1.
Lahore
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Lahore is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the second most populous city in Pakistan and the 32nd most populous city in the world, the city is located in the north-eastern end of Pakistans Punjab province, near the border with the Indian state of Punjab. Lahore is ranked as a world city, and is one of Pakistans wealthiest cities with an estimated GDP of $58.14 billion as of 2014. Lahore is the cultural centre of the Punjab region, and is the largest Punjabi city in the world. The city has a history, and was once under the rule of the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids, Ghurids. Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire, the city was contested between the Maratha Empire and Durrani Empire, then became capital of the Sikh Empire, before becoming the capital of the Punjab under British rule. Following the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Lahore became the capital of Pakistans Punjab province, Lahore is one of Pakistans most liberal and cosmopolitan cities. It exerts a strong influence over Pakistan. Lahore is a centre for Pakistans publishing industry, and remains the foremost centre of Pakistans literary scene. The city is also a centre of education in Pakistan. Lahore is also home to Pakistans film industry, Lollywood, and is a centre of Qawwali music. The city is much of Pakistans tourist industry, with major attractions including the old Walled City. Lahore is also home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Lahore Fort, the etymology of Lahore is uncertain, but according to legend the city was once known as Lavapura, in honour of Prince Lava of the Hindu epic poem, the Ramayana. Lahore Fort also contains a vacant Lava temple, dedicated to the founder of the city. Lahore was called by different names throughout history, to date there is no conclusive evidence as to when it was founded. Lahore is described as a Hindu principality in the Rajput accounts, keneksen, the founder of Suryavansha, is believed to have migrated out from the city. The Solanki tribe, belonging to Amukhara Pattan, which included the Bhatti Rajputs of Jaisalmer, Lahore appears as the capital of the Punjab for the first time under Anandapala – the Hindu Shahi king who is referred to as the ruler of –after leaving the earlier capital of Waihind. Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the 11th century, the sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated
2.
Punjab, Pakistan
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Punjab, is Pakistans second largest province by area after Balochistan, and its most populous province with an estimated population of 101,391,000 as of 2015. It is bordered by Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as well as the regions of Islamabad Capital Territory and it also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu and Kashmir. The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore, a centre of Pakistan where the countrys cinema industry. Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times, the Indus Valley Civilization, dating to 2600 BCE, was first discovered at Harappa. Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata, in 326 BCE, Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong, Punjab. The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE, Punjab was later invaded by Tamerlane, Babur, and Nader Shah. Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire, following a successful rebellion, Sikh-led armies claimed Lahore in 1759. The administration of the Sikh Empire was based out of Lahore, the province was formed when the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious boundaries in 1947 by the Radcliffe Line after Partition. Punjab is Pakistans most industrialised province with the industrial sector making up 24% of the gross domestic product. Punjab is known in Pakistan for its prosperity, and has the lowest rate of poverty amongst all Pakistani provinces. Punjab is also one of South Asias most urbanized regions with approximately 40% of people living in urban areas and its human development index rankings are high relative to the rest of Pakistan. Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relatively liberal social attitudes, the province has been strongly influenced by Sufism, with numerous Sufi shrines spread across Punjab which attract millions of devotees annually. The founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak, was born in the Punjab town of Nankana Sahib near Lahore, Punjab is also the site of the Katasraj Temple, which features prominently in Hindu mythology. Several UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in Punjab, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the excavations at Taxila. The region was known to the Greeks as Pentapotamia, meaning the region of five rivers. The word Punjab was formally introduced in the early 17th century CE as an elision of the Persian words panj and āb, thus meaning the five rivers, similar in meaning to the Greek name for the region. The five rivers, namely Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, flow via the Panjnad River into the Indus River, of the five great rivers of Punjab, four course through Pakistans Punjab province. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and witnessed centuries of invasions by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks
3.
Islamabad
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Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan located within the federal Islamabad Capital Territory. The city is the seat of Pakistan and is administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation. Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the part of the country. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab, Islamabad was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistans capital. The city is known for the presence of several parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park, the city is home several landmarks, including the Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest in the world. Other landmarks include the Pakistans National Monument and Democracy Square, Islamabad is a gamma+ world city, it is categorised as very high on the Human Development Index, the highest in the country. The city has the highest cost of living in Pakistan, and its population is dominated by middle, the city is home to sixteen universities, including the Quaid-e-Azam University and NUST. The city is one of the safest in Pakistan, and has a surveillance system with 1,900 CCTV cameras. The name of the city, Islamabad is derived from two words, Islam and abad, meaning City of Islam, Islam is an Arabic word which refers to the religion of Islam and -abad is a Persian place name that means inhabited place or city. Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have found on the plateau. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period, items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found. Excavations have revealed evidence of a prehistoric culture, one end of the Indus Valley Civilization flourished here between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Later the area was a settlement of the Aryan community. A Buddhist town once existed in the region, many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani used the corridor through Islamabad on their way to invade the rest of the Indian Subcontinent. Modern Islamabad is based on the old settlement known as Saidpur, the British took control of the region from the Sikhs in 1849 and built South Asias largest cantonment in the region. When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the port city of Karachi was its first national capital. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a capital for several reasons
4.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
5.
University of the Punjab
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The University of the Punjab or Punjab University, is a public research university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the oldest public university in Pakistan, approximately 30,000 enrolled students are currently attending the university, the PU has total of 13 faculties within which there are 63 academic departments, research centers, and institutes. The Punjab University has ranked first amongst large-sized multiple faculty universities by the HEC in 2012, there are also two Nobel Laureates amongst the universitys alumni and former staff. Additionally, the university is also a member of Association of Commonwealth Universities of the United Kingdom, the University of the Punjab was given its initial impetus by Woods despatch in 1854. Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner was the founder of the university, contrary to the three previously established universities, which were only examining institutions, the University of the Punjab was both teaching as well as examining body right from the beginning. From its formation in 1882 until 1947, the University of the Punjab served the needs of the entire region of pre-independence Punjab. Mohindra College, Patiala was the first college of higher learning to affiliate with University of Punjab in 1882, followed by St. Stephens College, Delhi. The independence of Pakistan in 1947 reduced the jurisdiction of the university. The Indian portion of the university is referred to as Panjab University, Chandigarh, the current Institute of Administrative Sciences was created in 1962. The campus houses the Senate, the Syndicate, the Selection Board, quaid-i-Azam Campus, also known as the new campus, it is named after the founder of Pakistan and is located 12 kilometres to the south of the Allama Iqbal Campus. Spread over an area of 1,700 acres of green landscape this campus is the centre of academic. A canal divides the academic blocks from the student lodgings, gujranwala Campus, the faculties of Commerce, Economics and Management Sciences, Law and Science all conduct teaching in the campus. Khanspur Campus, the campus is located at a height of about 7,000 ft in the Himalayan range near Ayubia. This campus, in addition to providing facilities, is also used as a recreational center for the faculty. Jhelum Campus, having opened in 2012, it offers studies relating to the faculties of Commerce, Economics and Management Sciences, Law. At present PU has 28 dorms 17 for male and 11 for female students, most of these students are accommodated in the dorms at the Quaid-e-Azam Campus. Total number of residents is 6961. On-campus housing facilities include 89 houses for teachers and University officers and 249 houses for staff of the University
6.
Government College University (Lahore)
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The Government College University or GCU is a public research university located in the downtown, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Its alumni network includes Nobel Prize laureate Abdus Salam, philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, World Court President Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, four ministers of Pakistan. It was one of the oldest colleges in Pakistan as well as one of the oldest institutions of learning in the Muslim world. It was founded in 1864 as a college of Calcutta University under the leadership of Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner. In 1882 it was affiliated with the University of the Punjab, in 2002, It was granted university status by the Government of Pakistan, the word college is retained in its title for preserving its historical roots. Its departments of physics and mathematics has international prestige, GCU has four faculties,29 academic departments and four research institutes. The GCU secured its position in the medium category by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan in 2013. GCU has the highest graduation rate in the country, with an average of 95. 5% annually. Alumni of the GCU are called Ravians which is derived word from the name of the student magazine Ravi, published by the administration of the college, the magazine name is inspired by the Ravi River. The GCU is noted for its roots and attracted notable scholars such as Leitner, Abdus Salam and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal to studied. Under the British Raj Government College was opened on 1 January 1864 in a portion of the Palace of Raja Dhyan Singh Haveli, the institution was affiliated with the University of Calcutta for examination. Along with the establishment of the college, Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner was nominated as principal of college, later, he was instrumental in the foundation of University of the Punjab, established in 1882. The first class consisted of nine students, all of whom matriculated from the University of Calcutta, in April 1871, the college moved to its present site. Eric C. Dickinson became its Principal and he taught English at the Aligarh Muslim University. In 1996, it received autonomous status, on 9 September 2002, the Torch, as the Crest of the university emblem, represents the light of knowledge. The motto Courage to Know represents the principle of the student community. Faculty of Engineering, B. Sc. in Electrical Engineering a four-year degree programme, human Resource Development Center – The center has arranged in service teachers training programmes for the GCU faculty on academic and administrative topics. The Abdus Salam Chair in Physics, named after the Pakistani theoretical physicist, the institute became operational in March 2000 with the efforts of Ishfaq Ahmad, a lifelong friend of Salam
7.
Geo TV
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Geo TV or Geo Television is a Pakistani television channel established in May 2002 and owned by the Independent Media Corporation. The channel began test transmission on 14 August 2002, with regular transmission beginning 1 October 2002 and it was later renamed Geo Entertainment. Geo is an Urdu word meaning Live, Geo Television Network began with Geo TV and has since launched several other Pakistan-based channels, including, Geo Entertainment GEO News - an Urdu news channel. GEO Tez - Pakistan 1st headlines news channel, GEO Super - a 24-hour sports channel devoted mainly to cricket, with a secondary focus on boxing, football, tennis and field hockey. In addition, until 2008, the network also operated an English language station called GEO English, Geo Dost is a Geo TV portal that offers ordinary citizens the chance to report the news, whether it be funny or serious. Geo Network has released several movies under the Geo Films banner, including and its uplink teleport station is Samacom, the uplink provider in the UAE. Geo TV is currently being aired on Paksat 1R, a documentary by Geo covering water scarcity in the Indus river delta won The Special Prize of H. S. H. Prince Rainier III at the Monte Carlo TV Festival, Geo was awarded a special award in 2005 at the Nouticaslo TV festival. In May 2014, Geo TV was banned by PEMRA for airing blasphemous content on Geo Entertainment in its morning show Utho Jago Pakistan, protest was also done in Lahore as people said it is an unlawful ban. While on other hand countrywide protest was done against Geo for airing controversial content, List of Pakistani television serials List of programs broadcast by Geo TV Official website
8.
Osama bin Laden
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He was a Saudi Arabian, a member of the wealthy bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite. Bin Laden was born to the family of billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden in Saudi Arabia and he studied at university in the country until 1979, when he joined Mujahideen forces in Pakistan fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. He helped to fund the Mujahideen by funneling arms, money and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan and he was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to Sudan, until U. S. pressure forced him to leave Sudan in 1996. After establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of bombings and related attacks. Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigations lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, from 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, as the FBI placed a $25 million bounty on him in their search for him. S. There is no accepted standard for transliterating Arabic words and Arabic names into English, however. The FBI and Central Intelligence Agency, as well as other U. S. governmental agencies, have used either Usama bin Laden or Usama bin Ladin, less common renderings include Ussamah bin Ladin and, in the French-language media, Oussama ben Laden. Other spellings include Binladen or, as used by his family in the West, the decapitalization of bin is based on the convention of leaving short prepositions, articles, and patronymics uncapitalized in surnames, the nasab bin means son of. The spellings with o and e come from a Persian-influenced pronunciation also used in Afghanistan, Osama bin Ladens full name, Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, means Osama, son of Mohammed, son of Awad, son of Laden. The Arabic linguistic convention would be to refer to him as Osama or Osama bin Laden, not bin Laden alone, as bin Laden is a patronymic, not a surname in the Western manner. According to bin Ladens son Omar bin Laden, the familys surname is al-Qahtani. Osama bin Laden had also assumed the kunyah Abū Abdāllāh and his admirers have referred to him by several nicknames, including the Prince or Emir, the Sheik, the Jihadist Sheik or Sheik al-Mujahid, Hajj, and the Director. The word usāmah means lion, earning him the nicknames Lion and Lion Sheik, in a 1998 interview, bin Laden gave his birth date as March 10,1957. Mohammed bin Laden divorced Hamida soon after Osama bin Laden was born, Mohammed recommended Hamida to Mohammed al-Attas, an associate. Al-Attas married Hamida in the late 1950s or early 1960s, the couple had four children, and bin Laden lived in the new household with three half-brothers and one half-sister. The bin Laden family made $5 billion in the construction industry, Bin Laden was raised as a devout Sunni Muslim. From 1968 to 1976, he attended the élite secular Al-Thager Model School and he studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University. Some reports suggest he earned a degree in engineering in 1979
9.
Hilal-i-Imtiaz
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The Hilal-i-Imtiaz is the second highest civilian award and honour given to both civilians and military officers of the Pakistan armed forces by the Government of Pakistan. It recognises individuals who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan, world peace and it is a civilian award, and not limited to the citizens of Pakistan. The honour is restricted to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in their fields that led to recognition to the State. It is awarded in the fields of literature, arts, sports, medicine and it is announced every year on Independence Day, August 14, and given on Pakistan Day, March 23, by the President of Pakistan. The award is given to individuals, not groups, because the purpose of the award is to recognise the recipients individual contributions. The award is a disc of golden Jasminum between the five points of a gold star. The star has additional bright Jasminum, in its centre there is a green emerald with a golden crescent, a special grade of the medal has a larger execution of the same medal design worn as a star on the left of the chest. In addition, it is worn as a sash on the shoulder, with its rosette with white and yellow edge. At the ceremony, both medals can be worn at the time according to their achievements. The medal is suspended on a ribbon, dark green with a yellow and white central stripe
10.
Urdu
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Urdu is a persianized standard register of the Hindustani language. It is the language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also one of the 22 official languages recognized in the Constitution of India, hyderabad, Rampur, Bhopal and Lucknow are noted Urdu-speaking cities of India. Urdu is historically associated with the Muslims of the northern Indian subcontinent, apart from specialized vocabulary, Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi, another recognized register of Hindustani. Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani, Urdu developed under the influence of the Persian and Arabic languages, both of which have contributed a significant amount of vocabulary to formal speech. Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit, Urdu words originating from Chagatai and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianized versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic ta marbuta changes to he or te, nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the Turkish language, but from Chagatai. Urdu and Turkish borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu, Arabic influence in the region began with the late first-millennium Arab invasion of India in the 7th century. The Persian language was introduced into the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of the Delhi Sultanate. With the advent of the British Raj, Persian was no longer the language of administration but Hindustani, still written in the Persian script, the name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century Urdu was commonly known as Hindi, the language was also known by various other names such as Hindavi and Dehlavi. The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the language in 1837 and was made co-official. Urdu was promoted in British India by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian and this triggered a Brahman backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. At independence, Pakistan established a highly Persianized literary form of Urdu as its national language, English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localized wherever it is spoken, similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects like Dakhni of South India, and Khariboli of the Punjab region since recent times. Because of Urdus similarity to Hindi, speakers of the two languages can understand one another if both sides refrain from using specialized vocabulary. The syntax, morphology, and the vocabulary are essentially identical. Thus linguists usually count them as one language and contend that they are considered as two different languages for socio-political reasons
11.
Pakistanis
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Pakistanis are the people who are citizens of the modern Islamic Republic of Pakistan. As of 2011, the population of Pakistan was over 199 million making it the worlds sixth most-populous country. Pakistan has one of the worlds fastest growing populations, as the country is located in South Asia, Pakistani people are a mixture of various indigenous ethnic groups. The Punjabi people, the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, reside predominantly in Central, considerable population of Punjabis live in Karachi as well. The Baloch people inhabit the southwest of the country, the Kashmiri people are an important ethnic group of the Kashmir region in the north. The Chitrali people are indigenous people who live high in the mountains in the northwest. There are countless other ethnic groups make up part of Pakistanis mosaic such as the Bengalis, Burmese, Hazara, Tajik and Hakka. Pakistan has a culture, with all of the provinces maintaining differing social mores. However, Islam is the force behind the unity of varying ethnic groups from different parts of the country. Pakistani culture falls in the category of high context, Urdu, a major standard register of Hindustani, is Pakistans national language. Urdu was chosen as a token of unity and as a lingua franca so as not to any native Pakistani language preference over the other. It is mostly learned as a language, with nearly 93% of Pakistans population having a mother tongue other than Urdu. Urdu is spoken as a first, second or at times third tongue by almost all Pakistani people, english is spoken at an official level and in most elite circles, as a legacy of the long British Raj colonial rule in the region. Many Pakistanis worldwide speak the regional languages of Pakistan such as, Urdu, Saraiki, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi. The largest religion practiced in Pakistan is Islam, other religious groups in Pakistan include Judaism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity. There are large populations of Pakistani ancestry around the world, due to emigration, the population of Pakistanis abroad is considered to exceed seven million and can be found in the Middle East, North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The Pakistani diaspora in Europe and its impact on building in Pakistan. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, relevance of Education for Womens Empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan
12.
Capital Talk
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Capital Talk is a flagship Geo News program which is a one-hour debate on current events hosted by Hamid Mir. Capital Talk looks at the challenges, issues and concerns facing Pakistan on a daily basis, the format includes a panel of renowned personalities who participate in a dialogue which contributes towards reaching feasible and practical solutions. Going along with the principle there are two sides of every picture, Capital Talk helps you discover both these sides. The aim of the show is to stay on top of the news and provide prompt and detailed analysis, Capital Talk expands on debates, which in turn, helps provide insights into the raging issues of Pakistan’s political set-up, no matter how contentious. It is broadcast four days a week on GEO News, launched in 2002, it is the oldest current events program in Pakistan. Special transmissions are also broadcast focusing on crises zones, more important ones of which took place during Long March of 2009, in December 2007, the show was banned by General Pervez Musharraf due to Mirs constant criticism of the Government. The show returned in January 2008 but was hosted by Muhammad Malik instead of Hamid Mir, after the General Election of 2008, Mir returned to Capital Talk. On October 2012, Capital Talk completed its 10 years of running and this was celebrated by Geo News by running a special episode of the program. Hamid Mir was severely injured on 19 April 2014 when he was six times while travelling in his car from Karachis Jinnah Airport to Geos Head Office
13.
John Kerry
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John Forbes Kerry is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A Democrat, he previously served Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013 and he was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing narrowly to Republican incumbent George W. Bush. Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and he graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal and he appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes. After receiving a J. D. from Boston College Law School and he served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair, Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990,1996,2002, and 2008. In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War and he and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U. S. Senate, John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11,1943, in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He is the second of four born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes. His father was raised Catholic and his mother was Episcopalian and he was raised with an elder sister named Margaret, a younger sister named Diana and a younger brother named Cameron. The children were raised in their fathers faith, John Kerry served as an altar boy, Kerry grew up a military brat until his father was discharged from the Army Air Corps, causing the family to settle in Washington, D. C. in 1949. While in Washington, Richard took a spot in the Department of the Navys Office of General Counsel and his extended maternal family enjoyed great wealth as members of the Forbes and Dudley–Winthrop families. Kerrys parents themselves were upper-middle class, and a great aunt paid for him to attend elite boarding schools. In 1957, his father was stationed at the U. S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, and Kerry was sent back to the United States to attend boarding school. He first attended the Fessenden School in Newton, Massachusetts, and later St. Pauls, Concord, New Hampshire, Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Pauls to debate the issues of the day, the Society still exists there. In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966
14.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
15.
Tony Blair
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Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
16.
Colin Powell
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Colin Luther Powell is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. Powell was born in Harlem as the son of Jamaican immigrants, Powell was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U. S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, Powell was born in New York City and was raised in the South Bronx. His parents, Luther and Maud Powell, immigrated to the United States from Jamaica, Powell was educated in the New York City public schools, graduating from the City College of New York, where he earned a bachelors degree in geology. He also participated in ROTC at CCNY and received a commission as an Army second lieutenant upon graduation in June 1958 and his further academic achievements include a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University. Powell was a soldier for 35 years, during which time he held myriad command and staff positions. His last assignment, from October 1,1989 to September 30,1993, was as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, during this time, he oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He also formulated the Powell Doctrine, following his military retirement, Powell wrote his best-selling autobiography, My American Journey. In addition, he pursued a career as a speaker, addressing audiences across the country. He was nominated by President Bush on December 16,2000 as Secretary of State, after being unanimously confirmed by the U. S. Senate, he was sworn in as the 65th Secretary of State on January 20,2001. Powell is the recipient of numerous U. S. and foreign military awards, several schools and other institutions have been named in his honor and he holds honorary degrees from universities and colleges across the country. Powell is married to the former Alma Vivian Johnson of Birmingham, the Powell family includes son Michael, daughters Linda and Anne, daughter-in-law Jane, and grandsons Jeffrey and Bryan. In 2016, while not a candidate, Powell received three votes for the office of President of the United States. Powell was born on April 5,1937, in Harlem and his parents were both of mixed African and Scots ancestry. Luther worked as a clerk and Maud as a seamstress. Powell was raised in the South Bronx and attended Morris High School, while at school, Powell worked at a local baby furniture store, where he picked up Yiddish from the eastern European Jewish shopkeepers and some of the customers. He also served as a Shabbos goy, helping Orthodox families with needed tasks on the Sabbath and he received his BS degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and has said he was a C average student. He later earned an MBA degree from the George Washington University in 1971, despite his parents pronunciation of his name as /ˈkɒlᵻn/, Powell has pronounced his name /ˈkoʊlᵻn/ since childhood, after the heroic World War II flyer Colin P. Kelly Jr
17.
Nelson Mandela
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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the countrys first black head of state and the first elected in a representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism, ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family and he studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943, after the National Partys white-only government established apartheid—a system of racial segregation that privileged whites—he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. Mandela was appointed President of the ANCs Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he joined the banned South African Communist Party. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, in 1962, he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, amid growing domestic and international pressure, and with fears of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory, internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy. Mandela became a statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a figure for much of his life. Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours—including the Nobel Peace Prize—and became the subject of a cult of personality. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, given the forename Rolihlahla, a Xhosa term colloquially meaning troublemaker, in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was king of the Thembu people in the Transkeian Territories of South Africas modern Eastern Cape province, one of Ngubengcukas sons, named Mandela, was Nelsons grandfather and the source of his surname. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrates unreasonable demands
18.
Shimon Peres
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Shimon Peres was an Israeli politician who served both as ninth President of Israel, and Prime Minister of Israel, as well as Interim Prime Minister. He was a member of twelve cabinets in a career spanning 70 years. At the time of his retirement in 2014, he was the worlds oldest head of state and he was considered the last link to Israels founding generation. From a young age, he was renowned for his oratorical brilliance and he began his political career in the late 1940s, holding several diplomatic and military positions during and directly after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. His first high-level government position was as Deputy Director-General of Defense in 1952 which he attained at the age of 28, in 1956, he took part in the historic negotiations on the Protocol of Sèvres described by British Prime Minister Anthony Eden as the highest form of statesmanship. In 1963, he held negotiations with U. S. President John F. Kennedy, which resulted in the sale of Hawk anti-aircraft missiles to Israel, the first sale of U. S. military equipment to Israel. On October 26,1994, Jordan and Israel signed the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Peres won the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize together with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat for the peace talks that he participated in as Israeli Foreign Minister, producing the Oslo Accords. During his career, he represented five political parties in the Knesset, Mapai, Rafi, the Alignment, Labor and Kadima, and led Alignment and Labor. In July 2016, he founded the Israel innovation center in the Arab neighbourhood of Ajami, Jaffa, Peres was polyglot, speaking Polish, French, English, Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew, although he never lost his Polish accent when speaking in Hebrew. In his private life, he was a poet and songwriter, writing stanzas during cabinet meetings, as a result of his deep literary interests, he could quote from Hebrew prophets, French literature, and Chinese philosophy with equal ease. After suffering a stroke, Peres died on September 28,2016 near Tel Aviv, Shimon Peres was born Szymon Perski, on August 2,1923, in Wiszniew, Poland, to Yitzhak and Sara Perski. The family spoke Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian at home, and he then learned to speak English and French. His father was a timber merchant, later branching out into other commodities. Peres had a brother, Gershon, and was a relative of American film star Lauren Bacall. Peres told Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson that he had been born as a result of a blessing his parents had received from a chassidic rebbe, Peres grandfather, Rabbi Zvi Meltzer, a grandson of Rabbi Chaim Volozhin, had a great impact on his life. In an interview, Peres said, As a child, I grew up in my grandfathers home, … My grandfather taught me Talmud. It was not as easy as it sounds and my home was not an observant one. My parents were not Orthodox but I was Haredi, at one point, I heard my parents listening to the radio on the Sabbath and I smashed it
19.
Shah Rukh Khan
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Shah Rukh Khan, also known as SRK, is an Indian film actor, producer and television personality. Referred to in the media as the Baadshah of Bollywood, King of Bollywood or King Khan, he has appeared in more than 80 Bollywood films, Khan has a significant following in Asia and the Indian diaspora worldwide. In terms of size and income, he has been described as one of the most successful film stars in the world. Khan began his career appearances in several television series in the late 1980s. He made his Bollywood debut in 1992 with Deewana, early in his career, Khan was recognised for portraying villainous roles in the films Darr, Baazigar and Anjaam. He then rose to prominence starring in a series of romantic films, including Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Dil To Pagal Hai, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Mohabbatein. He earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of an alcoholic in Devdas, a NASA scientist in Swades, India and a man with Asperger syndrome in My Name Is Khan. His highest-grossing films include the comedies Chennai Express and Happy New Year, many of his films display themes of Indian national identity and connections with diaspora communities, or gender, racial, social and religious differences and grievances. For his contributions to film, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri, and he is a frequent television presenter and stage show performer. The media often label him as Brand SRK because of his many endorsement, Khans philanthropic endeavours have provided health care and disaster relief, and he was honoured with UNESCOs Pyramide con Marni award in 2011 for his support of childrens education. He regularly features in listings of the most influential people in Indian culture, Khan was born on 2 November 1965 in a Muslim family in New Delhi. He spent the first five years of his life in Mangalore, according to Khan, his paternal grandfather, Jan Muhammad, an ethnic Pathan was from Afghanistan. Shah Rukh Khan also said in his interviews that he is a Pathan from Peshawar, Khans father, Meer Taj Mohammed Khan, was an Indian independence activist in Peshawar, British India. As of 2010, Khans paternal family was living in Shah Wali Qataal area of Peshawars Qissa Khawani Bazaar. Meer was a follower of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and affiliated with the All Indian National Congress and he moved to New Delhi in 1948 partition of India. Khans mother, Lateef Fatima, was the daughter of a government engineer. His parents were married in 1959, Khan described himself on Twitter as half Hyderabadi, half Pathan, some Kashmiri. His paternal cousins in Peshawar claim that the family is of Hindkowan origin from Kashmir, not Pashtun, Khan grew up in the Rajendra Nagar neighbourhood of Delhi
20.
Zafarullah Khan Jamali
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Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali is a Pakistani politician and currently a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan who was the 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2002 until his resignation in 2004. Originally a supporter of the Pakistan Peoples Party, Jamali emerged from the politics of Balochistan Province under military governor Rahimuddin Khan during the 1970s and he became a national figure as part of the government of Nawaz Sharif, and was Chief Minister of Balochistan for two non-consecutive terms. In the 2002 general election, Jamali won his bid for the office of Prime Minister after his supporters, on 21 November 2002 Jamali was appointed the 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan until unexpectedly announced his resignation in 2004. Jamali was born in 1944 to a political, religious and landlord family in Rowjhan village of Commissariat Baluchistan of the British Indian Empire, Jamali received his early education at Lawrence College, Murree and A levels from Aitchison College, Lahore. He then studied in a government college for a bachelors degree and he received his masters degree in political science at the University of the Punjab in 1965. Jamali was a sportsman during his student days and was a member of his school, Jamali began his political career in 1970 and joined PPP. Jamali took part in Pakistani general election,1970 for the first time and he was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan for the first time in Pakistani general election,1977 on a PPP ticket. He was appointed a minister in the provincial cabinet of Balochistan. As part of the new government in 1972, Jamali was appointed provincial home minister and Minister of Food, Information, in Pakistani general elections,1977 Jamali was re-elected as the member of the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan for the second time. He briefly held portfolios for the departments of Food, Information, Law, Jamali left the PPP in 1977. After the imposition of law in Pakistan by General Zia-ul-Haq. Jamali was appointed as a minister in the federal cabinet by General Zia-ul-Haq. Jamali was appointed as the chief minister of Balochistan in 1988 after General Zia-ul-Haq dismissed the government of Junejo. Jamali was re-elected as the member of the assembly of Balochistan in Pakistani general election,1988. He was elected as the member of the Senate of Pakistan in 1994, Jamali ran for the seat of National Assembly in the Pakistani general elections,1990, but was defeated by a PPP candidate. He was re-elected as the member of the Provincial Assembly in Pakistani general elections,1993 on the PML ticket, Jamali was re-appointed caretaker as the chief minister of Balochistan in 1997. In July 2002, Jamali joined the Pakistan Muslim Leagues breakaway Q Group as senior executive president and he was re-elected as the member of the National Assembly of Pakistan in Pakistani general election,2002. He was the first politician from Balochistan to become minister of Pakistan
21.
Government College of Science
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The Government College of Science Wahdat Road in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan is located along the Wahdat Road in the locality of Allama Iqbal Town. The college was founded on 8 August 1973, M. A. Saeed was its first principal, at the same time the building which was constructed to house Govt. Intermediate college for Girls, Gulberg, Lahore and which remained unutilized, was annexed to the college building and was named Government College of Science, Wahdat Road. Thus the Government College of Science emerged from the blend of three institutions and a renowned educationist, Prof. M. A. Saeed was appointed its first principal. The new college started functioning with new vigor, ambitions and targets, the post-graduate teaching was started in Physics, Chemistry, Economics and Mathematics and Zoology. The college is affiliated with the board of Intermediate & Secondary Education Lahore, the college won the Board Championship in boxing in 2004-05. To boost up the activity, a boxing ring is being set up on the college campus. M. A. Saeed was appointed its first principal, the college has a sports board and a societies board which organize sports and extra-curricular activities. Mian Amer Mahmood Hamid Mir - senior journalist Usman Naseem - engineer Official homepage
22.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
23.
Mass communications
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Mass communication is the study of how people exchange information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. In other words, mass refers to the imparting and exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of people. The message is sent out in a rapid and continuous way via mass media. Large number of audience is covered in less time, Mass communication is the process by which a person, group of people, or organization creates a message and transmits it through some type of medium to a large, anonymous, heterogeneous audience. This implies that the audience of mass communication are made up of different cultures, behavior. Mass communication is regularly associated with media influence or media effects, Mass communication began when humans could transmit messages from a single source to multiple receivers. Mass communication has moved from theories such as the hypodermic needle model through more modern theories such as computer-mediated communication. In the United States, the study of communication is often associated with the practical applications of journalism, television and radio broadcasting, film, public relations. With the diversification of media options, the study of communication has extended to social media and new media. While the field of communication is continually evolving, the following four fields are generally considered the major areas of study within mass communication. They exist in different forms and configurations at different schools or universities, advertising, in relation to mass communication, refers to marketing a product or service in a persuasive manner that encourages the audience to buy the product or use the service. Because advertising generally takes place some form of mass media, such as television, studying the effects. Advertising is the paid, impersonal, one-way marketing of persuasive information from a sponsor, through mass communication channels, the sponsor promotes the adoption of goods, services or ideas. Advertisers have full control of the message being sent to their audience, broadcasting is the act of transmitting audio and/or visual content through a communication medium, such as radio, television, or film. In the study of communication, broadcasting can refer to the practical study of how to produce communication content. When broadcasting through radio and television, the entertainment and information can be distributed by wire and wireless to other stations, television stations. The channels offer informative and entertaining content of general and specific interest, along with radio and television broadcasting, those presenting the information could present the information live or recorded. Journalism, is the collection, verification, presentation, and editing of news for presentation through the media, in sense, refers to the study of the product
24.
Sialkot
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Sialkot is a city in, and the administrative headquarters for, Sialkot District, located in the north-east of the Punjab, Pakistan. Sialkot is Pakistans 12th most populous city, Sialkot is 5000 years old city. Sialkot was the capital of ancient Indo-Greek empire. Menander one of the Indo-Greek kings made his capital to Sialkot after the victory of Alexander the Great, Sialkot became a part of the Muslim Sultanate of Delhi when the Afghan noble Sultan Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Ghauri conquered Punjab in 1185. He was unable to conquer Lahore but left a garrison in Sialkot, later Sultan Khusro Malik tried to capture the city but failed to do so. Sialkot then became a part of the Muslim Mughal Empire, the Mughal commander Usman Ghani Raza, advanced towards Delhi by way of Sialkot which capitulated to his armies. Zaheer-ud-Din Muhammad Babur records, At the end of the Mughal dynasty the suburbs, Sialkot itself was appropriated by powerful families of Pashtuns from Multan, Afghanistan and Swat, the Kakayzai and Sherwani, and another family from Quetta. In 1748 the four districts of Sialkot, Sambrial, Pasrur and Daska were given to the Afghan Pashtun ruler Ahmed Shah Durrani, after 1751 Ahmed Shah Durrani left his son Taimur to rule Lahore and the surrounding districts. During that time Raja Ranjit Deo of Jammu expanded his dominion over the peripheral areas but not the city of Sialkot. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh invaded and occupied Sialkot for about 40 years, the predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. After independence in 1947 the Hindu and Sikh minorities migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Sialkot district, Sialkot has become one of the major industrial centres of Pakistan. During the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, when Pakistani troops arrived in Kashmir, the Pakistan Army successfully defended the city and the people of Sialkot came out in full force to support the troops. In 1966 the Government of Pakistan awarded the Hilal-i-Istaqlal to the citizens of Sialkot, Lahore and Sargodha for their courage, the armoured battles in the Sialkot sector like the Battle of Chawinda were the most intense since the Second World War. Sialkot features a subtropical climate under the Köppen climate classification. The post-monsoon season from mid-September to mid-November remains hot during the daytime but nights cool down substantially, in the winter from mid-November to March, days are pleasantly mild to warm and occasionally heavy rainfalls occur from the passage of frontal cloudbands. There is a child labour ban, the Atlanta Agreement. As of 2015, Sialkot exported US$2 billion worth of goods which is equal to 9% of Pakistans total exports, during the colonial era British Indias first bagpipe works opened in the city, today there are 20 pipe bands in the city. The 2014 FIFA World Cups soccer balls were made by Forward Sports, sialkot’s airport, funded by local businesses, is the only private one in Pakistan
25.
Jammu
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Jammu pronunciation is the largest city in the Jammu Division and the winter capital of state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is situated on the banks of the Tawi River and it is administered by a municipal corporation. Jammu is located at 32. 73°N74. 87°E /32.73,74.87 and it has an average elevation of 327 m. Jammu city lies at uneven ridges of low heights at the Shivalik hills and it is surrounded by Shivalik range to the north, east and southeast while the Trikuta Range surrounds it in the north-west. It is approximately 600 kilometres from the capital, New Delhi. The city spreads around the Tawi river with the old city overlooking it from the north while the new neighbourhoods spread around the side of river. There are five bridges on the river, the city is built on a series of ridges. The name Jammu is derived from its ruler who founded it, Raja Jambulochan founded this city and named it Jambupur which later changed to Jammu. Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century BC, Jammu has historically been the capital of Jammu Province and the winter capital of the east, while Jammu and Kashmir princely state. Jambu Lochan was the brother of Raja Bahu Lochan who constructed a fort, Bahu Fort, the city name figures in the ancient book Mahabharata. Excavation near Akhnoor,32 kilometres from Jammu city, provides evidence that Jammu was once part of the Harappan civilization, remains from the Maurya, Kushan, Kushanshahs and Gupta periods have also been found in Jammu. After 480 CE, the area was dominated by the Hephthalites and ruled from Kapisa and they were succeeded by the Kushano-Hephthalite dynasty from 565 to 670 CE, then by the Shahi from 670 CE to the early 11th century, when the Shahi were destroyed by the Ghaznavids. Jammu is also mentioned in accounts of the campaigns of Timur, the area witnessed changes of control following invasions by Mughals and Sikhs, before finally falling under the control of the British. The Dev Dynasty ruled it for about 984 years from 840 CE to 1816 CE, the city remained in scientific isolation and lagged behind other Indian cities. Then came the Dogra Rule that revived its ancient glory by building temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes. A43 km long line connecting Jammu with Sialkot was laid in 1897. Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the Indian Railways laid the Pathankot - Jammu Tawi Broad Gauge line, the new Jammu Tawi station was opened in 1975. In 2000, much of the old station was demolished to make way for an art centre
26.
Pakistan Movement
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The first organised political movements were in Aligarh where another literary movement was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan that built the genesis of the Pakistan movement. During the initial stages of the movement, it adopted the vision of philosopher Iqbal after addressing at the convention of the AIMLs annual session, Muhammad Ali Jinnahs constitutional struggle further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces. Urdu poets such as Iqbal and Faiz used literature, poetry, feminists such as Sheila Pant and Fatima Jinnah championed the emancipation of Pakistans women and their participation in national politics. The Pakistan Movement was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations in Pakistani society, government, efforts and struggles of the Founding Fathers resulted in the creation of the democratic and independent government. In the following years, another nationally–minded subset went on to established a strong government, grievousness and unbalanced economic distribution caused an upheaval which led East Pakistan to declare independence as the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh in 1971. As the Mughal Empire quickly declined in power, the British Empire expanded quick to gain control of the subcontinent in the 1700s. The economic, social, public, and political influence of East India Company, the defeat of Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, proved to be an event which led to the fall of Mysore Kingdom under the direct or indirect rule of the East India Company. All over the subcontinent, the British government took over the machinery, bureaucracy, universities, schools. During this time, Lord Macaulays radical and influential educational reforms led to the changes to the introduction and teaching of Western languages, history. Religious studies and the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages were completely barred from the state universities, traditional Hindu and Islamic studies were no longer supported by the British Crown, and nearly all of the madrasahs lost their waqf. Noting the sensitivity of this issue, Queen Victoria removed the East India Company and this tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community. In justifying these actions, Macaulay argued that Sanskrit and Arabic were wholly inadequate for studying history, science. He stated, We have to educate people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue and we must teach them some foreign language. The solution was to teach English, eventually, many Muslims barred their children to be educated at English universities which had proved to be disastrous for the Muslim communities. Very few Muslim families had their children sent at the English universities, during this time, Muslim reformer and educationist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began to argue for the importance of the British education. Sir Syed was a jurist and a scholar who was knighted by the British Crown for his services to British Empire, witnessing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of British India. Despite harsh criticism from the Islamic orthodoxy, he helped convince many Muslim communities to realise that the fact was the source of progress. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims and he tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one
27.
Journalism
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels. Concepts of the role for journalism varies between countries. In some nations, the media is controlled by a government intervention. In others, the media is independent from the government. In the United States, journalism is protected by the freedom of the clause in the First Amendment. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the media, has undergone changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, for instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, in the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists, the Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who receive free promotional gifts, then write about products, must disclose that they received the products for free. This is to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers, fake news is news that is not truthful or is produced by unreliable media organizations. Fake news is spread on social media. Readers can determine fake news by evaluating whether the news has been published by a news organization. In the US, a news organization is an incorporated entity, has an editorial board. All of these organizations have codes of ethics that members abide by, many news organizations have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists professional publications. The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous, when they write stories, journalists are concerned with issues of objectivity and bias. Some types of stories are intended to represent the authors own opinion, in a physical newspaper, information is organized into sections and it is easy to see which stories are supposed to be opinion and which are supposed to be neutral. Online, many of these distinctions break down, readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalists intent
28.
Pakistan Television Corporation
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Pakistan Television Corporation is a public and commercial broadcasting television network, as well as a mass-media state-owned megacorporation, with headquarters at Islamabad, Pakistan. Although it was originally under private-ownership management, the PTV was integrated under government-ownership in a programme in 1970. The PTV is one of the broadcasting network infrastructure and media broadcasting divisions in the cities of Pakistan. For most of the 20th century, the PTV enjoyed a dominant position in media outlets until the start of the 21st century and was one of the two television networks in the country. The end of PTVs monopoly in 2000 led to a boom in electronic media in Pakistan, as of 2016, the PTV competes with the other private television channels and remains an important asset of Government of Pakistan. The idea of establishing a media and television industry was conceived in late 1956 and created by the set up national education commission. In 1963, a meeting was chaired by President Ayub Khan, in which the government made decisions about the Pakistan Television stations. Since 1963, its headquarters are in Islamabad, near the Cabinet Secretariat, from 1961 to 1962, a television headquarters was established in Lahore and several pilot transmission tests were taken by Rahmans team. Subsequently, many divisions were established throughout Pakistan by this team. On 26 November 1964, after an introduction by Syed Wajid Ali, Aslam Azhar was appointed the first Managing Director of the Pakistan Television in charge of all the staffing requirements at the first PTV Lahore Center. This first Managing Director and executive Aslam Azhar is widely considered to be the father of Pakistan Television, Private industries commercials were permitted with no fee, initially all the commercials of industrial conglomerates were tax-free with no additional charges. President Ayub Khan appointed Ubaidur Rahman in the Ministry of Information to continue with the NEC joint venture collaboration in launching the PTV. The project began with a tent on the lot of Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation by Ubaidur Rahman where a transmission tower. On 29 May 1967, a company was established as Pakistan Television Corporation under the Company Act,1913. After the Indo-Pakistani war in 1971, the PTV was nationalized, communication network expansion was vast by the PTV and government publicly funded its infrastructure expansion all over the country. The PTV was considered as source of national integration. The PTV transmission switched over from its black and white to color transmission in 1975. Regional headquarters of PTV and television centers were established in Peshawar, in 1977–78, the PTV broadcast the live Cricket match between England vs. Pakistan
29.
Daily Jang
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The Daily Jang is an Urdu newspaper based in Karachi, Pakistan. It is the oldest newspaper of Pakistan in continuous publication since its foundation in 1939 and its current Group Chief Executive & Editor-in-Chief is Mir Shakil-ur-Rahman. The Daily Jang is published by the Jang Group of Newspapers, the groups flagship Daily Jang is Pakistans national Urdu daily newspaper. It is published from Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Quetta, Multan, Sheikhupura, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Sukkur, Faisalabad, Dera Ghazi Khan and Birmingham, the Daily Jang has a circulation of over 800,000 copies per day. Iftikhar Qaisar 1985-2015 Nazir Leghari 2015–present Jang Group Official Website Daily Jang Jobs in Jang Newspaper
30.
Ghulam Ishaq Khan
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Ghulam Ishaq Khan, was a Pakistani civil servant and a bureaucrat who served as the 7th President of Pakistan from 1988 until his resignation in 1993. Raised in Bannu, Ghulam Ishaq graduated from Peshawar University and entered the Indian Civil Service, appointed the first chairman of the Water and Power Development Authority by President Ayub Khan in 1961, Ghulam Ishaq also served as Finance Secretary from 1966 to 1970. A year later, he was appointed Governor of the State Bank by President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, before being made Defence Secretary in 1975 and he was retained by President Zia-ul-Haq as Finance Minister in 1977, overseeing the countrys highest GDP growth average. Elected Chairman of the Senate in 1985, Ghulam Ishaq was elevated to the presidency after Zias death in an air crash on August 17,1988 and he was elected president on December 13, as the consensus candidate of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad and Pakistan Peoples Party. The oldest person to serve as president, Ghulam Ishaq played a role against Communist Afghanistan. Ghulam Ishaq invoked the Eight Amendment and dismissed Benazirs government after just 20 months, on charges of rampant corruption, Sharif was elected Prime Minister in 1990, but Ghulam Ishaq dismissed his government on similar charges three years later. The Supreme Court overturned the dismissal, but the gridlock ultimately led to both men resigning in 1993, retiring from public service, Ghulam Ishaq served as rector of the GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology in his native province, dying from pneumonia in 2006. He has been cited as the most powerful civilian president in history of Pakistan and he was an ethnic Bangash Pashtun. His family remains active in politics, his son-in-law is former federal minister Anwar Saifullah Khan while another son-in-law is former Sindh minister and advisor, Irfanullah Khan Marwat. A granddaughter of his is married to Haroon Bilour of the ANP and another to Omar Ayub Khan, after his schooling in Bannu, Khan first attended the Islamia College before making transfer to Peshawar University. He obtained double BSc, in Chemistry and in Botany, initially looking for a university job, Khan joined the Indian Civil Service in 1941, serving in various provincial assignments on behalf of British India. After independence in 1947, Khan opted for Pakistan and was assigned to the bureaucracy of the government of North-West Frontier Province in 1947. He took over the provincial secretariat as the secretary of the irrigation department, in 1956, Khan was appointed Home Secretary of Sindh, but was later appointed Secretary of Department of Development and Irrigation by the Sindh government. In 1958, he was elevated to federal government level, and assigned secretariat control of the Ministry of Agriculture, since 1958, Khan had been serving in the board of governors of the Water and Power Development Authority, before being elevating to Chairman in 1961. As Chairman, he played a role in the construction and financial development of Mangla Dam. In 1966, Khan left the chairmanship to be appointed Finance Secretary of the Finance Ministry until 1970, after Pakistans loss to India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Khan was called to administer all retail and commercial services pertaining to the national economy tattered by war. In 1971, Bhutto appointed him Governor of State Bank of Pakistan when he was tasked to carry out monetary, in 1975, Prime Minister Bhutto subsequently removed him from the State Bank, instead posting him at the Ministry of Defence. Khan was appointed Defence Secretary, which was fortuitous in that it brought him into contact with the Pakistani military establishment
31.
Asif Ali Zardari
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Asif Ali Zardari is a Pakistani politician and current co-chairperson of Pakistan Peoples Party. He served as the 11th President of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013, a landowner from Sindh, Zardari rose to prominence after his marriage to Benazir Bhutto in 1987, becoming the First Gentleman after his wife was elected Prime Minister in 1988. When Bhuttos government was dismissed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in 1990, when Bhutto was reelected in 1993, Zardari served as Federal Investment Minister and Chairperson Pakistan Environmental Protection Council in her second administration. Following increasing tensions between Bhuttos brother Murtaza and Zardari, Murtaza was killed in an encounter in Karachi on 20 September 1996. Bhuttos government was dismissed a month later by President Farooq Leghari, although incarcerated, he nominally served in Parliament after being elected to the National Assembly in 1990 and Senate in 1997. He was released from jail in 2004 and went into self-exile to Dubai, as the new Co-Chairman of the PPP, he led his party to victory in the 2008 general elections. He spearheaded a coalition that forced military ruler Pervez Musharraf to resign and he was acquitted of various criminal charges the same year. Domestically, Zardari achieved the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 2010 and his attempt to prevent the reinstatement of Supreme Court judges failed in the face of massive protests led by his political rival Nawaz Sharif. Zardaris tenure was also criticised for mishandling nationwide floods in 2010, following multiple bombings of Hazaras in Quetta in early 2013, Zardari dismissed his provincial government in Balochistan. Towards the end of his term, Zardari recorded abysmally low approval ratings, after the PPP was heavily defeated in the 2013 general election, Zardari became the countrys first elected president to complete his constitutional term on 8 September 2013. His legacy remains divisive, with political observers accusing his administration of corruption, the Zardari-led PPP continues to form the provincial government in Sindh. Zardari was born on 26 July 1955 in Karachi, Sindh in the Zardari family and he is a Sindhi of Baloch origin, belonging to a Jat clan of the Sindhi-Baloch Zardari tribe. He is the son of Hakim Ali Zardari, a tribal chief and prominent landowner. In his youth, he enjoyed polo and boxing and he led a polo team known as the Zardari Four. His father owned Bambino—a famous cinema in Karachi—and donated movie equipment to his school and he also appeared in a movie, Salgirah, as a child artist. Zardaris academic background remains a question mark and he received his primary education from Karachi Grammar School. His official biography says he graduated from Cadet College, Petaro in 1972 and he went to St Patricks High School, Karachi from 1973–74, a school clerk says he failed his final examination there. In March 2008, he claimed he had graduated from the London School of Business Studies with a bachelor of degree in the early 1970s
32.
Benazir Bhutto
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Benazir Bhutto was the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan and the leader of the centre-left Pakistan Peoples Party. She was the first woman to head a Muslim majority nation, born in Karachi, her father, Zulfikar, went on to serve as Pakistans prime minister in the 1970s. Benazir was educated at Harvard and at Oxford, also serving as the first Asian woman to preside over the Oxford Union, after the 1977 military coup which overthrew her fathers government, Benazir along with her family were repeatedly placed under house arrest. After her father was hanged in 1979 Benazir, along with her mother Nusrat, in 1984 Benazir, along with her family, left for London where she resided until 1988. After her return, Benazir successfully led the Peoples Party through the 1988 election, after winning support from a coalition government in the national assembly, Benazir assumed the Prime Ministers Office in December 1988. Benazir however struggled to control over power, marked by political. Benazirs government was dismissed on August 7,1990 by the then President who accused her administration of corruption, Benazir went on to once again lead her party through the 1990 election, however failed to win a parliamentary majority. Later in 2012, Pakistans Supreme Court would rule that the 1990 election was rigged by Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence in favour of the conservative Islami Jamhoori Ittehad. Despite electoral fraud, Benazir served as the Leader of the Opposition until the government was also dismissed in 1996 over charges of corruption. Bhutto successfully led her party to victory in the 1993 parliamentary elections and her second term was marked with several controversies including the assassination of her brother Murtaza during a police encounter in Karachi. Her husband and cabinet member, Asif Ali Zardari, was indicted for the murder but later exonerated and her husband went on to serve eight years in prison while she led her party to an unsuccessful re-election campaign during the 1997 election. In 1998, Benazir went into self-exile to her estate in Emirates Hills in Dubai, in August 2003, a Swiss court convicted Benazir and Zardari of receiving kickbacks from a government contract with two Swiss companies. She returned to Pakistan on 18 October 2007 after she was granted amnesty on corruption charges as part of a controversial agreement, on 19 October 2007, Benazir returned to Karachi, where her campaign bus came under attack leaving dozens of her supporters dead, while she remained safe. Later that year Benazir was assassinated in an attack while leaving a campaign event in Rawalpindi. She was buried at the Bhutto family mausoleum in rural Sindh, Benazir left a deeply polarising legacy, her career has been celebrated as a triumph for women in the Muslim world and for the global fight against Islamic extremism. At the same time, she is accused of corruption and bad governance and her death was followed by the victory of Peoples Party led by her husband, Asif, and son Bilawal, with the former becoming Pakistans president in 2008. The Guardian, writing about Benazir, termed her a victim, as well as in part a culprit, writing her obituary, The New York Times referred her as a woman of grand aspirations with a taste for complex political maneuverings. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Benazirs name, while her career influenced a number of activists including Malala Yousafzai and she authored two books, named Daughter of the East and Reconciliation, Islam, Democracy, and the West
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Daily Pakistan
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The Daily Pakistan is an Urdu daily newspaper in Pakistan. Mr. Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Shami is currently its editor and it has a circulation of over 500,000 copies per day. Daily Pakistan is currently published from Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Multan and this Lahore-based daily was started in December 1990. During Z. A. Bhuttos democratic rule, he suffered hardships and was put behind the bars, prior to taking over Daily Pakistan, he was Editor-in-Chief of the Weekly Zindagi, Lower Mall, Lahore. The newspaper is known for its writer Hamid Mir who interviewed Osama bin Laden for the Daily in 1997, asghar Abdullah, Tariq Mehmood Ahsan, and Saleem Shahab have also been contributing articles for Weekly Zindagi Magazine. Nauman Tasleem Khan is web editor of the Daily Pakistan, Daily Pakistan also established an English version of its news publication in 2015, titled Daily Pakistan Global. The section is headed by Sarfraz Ali, who has an experience of working with numerous Pakistani. His expertise ranges from newspapers to TV and new media
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Prime Minister of Pakistan
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The Prime Minister of Pakistan, is the head of government of Pakistan and designated as the chief executive of the Republic. This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control all matters of internal. The incumbent Prime Minister is Nawaz Sharif–a presiding figure of the conservative Pakistan Muslim League, the Prime Minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and therefore is usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament. Powers of the Prime Minister have significantly grown with a system of the check. The position was absent during years of 1960–73 and 1977-85 due to imposed martial law, in each of these periods, the military junta led by the President had the powers of the Prime Minister. The Constitution envisages a scheme of affairs in which the President of Pakistan is the head of state who represents the unity of the Republic, the system of government in Pakistan is based on codified constitution which sees the Prime Minister as chief executive of the Republic. As in most of the democracies, a head of states duties are mostly ceremonial. The Prime Minister of Pakistan is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power, the Prime minister, in common with all other ministers, either has to be a current member of National Assembly, or be elected within six months of being appointed. The official residence and principal workplace of the Prime Minister is the Prime Ministers Secretariat— the cabinet secretariat located in the northeast Islamabad, the Prime Minister is the Chief Executive who heads and exercise authority of the Government of Pakistan. After gaining the vote of confidence, the Prime Minister is invited by the President to take oath, in practice, the Prime Minister nominates to form the Cabinet as in-charge of the important functions and ministries of the Government of Pakistan. In addition, the Prime Minister thoroughly communicates with the President all decisions of the Cabinet relating to the administration of the affairs of the state, some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. The Constitution of Pakistan requires that the Prime Minister be a Muslim member of the National Assembly, in addition to these requirements to be a member of the National Assembly one must be, a citizen of Pakistan. Usually, the leader of the majority party in the parliament retains the office of minister who forms the government either by coalition or by simple majority. The candidate must retain the vote of confidence be the members of the parliament before being invited by the President to form the government, the Prime Minister can be removed before the expiry of the term through the vote of no confidence in the parliament. If the vote of no confidence is passed by the National Assembly by not less than 20%, the prime minister is elected by the National Assembly. The National Assembly meets on the twenty-first day after an election unless the President calls for a vote of no confidence. Whichever member of the National assembly is chosen serves as the Prime Minister until the election or until he fails to maintain the confidence of the National Assembly. The first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, exercised central executive powers until his assassination in 1951, however, the powers slowly began to reduced as a result of constant intervention by the Governor-General
35.
Nawaz Sharif
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Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, میاں محمد نواز شریف, is a Pakistani politician who is 20th and current Prime Minister of Pakistan, in office since June 2013. He has previously served as the Prime Minister from 1990 to 1993. Born on 25 December 1949 into Sharif family in Lahore, he is the son of Ittefaq Group founder Muhammad Sharif, Sharif studied business at Government College and later law at the University of Punjab before entering politics in the later 1970s. In 1981, Sharif was appointed by the government as the Minister of Finance for the province of Punjab. Backed by a coalition of conservatives, he was elected as the Chief Minister of Punjab in 1985. In 1990, Sharif led an alliance to victory, leading him to become the Prime Minister. Later it was blamed that the election was rigged in favor of Sharif by the Pakistani intelligence through channeling millions of rupees into his election campaign and it should be noted that Sharif has an approximate net worth of 1.4 billion USD, as of 2017. Sharifs first administration came to an end when then President Ghulam dismissed Sharif on corruption charges, Sharif successfully challenged the dismissal in the Supreme Court, but both men were ultimately persuaded to step down in 1993 by army chief Waheed. Sharifs second term also saw tussles with the judiciary and the military, Sharif also forcibly relieved General Karamat from command and replaced him with Musharraf in 1998. However, Kargil War deteriorated his relations with Musharraf, when he attempted to relieve Musharraf from his command on 12 October 1999, the military instead ousted Sharifs government, exiling him to Saudi Arabia. In 2013 elections, Sharifs Muslim League formed a government with fellow partners JUI-F. As a result, Sharif was appointed Prime Minister by Parliament, on security front, the military in 2015 launched an offensive to remove extremist groups in northwestern Pakistan. Sharifs government initially opposed the anti-terror operations launched by the Pakistan Army, and his partys heartland province of Punjab has been criticised over the Punjabi Taliban. Sharifs third term is also underpinned by social centrism rather than the social conservatism, Sharif has faced criticism over rising sovereign debt, which has risen by 35%. Sharifs third term has brought macroeconomic stability with the help of loans from IMF. Sharifs family is under trial in the Supreme Court for alleged contradictory statements as well as money laundering accusations from the Panama Papers, Nawaz Sharif was born in Lahore, Punjab on 25 December 1949. The Sharif family are Punjabis of Kashmiri origin and his mothers family came from Pulwama. After the movement led by Jinnah and his struggle to create Pakistan in 1947 and his father followed the teachings of the Ahl al-Hadith
36.
Afghanistan
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Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north and its territory covers 652,000 km2, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khiljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, the political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah unsuccessfully attempted to modernize the country and it remained peaceful during Zahir Shahs forty years of monarchy. A series of coups in the 1970s was followed by a series of wars that devastated much of Afghanistan. The name Afghānistān is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan, the root name Afghan was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns, and the suffix -stan means place of in Persian. Therefore, Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or, more specifically in a historical sense, however, the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan. An important site of historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and it has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within large regional empires, among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Indian Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west. Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of Mundigak may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization. More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, in more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan. There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well, after 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan, among them were many Indo-European-speaking Indo-Iranians. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, the region at the time was referred to as Ariana
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Tora Bora
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Tora Bora, known locally as Spīn Ghar, is a cave complex, part of the White Mountains of eastern Afghanistan. It is situated in the Pachir Aw Agam District of Nangarhar, Tora Bora was known to be a stronghold location of the Taliban, used by military forces against the Soviet Union during the 1980s. Tora Bora and the surrounding Safēd Kōh range had natural caverns formed by streams eating into the limestone, the lithological nature of Tora Bora is predominantly metamorphic gneiss and schist. During the U. S. invasion of Afghanistan the cave complex was one of the strongholds of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and it was the location of the December 2001 Battle of Tora Bora, and suspected hideout of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. Both the British and American press published detailed plans of the base, when shown a plan during an NBC interview, Donald Rumsfeld of the United States Secretary of Defense said This is serious business, theres not one of those, there are many of those. An elaborate military operation was planned which included deployment of the CIA-US Special Operations Forces team with laser markers to guide non-stop heavy air strikes during 72 hours. When Tora Bora was eventually captured by the U. S. and Afghan troops, Tora Bora turned out to be a system of small natural caves housing at most,200 fighters. While arms and ammunition stores were found, there were no traces of the advanced facilities claimed to exist, in an interview published by PBS, a Staff Sergeant from the U. S. Special Forces Operational Detachment Alpha 572 described the caves, Again, with the caves, most of them were natural caves. Some were supported with pieces of wood maybe about the size of a 10-foot by 24-foot room. I know they made an out of that, and how are we going to be able to get into them. We worried about that too, because we see all these reports, then it turns out, when you actually go up there, theres really just small bunkers, and a lot of different ammo storage is up there. ODA572 The United States Air Force performed an air-strike at this location during December 2001, qanat Zhawar Photo Gallery – The Telegraph Article on photographs – The New York Post
38.
Condoleezza Rice
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Condoleezza Condi Rice is an American political scientist and diplomat. She served as the 66th United States Secretary of State, the person to hold that office in the administration of President George W. Bush. Rice was the first female African-American Secretary of State, as well as the second African-American Secretary of State, Rice was President Bushs National Security Advisor during his first term, making her the first woman to serve in that position. Before joining the Bush administration, she was a professor of science at Stanford University. Rice also served on the National Security Council as the Soviet and Eastern Europe Affairs Advisor to President George H. W. Bush during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and she has logged more miles traveling than any other Secretary of State. While in the position, she chaired the Millennium Challenge Corporations board of directors, in March 2009, Rice returned to Stanford University as a political science professor and the Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow on Public Policy at the Hoover Institution. In September 2010, she became a faculty member of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a director of its Global Center for Business and her name, Condoleezza, derives from the music-related term con dolcezza, which in Italian means, with sweetness. Rice has roots in the American South going back to the pre-Civil War era, Rice grew up in the Titusville neighborhood of Birmingham, and then Tuscaloosa, Alabama, at a time when the South was racially segregated. Rice began to learn French, music, figure skating and ballet at the age of three, at the age of fifteen, she began piano classes with the goal of becoming a concert pianist. While Rice ultimately did not become a professional pianist, she still practices often and she accompanied cellist Yo-Yo Ma playing Johannes Brahms Violin Sonata in D Minor at Constitution Hall in April 2002 for the National Medal of Arts Awards. In 1967, the moved to Denver, Colorado. She attended St. Marys Academy, an all-girls Catholic high school in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado, Rice enrolled at the University of Denver, where her father was then serving as an assistant dean. Rice initially majored in Music, and after her sophomore year, she went to the Aspen Music Festival, There, she later said, she met students of greater talent than herself, and she doubted her career prospects as a pianist. She began to consider an alternative major and she attended an International Politics course taught by Josef Korbel, which sparked her interest in the Soviet Union and international relations. Rice later described Korbel, as a figure in her life. In 1974, at age 19, Rice was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa Society, while at the University of Denver she was a member of Alpha Chi Omega, Gamma Delta chapter. She obtained a degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame in 1975. She first worked in the State Department in 1977, during the Carter administration and she would also study Russian at Moscow State University in the summer of 1979, and intern with the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California
39.
L. K. Advani
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Lal Krishna Advani known as L. K. Advani is an Indian politician and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Advani served as Minister of Home Affairs in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government from 1998 to 2004, additionally, he served as Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha, Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation. In 2015 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, Indias second highest civilian honor, L. K. Advani was born in Karachi in a Hindu Sindhi family of businessmen to parents Kishanchand D. Advani and Gyani Devi. He completed his schooling from Saint Patricks High School, Karachi. His family migrated to India during Partition and settled down in Bombay, L K Advani married Kamla Advani in February 1965. He has a son, Jayant, and a daughter, Pratibha, Pratibha Advani produces TV serial shows, and also supports her father in his political activities. His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age, Advani joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in 1942. He became a pracharak of the Karachi branch and developed several shakhas there, after Partition, Advani was sent as a pracharak to Matsya-Alwar in Rajasthan, which had witnessed communal violence following Partition. He worked in Alwar, Bharatpur, Kota, Bundi and Jhalawar districts until 1952, Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, also known simply as the Jana Sangh, a political party founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in collaboration with the RSS. He was appointed as the secretary to S. S. Bhandari, in 1957, he was moved to Delhi to look after the Parliamentary affairs. He soon became the General Secretary and, later, President of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh, after the 1967 elections, he became the leader of the citys Metropolitan Council. He also assisted K. R. Malkani in editing the RSS weekly Organiser and he became member of the Rajya Sabha from Delhi for the six-year tenure from 1970. After serving various positions in the Jana Sangh, he became its President in 1973 at the Kanpur session of the party working committee and he was a Rajya Sabha member from Gujarat from 1976 to 1982. After the Indira Gandhis Emergency, the Jana Sangh and many opposition parties merged into the Janata Party. Advani and colleague Atal Bihari Vajpayee fought the Lok Sabha Elections of 1977 as members of the Janata Party. After elections were called in 1977, the Janata Party was formed from the union of the Congress, the Swatantra Party, the Socialist Party of India, the Jana Sangh and the Lok Dal. Jagjivan Ram split from the Indian National Congress, bringing a small faction known as the Congress for Democracy with him, the widespread unpopularity of Emergency rule gave the Janata Party and its allies a landslide victory in the election
40.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
41.
Lebanon
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Lebanon, officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, Lebanons location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km2, it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent, the earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years, predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a culture that flourished for over a thousand years. In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, in the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established. As the Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion, however, a new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well, generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries. During the Crusades, the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church, the ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era. The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918, following the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon. The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was populated by Maronites and Druze. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing confessionalism, a unique, foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946. Lebanon has been a member of the Organisation internationale de la francophonie since 1973, despite its small size, the country has developed a well-known culture and has been highly influential in the Arab world. Before the Lebanese Civil War, the experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, commerce. At the end of the war, there were efforts to revive the economy. In spite of troubles, Lebanon has the highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita in the Arab world. The name of Mount Lebanon originates from the Phoenician root lbn meaning white, occurrences of the name have been found in different Middle Bronze Age texts from the library of Ebla, and three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh. The name is recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn, where R stood for Canaanite L, the name occurs nearly 70 times in the Hebrew Bible, as לְבָנוֹן. The borders of contemporary Lebanon are a product of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 and its territory was the core of the Bronze Age Phoenician city-states. After the 7th-century Muslim conquest of the Levant, it was part of the Rashidun, Umyayad, Abbasid Seljuk, with the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Greater Lebanon fell under French mandate in 1920, and gained independence under president Bechara El Khoury in 1943
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Beirut
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Beirut is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. No recent population census has been done but in 2007 estimates ranged from more than 1 million to slightly less than 2 million as part of Greater Beirut. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanons Mediterranean coast, Beirut is the countrys largest and it is one of the oldest cities in the world, inhabited more than 5,000 years ago. The first historical mention of Beirut is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters dating from the 15th century BC, the Beirut River runs south to north on the eastern edge of the city. Beirut is Lebanons seat of government and plays a role in the Lebanese economy, with most banks and corporations based in its Central District, Badaro, Rue Verdun, Hamra. Following the destructive Lebanese Civil War, Beiruts cultural landscape underwent major reconstruction, identified and graded for accountancy, advertising, banking/finance and law, Beirut is ranked as a Beta World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. In May 2015, Beirut was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, Doha, Durban, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, and La Paz. Beirut I, or Minet el Hosn, was listed as Beyrouth ville by Louis Burkhalter and said to be on the beach near the Orent, the site was discovered by Lortet in 1894 and discussed by Godefroy Zumoffen in 1900. The flint industry from the site was described as Mousterian and is held by the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, Beirut II, or Umm el Khatib, was suggested by Burkhalter to have been south of Tarik el Jedideh, where P. E. Gigues discovered a Copper Age flint industry at around 100 metres above sea level, the site had been built on and destroyed by 1948. Beirut III, Furn esh Shebbak or Plateau Tabet, was suggested to have located on the left bank of the Beirut River. Burkhalter suggested that it was west of the Damascus road, although this determination has been criticized by Lorraine Copeland, P. E. Gigues discovered a series of Neolithic flint tools on the surface along with the remains of a structure suggested to be a hut circle. Auguste Bergy discussed polished axes that were found at this site. The area was covered in red sand that represented Quaternary river terraces, the site was found by Jesuit Father Dillenseger and published by fellow Jesuits Godefroy Zumoffen, Raoul Describes and Auguste Bergy. Collections from the site were made by Bergy, Describes and another Jesuit, a large number of Middle Paleolithic flint tools were found on the surface and in side gullies that drain into the river. They included around 50 varied bifaces accredited to the Acheulean period, some with a lustrous sheen, Henri Fleisch also found an Emireh point amongst material from the site, which has now disappeared beneath buildings. Levallois flints and bones and similar material were found amongst brecciated deposits. The area has now built on
