1.
Grand River (Ontario)
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The Grand River is a large river in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It also lies along the fringe of the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario which overlaps the eastern portion of southwestern Ontario along the length of this river. One of the scenic and spectacular features of the river is the falls, the Grand River is the largest river that is entirely within southern Ontarios boundaries. The rivers rural character, ease of access and lack of portages make it a desirable canoeing location, a number of conservation areas have been established along the river, and are managed by the Grand River Conservation Authority. The Grand Valley Trail stretches 275 km along the valley between the town of Dundalk and Lake Erie. The Mohawk name for the Grand River, O, se Kenhionhata, tie means Willow River, during the 18th century, the French colonists named it Grande-Rivière. It was later renamed as Ouse River by John Graves Simcoe for the River Great Ouse near his home in Lincolnshire on the east coast of England. The anglicized form of the French name has remained in common use, the Grand River watershed consists of all the land that drains into the Grand River through tributary creeks and rivers such as the Conestogo, Speed, Eramosa, Irvine and Nith rivers. The Grand River has Southern Ontarios largest watershed and its headwaters are near Dundalk in the north. The Grand River flows south- south east and it is also an important staging area during bird migrations. The importance of the watershed has been recognized by the designation of the Grand as a Canadian Heritage River, the Grand Valley Dam, located near the village of Belwood, helps to control the flow of water, especially during periods of spring flooding. The dam, completed in 1942, is referred to as Shand Dam, named for a local family who were displaced by filling of the dams reservoir. Evidence of the gorge of the previous river has been found when wells have been drilled. Rather than finding water-bearing bedrock at a depth of a dozen metres or less, during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Grand River valley was inhabited by the Iroquoian- speaking Attawandaron nation. They were later given the name Neutral Nation by European settlers, the Wyandot, another distinct Iroquoian-speaking nation, who resided northeast of the Grand River valley, had long competed to remain independent of their enemy the Iroquois Confederacy. The latter were an alliance of five nations based around the Great Lakes in the present central. Caught in between, the Neutrals paid dearly for their refusal to ally, historical accounts differ on exactly how the Neutral tribe was wiped out. The consensus is that the Seneca and the Mohawk nations of the Iroquois destroyed the smaller Neutral tribe in the 17th century, in the course of attacking, the Iroquois were seeking to dominate the lucrative fur trade with the Europeans
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
5.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
6.
House of Commons of Canada
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The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, the House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. There were 308 members in the last Parliament, but that number has risen to 338 following the election on Monday October 19,2015, Members are elected by simple plurality in each of the countrys electoral districts, which are colloquially known as ridings. MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election, historically however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an Act of Parliament now limits each term to four years, seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains some provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to population, the lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both Houses is necessary for legislation, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons, moreover, the Government of Canada is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support, or confidence, the term derives from the Anglo-Norman word communes, referring to the geographic and collective communities of their parliamentary representatives and not the third estate, the commonality. This distinction is clear in the official French name of the body. Canada and the United Kingdom remain the only countries to use the name House of Commons for a house of parliament. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the Queen, the Senate, the Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model. Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures, the Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which new Acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada and these exceptions were removed by the Canada Act 1982. From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber until that was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum—what is today the Canadian Museum of Nature, since then, the Commons has sat in its current chamber. The House of Commons comprises 338 members, each of whom represents a electoral district. The constitution specifies a minimum of 295 electoral districts
7.
Conservative Party of Canada
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The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum, the partys leader from 2004 to 2015 was Stephen Harper, who served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015. The Conservative Party is the successor to multiple right-wing parties which have existed in Canada for over a century, until 1942, one of the partys predecessors was known as the Conservative Party of Canada, and participated in numerous governments. Before 1942, the predecessors to the Conservatives had multiple names, but by 1942, in 1957, John Diefenbaker became the first Prime Minister from the Progressive Conservative Party, and remained in office until 1963. Another Progressive Conservative government was elected after the results of the 1979 federal election, Clark served from 1979 to 1980, when he was defeated by the Liberal Party after the 1980 federal election. In 1984, the Progressive Conservatives won with Brian Mulroney becoming Prime Minister, Mulroney was Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993, and his government was marked by free trade agreements and economic liberalization. A similar result occurred in 1997, and in 2000, when the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, in 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives merged, forming the Conservative Party of Canada. The party is currently being led by interim leader Rona Ambrose as it is undergoing a leadership election, which will take place in 2017. John Lynch-Staunton served as leader of the newly created Conservative Party of Canada from 8 December 2003 until 20 March 2004. On 19 January 2016, the party announced that a permanent leader will be elected on 27 May 2017, the National Council is the partys national governing body that is elected by the Conservative Party membership at its bi-annual meetings. A National Councillor is elected for a term and cannot serve for more than three consecutive terms. The party president is elected by National Council following their election, since 2016, the President of the Conservative Party has been Scott Lamb, a councillor representing British Columbia. The party President is the conduit between the Party Leader and the National Council, don Plett interim until 2005 John Walsh Scott Lamb The Executive Director answers to the party President, and is responsible for the day-to-day management and operations of the party. From February 2009 to October 2013, the Executive Director was Dan Hilton, from October to December 2013, the Acting Executive Director was Dave Forestell. Dimitri Soudas was named the new Executive Director in December 2013, on 30 March 2014, Soudas was told to resign or be fired from the position after allegedly interfering with the nomination contest taking place in his fiancees riding. On 30 March 2014, Simon Thompson was named as interim Executive Director, Thompson was previously the partys Chief Information Officer. In July 2014, Dustin Van Vugt was brought in as the Deputy Executive Director – a position created specifically for him, in October 2014, Van Vugts position was unanimously ratified by the partys National Council, and Thompson became the Chief Operations Officer. The Director of Political Operations reports to the Executive Director, and is one of the most important positions within the party
8.
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
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The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, often shortened to Ontario PC Party or PC, is a right-of-centre political party in Ontario, Canada. It governed the province for 80 of the 149 years since Confederation and it is the Official Opposition in the current Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The first Conservative Party in Upper Canada was made up of United Empire Loyalists, once responsible government was granted in response to the 1837 Rebellions, the Tories emerged as moderate reformers who opposed the radical policies of the Reformers and then the Clear Grits. The modern Conservative Party originated in the Liberal-Conservative coalition founded by Sir John A. Macdonald and it is a variant of this coalition that formed the first government in Ontario with John Sandfield Macdonald as Premier. Sandfield Macdonald was actually a Liberal and sat concurrently as a Liberal Party of Canada MP in the Canadian House of Commons, after losing power in 1871, this Conservative coalition began to dissolve. The party became opposed to funding for schools, opposed to language rights for French-Canadians. Paradoxically, an element of the party gained a reputation for being pro-labour as a result of links between the Orange Order and the labour movement. After 33 years in Opposition, the Tories returned to power under James P. Whitney, the Whitney government initiated massive public works projects such as the creation of Ontario Hydro. It also enacted legislation against the French-Canadian population in Ontario. The Tories were in power for all but five years from 1905 to 1934, after the death of Whitney in 1914, however, they lacked vision and became complacent. The Tories lost power to the United Farmers of Ontario in the 1919 election but were able to regain office in 1923 election due to the UFOs disintegration and they were defeated by Mitch Hepburns Liberals in 1934 due to their inability to cope with the Great Depression. Late in the 1930s and early in the 1940s, the Conservatives re-organized and developed new policies, the Conservatives took advantage of Liberal infighting to win a minority government in the 1943 provincial election, reducing the Liberals to third-party status. Drew called another election in 1945, only two years into his mandate, to get a majority government, the party would dominate Ontario politics for the next four decades. In 1961, John Robarts became the 17th premier of Ontario and he was one of the most popular premiers in years. Under Robarts lead, the party epitomized power and he hosted the 1967 Confederation of Tomorrow conference in Toronto in an unsuccessful attempt to achieve an agreement for a new Constitution of Canada. Robarts opposed Canadian medicare when it was proposed, but later endorsed it fully, and he led the party towards a civil libertarian movement. As a strong believer in the promotion of official languages, he opened the door to French education in Ontario schools. In 1971, Bill Davis became party leader and the 18th premier, anti-Catholicism became an issue again in the 1971 election, when the Tories campaigned strenuously against a Liberal proposal to extend funding for Catholic separate schools until Grade 13
9.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
10.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
Census divisions of Ontario
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The census divisions of Ontario are used by Statistics Canada to aggregate census data. With two exceptions, they correspond to Ontarios first-level administrative divisions, of which there are three types, single-tier municipalities, upper-tier municipalities, and districts. These differ primarily in the services that they provide to their residents and they may comprise smaller municipalities or other types of administrative divisions, which are generally treated as census subdivisions by Statistics Canada. In some cases, a census division may retain its name even if it changes government type. For instance, Oxford County, Haldimand County, Norfolk County and Prince Edward County are no counties, Oxford is a regional municipality. Several census divisions in Ontario have significantly changed their borders or been discontinued entirely, the following is a list of census divisions of Ontario and their population counts from the 2011 census conducted by Statistics Canada. A single-tier municipality is a division which is governed by one municipal administration, with neither a county nor regional government above it. A single-tier municipality is either a regional municipality or a former county. With the exception of Greater Sudbury, single-tier municipalities are found only in Southern Ontario, a single-tier municipality which is predominantly urban in nature may also be informally referred to as a megacity. Single-tier municipalities of this type were created where a regional municipality consisted of a single dominant urban centre. Regions are typically more urbanized than counties, Regional municipalities are found only in Southern Ontario. Current regional municipalities in Ontario, with regional seats listed in brackets, although Oxford County and the District Municipality of Muskoka are not called regions, they are defined as regional municipalities under Part 1, Section 1 of the Ontario Municipal Act,2001. Between 1998 and 2001, four municipalities that were dominated by a single city were amalgamated and are now single-tier municipalities. In 1998, the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto became the amalgamated City of Toronto, at the same time, the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk was split into Haldimand County and Norfolk County. Counties have fewer responsibilities than regions, as the municipalities within the counties typically provide the majority of municipal services to their residents. The responsibilities of county governments are limited to the following, maintenance and construction of rural arterial roads, health and social services. Counties are only found in Southern Ontario, counties may also include separated municipalities, communities that are considered part of the county for census purposes but are not administratively connected to the county. Some districts may have District Social Service Administration Boards, which are designed to certain social services
13.
Niagara Peninsula
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The Niagara Peninsula is the portion of Southern Ontario, Canada, lying between the south shore of Lake Ontario and the north shore of Lake Erie. Technically an isthmus rather than a peninsula, it stretches from the Niagara River in the east to Hamilton, Ontario, the population of the peninsula is roughly 1,000,000 people. The region directly across the Niagara River and Lake Erie in New York State is known as the Niagara Frontier, the broader Buffalo Niagara Region includes the Niagara Peninsula, the Niagara Frontier, and the city of Buffalo, New York. The greater part of the peninsula is incorporated as the Regional Municipality of Niagara, cities in the region include St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Thorold, Port Colborne and Welland. Towns include Niagara-on-the-Lake, Lincoln, Pelham, Grimsby and Fort Erie, as well as the townships Wainfleet, the remainder of the peninsula encompasses parts of the City of Hamilton and Haldimand County. The Neutrals were wiped out by the Iroquois c.1650 as the sought to expand their fur-trapping territory as part of the Beaver Wars. The Niagara Peninsula then became one of the first areas settled in Upper Canada by British Loyalists in the late 18th century, the capital of the new colony was established with the founding of Niagara-on-the-Lake, then called Newark. While agriculture – especially fruit farming along the shore of Lake Ontario – remains important to this day, a succession of canals were built to connect the markets and mineral resources of the upper Great Lakes with the St. Lawrence Seaway. General Motors built a presence in St. Catharines with auto plants and a foundry. Dry docks were built at Port Weller on Lake Ontario. Heavy industry has been diminishing for the past decade or more due to the slow-down of the North American automotive manufacturers. Because of this, local municipalities have been forced to look at new, hospitality and tourism has attracted numerous visitors to the area for more than 150 years primarily thanks to Niagara Falls. New development beginning during the mid-1990s has spun off an upscale hospitality boom throughout the whole Niagara Peninsula, today, more than 10 million guests visit the peninsula annually to see the beauty of the Falls and the Niagara Parks. Ecotourism has become popular with more people finding and exploring out of the way places such as the Niagara Escarpment. Another area of tourism growth in the past thirty years has been the expansion of the grape. The Niagara Peninsula is one of four recognized viticultural areas by the VQA in the Ontario wine industry, the many European-style wineries and vineyards have played a major role in attracting visitors seeking a unique cultural experience. Most of the local wineries offer tours of their facilities with a few offering onsite dining featuring unique Canadian cuisine paired with their own VQA vintages. It is common for many of these wineries world-class chefs to use fresh ingredients that are grown or acquired from local farms in season, some wineries also feature live music and theatrical performances in the vineyard during the summer months
14.
Southern Ontario
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Southern Ontario is a primary region of the province of Ontario, Canada, the other primary region being Northern Ontario. It is the most densely populated and southernmost region in Canada, situated south of Algonquin Park, it covers between 14 and 15% of the province, depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. The region is home to one-third of Canadas population, Southern Ontario differs greatly from Northern Ontario, in that it has a larger population, different climate, and different culture than its northern counterpart. It is broken into smaller subregions, including Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, Southern Ontario is part of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, which extends northeast into Quebec. Southern Ontario can be distinguished from Northern Ontario because it is far more densely populated and contains the majority of the cities, major roads. Northern Ontario, in contrast, contains natural resources and remote wilderness. Although it has no coastline, the region has an abundance of freshwater coastlines on three Great Lakes, as well as smaller lakes such as Lake Simcoe and Lake St. Clair. It is a vineyard region and producer of Canadian wines. Territorial Southern Ontario was explored and colonized by the French in the 17th century, Southern Ontario was where a large portion of the battles took place during the War of 1812, and was a major destination for escaping slaves using the underground railroad. Following the enactment of Prohibition in the United States in 1919, Southern Ontario is home to over 94%, or 12.1 million, of Ontarios total population of 12.9 million people, compared to approximately 750,000 in Northern Ontario. For thousands of years, Ontario has been home to aboriginal communities. Over 200,000 aboriginal Canadians live in Southern Ontario today, Southern Ontario was colonized by the French and the British. Since the late 20th century, many immigrants have come from Asia, the region is one of the top destinations for immigrants worldwide, particularly the Greater Toronto Area. The area has a manufacturing sector. Since the mid-2000s, Ontario has produced more vehicles per year than the state of Michigan, in a cross-border definition, a swath of Southern Ontario could be considered a part of the Rust Belt. Factory closings because of restructuring, globalization have for the past few decades taken their toll. This is most evident in the southern tier cities which have large automobile or associated industrial bases, such as Windsor, London, St. Thomas. Still affected by these factors but to an extent is Hamilton, the centre of steel production, and Sarnia
15.
Lake Erie
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Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes, at its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet deep. Lake Eries northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U. S. states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and these jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore and that Iroquoian tribe called it Erige because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of whether the lake was named after the tribe. Situated below Lake Huron, Eries primary inlet is the Detroit River, Lake Erie has a mean elevation of 571 feet above sea level. It has an area of 9,990 square miles with a length of 241 statute miles. The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F limit necessary to keep the plants cool, also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter. The waves build very quickly, according to other accounts, after being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive. This area is known as the thunderstorm capital of Canada with breathtaking lightning displays. Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River and drains via the Niagara River, navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, the drainage basin covers 30,140 square miles. Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the end of the lake, these belong to Ohio except for Pelee Island and eight neighboring islands. Major cities along Lake Erie include Buffalo, Erie, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio, Islands tend to be located in the western side of the lake and total 31 in number. The island-village of Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island attracts young crowds who sometimes wear red hats and are prone to break off cartwheels in the park. Pelee Island is the largest of Eries islands, accessible by ferry from Leamington, Ontario and Sandusky, songbirds migrate to Pelee in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall. Lake Erie has a retention time of 2.6 years
16.
Cayuga, Ontario
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Cayuga is an unincorporated community and county seat of Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada located at the intersection of Highway 3 and Munsee Street and along the Grand River. Cayuga is about a 20-minute drive from Lake Erie and 30 minutes south of Hamilton and 115 minutes south of Toronto and consequently it has some cottages, in the past there was some light industry. It has the local district detachment for the Ontario Provincial Police, Cayuga was incorporated as a village in 1859 and became the county seat for Haldimand County because of its central location. It is named after the Cayuga, one of the Six Nations of the Grand River Natives who were awarded land in the area for siding with the British in the American Revolution. As the county seat, it is the location of the Court House, jail, in the late 18th century and early 19th century, public hangings were held in the courtyard and the prisoners buried on site. The Highway 3 bridge over the Grand River is a well recognized bridge over the Grand River and is commonly used as a symbol of Haldimand County. The same bridge was used in a movie that commemorated Terry Fox. Sadly, this bridge will no longer be a symbol of the Grand River, the villages population grew to about 2,500 in the mid-19th century because the Grand River was an important commercial route. There were locks constructed at Indiana just north of Cayuga, however, when the Welland Canal was completed, the Grand became an obsolete route. Further, a dam was built down river from Cayuga at Dunnville. Although originally part of the Welland Canal, the purpose of the dam, presently the population of Cayuga has recovered to approximately 1,500 after having been around 1,000 for almost a century. In 1974, the village was amalgamated into the new town of Haldimand within the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk, despite nearby Caledonia being the largest community in the town, the town hall was located in Cayuga because of its central location. In 2001, Haldimand and all municipalities within the region were dissolved. Cayuga is now a community in Ward 2 of Haldimand County. Cayuga is in Ward 2 of Haldimand County, the current councillor for Ward 2 is Fred Morison 2010–Present. Before Fred Morison, it was Buck Sloat from 2003 to 2010, the current Mayor Of Haldimand County is Ken Hewitt 2010–Present. The previous Mayor was Marie Trainer from 2003 to 2010, before Marie Trainer, the mayor was Lorraine Bergstrand 2001-2003. The current Clerk is Evelyn Eichenbaum who works in Cayuga at the Haldimand County Cayuga Administration building, the current Chief Administrative Officer of Halidmand County is Don Boyle who works in Cayuga at the Haldimand County Cayuga Administration building
17.
Norfolk, Ontario
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Norfolk County /ˈnɔːrfoʊk/ is a rural single-tier municipality on the north shore of Lake Erie in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Surrounding its many communities is some of the most fertile land in Ontario. With a mild climate and lengthy growing season, the region has long been the centre of the Ontario tobacco belt, however, many farmers have begun the process of diversifying their crop selections to include lavender, ginseng, hazelnuts, and wolfberries as tobacco consumption continues to decrease. The area also has a greenhouse industry. Despite this, farmers have asked governments to reduce the losses of moving away from profitable tobacco operations. A significant natural feature of Norfolk is Long Point, a 40 kilometre spit of land projecting into Lake Erie and it plays an important part in eastern North American bird migration, and was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1986. Long Point Provincial Park is located on the point, more than 25% of Norfolk County is considered to be forested, especially near the major communities and hamlets that dot the county. The county seat and largest community is Simcoe, other population centres are Port Dover, Delhi and Waterford. Norfolks history has been associated with that of the neighbouring Haldimand County. Norfolk was first created as a county in 1792, in 1800, Haldimand was formed from a portion of Norfolk. This political unit existed from 1974 to 2000, the last regional chairperson in Haldimand-Norfolk was John Harrison. On January 1,2001, the municipality was dissolved. Since they no longer have townships or other municipal subdivisions below them, the Townships of Delhi and Norfolk, the Town of Simcoe, and the western half of the City of Nanticoke were amalgamated to form the Town of Norfolk. Moreover, many communities such as Port Dover and Port Rowan are now in Norfolk County. The newly formed municipalitys first by-law was to change the name to Norfolk County, in January 2005, the county unveiled a new coat of arms which included natural symbols associated with the county, hooded warblers, a tulip tree and an eastern dogwood flower. The first mayor of the county, Rita Kalmbach, was succeeded in 2007 by Dennis Travale, a transit system was introduced in Norfolk County in 2010. Prior to its amalgamation with Haldimand in 1974, Norfolk consisted of eight townships, Walsingham was originally one township, but had been split into North and South Walsingham in 1881. Although no longer political entities, the townships are still used informally
18.
County of Brant
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For the provincial electoral district known as Brant County, see Brant. The County of Brant is a municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario. Despite its name, it is no longer a county by definition, the county has service offices in Burford, Paris and St. George. It is a rural municipality in Southern Ontario. The largest population centre is Paris, the County is bordered by the Region of Waterloo, the City of Hamilton, Haldimand County, Norfolk County, and Oxford County. The city of Brantford is independent of the County and has its own municipal government, the Brant census division, which includes Brantford and the Six Nations and New Credit reserves, along with the County of Brant, had a population of 134,808 in the 2016 census. In addition to Brantford, population centres in Brant are Paris, St. George, the area had previously been part of Wentworth & Oxford County. Brant County was formed in 1851 and originally consisted of, Brantford Township, the township was organized in 1840. First of the townships to have settlers. Surveyed in 1793, four families settled on the land before 1800, originally called the Townsend Gore, then the Burford Gore, but organized a separate municipality in 1850. The formal surrender of the township by the Indians did not take place until 1839, south Dumfries Township, Area 46,265 acres. In 1999, the county was reorganized and all its individual municipalities, as of December 31,1998, all of the original townships were still intact, except for the incorporation of the Town of Paris. Erected by the provincial and federal governments, historic plaques and monuments in Brant County indicate a long, the famed Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant and the Mohawk people of New York state served with the British during the American Revolution. In 1784, the Crown granted Joseph Brant and his followers a land treaty along the Grand River to replace what they had lost in New York State at the Sandusky Council after the Revolution. As chief of the tribes, Brant led his people to Upper Canada. Nearly a century later, the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant, in 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majestys Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province, Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here
19.
Hamilton, Ontario
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Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Residents of the old city are known as Hamiltonians, since 1981, the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario. Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 94th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2015-16 and has a well-known medical school. Possibly because of its environment, numerous TV and film productions have been filmed in Hamilton, regulated by the Hamilton Film. A growing arts and culture community garnered media attention in 2006 when the Globe and Mail published an article called Go West, the article highlighted local art galleries, recording studios and independent film production. In pre-colonial times, the Neutral Indians used much of the land but were driven out by the Five Nations who were allied with the British against the Huron. A member of the Iroquois Confederacy provided the route and name for Mohawk Road, which originally included King Street in the lower city. In 1784, about 10,000 United Empire Loyalists settled in Upper Canada, chiefly in Niagara, around the Bay of Quinte, and along the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Montreal. They were soon followed by many more Americans, some of not so much ardent loyalists but attracted nonetheless by the availability of inexpensive. At the same time, large numbers of Iroquois loyal to Britain arrived from the United States and were settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario. The town of Hamilton was conceived by George Hamilton, when he purchased farm holdings of James Durand, nathaniel Hughson, a property owner to the north, cooperated with George Hamilton to prepare a proposal for a courthouse and jail on Hamiltons property. Hamilton offered the land to the crown for the future site, Durand was empowered by Hughson and Hamilton to sell property holdings which later became the site of the town. As he had instructed, Durand circulated the offers at York during a session of the Legislative Assembly. Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District, a permanent jail was not constructed until 1832 when a cut-stone design was completed on one of the two squares created in 1816, Princes Square. Subsequently, the first police board and the limits were defined by statute on February 13,1833. Official City status was achieved on June 9,1846, by an act of Parliament,9 Victoria Chapter 73, the city had several interurban electric street railways and two inclines, all powered by the Cataract Power Co. Though suffering through the Hamilton Street Railway strike of 1906, with industrial businesses expanding, allan Skyway in 1958, and the first Tim Hortons store in 1964. Since then, many of the industries have moved or shut down operations and the economy has shifted more toward the service sector, such as transportation, education
20.
Regional Municipality of Niagara
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The Regional Municipality of Niagara, also known as the Niagara Region, or colloquially Regional Niagara, is a regional municipality comprising twelve municipalities of Southern Ontario, Canada. The regional seat is in Thorold, the region occupies most of the Niagara Peninsula. Its eastern boundary is the Niagara River, which is also the border with the United States and it is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario and on the south by Lake Erie. Unique natural landscapes make the Niagara Region an important centre for agriculture, the most important agricultural enterprise in Niagara is viticulture, or winemaking. The Niagara Wine Route, which visitors to dozens of wineries, is a growing tourism draw while the internationally renowned Niagara Falls is one of Canadas major tourist attractions. Along with Shaw Festival, held annually in Niagara-on-the-Lake, and the Welland Canal, the Regional Municipality of Niagara receives up to 12 million visitors each year
21.
Norfolk County, Ontario
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Norfolk County /ˈnɔːrfoʊk/ is a rural single-tier municipality on the north shore of Lake Erie in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Surrounding its many communities is some of the most fertile land in Ontario. With a mild climate and lengthy growing season, the region has long been the centre of the Ontario tobacco belt, however, many farmers have begun the process of diversifying their crop selections to include lavender, ginseng, hazelnuts, and wolfberries as tobacco consumption continues to decrease. The area also has a greenhouse industry. Despite this, farmers have asked governments to reduce the losses of moving away from profitable tobacco operations. A significant natural feature of Norfolk is Long Point, a 40 kilometre spit of land projecting into Lake Erie and it plays an important part in eastern North American bird migration, and was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1986. Long Point Provincial Park is located on the point, more than 25% of Norfolk County is considered to be forested, especially near the major communities and hamlets that dot the county. The county seat and largest community is Simcoe, other population centres are Port Dover, Delhi and Waterford. Norfolks history has been associated with that of the neighbouring Haldimand County. Norfolk was first created as a county in 1792, in 1800, Haldimand was formed from a portion of Norfolk. This political unit existed from 1974 to 2000, the last regional chairperson in Haldimand-Norfolk was John Harrison. On January 1,2001, the municipality was dissolved. Since they no longer have townships or other municipal subdivisions below them, the Townships of Delhi and Norfolk, the Town of Simcoe, and the western half of the City of Nanticoke were amalgamated to form the Town of Norfolk. Moreover, many communities such as Port Dover and Port Rowan are now in Norfolk County. The newly formed municipalitys first by-law was to change the name to Norfolk County, in January 2005, the county unveiled a new coat of arms which included natural symbols associated with the county, hooded warblers, a tulip tree and an eastern dogwood flower. The first mayor of the county, Rita Kalmbach, was succeeded in 2007 by Dennis Travale, a transit system was introduced in Norfolk County in 2010. Prior to its amalgamation with Haldimand in 1974, Norfolk consisted of eight townships, Walsingham was originally one township, but had been split into North and South Walsingham in 1881. Although no longer political entities, the townships are still used informally
22.
County
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A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes, in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French conté or cunté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count or a viscount. The modern French is comté, and its equivalents in other languages are contea, contado, comtat, condado, Grafschaft, graafschap, Gau, when the Normans conquered England, they brought the term with them. The Saxons had already established the districts became the historic counties of England. The Vikings introduced the term earl to the British Isles, thus, the Anglo-Saxons earl and earldom were taken as equivalent to the continental use of count and county under the conquering Normans, and over time the two blended and became equivalent terms. Further, the term became a synonym for the native English word scir or, in Modern English. Since a shire was a division of the kingdom, the term county evolved to designate an administrative division of states or of a national government in most other modern uses. A county may be subdivided into districts, hundreds, townships or other administrative jurisdictions within the county. A county usually, but not always, contains cities, towns, townships, villages, or other municipal corporations, Provinces in Argentina are divided into departments, except in the Buenos Aires Province, where they are called partidos. The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires is divided into communes, in the eastern states of Australia, counties are used in the administration of land titles. They do not generally correspond to a level of government, but are used in the identification of parcels of land, canadas five oldest provinces – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec and Prince Edward Island – are divided into counties. In addition to counties, Ontario is also subdivided into districts, district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities. British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, the word county is used to translate the Chinese term xiàn. In Mainland China, governed by the Peoples Republic of China, counties are the level of local government. There are 1,464 counties in the PRC out of a total of 2,862 county-level divisions, the number of counties has remained more or less constant since the Han dynasty. The county remains one of the oldest levels of government in China, the county government was particularly important in imperial China because this was the lowest layer at which the imperial government functioned. The head of a county during imperial times was the magistrate, in older context, prefecture and district are alternative terms to refer to xiàn before the establishment of the Republic of China. The English nomenclature county was adopted following the establishment of the ROC, contrary to the typical rural location of a county in Western countries, a city in China may enclose several counties
23.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
24.
Frederick Haldimand
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Sir Frederick Haldimand, KB was a military officer best known for his service in the British Army in North America during the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War. His administration of Quebec was at times harsh, with the detention of political dissidents. Haldimand was born in Yverdon, Switzerland, baptized François-Louis-Frédéric Haldimand, he was the son of a civil servant. He became interested in the military at an age. His first service appears to have been in the army of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession, with whom he fought at Mollwitz and probably also at Hohenfriedberg and Kesselsdorf. He next joined the Swiss Guards of the Dutch Republic, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, there he formed a friendship with Henry Bouquet, another Swiss military man, with whom he would serve in North America. Formation of the regiment, known as the Royal American, took two years, and was beset by culture clashes with the rest of the British Army, in spite of this, Haldimand and Bouquet both earned the respect of the British military establishment with their dedicated professionalism. While Haldimands battalion was sent to Louisbourg in 1758, Haldimand himself served under General James Abercrombie at the disastrous Battle of Carillon, Haldimand returned to Oswego, where he remained throughout the winter. In 1760 he joined General Jeffrey Amhersts army as it descended the Saint Lawrence River, at Trois-Rivières he oversaw the development of the ironworks at nearby Saint Maurice, and arranged for his nephew to serve under James Murray, then the military governor of Quebec City. In 1764, the province of Quebec was turned over to a civil administration, denied leave to return to Europe, he remained in Quebec until 1765, when his command was merged into another. He remained in this post, which he characterized as the most disagreeable of his life, despite good relations with the civil governors, he had ongoing problems with supply and funding, and the high cost of living there put him into debt. He was promoted to commandant of the Royal American in 1772. He also undertook in 1772 the steps necessary to become a British subject, General Gage called Haldimand to New York in 1773 to temporarily act as commander-in-chief of North America while he went to England on leave. He sailed from Boston in June 1775, and arrived in London in August, Haldimand became Governor of the Province of Quebec in 1778, serving through the American Revolution. These negotiations reached a point where Haldimand believed Vermont was almost ready to admit British troops when news of the surrender at Yorktown arrived. In the summer of 1784, Frederick Haldimand returned to England, on leave, in 1785, he was awarded the Order of the Bath. He settled in London, but made regular visits to his boyhood home, Haldimand never married, and his diaries show no evidence of romantic interests. Haldimand created and preserved a great deal of correspondence, especially during his time in North America
25.
Six Nations of the Grand River
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Six Nations is the largest First Nations reserve in Canada with a total of 25,660 members. Some 12,271 are reported living on this reserve and it is the only reserve in North America that has all six Iroquois nations living together. These nations are the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca, there are also some Delaware living in the territory. The acreage at present covers some 46,000 acres near the city of Brantford, Ontario. This represents approximately 5% of the original 950,000 acres of land granted to the Six Nations by the 1784 Haldimand Treaty, many of the Iroquois people allied with the British during the American Revolutionary War, particularly from the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga and Seneca nations. Some warriors of the Oneida and Tuscarora also allied with them and these nations had longstanding trade relations with the British and hoped they might stop European-American encroachment on their territories. These allies were from the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Confederacy and it worked to resettle native Loyalists in Canada and provide some compensation for properties lost in the new United States. The Crown also hoped to use these new settlers, both Native Americans and European Americans, to more towns and agriculture in areas west of Quebec. The Six Nations were feared warriors fighting in unconventional but successful tactics more common in modern military, there are documented instances, Stony Creek being one, where non-native Militia simply ran or cowered in fear of an encounter on the battlefield. The lands granted to six nations reserves were all near important Canadian military targets, the growth of the six nations community was also hampered. Land, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, granted a measure of power to their owners. Influential leaders like Joseph Brant and Deseronto were prevented from granting land to owners who could have brought industry. Rules and laws were created to prevent the growth of support for these men by banning all non natives from living and owning any business on reserves. Many complained that much of lands granted were clay and rock ridden, after the war, the Mohawk leaders John Deseronto and Joseph Brant met with the British officer Frederick Haldimand to discuss the loss of their lands in New York. Haldimand promised to resettle the Mohawk near the Bay of Quinte, on the northeast shore of Lake Ontario, in present-day Ontario, Haldimand purchased from other First Nations a tract 12 by 13 miles on the Bay of Quinte, which he granted to the Mohawk. (There are of course questions about First Nations understanding of such purchase, as the First Nations of Canada do not believe you can own the earth or sky, this land was most likely just taken, like most other lands of North America, by Christian Doctrine of Discovery. About 200 Mohawk settled with Deseronto at what is now called the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, the group of Mohawk originally led by John Deseronto, who died in the town named after him, settled on the Bay of Quinte known as “Tyendinaga”. These were primarily Mohawk of the Lower Castle, Brant decided that he preferred to settle on the Grand River. Mohawk of the Upper Castle joined him in settling on the Grand River, as did bands of the other Six Nations
26.
Grand River land dispute
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The current Grand River land dispute came to wide attention in Canada in 2006 when the Six Nations formally reactivated the 1995 litigation against Canada and Ontario. On that date, protesters from the Six Nations of the Grand River began a demonstration to raise awareness about First Nation land claims in Ontario, Canada. They highlighted their claim to a parcel of land in Caledonia, Ontario, soon after this demonstration, the demonstrators took control of the disputed land. The land at the centre of the dispute in Caledonia covers 40 hectares, Henco argues that the Six Nations surrendered their rights to the land in 1841 and Henco later purchased it from the Canadian Crown. The Six Nations, however, maintain that their title to the land was never relinquished, as their chiefs protested at the time, the government halted negotiations at times because of public danger from protesters actions, such as blocking public roads. As protests continued, on June 12,2006, more than 400 area residents and this was settled in July 2011, with the government paying $20 million to class members. By the end of 2011, several cases related to assaults had been prosecuted. However, individual member governments are free to make individual alliances, July 4,1776 Second Continental Congress adopts Declaration of Independence. 1778 Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations enter alliance with British Empire and they appoint Chief Joseph Brant as their War Chief. Oneida and Tuscarora nations negotiate an arrangement with rebel colonies. 1783 Britain enters into Treaty of Paris with United States of America, neither Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga or Seneca are parties to this treaty. However, Great Britain unilaterally cedes these nations territory south of the Great Lakes to the United States, may 22,1784, Frederick Haldimand purchases land along the Grand River from the Mississauga nation. The nations new, shared, territory extends 6 miles from either side of the Grand River, january 14,1793, Lt. -Governor Simcoe confirms the grant with a limited deed. The Crown initially opposed the sales but eventually conceded,1795 to 1797 Joseph Brant sold 381,480 acres to land speculators comprising the northern half of the reserve for £85,332. The interest on the annuity promised an income of £5,119 per year, far more than any other Iroquois people had received. The land speculators were unable to farm size lots to settlers fast enough and, by 1801. 1825, The Crown approached the Six Nations about developing Plank Road, the Six Nations agreed to lease half a mile of land on each side for the road, but did not surrender the land. John Colborne agreed to the lease but his successor, Sir Francis Bond Head, after 1845, despite the protests of the Six Nations, the government sold Plank Road and surrounding lands to third parties
27.
Caledonia, Ontario
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Caledonia is a small town located on the Grand River in Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada. It had a 2016 population of 9,674, Caledonia is within Ward 3 of Haldimand County. The Councillor elected for Ward 3 is Craig Grice, as of September 2006, there are approximately 4,000 households in the community of Caledonia. Caledonia is located at the intersection of Highway 6 and Haldimand Highway 54 on the Grand River, on Highway 6, the town is 10 km south of Hamilton and 10 km north of Hagersville. On Haldimand Highway 54, the town is 15 km east of Brantford, Ontario and 10 km west of Cayuga, Caledonia was once a small strip of land between Seneca and Oneida villages. The Grand River traveled through Caledonia dividing it into two sides, North and South, in 1834, Ranald McKinnon was hired by the Grand River Navigation company to build a dam in Seneca and a dam in Caledonia. Completed in 1840, the dams made water power available, mills sprung up all over Seneca village, and five mills were built in Caledonia by 1850. One renamed Caledonia Mill is preserved but closed to visitors, the Hamilton to Port Dover Plank Road was brought through Caledonia in 1838. A bridge was built across the river in Caledonia and Seneca in 1842 and these wooden bridges lasted around 19 years before they were swept away by the ice on the river. The Seneca bridge was never rebuilt, as of 2011, the Grand River Bridge built in 1927 serves Caledonias traffic. In 1844, Caledonia was incorporated as a village and later as a town, by 1860, the Grand River Navigation company was bankrupt, and their land was sold to different organizations. Seneca village was failing, many people from Seneca moved to Caledonia, Navigation on the river ended by 1880. A whole new way of transportation arrived around 1883, the Grand Trunk Railway passed through Caledonia, Oneida had become part of Caledonia and the town limits were expanding. By 1960 Caledonia was a bustling town, in 1974, the town was amalgamated into the new town of Haldimand within the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk. Although the largest community in Haldimand, the hall was located in nearby Cayuga. In 2001, Haldimand and all municipalities within the region were dissolved. Caledonia is now a community in Ward 3 of Haldimand County. In 2006, the Grand River land dispute involving First Nation land claims brought Caledonia to national attention
28.
Dunnville, Ontario
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Dunnville is an unincorporated community located near the mouth of the Grand River in Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada, near the historic Talbot Trail. It was formerly a town encompassing the surrounding area with a total population of 12,000. Dunnville was the site of a Cayuga settlement called Detgahnegahagó, wah, the European settlement was originally built as the entrance to the Welland feeder canal and the town once boasted several water-powered mills and a once-bustling canal port. The feeder canal closed in the late 1880s and the last mill was destroyed and replaced with a complex about ten years ago. There is a dam at Dunnville which regulates the level of the Grand River at Port Maitland which, in the 19th century. Dunnville was incorporated as a village in 1860 and then as a town in 1900, in 1974, the town amalgamated with the townships of Dunn, Canborough, Moulton and Sherbrooke when the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk was formed. In 2001, Dunnville and all municipalities within the region were dissolved. What was the town of Dunnville now consists of Wards 5 and 6 in Haldimand County. Only a few kilometres from Lake Erie, Dunnville has many private vacation properties, there are many events and natural attractions. In June the annual Mudcat Festival is held to one of the Grand Rivers most well-known inhabitants. The festival includes a parade, strongman contests, midway, another popular event is the Dunnville Agricultural Fair, held in late August which includes heavy, light and miniature horse shows, sheep and goat shows. Dunnville has tennis, golf, lawn bowling and swimming facilities and many Bed & Breakfasts, tuesday and Saturday are Farmers Market days. The former World War II RCAF Training Base, the Dunnville Airport, offers a window on history with its massive hangars. Previously used for flying and skydiving, the runways now boast six large wind-turbine power generators. The airport is home to Haldimand Countys newest museum, the No.6 RCAF Dunnville Museum. The Grand River and nearby Lake Erie offers aquatic activities including swimming, sailing, wind-surfing, canoeing, nearby are Byng Island Conservation Area, Rock Point Provincial Park, and Port Maitlands new pier. In the fall, Rock Point hosts thousands of monarch butterflies heading south, Dunnville is also the site of one of the largest expanses of provincially significant wetlands in Ontario, bird watching and nature photography are practised there. Smuckers Foods of Canada Co. which operates the Bicks Pickle Plant, provides employment for a percentage of the towns population
29.
Hagersville, Ontario
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Hagersville is a community in Haldimand County, Ontario which gained international notoriety in 1990 for a gigantic uncontrolled tire fire which spewed toxic smoke for seventeen days. The fire itself actually occurred in Townsend, a neighbouring community, Hagersville is approximately 45 km southwest of Hamilton, Ontario, and 15 km southwest of Caledonia, Ontario. Hagersvilles nearest airports are Hamilton/John C, munro International Airport, CYHM, formerly Mount Hope Airport, and Toronto Pearson International Airport, YYZ. The current population of Hagersville is 2,579 Hagersville comprises an area of 3.142 km/sq, the current mayor of Hagersville is Ken Hewitt, mayor of Haldimand County. Hagersville is the birthplace of Canadian drummer, Neil Peart, of the Canadian rock group, Hagersville is home to the Hagersville Hawks, a junior hockey team that plays in the Niagara & District Junior C Hockey League. Hagersville is the birthplace of Becky Kellar, b.1 January 1975, Hagersville is the birthplace of Paul Gilbert Humber, on July 13,1942. Rev. Dr. Charles M. Humber was pastor of the Hagersville Baptist Church at the time, Paul is the author of various publications and resides with his wife and a son in Philadelphia. Hagersville is the birthplace of Jay Silverheels, b, harold John Smith, who played Tonto in the 1950s television series, The Lone Ranger. Upon the construction of Highway 6, known formerly as the Plank Road, David Almas owned the land on the east side of the road, while John Porter owned the land in the west end. The building of the Canada Southern Railroad in 1870, and of the Hamilton, close by the rail crossing was The Junction Hotel, later becoming The Lawson Hotel after a change in ownership. Perhaps it was best known as Murphs Place when retired NHL player Ron Murphy took ownership and it was also known as the Hagersville Inn, but today it is known as The Old Lawson House. In 1852, Charles Hager built a hotel at the corner of the Plank Road. Hagersvilles first post office was in this hotel and Joseph Seymour suggested the community be called Hagersville to honour the Hager brothers, no.16 SFTS opened on 8 August 1941 and closed on 30 March 1945. After the RCAF finished with the site it was used by the Canadian Army for various purposes and was known as Camp Hagersville, the camp was closed in 1964. In 2013 the site is an industrial park, some of the military homes are still there, and the housing area is known as White Oaks Village. A good view of the site and the old hangars is had from Concession 10 Walpole, the base was located at 42°55′42″N 080°07′33″W. Hagersville Tire Fire CBC Archives, The Hagersville Tire Fire The Royal Canadian Legion, #164 Hagersville Haldimand County
30.
Jarvis, Ontario
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Jarvis is a small community in Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada. This community is located near the towns of Simcoe, Townsend, Cayuga, Port Dover, major highways Highway 3 and Highway 6 form a crossroads near the centre of the community. Jarvis is home of the annual summer Cornfest. Jarvis also is the home of the Jarvis Travelers Fastball team, mr. William Jarvis himself was a member of the defunct Family Compact clique which believed in arch-conservative values that directly opposed democracy. Businesses in the town of Jarvis include a gas station and several restaurants, there is also a Sears catalogue store and car dealership that also sells motorcycle trikes, a flower store, a new and gently used childrens clothing shop, also a butcher shop. There is only one bank in Jarvis, schools include, Jarvis District Christian School and Jarvis Public School. Jarvis also has a court, baseball diamond and a community centre that holds Jack and Jills along with weddings. Jarvis also hosts a festival in the month of August called Cornfest, the main musical act for Cornfest 2010 was The Road Hammers. A notable Cornfest performance by the Canadian country rock music band Blue Rodeo was considered to be an event for a small community festival. The air station appears in the 1942 Hollywood movie Captains of the Clouds
31.
Nanticoke Generating Station
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The Nanticoke Generating Station was the largest coal-fired power plant in North America. At full capacity, it could provide 3,964 MW of power into the southern Ontario power grid from its base in Nanticoke, Ontario and it is owned by Ontario Power Generation. It was decommissioned in 2013 as part of the Government of Ontarios commitment to coal power. Prior to the commencement of decommissioning, Nanticoke was one of Canadas top ten sources of greenhouse gases. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1924, Ontario Hydro revealed plans to build a 4,000 MW fossil-fuel generating station near Long Point, Ontario in 1967. Its current site was selected in Nanticoke, Ontario, because of the harbour, the proximity of United States coal supplies. The construction of the plant cost CAN$800 million and operations started in 1972, eight pulverized coal-fired steam generators were built in phases between 1973 and 1978. By 1981, the plant was consuming 35,000 tonnes of coal per day, over the years, another $900 million has been invested in making the plant more energy efficient, robust, and improving its emissions. Although the plant houses eight generating units, four of those units have since been retired, the remaining four units are not in operation. Rather, they are being held in standby for potential use with alternative fuels. Previously, power generation at this plant was on a basis, only operating during peak levels of energy consumption. At other times the plant would remain idle, when demand for electricity was high, the remaining four active generating units were put into service, with the maximum potential to produce approximately 5% of Ontarios total generating capacity. The plant is connected to the grid by numerous 230, 000- and 500. Cooling water for the plant is drawn from Lake Erie using two pipes that are 6.5 m in diameter, stretch 550 m offshore, the plant has two multi-flue smokestacks which are both 198 m tall. A dock on the shore of the site allows ships to deliver coal to a stock pile. At its peak, Nanticoke employed approximately 634 staff from the area, the Nanticoke station used to be one of Canadas largest greenhouse gas emitters and polluters. In 2001, it was the largest single source of greenhouse gases according to Environment Canada, due to major reductions in output since 2009, it was eventually surpassed by facilities in Alberta. The province could not replace Nanticokes energy output by the deadline, the province was examining replacing this output using nuclear power by refurbishing its existing fleet, and building two additional reactors at the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station
32.
Port Maitland, Ontario
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There is also a Port Maitland in the province of Nova Scotia, see Port Maitland, Nova Scotia. Port Maitland is a community in the province of Ontario. It is on the North shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Grand River, at one time a canal connected the Welland Canal to the Grand River. It was once a commercial fishing village. The population of Port Maitland is approximately 100 people and it is the home of the former Maitland Arms Hotel, a thriving rock n roll venue from the late 1960s to mid 1970s. Photos of the mouth of the Grand River
33.
Iroquois
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The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their cultures as a result of warfare, adoption of captives, the historic Erie, Susquehannock, Wyandot, and St. Lawrence Iroquoians, all independent peoples, spoke Iroquoian languages. In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, the most common name for the confederacy, Iroquois, is of somewhat obscure origin. The first time it appears in writing is in the account of Samuel de Champlain of his journey to Tadoussac in 1603, other spellings occurring in the earliest sources include Erocoise, Hiroquois, Hyroquoise, Irecoies, Iriquois, Iroquaes, Irroquois, and Yroquois. In the French spoken at the time, this would have been pronounced as or. In 1883, Horatio Hale wrote that the Charlevoix etymology was dubious, Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron, and was cognate with Mohawk ierokwa they who smoke or Cayuga iakwai a bear. Hewitt responded to Hales etymology in 1888 by expressing doubt that either of those words even exist in the respective languages, a more modern etymology is that advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968, who elaborates upon an earlier etymology given by Charles Arnaud in 1880. Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnokué, meaning terrible man, Day proposes a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwédač, meaning a man, an Iroquois, as the origin of this term. More recently, Peter Bakker has proposed a Basque origin for Iroquois. g and he proposes instead that the word derives from hilokoa, from the Basque roots hil to kill, ko, and a. He also argues that the /l/ was rendered as /r/ since the former is not attested in the inventory of any language in the region. Thus the word according to Bakker is translatable as the killer people, a different term, Haudenosaunee, is the designation more commonly used by the Iroquois to refer to themselves. It is also preferred by scholars of Native American history who consider the name Iroquois to be derogatory in origin. An alternate designation, Ganonsyoni, is encountered as well. More transparently, the Iroquois confederacy is also referred to simply as the Six Nations. The history of the Iroquois Confederacy goes back to its formation by the Peacemaker in 1142, each nation within the Iroquoian family had a distinct language, territory and function in the League. Iroquois influence extended into present-day Canada, westward along the Great Lakes, the League is governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of fifty chiefs or sachems, each representing one of the clans of one of the nations. The original Iroquois League or Five Nations, occupied areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River. The League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, in or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League, having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement
34.
Butler's Rangers
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Butlers Rangers was a Loyalist, British provincial, military unit, during the American Revolutionary War, raised by Loyalist John Butler. Most members, of the regiment, were Loyalists, from upstate New York, among the Rangers were black former slaves, the total number of black soldiers in Butlers Rangers is unknown, with estimates ranging from two to more than a dozen. These actions earned the Rangers a reputation for exceptional savagery and they fought principally in western New York and Pennsylvania, but ranged as far west as Ohio and Michigan and as far south as Virginia. Their winter quarters were constructed, on the west bank of the Niagara River, in what is now present-day Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. It was built, in the years, following the War of 1812, to house the Indian Department, John Butler was a French and Indian War veteran-turned landowner with a 26,000 acre estate near Caughnawaga in the Mohawk Valley. John Butler served, as a deputy to Guy Johnson, himself a loyalist from the Mohawk Valley who led mixed anti-Republican First Nations, during the Saratoga Campaign, Lieutenant Colonel Butler distinguished himself at the Battle of Oriskany on August 6,1777. As a result, he was commissioned a lieutenant colonel and allowed to raise his own British provincial regiment and this military group would come to be known as Butlers Rangers. Variation A Their uniforms consisted of a woolen coat faced white. Their pant garment was gaitered trousers made from Russia sheeting, a hemp product and their hats were round hats, useful in shielding their faces from the sun. When in garrison or on parade, they could bring up the leaves of that hat to form a cocked hat. Their belts were of buff leather and crossed at the breast where they were held in place by a plate marked in the same manner. They primarily used both the Long-Land and Short-Land forms of the Brown Bess musket, a mix of other firearms may have been used but would have created a supply issue due to calibre variations. Butlers Rangers were disbanded in June 1784, and its veterans given land grants in the Nassau District, now the Niagara region of Ontario, as a reward for their services to the British crown. In 1788, the Nassau militia was formed with John Butler as its commander, filling its ranks with the demobilized officers, in 1792, the Nassau District was changed to the county of Lincoln and the name of the militia changed to Lincoln Militia by 1793. It was the Lincoln Militia who fought in the War of 1812, Richard Pierpoint Butlers Rangers, The Revolutionary Period by E. A. Year of the Hangman, George Washingtons Campaign Against the Iroquois, yardley, Westholme Publishing,2005 and in, E. Cruikshank, The Story of Butlers Rangers. Brick, John, The Kings Rangers,1954 References to this war are described in the novel Zach by William Bell Miller, Orlo, a romanticized account based on the true life experiences of Daniel Springer, who served in the Rangers along with his older brother, Richard. Major John Butlers report of July 3,1778 The Wyoming Massacre, major Alan D. Woolley CD, The Lincoln and Welland Regiment
35.
Joseph Brant
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Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant was a Mohawk military and political leader, based in present-day New York, who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution. While not born into a leadership role within the Iroquois League, Brant rose to prominence due to his education, abilities. His sister, Molly Brant, was the consort of Sir William Johnson, during the American Revolutionary War, Brant led Mohawk and colonial Loyalists against the rebels in a bitter partisan war on the New York frontier. He was accused by the Americans of committing atrocities and given the name Monster Brant, in 1784, Frederick Haldimand granted Joseph Brant and his followers a land treaty to replace what they had lost in New York State at the Sandusky Council after the Revolution. This tract, the Haldimand Grant, was about 833,333 hectares in size, Chief Brant relocated with most of his people to Upper Canada to the area which is now Six Nations Reserve, where he remained a prominent leader. Joseph was born in March 1743, in the Ohio Country somewhere along the Cuyahoga River and this was during the hunting season when the Mohawk traveled to the area. He was named Thayendanegea, which in the Mohawk language can mean two wagers bound together for strength, or possibly he who places two bets, as the Mohawk were a matrilineal culture, he was born into his mothers Wolf Clan. Anglican Church records at Fort Hunter, New York, noted that his parents were Christians and their names were Peter and his father died when Joseph was born. After his fathers death, his mother Margaret, the niece of Tiaogeara and they settled in Canajoharie, a Mohawk village on the Mohawk River, where they had lived before. On September 9,1753 his mother married again, to a widower named Brant and her new husbands family had ties with the British, his grandfather Sagayendwarahton was one of the Four Mohawk Kings to visit England in 1710. The marriage bettered Margarets fortunes, and the lived in the best house in Canajoharie. Her new alliance conferred little status on her children as Mohawk titles, canagaraduncka was a friend of William Johnson, the influential and wealthy British Superintendent for Northern Indian Affairs, who had been knighted for his service. During Johnsons frequent visits to the Mohawk, he stayed at the Brants house. Brants half-sister Molly established a relationship with Johnson, who was a successful trader and landowner. His mansion Johnson Hall impressed the young Brant so much that he decided to stay with Molly, Johnson took an interest in the youth and supported his English-style education, as well as introducing him to influential leaders in the New York colony. He was one of 182 Native American warriors awarded a medal from the British for his service. In 1761, Johnson arranged for three Mohawk, including Brant, to be educated at Eleazar Wheelocks Moors Indian Charity School in Connecticut and this was the forerunner of Dartmouth College, which was later established in New Hampshire. Brant studied under the guidance of Wheelock, who wrote that the youth was of a genius, a manly and gentle deportment
36.
John Coape Sherbrooke
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General Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, GCB was a British soldier and colonial administrator. After serving in the British army in Nova Scotia, the Netherlands, India, the Mediterranean, during the War of 1812, his policies and victory in the conquest of present-day Maine, renaming it the colony of New Ireland, led to significant prosperity in Nova Scotia. He served under the Duke of Wellington as a Major General in the Peninsular War from 1807 until his reassignment to Nova Scotia, simultaneously, he was a Lieutenant General of Portuguese forces. Sherbrooke arrived at Halifax on 16 October 1812 as commander of the forces in the Atlantic provinces, the five years of Sherbrooke’s administration were dominated by war with the United States, which broke out in June 1812, and matters relating to the colony’s defence. He mounted guns at harbour entrances across the colony and placed the militias in a state of readiness, the war proved to be profitable for Nova Scotia. Sherbrooke’s commercial policies turned the Atlantic provinces into a thriving entrepôt for international trade, from 1813–1830 Sherbrooke was Colonel of the 33rd Regiment of Foot. He renamed the region the colony of New Ireland, the eight-month occupation of Castine yielded customs revenues which were subsequently used to finance the Cambridge Military Library in Halifax and found Dalhousie College. His active defence of the colony during the War of 1812 led to his appointment as Governor General of British North America in 1816 and his talent as a mediator helped settle disputes, and he won the confidence of Louis-Joseph Papineau. Ill health forced Sherbrooke to resign after two years, and he retired to Nottinghamshire in England. However, his tenure was remembered as a period of calm before the coming storm. While he resided in Nova Scotia, his home was at Birch Cove on Bedford Basin, named Sherwood, it eventually lent its name to the neighbourhoods of Sherwood Park and Sherwood Heights. The community of Sherbrooke, Nova Scotia also bears his name, other honorific eponyms are listed below. Fort Sherbrooke Vessels Sir John Sherbrooke Sir John Sherbrooke Barbados Military history of Nova Scotia Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online National Assembly biography
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