has been loved by our ancestors for generations, for example, Choe Chi-won, an official and poet from the late Unified Silla Dynasty, was so struck by its beauty that he decided to extend his stay there
7.
Busan Metro Line 2
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Busan Subway Line 2 is a line of the Busan Subway that crosses Busan, South Korea, from east to west, running along the shores of Haeundae and Gwanganli, and then north toward Yangsan. The line is 45.2 km long with 43 stations, the line uses trains that have six cars each. A ride through the line takes about 1 hour 24 minutes. Plans to create this line began in 1987, and the idea was finalized by 1991, another plan was of four additional stations stretching beyond Jangsan Station, but was scrapped in the beginning for cost issues. Currently, the idea is reviving, but another idea is to have a different rail to take place from Jangsan Station to the city of Ulsan. November 28,1991, Constructed the first section from Seomyeon Station to Hopo Station, october 27,1994, Constructed the second section from Jangsan Station to Seomyeon Station. June 30,1999, Opened the first section service from Seomyeon Station to Hopo Station, august 8,2001, Opened the second section service from Geumnyeonsan Station to Seomyeon Station. December 2001, Constructed the third section from Hopo Station to Yangsan Station, january 16,2002, Opened the second section service from Gwangan Station to Gwangan Station. August 29,2002, Opened the second section service from Jangsan Station to Gwangan Station, january 10,2008, Opened the third section service for Hopo Station, Namyangsan Station, and Yangsan Station. October 1,2009, Opened the third service for Pusan National University Yangsan Campus Station. November 4,2014, Munjeon Station was renamed to Busan International Finance Center–Busan Bank Station, september 24,2015, Plans to open the third section service for Jeungsan Station
8.
Busan Station
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The station is centrally located in the Choryang-dong of Dong-gu in Busan. It is also a station on Busan Metro Line 1 between Jungang and Choryang stations. Construction of the new KTX Busan terminal began in 2001 and was completed in 2003. The new station covers 24,646 square meters/265,287 square feet and it is equipped with automatic ticket vending machines,11 elevators,10 escalators, PC area. The entire convex curved front of the structure is glass covered construction, the main entrance opens up to a large park-like area surrounding the front of the station to the west. Busan Station of Busan Metro has two side platform serving 2 tracks
9.
Gimhae International Airport
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Gimhae International Airport is located on the western end of Busan, South Korea. A new international terminal opened on October 31,2007, Gimhae International Airport is the main hub for Air Busan. Runway 18L/36R is used for military purposes only for Gimhae Air Base, in 2016,14,900,815 passengers used the airport. As the airport is now beyond its capacity, the airport is embarking on a major expansion project to add a new runway. Construction is due to begin in 2021 for an estimated 2026 completion,11, Ulman ↔ Gimhae Intl Airport ↔ Gangseo-gu Office ↔ Buk-gu Office ↔ Gupo Station ↔ Deokcheon Station Gangseo No. M. and 6 A. M. On January 31,2001, Japan Airlines Flight 958, bound for Narita International Airport from Busan, the other aircraft, a Boeing 747, suddenly dove and avoided the Narita-bound DC-10. See 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident
10.
Gwangalli Beach
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The Gwangalli Beach or Gwangan Beach is a beach in Busan, South Korea. It is located at Gwangan 2-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan Metropolitan City, west of Haeundae Beach. It sits inside a cove spanned by the Gwangan Bridge and covers 82,000 square meters over a length of 1.4 km, adjacent are alleys with restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs. Because of its popularity, city officials are pushing for improving water quality around the beaches, the beach is near the Busan Yachting Center used for the sailing events of the 1988 Summer Olympic. Busan Marine Sports 2008, with beach volley ball, canoe,2011 K-Pop Super Concert on 28 October 2011, emcee by Ha Ji-won and Kim Hyung Jun of SS501 and broadcast on SBS on 6 November. Gwangan Bridge Gwangalli Beach official homepage Gwangalli Beach- City of Busan
11.
Gangneung
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Gangneung is a city in Gangwon-do, on the east coast of South Korea. It has a population of 229,869, Gangneung is the economic centre of the Yeongdong region of Gangwon Province. Gangneung has many tourist attractions, such as Jeongdongjin, a popular area for watching the sun rise. There is a ROK airbase south of downtown Gangneung which formerly doubled as a civil airport, the city is also home to National League football club Gangneung City FC and K League football team Gangwon FC. On 18 September 1996 a North Korean submarine ran aground near Gangneung in an infiltration mission. For more details, refer to the 1996 Gangneung submarine infiltration incident, the flag of the city shows a red sun in the centre and blue wave in front, on a white background. The sun represents the sunrise, the wave the sea, the flower of the city is the crepe myrtle, the tree of the city is the pine tree, its bird the swan. The animal of Gangneung is the tiger, Gangneung is considered special in that it has both access to a lake and the sea. Gyeongpodae is a pavilion overlooking a Gyeongpo lake and it is said that one can see the moon five times when at Gyeongpodae. One sees the once in the sky, once reflected in the lake, once reflected in the sea, once reflected in the drinking glass. The site of Gyeongpodae is known for its location east of the centre of the city, inside the Gyeongpodae pavilion, built with 28 pillars, is the Gyeongpodaebu, a poem by Yul Gok. Gyeongpodaebu describes the movement of the heavens and the moon, the best view of the moon is on the 15th of the lunar month. The nearby Gyeongpo Beach has a beach and a line of fresh seafood restaurants. Sunrises, especially the first in the New Year, are important in traditional Korean culture, the Jeongdongjin and Gyeongpo beaches in Gangneung are popular places to enjoy a sunrise. The biggest and most famous is the Gangneung Dano Festival at the Dano fairground near the Namdae River, in 1967, the Gangneung Dano Festival was designated Korean National Immaterial Cultural Heritage No.13. On November 11,2005 it was designated by UNESCO as a Masterpieces of the Oral, nowadays, it is a combination of several commemoration rites and traditional plays. A highlight is the traditional Gwanno Mask Dance which is performed at this festival. In addition to well established festivals like the Dano, there are several festivals in Gangneung
12.
Jeju City
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Jeju is the capital of Jeju Province in South Korea and the largest city on Jejudo. The city is served by Jeju International Airport, located on an island off the Korean Peninsula, Jeju has mild, warm weather during much of the year. The city is a resort, with prestigious hotels and public casino facilities. In 2011,9.9 million passengers flew between the two cities of Seoul and Jeju, making the Gimpo–Jeju route the worlds busiest passenger air route, Jeju welcomes over ten million visitors from mainland Korea, Japan, and China every year. The area of the city has played a role in Jeju since before recorded history. The Samseonghyeol, holes from which the three ancestors of the Jeju people are said to have come, are located in downtown Jeju City, the city has grown quite rapidly since the 1970s. Shin Jeju, or new Jeju, was created decades ago, up the hill from the airport. The thatched roof buildings that were common throughout the city until the 1970s are gradually disappearing, the city was separated from Bukjeju County in 1955. That change was put into effect in July 2006, in 2012 Sang-Oh Kim became mayor, he was formerly the Jeju regional president of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. Jeju City is the transportation center for Jeju Province. It is home to the sole airport, Jeju International Airport. In addition, its port is the largest on the island, serving the majority of passenger. It also stands at the center of the road network. To travel throughout the city and island, various buses are available and affordably priced, a bus ride from Jeju City to Seogwipo is typically an hour. Due to its position in transportation, Jeju City sees the main share of tourist traffic to the island. Many tourists arrive at the city through the terminal or airport, stay in the tourist hotels of the Sinjeju neighborhood. The city also sells lots of oranges for which Jeju is famous, Jeju City is surrounded by orange and mandarin farms. Jeju Air has its headquarters in Jeju City, Jeju city and Jejudo is home ground of Jeju United fc
13.
Busan International Film Festival
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The Busan International Film Festival, held annually in Haeundae-gu, Busan, South Korea, is one of the most significant film festivals in Asia. The first festival, held from 13 to 21 September 1996, was also the first international festival in Korea. The focus of the BIFF is introducing new films and first-time directors, another notable feature is the appeal of the festival to young people, both in terms of the large youthful audience it attracts and through its efforts to develop and promote young talent. In 1999, the Pusan Promotion Plan was established to connect new directors to funding sources, the 16th BIFF in 2011 saw the festival move to a new permanent home, the Busan Cinema Center in Centum City. The Busan Cinema Center is an about USD150 million structure designed by Austria-based architecture collective Coop Himmelblau, a Window on Asian Cinema, A showcase of brand new and/or representative films by the talented Asian filmmakers with their diverse points of view and style. New Currents, The only international competition section featuring the first or the feature films by the future leading directors of Asian cinema. Korean Cinema Today, Selected Korean feature films are shown in two sub-sections, Panorama and Vision and these two sub-sections recognise the current production trend of Korean cinema and anticipate its future. Korean Cinema Retrospective, Revisiting the history of Korean cinema by spotlighting films of a notable director or films with a significant theme. World Cinema, Presentation of new works by world-renowned filmmakers along with the years best films that help understanding the recent trends in world cinema. Wide Angle, A section dedicated to showing outstanding short films, animation, documentaries, open Cinema, A unique outdoor screening venue where a collection of new films, combining both art and mass popularity, are shown along with internationally acclaimed works. Flash Forward, Flash Forward is set to discover yet-surfaced cineastes and this section is an eclectic collection of first or second films of up-and-coming filmmakers from non-Asian countries. Midnight Passion, Midnight Passion presents films of diverse genres selected for entertainment value from all over the world to meet the audience at night, special Programs in Focus, A retrospective and special showcase of films of a certain notable director or genre. Asian Cinema Fund, The Asian Cinema Fund is a program to help activate more independent film productions. It supports projects in various stages and categories, from script development, ACF also aims to be a cornerstone in the foundation of a pan-Asian network by providing a meeting place for Asian filmmakers. The 900 million won Asian Cinema Fund will be used to support to seven projects in script development, five post-productions. The Script Development Fund is aimed at helping screenwriters complete their scripts and it will offer an opportunity to make for a more creative and fine-tuned project. The Post-Production Fund is made possible through the support of Korean post-production companies. With this fund, the director is invited to Korea to work on sound and it will help the director complete his or her film in 35mm
14.
Geumjeongsan
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Geumjeongsan is a mountain in the city of Busan in South Korea. It covers a surface that extends into Dongnae-gu in the south, Buk-gu in the west, Geumjeong-gu in the east. Its highest peak, Godang-bong, the highest peak in the region, Geumjeongsan is the citys most popular hiking destination, and thousands of people climb it during the week-ends. The top can easily be reached using the cable-car in Geumgang Park near Oncheonjang station or by taking the bus from Oncheonjang station to Saseongmaeul on the mountain top, sanseongmaeul is a small rural community built in the mountain valley, isolated from the surrounding city. It includes a few fields and livestock pastures on the valley sides. The place is known for its speciality meal, barbecued goat meat. Geumjeongsan is renowned for the Geumjeongsanseong built on top of the mountain, godangbong is the highest peak on the mountain. It stands at an altitude of 801.5 meters on the city limit between Busan and Yangsan and its summit gives a great view of the surroundings, including Gimhae International Airport in Gangseo-gu. On very clear days it is possible to see the cities of Gimhae and Jinhae further to the south-west, geumseam is a naturally formed cavity on top of a granite boulder standing off a cliff about 500 meters east of Godang-bong. According to the legend a golden fish came down from the world of Brahma on a 5-coloured cloud, the fountain is said to never dry and the colour of its water is always gold. The names of the mountain and Beomeo temple originated from that legend, today the legend is still represented in the symbols of Geumjeong-gu. The gus logo represent the fountain and the gus character is a representation of Geumeo. Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine, list of mountains in Korea On-site Stelae Geumjeong-gu website Asian Historical Architecture, Geumjeongsan Fortress
15.
Winter swimming
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Winter swimming is the activity of swimming during the winter season, typically in outdoor locations or in unheated pools or lidos. In colder countries it may be synonymous with ice swimming, when the water is frozen over and this requires either breaking the ice or entering where a spring prevents the formation of ice. It may also be simulated by a pool of water at 0 °C, in Eastern Europe and Russia winter swimming is part of the celebration of the Epiphany. Competitions for winter swimming also exist, many winter swimmers swim with standard swimming costumes rather than with wetsuits or other thermal protection. Famous winter swimmers include Ram Barkai, Lynne Cox and Lewis Gordon Pugh, also, many locations in North America and Western Europe hold polar bear plunges, commonly to celebrate New Years Day, although participants are not expected to swim and generally most do not swim. One way that the hole is maintained at regular ice swimming places is with a pump that forces the water to circulate under the hole, small ice-holes can also be kept open by keeping a lid/top over the hole to prevent ice forming. In Finland, Northern Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, unlike dousing, it is not seen as an ascetic or religious ritual, but a way to cool off rapidly after staying in a sauna and as a stress relief. Ice swimming on its own is especially popular in Estonia and Finland, there is an Avantouinti Society, and swimming holes are also maintained by other groups such as the Finnish skiing association. The Finnish Sauna Society maintains an avanto for sauna goers, there are lots of places where you can swim without sauna in Finland during winter. Helsinki has several places for avantouinti, with dressing-rooms and sometimes with saunas, there is also a number of ice swimming and winter sauna locations around Tampere. The largest fresh water pool in the UK is the Tooting Bec Lido in South West London which is home to the South London Swimming Club, the pool is 100 yards in length, i. e. nearly twice as long as an Olympic pool. As the winter approaches and the temperature drops then swimmers stay in for less and less time. Races take place all year including on Christmas Day and New Years Day, the Middle Yeo Surf Life Saving Club hold the annual New Years Day swim in Clevedon. It is usually held 20 minutes before high tide or if the times are not conducive to a crowd the swim is held in Marine Lake. The Middle Yeo Surf Life Saving Club swim every weekend of the year, there are some clubs where people swim all year in a pool, a lake, or a river. Locations are Bruges, Boom, Dendermonde, Wachtebeek, Theux, the most famous race is across the Meuse river each last Sunday of February since 1963. The International Ice Swimming Association hosts an official ice swimming event at the Wöhrsee, there are reportedly 141 winter swimming organisations across China with a membership of more than 200,000. The younger swimmers are under ten years of age and the ones in their 80s
16.
Seoul Capital Area
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The Seoul Capital Area is the metropolitan area centered on Seoul located in the north-west of South Korea. It is referred to as Sudogwon or Gyeonggi region in Korean, the Seoul Capital Area has a population of 24 million and is ranked as the fourth largest metropolitan area in the world. Its area is about 11,704 km2 and it forms the cultural, commercial, financial, industrial, and residential center of South Korea. The largest city is Seoul, with a population of approximately 10 million people, followed by Incheon, the Capital Area occupies a plain in the Han River valley. It contains some of the most fertile land on the Korean peninsula, the Gimpo Plain, one of the countrys larger expanses of level arable land, covers much of the area of the cities of Gimpo and Bucheon. The Capital Area has been home to a Korean capital for around 2,000 years and its central location and relatively gentle landscape have given it a central role in the countrys affairs. The first capital to be constructed in the region was that of Baekje, the countrys first capital was built in 19 BC and was named Wiryeseong. This is believed to have been constructed near the boundary of Seoul. However, Baekje was unable to hold territory, and surrendered the Han River valley to Goguryeo in the 5th century. The land was taken over by Silla in the 6th century. After the fall of Silla, Taejo of Goryeo established the capital of his kingdom in Kaesŏng, after the fall of Goryeo Dynasty in 1392, the newly founded Joeson Dynasty had its capital, less than 100 km south of the old dynastys capital, Kaesŏng. During the new rule, extensive road systems, administrative buildings, royal palaces. During the Korean Empire period, Hanseongs public transportation was improved with the installation of streetcars, horse carriage systems similar to the ones in Europe were also established. Following the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, Hanseong was renamed Keijo, upon Koreas liberation from Japan in 1945, the former colonial capital was renamed Seoul and became capital of South Korea. In the Korean War, the Capital Area became the focus of battles so destructive that most of Seoul, Seoul was especially hit hard, since it exchanged hands four times during the course of the war. During the latter half of the 20th century, the Capital Area began to develop as South Koreas economic wealth expanded. Population expanded fourfold since the Korean War, in 2001, the new Incheon International Airport took over all international flights to Seoul. Covering only about 12% of the area, the Seoul Capital Area is home to more than 48. 2% of the national population
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
