1.
Hair coloring
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Hair coloring, or hair dyeing, is the practice of changing the hair color. Hair coloring can be done professionally by a hairdresser or independently at home, today, hair coloring is very popular, with over 75% of American women dyeing their hair. At home coloring in the United States reached $1.9 billion in 2011 and is expected to raise to $2.2 billion by 2016, the dyeing of hair is an ancient art that involves treatment of the hair with various chemical compounds. In ancient times, the dyes were obtained from plants, some of the most well known are henna, indigo, Cassia obovata, senna, turmeric and amla. Others include katam, black hulls, red ochre and leeks. In the 1661 book Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature, various methods of coloring hair black, gold, green, red, yellow, the development of synthetic dyes for hair is traced to the 1860s discovery of the reactivity of para- phenylenediamine with air. Eugène Schueller, the founder of LOréal, is recognized for creating the first synthetic dye in 1907. In 1947 the German cosmetics firm Schwarzkopf launched the first home color product, Hair dyeing is now a multibillion-dollar industry that involves the use of both plant-derived and synthetic dyes. Hair color was applied to the hair as one overall color. The modern trend is to use colors to produce streaks or gradations. These are referred to as, Highlighting, where sections of hair are treated with lighteners, lowlighting, where sections of hair are treated with darker hair color. This keeps the only on the desired pieces of hair. Cap, when a plastic cap is placed tight on the head and this method is not frequently practiced anymore with the exception of short hair highlighting. Balayage, where color is painted directly onto sections of the hair with no foils used to keep the color contained. This method is growing in popularity because of its ability to more natural. Dipping or tip dyeing, similar to balayage in that the color is painted directly on the hair, all application techniques can be used with any type of color. For lightening, the hair will sometimes have to be bleached before coloring, Hair coloring can also be applied on the scalp for a more solid level of coverage Root Touch-Up, where color is applied only to the most recent section of re-growth. Usually the first inch of hair from the scalp, generally those getting root touch-ups get this service repeated every 4–6 weeks as the natural color grows in and becomes apparent
2.
Hairstyle
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A hairstyle, hairdo, or haircut refers to the styling of hair, usually on the human scalp. Sometimes, this could mean an editing of beard hair. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, the oldest known depiction of hair braiding dates back about 30,000 years. In ancient civilizations, womens hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways, in Imperial Rome, women wore their hair in complicated styles. From the time of the Roman Empire until the Middle Ages, during the Roman Empire as well as in the 16th century in the western world, women began to wear their hair in extremely ornate styles. In the later half of the 15th century and on into the 16th century a very high hairline on the forehead was considered attractive, during the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length. In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable, the male wig was pioneered by King Louis XIII of France in 1624. Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles in 1660, late 17th-century wigs were very long and wavy, but became shorter in the mid-18th century, by which time they were normally white. Short hair for men was a product of the Neoclassical movement. In the early 19th century the male beard, and also moustaches and sideburns, from the 16th to the 19th century, European womens hair became more visible while their hair coverings grew smaller. In the middle of the 18th century the style developed. During the First World War, women around the world started to shift to shorter hairstyles that were easier to manage, in the early 1950s womens hair was generally curled and worn in a variety of styles and lengths. In the 1960s, many began to wear their hair in short modern cuts such as the pixie cut, while in the 1970s. In both the 1960s and 1970s many men and women wore their hair long and straight. In the 1980s, women pulled back their hair with scrunchies, during the 1980s, punk hairstyles were adopted by some people. Throughout times, people have worn their hair in a variety of styles. Hairstyles are markers and signifiers of social class, age, marital status, racial identification, political beliefs, only since the end of World War I have women begun to wear their hair short and in fairly natural styles. The Venus of Brassempouy counts about 25,000 years old, in Bronze Age razors were known and in use by some men, but not on a daily basis since the procedure was rather unpleasant and required resharpening of the tool which reduced its endurance
3.
Barber
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A barber is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave mens and boys hair. A barbers place of work is known as a shop or a barbers. Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse, in some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns and they were also influential in helping shape male identity. In previous times, barbers performed surgery and dentistry. With the development of safety razors and the prevalence of beards, in English-speaking cultures. In modern times, the barber is used both as a professional title and to refer to hairdressers who specialize in mens hair. Historically, all hairdressers were considered barbers, in the 20th century, the profession of cosmetology branched off from barbering, and today hairdressers may be licensed as either barbers or cosmetologists. Barbers differ with respect to where they work, which services they are licensed to provide, part of this terminology difference depends on the regulations in a given location. Different states in the US vary on their labor and licensing laws, for example, in Maryland, a cosmetologist cannot use a straight razor, strictly reserved for barbers. In Australia, the term for a barber is hairdresser, barber is only a popular title for mens hairdressers. Most would work in a hairdressing salon, the barbers trade has a long history, razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age in Egypt. In ancient Egyptian culture, barbers were highly respected individuals, priests and men of medicine are the earliest recorded examples of barbers. Men in Ancient Greece would have their beards, hair, and fingernails trimmed and styled by the κουρεύς, in an agora which also served as a gathering for debates. Barbering was introduced to Rome by the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 BC, starting from the Middle Ages, barbers often served as surgeons and dentists. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery, bloodletting and leeching, fire cupping, enemas, the barber pole, featuring red and white spiraling stripes, symbolized different aspects of the craft. Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars, some of the duties of the barber included neck manipulation, cleansing of ears and scalp, draining of boils, fistula and lancing of cysts with wicks. Barbershops were influential at the turn of the 19th century as African American businesses that helped to develop African American culture and economy
4.
Cosmetologist
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Cosmetology is the study and application of beauty treatment. A cosmetologist is defined as a person who gives beauty treatments to skin, a cosmetologist is someone who is an expert in the care of hair and makeup as well as skincare and beauty products. They can also offer services such as coloring, extensions, perms. Cosmetologists help their clients improve on or acquire a certain look by applying advance trending aesthetic applications, Hair stylists often style hair for weddings, proms, and other special events in addition to routine hair styling. A hair color specialist, aka hair colorist, specializes in the modification of natural hair color utilizing various methods while using a colorant product from a professional company. In the US, some colorists are qualified through the American Board of Certified Hair Colorists and this designation is used to recognize colorists that have a greater level of competency in the industry through a written exam and a practical exam. A hair color specialist’s duties might include, but are not limited to, basic color applications like covering grey, a color specialist also has the ability to perform corrective color applications and create special effects using foiling techniques or any other advanced color application methods. A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a clients hair in preparation for the hair stylist and this is generally an apprentice position and a first step for many just out of cosmetology school. Estheticians are licensed professionals who are experts in maintaining and improving skin, an estheticians general scope of practice is limited to the epidermis. Estheticians work in different environments such as salons, med spas, day spas, skin care clinics. Estheticians may also specialize in such as microdermabrasion, microcurrent, cosmetic electrotherapy treatments, LED treatments, ultrasound/ultrasonic. The esthetician may undergo training for treatments such as laser hair removal, permanent makeup application, light chemical peels, eyelash extensions. In the US, estheticians must be licensed in the state in which they are working and are governed by the cosmetology board requirements of that state. Estheticians must complete a minimum 300–1500 hours of training and pass both a written and hands-on exam in order to be licensed in a given state, utah, Virginia and Washington are the only states at this time to adopt the Master Esthetician License. Additional post graduate training is required when specializing in areas such as medical esthetics. Estheticians work under a dermatologist’s supervision only when employed by the dermatologists practice, the word esthetician is an alternative spelling of aesthetician, a derivation of the word aesthetic, beauty-related. Many chemicals in salon products pose potential health risks, examples of hazardous chemicals found in common treatments include dibutyl phthalate, formaldehyde, lye, ammonia, and coal tar. Allergies and dermatitis have forced approximately 20% of hairdressers to stop practicing their profession, dibutyl phthalate is used in some nail enamels and hardeners
5.
Ancient art
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The art of pre-literate societies is normally referred to as Prehistoric art and is not covered here. Due to the religious nature of ancient Ancient Egyptian civilization, many of the great works of ancient Egypt depict gods, goddesses, and Pharaohs. Ancient Egyptian art is characterized by the idea of order, clear and simple lines combined with simple shapes and flat areas of color helped to create a sense of order and balance in the art of ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptian artists used vertical and horizontal lines to maintain the correct proportions in their work. Political and religious, as well as artistic, order was maintained in Egyptian art. To clearly define the social hierarchy of a situation, figures were drawn to sizes that were based not on their distance from the painters perspective but on relative importance. For instance, the Pharaoh would be drawn as the largest figure in a painting no matter where he was situated, symbolism also played an important role in establishing a sense of order. Symbolism, ranging from the Pharaohs regalia to the symbols of Egyptian gods. Animals were usually also highly symbolic figures in Egyptian art, color, as well, had extended meaning—blue and green represented the Nile and life, yellow stood for the sun god, and red represented power and vitality. The colors in Egyptian artifacts have survived extremely well over the centuries because of Egypts dry climate, despite the stilted form caused by a lack of perspective, ancient Egyptian art is often highly realistic. Ancient Egyptian artists often show a knowledge of anatomy and a close attention to detail. During the 18th Dynasty of Egypt a Pharaoh by the name of Akhenaton took the throne and he formed a monotheistic religion based on the worship of Aten, a sun god. A new style of art was introduced that was more naturalistic than the stylized frieze favored in Egyptian art for the previous 1700 years, after Akhenatons death, however, Egyptian artists reverted to their old styles. Faience that was produced in ancient Egyptian antiquity as early as 3500 BC was in superior to the tin-glazed earthenware of the European 15th century. Ancient Egyptian faience was not made of clay but instead actually of a ceramic composed primarily of quartz, Mesopotamia is often considered the cradle of civilization. Within its boundaries, some of the most ancient civilizations known first developed writing, many civilizations flourished there, leaving behind a rich legacy of ancient art. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer, in the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. The indigenous Sumerians and Akkadians dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of history to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC
6.
Aristophanes
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Aristophanes, son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion, was a comic playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete and these, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and are used to define it. Also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy and his second play, The Babylonians, was denounced by the demagogue Cleon as a slander against the Athenian polis. In my opinion, he says through the Chorus in that play, less is known about Aristophanes than about his plays. In fact, his plays are the source of information about him. It was conventional in Old Comedy for the Chorus to speak on behalf of the author during a called the parabasis. However, these facts relate almost entirely to his career as a dramatist, Aristophanes claimed to be writing for a clever and discerning audience, yet he also declared that other times would judge the audience according to its reception of his plays. He sometimes boasts of his originality as a dramatist yet his plays consistently espouse opposition to new influences in Athenian society. He caricatured leading figures in the arts, in politics, such caricatures seem to imply that Aristophanes was an old-fashioned conservative, yet that view of him leads to contradictions. It has been argued that Aristophanes produced plays mainly to entertain the audience, an elaborate series of lotteries, designed to prevent prejudice and corruption, reduced the voting judges at the City Dionysia to just five in number. These judges probably reflected the mood of the audiences yet there is uncertainty about the composition of those audiences. The theatres were certainly huge, with seating for at least 10000 at the Theatre of Dionysus, the conservative views expressed in the plays might therefore reflect the attitudes of the dominant group in an unrepresentative audience. The production process might also have influenced the views expressed in the plays, throughout most of Aristophanes career, the Chorus was essential to a plays success and it was recruited and funded by a choregus, a wealthy citizen appointed to the task by one of the archons. Thus the political conservatism of the plays may reflect the views of the wealthiest section of Athenian society, when Aristophanes first play The Banqueters was produced, Athens was an ambitious, imperial power and the Peloponnesian War was only in its fourth year. His plays often express pride in the achievement of the older generation yet they are not jingoistic, the plays are particularly scathing in criticism of war profiteers, among whom populists such as Cleon figure prominently. However it is whether he led or merely responded to changes in audience expectations. Aristophanes won second prize at the City Dionysia in 427 BC with his first play The Banqueters and he won first prize there with his next play, The Babylonians. Some influential citizens, notably Cleon, reviled the play as slander against the polis, Cleon also seems to have had no real power to limit or control Aristophanes, the caricatures of him continued up to and even beyond his death
7.
Homer
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Homer is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the semi-legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems which are the central works of Greek literature. The Odyssey focuses on the home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca. Many accounts of Homers life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a bard from Ionia. The modern scholarly consensus is that these traditions do not have any historical value, the Homeric question - by whom, when, where and under what circumstances were the Iliad and Odyssey composed - continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion on the authorship question falls into two camps, one group holds that most of the Iliad and the Odyssey is the work of a single poet of genius. The other considers the Homeric poems to be the crystallization of a process of working and re-working by many contributors and it is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century B. C. Most researchers believe that the poems were transmitted orally. The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education, to Plato, the chronological period of Homer depends on the meaning to be assigned to the word Homer. Was Homer a single person, an imaginary person representing a group of poets and this information is often called the world of Homer. The Homeric period would in that cover a number of historical periods, especially the Mycenaean Age. Considered word-for-word, the texts as we know them are the product of the scholars of the last three centuries. Each edition of the Iliad or Odyssey is a different, as the editors rely on different manuscripts and fragments. The term accuracy reveals a belief in an original uniform text. The manuscripts of the work currently available date to no earlier than the 10th century. These are at the end of a missing thousand-year chain of copies made as each generation of manuscripts disintegrated or were lost or destroyed and these numerous manuscripts are so similar that a single original can be postulated. The time gap in the chain is bridged by the scholia, or notes, on the existing manuscripts, librarian of the Library of Alexandria, he had noticed a wide divergence in the works attributed to Homer, and was trying to restore a more authentic copy. He had collected several manuscripts, which he named, the Sinopic, the one he selected for correction was the koine, which Murray translates as the Vulgate. Aristarchus was known for his selection of material
8.
Spirit
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The English word spirit, from Latin spiritus breath, has many different meanings and connotations, most of them relating to a non-corporeal substance contrasted with the material body. It can also refer to a subtle as opposed to gross material substance, the word spirit is often used metaphysically to refer to the consciousness or personality. e. A manifestation of the spirit of a deceased person, the term may also refer to any incorporeal or immaterial being, such as demons or deities. In the Bible, the Spirit, specifically denotes the Holy Spirit, the English word spirit comes from the Latin spiritus, meaning breath, but also spirit, soul, courage, vigor, ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European *peis. It is distinguished from Latin anima, soul, in Greek, this distinction exists between pneuma, breath, motile air, spirit, and psykhē, soul. The word spirit came into Middle English via Old French, the distinction between soul and spirit also developed in the Abrahamic religions, Arabic nafs opposite rūħ, Hebrew neshama or nephesh נֶ֫פֶשׁ nép̄eš opposite ruach. In a lecture delivered to the literary Society of Augsburg, October 20,1926, on the theme of “Nature and Spirit, the mistrust of verbal concepts, inconvenient as it is, nevertheless seems to me to be very much in place in speaking of fundamentals. Spirit and Life are familiar enough words to us, very old acquaintances in fact, pawns that for thousands of years have pushed back. It can scarcely be an accident onomatopoeic words like ruach, ruch, roho mean ‘spirit’ no less clearly than the Greek πνεύμα and the Latin spiritus”. In spiritual and metaphysical terms, spirit has acquired a number of meanings, An incorporeal but ubiquitous, unlike the concept of souls a spirit develops and grows as an integral aspect of a living being. This concept of the individual spirit occurs commonly in animism, note the distinction between this concept of spirit and that of the pre-existing or eternal soul, belief in souls occurs specifically and far less commonly, particularly in traditional societies. One might more properly term this type/aspect of spirit life or aether rather than spirit, people usually conceive of a ghost as a wandering spirit from a being no longer living, having survived the death of the body yet maintaining at least vestiges of mind and consciousness. In religion and spirituality, the respiration of a human has for obvious reasons become seen as linked with the very occurrence of life. A similar significance has become attached to human blood, Spirit, in this sense, means the thing that separates a living body from a corpse—and usually implies intelligence, consciousness, and sentience. Latter-day Saint prophet Joseph Smith Jr. taught that the concept of spirit as incorporeal or without substance was incorrect, all spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes. In some Native American spiritual traditions the Great Spirit or Wakan Tanka is a term for the Supreme Being, individual spirits envisaged as interconnected with all other spirits and with The Spirit. This concept relates to theories of a unified spirituality, to universal consciousness, the experience of such a connection can become a primary basis for spiritual belief. Christian spiritual theology can use the term Spirit to describe God, or aspects of God — as in the Holy Spirit, Spirit forms a central concept in pneumatology
9.
Hair washing
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Hair washing is the cosmetic act of keeping hair clean by washing it with shampoo or other detergent products and water. Hair conditioner may also be used to improve texture and manageability. Two-in-one shampoos, which have both detergent and conditioning components, are now also used as a replacement for shampoo. To remove the sebum from the hair, some people apply a surfactant, most usually shampoo, the surfactant is rinsed out with water along with the freed dirt and dust it bonds to. There are also dry shampoos, which are powders which remove sebum from the hair by soaking it up prior to being combed out. Most hairdressers, in such as Canada, the U. S. and European and Latin American countries. This is usually done to make hair more manageable for the hairdresser who will be performing the hair cut, after a hair cut, it can help remove any loose strands of hair that may be bothersome to the client. It is also quite a relaxing practice, and many enjoy a hair wash as their favourite part of a hair cut. Hairdressers use specialized basins to perform a wash, and these can be either forward or backward style. In the backward version, the client sits down in a chair, in the forward version, the client leans forwards over a sink, and the hairdresser stands over them to wash their hair. In some parts of the world, such as China, it is not uncommon to see what is referred to as an upright shampoo. In this style, the client simply sits in a chair as they normally would, while a hairdresser applies shampoo to their hair and they then rinse out in a basin
