1.
Hamilton, New South Wales
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Hamilton is a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, located 4 kilometres from Newcastles central business district. A local history blog Hidden Hamilton captures the people, places and experiences make up the collective story of Hamilton since its earliest beginnings. The AA Co. were instrumental in the growth of the area, operating the mines, the discovery of coal near St Peters Church in the area known as Camerons Hill, was the beginnings for the township of Hamilton. A borehole was sunk and a shaft was completed in 1849 and was known as the D Pit, pittown grew up somewhere in the vicinity of today’s Beaumont street to service the needs of the miners and their families. By 1928 there were over 400 retail outlets in Hamilton, having increased from 80 in 1909, in 1947, Lettesi, initially settled in Islington but they soon expanded into the nearby suburbs of Hamilton and Mayfield. This was primarily due to Islingtons proximity to the BHP steel works, before long Hamilton was to become a strong community and commercial centre for Newcastle’s Italians. By the late fifties, the local Italian community began patronising the Australian owned Exchange Hotel, located on the corner of Beaumont and it continues to be a regular meeting place for Italian men of Hamilton. The story of the Lettesi community in Hamilton can be read in the Hidden Hamilton blog at http, hamiltons train station was constructed on the Islington Junction to Newcastle railway line. The station is 164 km from the Way & Works Branch and is 5.8 m above sea level, with the opening of the station in 1872, the importance of Hamilton as a suburb grew. The station is served by NSW TrainLinks Hunter line to Maitland and beyond, and the Central Coast & Newcastle Line, Hamilton is the home to Newcastles major State Transit Authority bus depot
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
RailCorp
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Rail Corporation New South Wales is a State-owned corporation of the State of New South Wales established under the Transport Administration Act 1988 in 2004. From 2004 until 2013, RailCorp operated passenger services in New South Wales. Other functions include network access, leasing and managing the NSW Governments contract with Airport Link Company, the acting chief executive of RailCorp is Sydney Trains chief executive Howard Collins. Initially governed by a Board of Directors as a State owned corporation, changes to the Transport Administration Act,1988 resulted in abolition of the Board effective 1 July 2010 and the repositioning of RailCorp as an entity under Transport NSW. RailCorp reports to the Minister for Transport, in a series of seven reports released during 2008, the ICAC reported that more than $21 million in improper contracts and deals through the procurement of services in just three years. In June 2009, RailCorp terminated the contract of Vicki Coleman, its Chief Information Officer, the ICAC recommended charges against 33 people, yet by April 2012, only eight people had faced the courts. Those that received custodial sentences included Allan Michael Blackstock and Renea Hughes, youssef Madrajat was directed to undertake community service. Further charges are expected to be laid on others, and several are still waiting the outcome of criminal proceedings, RailCorp maintains a statewide Emergency Response Unit. The function of this unit is to attend incidents, such as derailments, the unit also undertakes cross-training with Fire and Rescue NSW. The units motto is Semper Paratus, translated from Latin to mean Always Ready, Rail transport in New South Wales Railways in Sydney RailCorp
4.
NSW TrainLink
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NSW TrainLink is an Australian brand for the medium and long distance passenger rail and coach services of the New South Wales Governments transport authority, Transport for NSW. NSW TrainLink services operate throughout New South Wales and extend into the states and territories of Victoria, Queensland. Train services are operated by the governments NSW Trains, Coach services are contracted to private operators. In May 2012, the Minister for Transport announced a restructure of RailCorp, operation of Sydney suburban train services was split from medium and long distance train services. Two new companies - Sydney Trains and NSW Trains - were created to operate the rail network. The NSW TrainLink brand was introduced on 1 July 2013 to coincide with NSW Trains taking over all of CountryLinks services, the NSW TrainLink network is divided into two tiers, branded as Intercity and Regional. Intercity services operate commuter services, mainly to and from Sydney with limited stops within the metropolitan area. The Intercity network is part of Transport for NSWs Opal ticketing system, seats on Intercity services are available on a first-come, first-served basis. Regional services operate in areas of population density, providing passenger transport mainly between regional NSW and Sydney. Regional services use a separate, reserved seat, ticketing system, Intercity services operate to a distance approximately 200 kilometres from Sydney, bounded by Dungog in the north. Scone in the north-west, Bathurst to the west, Goulburn in the south-west, electric services extend from Sydney north to Hamilton, west to Lithgow and south to Port Kembla and Kiama. Most electric services originate from or terminate at Central, diesel trains serve the more distant or less populated parts of the Intercity network. Hunter Line services operate from Hamilton to Telarah with some extending to Dungog, southern Highlands Line services operate between Campbelltown and Moss Vale with a limited number extending to Sydney and Goulburn. Diesel services also operate on the South Coast Line between Kiama and Bomaderry, the Bathurst Bullet provides a daily, limited stop service between Sydney and Bathurst. Opal is also valid on bus, ferry and light rail services in the Greater Sydney region, the following table lists Opal fares for reusable smartcards and single trip tickets, ^ = $2.50 for Pensioner/Senior cardholders Card fares as of 4 January 2015. Single trip fares as of 5 September 2016, NSW TrainLink operates several bus routes along corridors where the railway line has been closed to passengers or as a supplement to rail services. These bus services are operated by private bus companies contracted by NSW TrainLink. All rail services feature diesel rolling stock, the North Coast services operate through the Mid North Coast, Northern Rivers and South East Queensland regions
5.
Newcastle railway line, New South Wales
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The Newcastle railway line is a branch railway line in the city of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. The line branches off the Main North line at Broadmeadow and travels in a direction through the inner suburbs to Hamilton station. Until its curtailment in December 2014, it extended to Newcastle station, NSW TrainLink operates electric passenger train services over this line as part of its Central & Newcastle line service, and diesel railcars to Maitland and beyond as part of the Hunter Line. A line between Newcastle and the much larger settlement at Maitland was first proposed in 1853 by the proponents of the original Sydney to Parramatta railway. The Hunter River Railway Company was formed later that year and the line was surveyed, construction continued until the line opened in 1857. The line between Sydney and Newcastle was electrified in June 1984, the terminus at Newcastle moved to various locations throughout the years, and has variously been named Honeysuckle and Honeysuckle Point. It was moved to its current location in 1872 and took its name of Newcastle in 1935 when Wickham. A mortuary station opened in 1883 to serve trains departing for Sandgate Cemetery and it closed on 1 April 1933. A large goods yard, the Newcastle Goods yard was constructed east of Newcastle station in 1858 and this was closed in the late 1980s and redeveloped as a bus station and park land. The line was duplicated in 1864, the Main North Line from Sydney connected at Hamilton Junction in 1887. Passenger and goods services were operated by steam haulage from inception, in 1961 the 620/720 class diesel railcars were introduced to provide local suburban service to Maitland on the Hunter line and south to Fassifern and Toronto on the Toronto branch line. Long haul trains to Sydney were operated by steam haulage until their withdrawal from passenger services in 1971. In June 1984, the line was electrified when the project from Wyong was completed and electrified local. Local services to Maitland and beyond continue to be served by diesel railcars, the introduction into service of the Endeavour cars from 1994, and the Hunter railcars from 2006, allowed the final withdrawal of the long running 620/720 railcars. A criticism of the line has been that it cuts Newcastle off from its own harbour foreshore with a number of proposals to close or at least pare it back, in November 1972, Minister for Transport Milton Morris announced the line would be cut back to Civic. In 1990, CityRail proposed closing the line beyond Civic in response to a study on Newcastles transport, as a proposed solution to this, since 2003 there have been studies to close the line and have Broadmeadow station become the major rail transport hub for the Newcastle region. In 2005, there was a move pushed by business and property development interests to close the line with the proposal to redevelop the foreshore and this was widely criticised by among others Upper Hunter Region users, and former Deputy Prime Minister and rail enthusiast Tim Fischer. In December 2012, the New South Wales government announced the line east of Wickham would close to better connect the older CBD to the water front precinct of Honeysuckle and this resulted in the closure of Wickham, Civic and Newcastle stations
6.
Central railway station, Sydney
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The Central railway station is a railway station located at the southern end of the central business district in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Often abbreviated as Central or Central station, the station is the largest and busiest railway station in New South Wales and it services almost all of the lines on the Sydney Trains network, and is the major terminus for NSW TrainLink services. Actual patronage was 11.35 million passenger movements in 2013, there have been three terminal stations in Sydney. The original Sydney station was opened on 26 September 1855 in a known as Cleveland Fields. This station, called Redfern, had Devonshire Street as its northern boundary, when this station became inadequate for the traffic it carried, a new station was built in 1874 on the same site and also called Redfern. This was a building with two platforms. It grew to 14 platforms before it was replaced by the station to the north of Devonshire Street. The new station was built on a site occupied by the Devonshire Street Cemetery, a convent, a female refuge, a police barracks, a parsonage. The remains exhumed from the cemetery were re-interred at several other Sydney cemeteries including Rookwood, bodies were moved to Botany by steam tram motors and flat cars. The present station was opened on 4 August 1906 and opening for passengers on 5 August 1906. The new station included the previous Mortuary railway station used to transport funeral parties to Rookwood Cemetery, the last train departed platform 5 of the 1874 station at midnight. During the remainder of that night, the concourse was demolished. The Western Mail arrived at 05,50 on 5 August 1906 at the new station, Devonshire Street, which separated the two stations, became a pedestrian underpass to allow people to cross the railway line and is now known by many as the Devonshire Street Tunnel. An 85. 6-metre-tall clock tower in the Free Classical style was added at the corner of the station. The clock was designed by Richard Lamb and Alfred Fairfax, the co-founders of Fairfax & Roberts, Central station was designed by the Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon. It is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register and the now defunct Register of the National Estate, a riot, dubbed the Battle of Central Station, took place in 1916. Soldiers rebelling against camp conditions had raided hotels in Liverpool and travelled to the city by commandeered trains, upon arrival at Central station, the rioters set about destroying the station facilities, and fire was exchanged between rampaging rioters and military police. One rioter was shot dead and several were injured, the only remaining evidence of the gun battle is a small bullet-hole in the marble by the entrance to platform 1
7.
Buses in Sydney
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Buses account for close to six per cent of trips each day in the Australian city of Sydney, New South Wales, forming a key part of the citys public transport system. The networks are part of Transport for NSWs Opal ticketing system, each route within these six networks is assigned to one of 14 contract regions. Each of these regions is assigned to either the Government-owned bus operator, at present, State Transit holds four regions, while nine private operators hold the other 10. In 2014-15,232 million passenger journeys were made on Sydneys bus networks, at the beginning of the 20th century, Sydneys public transport network was composed of a suburban railway and inner-city trams, both operated by the New South Wales Government Railways. These were complemented by various privately operated services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River. The Railways experimented with a bus service from Potts Point to Darlinghurst in 1905, but the vehicles quickly proved unsatisfactory. The citys second bus route ran from Newport, in the north of the Northern Beaches district, to Manly and this was operated by the privately owned Manly-Pittwater Motor Omnibus Company. The company did not prosper, however, and the business was wound up in 1908, the return of servicemen from the Great War in the late 1910s provided fresh impetus to the motor omnibus industry. Here, suddenly, were thousands of men with experience working with heavy vehicles – all looking for work, in 1915, only 15 motorised buses were known to operate in Sydney. By 1929, the bus fleet numbered more than 600. A private bus industry, dominated by owner-operators and small businesses, was taking shape. The Railways were also restructured, with the tram system hived off into a new Department of Road Transport & Tramways in 1932, the Department introduced its first bus service, the 144 from St Leonards to Manly, on Christmas Day of that year. Langs reforms established a structure for the bus network that was to endure for close to a century. On the one hand, the Department – forerunner to todays State Transit Authority – began to shut down its trams and build a bus network serving the inner suburbs. On the other, the heavily regulated private operators remained small-scale, but Langs draconian Transport Act held at least one benefit for the bus companies, just as the trams were protected from them, so too were they protected from new entrants to the industry. The 144 was a service, connecting trains, trams. But the Departments focus began to shift inexorably towards building its bus network, two years later, tram services from Manly were replaced with buses. In 1948, a recommendation was handed to the Department that the network be replaced with buses
8.
Broadmeadow railway station
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Broadmeadow railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the western Newcastle suburb of Broadmeadow, opening on 15 August 1887, the island platform was accessed by a level crossing at the stations northern end until replaced by an underpass on 2 March 1973 opened by Minister for Transport Milton Morris. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Central Coast & Newcastle Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Hamilton. It is also serviced by NSW Trainlink Xplorer and XPT long distance services from Sydney to Armidale, Moree, Grafton, Casino and Brisbane and these coach services are operated by Busways as routes 150 and 151. South of the lies the extensive Broadmeadow yard. NSW TrainLink have a depot that maintains its Endeavour and Hunter railcar fleet, the former Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot is used to house preserved rolling stock. Media related to Broadmeadow railway station at Wikimedia Commons Broadmeadow station details Sydney Trains
9.
Central Coast & Newcastle Line
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To Hamilton The line is electrified at 1500V DC throughout, and is primarily double track, although there with passing loops at Hawkesbury River, Gosford, Wyong, Awaba, and Sulphide Junction. Some services terminate at Gosford and Wyong, sometimes when there is trackwork between Strathfield and Hornsby, trains will operate via the North Shore line to Hornsby, then follow the Main North railway line as normal. The section of the Newcastle railway line between Hamilton and Newcastle was closed on 25 December 2014, until late 2017, Hamilton forms a temporary terminus while Newcastle Interchange is built as a permanent terminus. The closed section between Wickham and Newcastle is due to be replaced with the Newcastle Light Rail, prior to electrification of the route, steam hauled passenger trains were varied and interesting. From November 1929 until April 1988, the Newcastle Flyer operated on the route, after electrification, services were taken over by U and V sets. Later the U sets were replaced by K and G sets which in turn were replaced by H sets, from the time the line was electrified, services to Gosford were hauled by 46 class locomotives, their sphere of operation increasing as the wires were extended. The last electric locomotives were withdrawn in March 1998 with all services since hauled by diesel locomotives, today Aurizon, Pacific National and Southern Shorthaul Railroad all regularly operate freight trains on the line. Most all-stations trains have four carriages, with the first and last car being quiet carriages, peak-hour and most express services usually have eight cars, with quiet carriages on the first, last, and the two middle carriages. The line was electrified to Gosford in January 1960, Wyong in April 1982, as part of the Northern Sydney Freight Corridor project the following projects are underway, The projects are, A new station is proposed for Warnervale. The draft Central Coast Transportation Strategy states that construction of the new station will be completed by 2016. In October 2014 there were differences between Wyong Council and the State Government over how a strategic piece of land should be developed at Warnervale. A new station is proposed for Glendale, the Lake Macquarie City Council has requested that consideration be given to the need for a train station in the long term. This table does not include the services run via the ■ North Shore Line and extend to Gosford. Newcastle Branch line- for the line between Broadmeadow and Newcastle. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, May et seq,1965
10.
Newcastle Interchange
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Newcastle Interchange is an under construction transport interchange being built as the terminus of the Newcastle railway line. It will also serve as the terminus of the Newcastle Light Rail line, located in the inner Newcastle suburb of Wickham, it will be positioned to the west of the former Wickham railway station beyond the Stewart Avenue level crossing. It was scheduled to open in late-2016, but a challenge over the lines closure delayed the commencement of construction. Construction commenced in May 2016 with a scheduled completion date. Transport for New South Wales have a released a flythrough of the new interchange, the design for the new interchange was released by Transport for New South Wales in July 2015. The government purchased land adjacent to the transport interchange site in September 2015 and this was confirmed in December 2016. Newcastle Light Rail services will operate through the Newcastle central business district to Pacific Park, Wickham Transport Interchange - Transport for NSW
11.
Waratah railway station
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Waratah railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the western Newcastle suburbs of Waratah and Mayfield, Waratah station opened on 9 March 1858. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter Line services travelling from Hamilton to Maitland, Muswellbrook, Scone, Telarah and Dungog
12.
Dungog railway station
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Dungog railway station is located on the North Coast line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Dungog opening on 14 August 1911, originally built with only one face, in 1944 the platform was converted to an island platform and the present station building constructed. Dungog has a platform with two faces. It also has a loop to the east of the station. It is the point for NSW TrainLinks Hunter line services from Hamilton. There are five local services to/from Newcastle on weekdays, with three on Saturdays and two on Sundays, each day northbound XPT services operate to Grafton, Casino and Brisbane, with three southbound services operating to Sydney. Usually the XPTs use Platform 1, and the terminating services Platform 2, media related to Dungog railway station at Wikimedia Commons Dungog station details Sydney Trains
13.
Scone railway station
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Scone railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Scone opening on 17 April 1871, the station has one platform and a passing loop. The original John Whitton 1871 brick building remains, in June 2014, the layout was reconfigured with the former loop becoming the main line and the platform line the loop. Scone is the point for NSW TrainLinks Hunter Line services from Hamilton. The Hunter services were introduced by CityRail in September 1990, Hunter line services usually terminate at the southern end of the platform which is slightly raised. Media related to Scone railway station at Wikimedia Commons Scone station details Sydney Trains 2008 Scone Station ARTC Timetable
14.
Hunter Line
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The Hunter Line is a NSW TrainLink passenger train service that operates from Hamilton to Dungog and Scone in the New South Wales Hunter Region. It operates on the Newcastle, Main North and North Coast lines, the Main North line, formerly known as the Great Northern Railway, was the original mainline between Sydney and Brisbane. This line, which ran via Armidale and required a change of train due to the break-of-gauge at Wallangarra, was opened to East Maitland in 1857 and it reached Singleton in 1863, Muswellbrook in 1869, and Scone in 1871. The GNR was then extended beyond Scone to West Tamworth in 1878, Armidale in 1883, and reached the Queensland border at Wallangarra in 1888. The North Coast line to Brisbane, via the North Coast was opened in stages between 1905 and 1930, but a ferry carried trains across the Clarence River until the Grafton Bridge was completed in 1932. Thus Newcastle was connected by rail with Wallangarra before it was connected with Sydney, such was the difficulty and expense of reaching and bridging the Hawkesbury River. Between Islington Junction and Maitland, there is a four track section where the line parallel to the Newcastle coal lines. Services run regularly between Hamilton and Telarah, with infrequent services to Dungog, Muswellbrook and Scone, services are operated by Endeavour and Hunter railcars. Until 2007, 620/720 class railcars operated the service, the line was the last in Australia to have a regular steam hauled passenger service. The final service was hauled from Newcastle to Singleton on 24 July 1971 by 3246, diesel locomotive hauled services operated until replaced by 620/720 and 660/760 class railcars in 1984. The line was truncated to terminate at Hamilton from 5 January 2015 and it is to be extended to Newcastle Interchange when this opens. Trains that service the line have two carriages, while some peak services have four carriages. There are no quiet carriages on these trains, all stations on this line are within MyMulti zone 3. It was withdrawn in conjunction with the Newcastle Buses & Ferries Opal card rollout, pattern 1, Hamilton, all to Telarah and vice versa. Pattern 2, Hamilton, all to Warabrook, then Beresfield, Thornton, Metford, Victoria Street, Maitland and Telarah, pattern 3, Hamilton all to Maitland and vice versa. Pattern 4, Hamilton, all to Warabrook, then Beresfield, Thornton, Metford, Victoria Street, Maitland, Telarah, Paterson and all stations to Dungog and vice versa. Pattern 5, Hamilton, all to Warabrook, then Beresfield, Thornton, Metford, Victoria Street, Maitland, pattern 6, Hamilton, all to Scone and vice versa. Pattern 7, Hamilton, all to Warabrook, then Beresfield, Thornton, Metford, Victoria Street, Maitland and all stations to Muswellbrook and vice versa
15.
Newcastle, New South Wales
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Located 162 kilometres north-northeast of Sydney, at the mouth of the Hunter River, it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region. Famous for its coal, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the part of the Sydney basin. Newcastle and the lower Hunter Region were traditionally occupied by the Awabakal and Worimi Aboriginal People, in September 1797 Lieutenant John Shortland became the first European settler to explore the area. His discovery of the area was largely accidental, as he had sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized HMS Cumberland as she was sailing from Sydney Cove. While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he described as a very fine river. He returned with reports of the port and the areas abundant coal. Over the next two years, coal mined from the area was the New South Wales colonys first export, Newcastle gained a reputation as a hellhole as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes. By the start of the 19th century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by groups of men, including coal diggers, timber-cutters. Philip Gidley King, the Governor of New South Wales from 1800, in 1801, a convict camp called Kings Town was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney and this settlement closed less than a year later. A settlement was attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, the new settlement, comprising convicts and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships, HMS Lady Nelson, the Resource and the James. The convicts were rebels from the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion, Morpeth, New South Wales is a similar distance north of Newcastle as Morpeth, Northumberland is north of Newcastle upon Tyne. Under Captain James Wallis, commandant from 1815 to 1818, the conditions improved. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only breakwater survives, during this period, in 1816, the oldest public school in Australia was built in East Newcastle. Newcastle remained a settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming. As a penal colony, the rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners Bay
16.
Main North railway line, New South Wales
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The Main North Line is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs through the Central Coast, Hunter and New England regions, the line was the original main line between Sydney and Brisbane, however this required a change of gauge at Wallangarra. As of 1988, the line is now closed north of Armidale, the line starts as a branch off the Main Suburban line at Strathfield in Sydney. The line heads north as a quadruple track electrified line to Rhodes, at West Ryde the line again expands out to four tracks through to Epping. The line is largely double track through the northern suburbs of Sydney, crossing the Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge. At Fassifern, a branch line to Toronto divided off in an eastwards direction until closed in 1990. The line continues north to Broadmeadow in the western suburbs of Newcastle. North of Broadmeadow is the junction with the Newcastle branch line, the line was electrified to Gosford in January 1960, Wyong in April 1982 and Newcastle in June 1984. Freight trains were hauled by electric locomotives until March 1998, the line then swings westwards as four tracks, two main line and two coal roads traverse the outer suburbs of Newcastle to Maitland. Maitland is the junction of the North Coast line which continues to Brisbane, the line becomes double track immediately west of Maitland and heads through the Upper Hunter Valley townships of Branxton, Singleton and Muswellbrook where the double track ends. Muswellbrook is the point for the cross country line to Sandy Hollow. The Main North continues northwards through the Ardglen Tunnel to Werris Creek, where the Mungindi Line branches off to Moree, the line continues north, but sees limited traffic beyond Werris Creek. The line reaches the major New England towns of Tamworth and Armidale, until the mid-2000s freight traffic continued to the disused station at Dumaresq which is home to a now-also-disused agricultural fertilizer depot. There is now wire across the corridor at several points between Armidale and Dumaresq, after which the line is closed, a block is placed across the tracks a short distance from Dumaresq, at the 590 kilometre mark. North of Glen Innes the line, and particularly its bridges, have fallen into disrepair, in December 1991 the line was severed when the Roads & Traffic Authority built a deviation of the New England Highway over the line at Bluff Rock south of Tenterfield. At Wallangarra, the line met Queensland Railways Southern railway line, from the south, the line was opened between Homebush and Hornsby in 1886, then extended to Hawkesbury River in 1887. From the north, the line opened between Waratah and Gosford in 1887, in 1892, the line was duplicated from Strathfield to Hornsby, and electrified in 1926 as part of the Bradfield electrification scheme. The Northern Tablelands Express provided a service to Glen Innes, with some journeys extended to Tenterfield until truncated in October 1985 to Armidale
17.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
18.
Strathfield, New South Wales
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Strathfield is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, Australia. It is located 12 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is the centre of the Strathfield Local Government Area. A small section of the north of the railway line sits in the local government area of the City of Canada Bay. North Strathfield and Strathfield South are separate suburbs, to the north and south respectively, the Strathfield district was originally occupied by the Wangal Indigenous Australians tribe. European settlement commenced in 1793 with the issue of land grants, in 1808, a grant was made to James Wilshire, which forms the largest part of the current suburb of Strathfield. In 1867, this grant was subdivided and sold as the Redmire Estate, by 1885, sufficient numbers of people resided in the district to enable incorporation of its own local government. The suburb of Redmire was renamed Strathfield c.1886, the suburb was named after a house called Strathfield House, which was originally called Stratfield Saye. In 1885, Strathfield Council was incorporated, James Wilshire was granted 243 acres of land by Governor Macquarie in 1808 following representations from Lord Nelson, a relation by marriage of Wilshire. Ownership was transferred in 1824 to ex-convict Samuel Terry, the land became known as the Redmire Estate, which Michael Jones says could either be named after his home town in Yorkshire or could be named after the red clay of the Strathfield area. Subdivision of the land commenced in 1867, an early buyer was one-time Mayor of Sydney, Walter Renny who built in 1868 a house they called Stratfieldsaye, possibly after the Duke of Wellingtons mansion near Reading, Berkshire. A plaque marking the location of Stratfield Saye can be found in the footpath of Strathfield Avenue, according to local historian Cathy Jones, ownership of was transferred several times including to Davidson Nichol, who shortened the name to Strathfield House, then Strathfield. Strathfield was proclaimed on 2 June 1885 by the Governor of NSW, Sir Augustus Loftus, residents in parts of Homebush and Druitt Town formed their own unsuccessful counter-petition. It is likely that the region was named Strathfield to neutralise the rivalry between Homebush and Redmire, Strathfield Council was incorporated in 1885 and included the suburbs of Redmire, Homebush and Druitt Town. The adjoining area of Flemington was unincorporated and was annexed to Strathfield Council in 1892, the Council formed three wards - Flemington, Homebush and Strathfield - and Aldermen was elected to represent their ward at Council. Following the introduction of the Local Government Act in 1919, Strathfield Council was one of the first to proclaim the major part of its area a residential district by proclamation in 1920 and this is commonly known as the Strathfield Massacre and it shocked the nation. A Memorial plaque is located at Churchill Avenue, Strathfield, st Patricks College is an independent, day school for boys. Santa Sabina College is a Roman Catholic, Dominican, day school for girls K-12, the primary school is known as Santa Maria Del Monte. Meriden Anglican School for Girls is an independent, Anglican, day school for girls, trinity Grammar School Preparatory School campus is on The Boulevarde and has classes from Pre-Kindergarten to Year 6
19.
Hawkesbury River
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The Hawkesbury River, is a semi–mature tide dominated drowned valley estuary located to the west and north of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Hawkesbury River and its main tributary, the Nepean River. The Hawkesbury River is the tributary of Broken Bay. Secondary tributaries include Brisbane Water and Pittwater, that together with the Hawkesbury River flow into the Tasman Sea at Barrenjoey Head, the total catchment area of the river is approximately 21,624 square kilometres and the area is generally administered by the Hawkesbury–Nepean Catchment Management Authority. The land adjacent to the Hawkesbury River was occupied by the Darkinjung, Darug, Eora and they used the river as a source of food and a place for trade. The headwaters of the Hawkesbury River, the Avon River, the Cataract River, and these streams start on the inland-facing slopes of the plateau which forms the escarpment behind Wollongong. Flowing north-west, away from the sea, these combine to form the Nepean River. Near Penrith, the Warragamba River emerges from its canyon through the Blue Mountains and joins the Nepean, the other principal component of the upper Hawkesbury river system, the Grose River, rises in the area of Mount Victoria in the Blue Mountains. Once formed, the Hawkesbury River proper flows generally northwards, albeit with a significant number of meanders, initially the river passes the towns of Richmond and Windsor, which are the largest settlements on the river. At Windsor, the river is joined by the South Creek, as it flows north, it enters a more rural area, with only small settlements on the river. On this stretch it passes Sackville and Lower Portland, where it is joined by the Colo River, the Colo River and its tributaries drain the northern section of the Blue Mountains. From Lower Portland, the Hawkesbury River continues flowing northwards to the community of Wisemans Ferry where it is joined by the Macdonald River. Here its course turns eastwards and the landscape gradually becomes steeper. At Spencer, Mangrove Creek joins the river from the north, from here to the river mouth, road access to the river is limited to a few points. At Milsons Passage, the river is joined by Berowra Creek from the south, in the area around Brooklyn the river is crossed by the major road and rail services that follow the coast north from Sydney. The river finally reaches the ocean at Broken Bay, from the confluence of the Nepean and Grose Rivers to the sea, the Hawkesbury River has a total length of some 120 kilometres. Islands in the Hawkesbury River include, in order going downstream are Barr Island, Milson Island, Peat Island, Spectacle Island, Long Island, and Dangar Island. Despite forming the boundary of the metropolitan region of Sydney for its entire length
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Wondabyne, New South Wales
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Wondabyne is a suburb located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, and is part of the Central Coast Council local government area. The train station has a short platform, which is long enough to hold only around one train door. Due to the terrain of the area, Wondabyne station does not have road access. It has been suggested that it may be the station in Australia that does not have road access. The station relies on water access for residents across Mullet Creek, via a pontoon, trains only stop at Wondabyne at the request of passengers who must speak to the guard in the rear carriage or hail the train, as you would a bus, as it approaches. Not all trains stop at Wondabyne. Stations either side are Hawkesbury River and Woy Woy, just north of the railway station by the water is a 70-acre tract of land owned by Gosford Quarries that contains a sandstone quarry. Stone is cut from the quarry periodically for restoration works on Sydney city buildings that were constructed many years ago from Wondabyne sandstone. In 2000, the quarry was brought back into operation to provide stone for the two spires of St Marys Cathedral, Sydney, the spires now complete the construction of the cathedral, which began in 1868. Walking trails also join the Great North Walk for more extensive trips, the track that gives access to these areas leaves from near the station and is very steep. The only train station in Australia inaccessible by road Accessed 13 April 2015
21.
Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge
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The Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge carries the Main Northern railway line across the Hawkesbury River just north of the town of Brooklyn on the northern outskirts of Sydney, Australia. The railway bridge was to be the last link in a network that linked Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney. On 7 April 1887, the track section of the Main Northern line was opened between Hornsby and the Hawkesbury River. The Union Bridge Company of New York was awarded the contract to construct the bridge in January 1886, however, subcontractors were also involved in the actual construction work. The piers consisted of concrete below water with sandstone masonry above, the spans were assembled on Dangar Island and floated 1,500 metres or so across to the bridge site on barges. The bridge had seven spans of 416 feet each for a length of 2,910 feet. Five of the piers were sunk to then depths of between 150 to 160 feet below high water. The bridge officially opened on 1 May 1889, at the time, it was the longest structure to be load tested in Australia and so two distinct and separate methods were used. Firstly, optical measurements were taken of the deformation under load at the centre of each span, the second test used a water gauge to accurately measure the deformation and the amount of deflection or set for each span. Load testing was carried out on 24 April 1889 in the presence of dignitaries including Henry Deane. During the morning, each span was tested separately by slowly running out onto the span, taking the required measurements, backing the train off again. This was repeated for each span but on the second span it was found that the optical readings did not match with the water gauge, the cause was found to be a slow leak in a connecting pipe of the water gauge equipment. A speed test was undertaken during the afternoon by four locomotives, although the track on either end of the bridge was single line, the bridge itself was constructed to double track width with an eye to the future duplication of the line. This led to the practice of the bridge being used as a crossing point for trains. The bridge gave admirable service until 1927 when it required strengthening, in 1938 a severe crack in one of the piers was discovered and it became necessary to replace the entire structure. The depth of sediment had made it impossible to reach bedrock with the foundations on the southernmost pier, work commenced on the new bridge in July 1940 and despite best efforts it was not completed until after the war finished, opening for traffic on 1 July 1946. The new bridge was positioned 60 metres to the west or upstream of the original bridge, New tunnels were bored through Long Island to the south and Cogra Point on the northern approach. Upon completion of the new bridge, the old bridge was removed, the construction docks remain in situ
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Maitland, New South Wales
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It is on the New England Highway about 17 km from its start at Hexham. The city centre is located on the bank of the Hunter River. Surrounding areas include the cities of Cessnock and Singleton local government areas, originally Maitland was a culmination of three separate towns which arose roughly all around the same time. West Maitland, now just Maitland, was a privately founded town grew because of its proximity to the river. The other areas were East Maitland, which was established by the colonial New South Wales government, and Morpeth, another private town founded by Lieutenant Close, each town functioned as if they were separate municipalities. The name, Maitland, was reported in 1885 to have had its name taken from Sir George Maitland, under Secretary for the Colonies, and M. P. for the Borough of Whitchurch, in Hampshire, England. The present city was proclaimed in 1945 with the amalgamation of the three local government areas, the citys boundaries have been increased by incorporating parts of other local government areas since then. West Maitland was founded in 1820 close to the reach of the Hunter River where vessels with a shallow draft could navigate. Nearby Morpeth served as the head of navigation for larger ships, originally the route river route between Morpeth and West Maitland was 26 kilometres, today after various floods and river course changes this has reduced to just 9 kilometres. Maitland was therefore the point at which goods were unloaded for, and distributed to, accordingly, there were large warehouses built, which faced onto the main High Street and backed onto the Hunter River. For almost 20 years until the Victorian gold rush, Maitland was the second largest town in Australia, the arrival of the railway from Newcastle in the 1850s, coupled with the increasing silting of the river and larger ships spelt the end of the traditional river traffic. The first electricity connected in the area was to Maitland Town Hall in 1922, to the Halls front light. The first bridge to link West Maitland with what is now the suburb of Lorn was opened in 1869 and named in honour of the then Governor of New South Wales, the 4th Earl of Belmore. Although the bridge proved vital to the development, the floods of 1893,1913 and 1930 began to heighten the need for a new bridge that could withstand periodic flooding. A second Belmore Bridge, designed to withstand the impact of debris during floods, was adjacent to the 1869 bridge in 1964. The new bridge, which redirected traffic away from St. Andrews Street to a new intersection at the Maitland Court House, is one of the three main river crossings. Maitlands proximity to the Hunter River has resulted in a succession of floods since European settlement, over 200 floods have occurred on the Hunter River since settlement,13 of those higher than the rivers normal peak limit of 10.7 metres. Of these 13, all have had an effect on the city of Maitland
23.
Murrurundi
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Murrurundi is a rural town located in the Upper Hunter Shire, in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Murrurundi is situated 193 kilometres northwest by road from Newcastle and 309 kilometres north from Sydney, at the 2011 census the town had a population of 847 people. The town is almost completely surrounded by mountains of the Liverpool Range, and is located on the Pages River, prior to European settlement, the Murrurundi district was home to the Wanaruah and possibly the Kamilaroi Aboriginal people. European settlement of the began in the 1820s, and the town itself was established by the New South Wales government in 1840. In the same year, a landholder, Thomas Haydon. In 1913, the two neighbouring settlements were merged to create the town of Murrurundi. The name Murrurundi is often thought to come from an Aboriginal word meaning nestling in the valley. It does in fact mean five fingers, a representation of the rock formation visible at the end of the township. Benjamin Hall, father of bushranger Ben Hall had a farm in a valley near Murrurundi in 1839. He opened a shop at Haydonton in 1842. Ben Hall lived at Murrurundi until the age of 13, oil shale was mined at Mount Temi, some 11.25 kilometres to the north of Murrurundi from 1886, but lay dormant for many years. The mine was revived in 1910 and a railway was constructed from Temple Court,1.2 kilometres west of Murrurundi, operations ceased during the First World War. Annual events include the rodeo and the King of the Ranges stockman challenge, there are only a few sporting facilities due to the low population. These sports are rugby league, touch football, swimming club. Murrurundi was the town of the former Murrurundi Shire local government area. The town of Murrurundi is now part of Upper Hunter Shire, the New England Highway runs through the town, and it is served by a rail service. Murrurundi railway station is located on the Main North railway line,352 kilometres from Sydney, the station opened in 1872 and consists of a substantial brick station-house with a passing loop and goods yard. There was also a depot for bank engines which lasted until the end of steam
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Waratah, New South Wales
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Waratah station was opened in 1858 and is served by NSW TrainLinks Hunter line. Waratah was once a municipality in its own right, with an elected council and mayor. Two notable mayors, both elected to the three times each were John Scholey and auctioneer N. B. Creer, both of whom resided at North Waratah. Scholey was instrumental in the establishment of the Waratah Bowling Club of which he was also patron, originally Waratah had as its industrial base a large colliery bearing its name. The suburb contains a major hospital, the Calvary Mater, owned by the Roman Catholic Sisters of Mercy. Nearby is an established major 150+ -bed independent Home of the Elderly, callaghan College Waratah Technology Campus Waratah Public School St. Every Christmas it is renowned for an exuberant lighting display, a smaller strip of shops is still surviving in Station Street, approximately 200 m away and contains The Waratahs Rugby Union Football Club, two hotels and some smaller shops
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Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot
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Construction of the locomotive depot at Broadmeadow commenced in 1923 to replace the existing crowded loco sheds at Woodville Junction at Hamilton, with the depot opening in March 1924. Original facilities provided include a manually operated 23 m diameter turntable with 42 radiating roads. Twenty one of these roads were covered by a wooden framed building clad in corrugated sheeting. All 21 roads in the roundhouse had 18 m long pits, two elevated 227,300 l tanks fed three 229 mm diameter water columns. An office for the District Locomotive Engineer was constructed using concrete drop panels, coaling was provided by a 1, 000-tonne capacity wooden elevated coal bunker capable of loading coal to locos on both sides. The coaling stage was 76 m long by 11 m high and was served by an 1,30 grade approach ramp. The coal bunker was also provided storage and drying facilities for sand. A timber framed machine shop clad in corrugated iron served from one of the roads from No.1 turntable was also provided. This building housed the wheel lathe as well as general lathes, also housed in this building was a blacksmiths section and the air compressors for supplying compressed air to the depot, along with the pumps for the boiler washing out plant. A timber framed corrugated iron clad meal room for running staff capable of housing 140 men was built near the workshop. Adjacent to the arrival road inspection pits and a timber framed building clad in corrugated iron was also provided. Two elevated de-ashing roads were constructed to the south of the site near the coal stage, in July 1926 construction of the manually operated 23 m diameter No.2 turntable at its associated 42 radial roads was completed. Unlike the roads surrounding No.1 turntable, initially none of the roads on No.2 turntable were covered. Over the following years several plans were proposed for the construction of a building on the radial roads surrounding No.2 turntable. A plan dated 30 January 1922 for a proposed Car and Wagon Works on land adjoining the loco depot site even shows a proposed third turntable, in July 1927 a third 227,300 l water tank was constructed. The DLEs office was extended in 1945. A further improvement carried out in 1945 was the fitting of electric drive to the manually operated 23 m diameter No.1 turntable, improved facilities were provided for the employees at the depot in 1947 with a new meal, locker and shower room being built. This building could accommodate 144 persons in the room, and had lockers for 300 persons
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Gosford
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Gosford is a city located on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, about 76 km north of the Sydney central business district. The city is situated at the extremity of Brisbane Water. The city is the centre of the Central Coast region. Gosford has been designated as an important growth centre under the NSW Metropolitan Strategy, the suburbs population was 3,392 in the 2011 census. Until white settlement, the area around Gosford was inhabited by the Guringai peoples, who were principally coastal-dwellers, along with the other land around the Hawkesbury River estuary, the Brisbane Water district was explored during the early stages of the settlement of New South Wales. In the early 19th century some pioneering European settlers began occupying the land, for timber-cutting, lime production, Gosford itself was explored by Governor Phillip between 1788 and 1789. The area was difficult to access and settlement did not start before 1823, by the late 19th century the agriculture in the region was diversifying, with market gardens and citrus orchards occupying the rich soil left after the timber harvest. The road between Hawkesbury and Brisbane Water was a wheel track even in 1850. Convicts once lived and worked in the Gosford area, in 1825, Gosfords population reached 100, of whom 50% were convicts. East Gosford was the first centre of settlement, Gosford was named in 1839 after Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford – a friend of the then Governor of New South Wales George Gipps. Achesons title derives its name from Gosford, a townland of Markethill in County Armagh in Northern Ireland, in 1887, the rail link to Sydney was completed, requiring a bridge over the Hawkesbury River and a tunnel through the sandstone ridge west of Woy Woy. The introduction of this link and then the Pacific Highway in 1930 accelerated the development of the region. Gosford became a town in 1885 and was declared a municipality in 1886. In the 2011 census, the most common countries of birth of people in Gosford were Australia 63. 6%, England 4. 4%, Mainland China 2. 4%, India 1. 9%, New Zealand 1. 9% and South Korea 1. 1%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 24. 3%, Catholic 21. 6%, Anglican 18. 0%, Buddhism 3. 4%, Gosford Community News has been published fortnightly by Ducks Crossing Publications since 2010. Express Advocate, News Limited publish a weekly suburban style newspaper in the News Local group. 2GO - part of Southern Cross Austereo Sea FM ABC92.5 CoastFM96.3 StarFM104.5 EVT FM - Chinese radio network Gosford has a subtropical climate with warm summers. In summer, temperatures average about 27-28 °C in the day with high humidity, winters are mild with cool overnight temperatures and mild to occasionally warm daytime temperatures with lower humidity
27.
Maitland railway station
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Maitland railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the city of Maitland opening on in 1880 as West Maitland being renamed on 1 April 1949 and it is the junction station for the Main Northern and North Coast lines. The Great Northern Railway was built through Maitland in the 1850s, Maitland was serviced by Victoria Street, East Maitland and High Street when it opened however it was not until 1880 that what is now Maitlands principal station opened as West Maitland. Initially the station comprised only one platform, the present Platform 1, the station expanded with an island platform and footbridge constructed in 1914 followed in 1933 by another island platform. In April 1949 in recognition of its position as Maitlands primary station it received its present name, a bay platform was located at the eastern end of Platform 1 for terminating services from Newcastle, it was removed in the 1990s. The station is susceptible to floods, in the 1955 floods the signalbox was washed away with its replacement constructed on stilts. This closed on 27 October 1990 and has leased to a model railway club. The high water marks have been marked on the building on Platform 1, flood gates have been installed at the northern end of the platforms. A new signal box opened opposite the station on 17 December 1990, a yard is located east of the station. It is mainly used to stable railway maintenance equipment, although each April is used as a depot for locomotives attending the Hunter Valley Steamfest. Immediately east of the station the Main Northern and North Coast lines split and it is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter Line services travelling from Hamilton to Muswellbrook, Scone, Telarah and Dungog. It is also serviced by NSW Trainlink Xplorer and XPT long distance services from Sydney to Armidale, Moree, Grafton, Casino, each April, Maitland station is the focal point for the Hunter Valley Steamfest, an event that has been held annually since 1986
28.
Muswellbrook railway station
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Muswellbrook railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Muswellbrook, the station opened on 19 May 1869 as Musclebrook, being renamed on 1 September 1890. The original 1869 John Whitton brick station building remains, for a number of years in the 1980s, the passenger services were replaced by road coaches while the line was upgraded. Rail services were restored on 14 March 1988, Muswellbrook formerly had an extensive freight yard including a locomotive roundhouse. The Merriwa section of the Ulan line branches off the Main Northern line at the end of the yard. In early 2007, the Australian Rail Track Corporation commenced work to rationalise the tracks within the yard, upon completion, freight trains are to pass through the yard area at 80 km/h, improving travel times. The station has one platform and a dock platform at the southern end. Muswelbrook is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter Line services travelling between Hamilton and Scone and it is also served by NSW TrainLink Xplorer services from Sydney to Armidale and Moree. Media related to Muswellbrook railway station at Wikimedia Commons Muswellbrook station details Sydney Trains
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Telarah railway station
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Telarah railway station is located on the North Coast line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the northern Maitland suburb of Telarah and it is served by NSW TrainLink Hunter line services. The station opened on 14 August 1911 as West Maitland Marshalling Yard before being renamed Telarah on 15 April 1922, Telarah consists of a single platform. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter line services from Hamilton, most services terminate at Telarah with a limited number continuing to Dungog. Just north of the station, the North Coast line becomes single track, both lines from Maitland are signalled for bidirectional working with trains able to arrive or leave via either line. A disused freight yard is located south of the station, media related to Telerah railway station at Wikimedia Commons Telarah station details Sydney Trains
30.
Wyong railway station
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Wyong railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the northern Central Coast suburb of Wyong, Wyong station was opened on 15 August 1887. In 1912, the line was duplicated, in 1937, the eastern platform was converted to an island platform. A pair of passing loops were added south of the station in 1948, in the 1950s, a new bridge was built over Wyong Creek immediately south of the station, with the old railway bridge becoming part of the Pacific Highway. Between April 1982 and June 1984, Wyong was the extremity of the electrified network. A brick building on Platforms 1 and 2 was replaced by the current structure in the 1990s, on 1 November 1993, an upgraded footbridge with a new ticket office and lifts was opened by Minister for Transport Bruce Baird. Wyong has three platforms, one island with two faces and one side platform and it is serviced by NSW TrainLink Central Coast & Newcastle line services travelling from Sydney Central to Hamilton. Peak-hour services to and from Central via the North Shore line also terminate at Wyong and it is also serviced by NSW Trainlink Xplorer and XPT long distance services from Sydney to Armidale, Moree, Grafton, Casino and Brisbane
31.
Gosford railway station
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Gosford railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the Central Coast city of Gosford, opening on 15 August 1887, between January 1960 and April 1982, Gosford was the northern extremity of the electrified network. The station buildings were demolished and replaced by the current structure opened on 10 September 1993. An extensive network of stabling sidings exist north and south of the station, a functioning water crane is located at the northern end of Platform 2 and is used occasionally by passing steam locomotives. Work is currently in progress to create a further 58 commuter parking spaces, work will shortly commence to create a further 26 spaces. Gosford has three platforms, one island with two faces and one side platform and it is serviced by NSW TrainLink Central Coast & Newcastle Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Hamilton. Peak-hour services travel from Central to Wyong via the North Shore line and it is also serviced by NSW Trainlink Xplorer and XPT long distance services from Sydney to Armidale, Moree, Grafton, Casino and Brisbane. More Old Gosford and District in Pictures, media related to Gosford railway station at Wikimedia Commons Gosford station details Sydney Trains
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Brickwork
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Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of bricks—called courses— are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick wall, Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples of brickwork are found through history as far back as the Bronze Age. The fired-brick faces of the ziggurat of ancient Dur-Kurigalzu in Iraq date from around 1400 BC, much older examples of brickwork made with dried bricks may be found in such ancient locations as Jericho in Judea, Çatal Hüyük in Anatolia, and Mehrgarh in Pakistan. These structures have survived from the Stone Age to the present day, parts of brickwork include bricks, beds and perpends. The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid, a perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually—but not always—filled with mortar. An example of a co-ordinating metric commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows, Bricks of dimensions 215 mm x 102.5 mm ×65 mm, Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm. In this case the co-ordinating metric works because the length of a brick is equal to the total of the width of a brick plus a perpend plus the width of a second brick. There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use this same co-ordinating principle, a brick is given a classification based on how it is laid, and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall. Stretcher or Stretching brick A brick laid flat with its narrow side exposed. Header or Heading brick A brick laid flat with its width exposed, soldier A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed. Sailor A brick laid vertically with the face of the brick exposed. Rowlock A brick laid on the narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed. Shiner or Rowlock Stretcher A brick laid on the narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed. The practice of laying uncut full-sized bricks wherever possible gives brickwork its maximum possible strength, in some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured. A second practice particularly observed in older examples of brickwork is that of building brickwork thicker than the width of any of its individual bricks, in such cases, some of the bricks may well be tied together into the depth of the wall. Historically, this was the dominant method for consolidating the transverse strength of walls, brickwork observing either or both of these two conventions is described as being laid in one or another bond. The advent during the mid twentieth century of the cavity wall saw the popularisation, a cavity wall comprises two totally discrete walls—each one of which is called a wythe or leaf. A cavity separates the two leaves so that there is no connection between them at all
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Corrugated galvanised iron
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Corrugated galvanised iron or steel is a building material composed of sheets of hot-dip galvanised mild steel, cold-rolled to produce a linear corrugated pattern in them. The corrugations increase the strength of the sheet in the direction perpendicular to the corrugations. Normally each sheet is manufactured longer in its strong direction, CGI is lightweight and easily transported. It was and still is used especially in rural and military buildings such as sheds. Its unique properties were used in the development of countries like Australia from the 1840s, corrugated iron is equivalent to tin roof. CGI was invented in the 1820s in Britain by Henry Robinson Palmer, architect and it was originally made from wrought iron. It proved to be light, strong, corrosion-resistant, and easily transported, in Australia and New Zealand particularly it has become part of the cultural identity, and fashionable architectural use has become common. For roofing purposes, the sheets are laid somewhat like tiles, with an overlap of one and half corrugations. CGI is also a construction material for industrial buildings throughout the world. Wrought iron CGI was gradually replaced by mild steel from around the 1890s, galvanized sheets with simple corrugations are also being gradually displaced by 55% Al-Zn coated steel or coil-painted sheets with complex profiles. Today the corrugation process is carried out using the process of roll forming and this modern process is highly automated to achieve high productivity and low costs associated with labour. In the corrugation process sheet metal is pulled off huge rolls, after the sheet metal passes through the rollers it is automatically sheared off at a desired length. The standard shape of corrugated material is the round wavy style, many materials today undergo the corrugation process. The most common materials are ferrous alloys but may also span to stainless steels, copper and aluminium are also used. Regular ferrous alloys are the most common due to price and availability, common sizes of corrugated material can range from a very thin 30 gauge to a relatively thick 6 gauge. Thicker or thinner gauges may also be produced, other materials such as plastic and fibreglass are also given the corrugated look. Many applications are available for products including using them with metal sheets to allow light to penetrate below. The corrugations are described in terms of pitch and depth and it is important for the pitch and depth to be quite uniform, in order for the sheets to be easily stackable for transport, and to overlap neatly when joining two sheets
34.
Awning
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An awning or overhang is a secondary covering attached to the exterior wall of a building. The configuration of this structure is something of a truss, space frame or planar frame, Awnings are also often constructed of aluminium understucture with aluminium sheeting. These aluminium awnings are often used when a fabric awning is not an application where snow load as well as wind loads may be a factor. The location of an awning on a building may be above a window, with the addition of columns an awning becomes a canopy, which is able to extend further from a building, as in the case of an entrance to a hotel. Restaurants often use awnings broad enough to cover substantial outdoor area for dining, parties. Awnings were first used by the ancient Egyptian and Syrian civilizations and they are described as woven mats that shaded market stalls and homes. A Roman poet Lucretius, in 50 BC, said Linen-awning, stretched, over mighty theatres, gives forth at times, a cracking roar, when much tis beaten about, betwixt the poles and cross-beams. Among the most significant awnings in the ancient world was the velarium and it is believed that sailors, with their background in sailmaking and rigging were employed to build, maintain and operate the velarium. Awnings became common during the first half of the 19th century, at that time they consisted of timber or cast iron posts set along the sidewalk edge and linked by a front cross bar. To lend support to installations, angled rafters linked the front cross bar to the building facade. The upper end of the canvas was connected to the facade with nails, with grommets and hooks, the other end of the canvas was draped over or laced to a front bar with the edge often hanging down to form a valance. On ornate examples, metal posts were adorned with filigree and the tops decorated with spear ends, photographs from the mid-19th century often show the bare framework, suggesting that the covering was extended only when necessary. Canvas duck was the predominant awning fabric, a strong, closely woven cotton cloth used for centuries to make tents, Awnings became a common feature in the years after the Civil War. Iron plumbing pipe, which was adapted for awning frames. It was a material for awning frames, easily bent. At the same time the advent of the steamship forced canvas mills, an awning industry developed offering an array of frame and fabric options adaptable to both storefronts and windows. In the second half of the 19th century, manufactured operable awnings grew in popularity, previously, most awnings had fixed frames-the primary way to retract the covering was to roll it up the rafters by hand. Operable systems for both storefront and window awnings had extension arms that were hinged where they joined the facade, the arms were lowered to project the awning or raised to retract the awning using simple rope and pulley arrangements
35.
Bracket (architecture)
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A bracket is an architectural element, a structural or decorative member. It can be made of wood, stone, plaster, metal and it projects from a wall, usually to carry weight and sometimes to. strengthen an angle. A corbel and console are types of brackets, in mechanical engineering a bracket is any intermediate component for fixing one part to another, usually larger, part. What makes a bracket a bracket is the fact that it is intermediate between the two and fixes the one to the other. By extension almost any object that performs this function of attaching one part to another component is called a bracket. Brackets can support many architectural items, including a wall, balcony, parapets, eaves, in adjustable shelving systems, the bracket may be in two parts, with the load-bearing horizontal support fitting into a wall-mounted slotted vertical metal strip. Brackets also are an element in the used to mount modern facade cladding systems onto the outside of contemporary buildings. Architectural sculptures Brackets are often in the form of sculptures with reliefs of objects. Depending on their material, decorated ones can be carved, cast and they can be of cast stone or resin-foam materials with faux finishes for use on new buildings in historic revival styles of architecture. Some brackets and corbels are only ornamental, and serve no actual supporting purpose, corbel Dougong—wooden brackets commonly found in East Asian architecture Index, Architectural elements Media related to Brackets at Wikimedia Commons
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Chimney
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A chimney is a structure that provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, the space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships, in the United States, the term smokestack is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, and the term funnel can also be used. The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the environment via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings, in the case of chemically aggressive output, a sufficiently tall chimney can allow for partial or complete self-neutralization of airborne chemicals before they reach ground level. The dispersion of pollutants over an area can reduce their concentrations. Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw out of bakeries. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, however, they did not become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries. Smoke hoods were a method of collecting the smoke into a chimney. Another step in the development of chimneys was the use of built in ovens which allowed the household to bake at home, industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century. Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud, since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners, to control downdrafts, venting caps with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, todays central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls. In fact, most modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney, such appliances are generally installed near an external wall, and a noncombustible wall thimble allows a vent pipe to run directly through the external wall. On a pitched roof where a chimney penetrates a roof, flashing is used to seal up the joints, the down-slope piece is called an apron, the sides receive step flashing and a cricket is used to divert water around the upper side of the chimney underneath the flashing. Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue gas stacks and are generally external structures and they are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to them with ductwork
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Finial
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A finial or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. Where there are several such elements they may be called pinnacles and these are frequently seen on top of bed posts or clocks. Decorative finials are also used to fasten lampshades, and as an ornamental element at the end of the handles of souvenir spoons. The charm at the end of a chain is also known as a finial. During the various dynasties in China, a finial was worn on the top of the civil or military officials wore during formal court ceremonies. The finial was changed to a knob for other daily usage, in Java and Bali, a rooftop finial is known as mustaka or kemuncak. A ball-style finial is often mounted to the top of a stationary flagpole, the United States Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard employ a variety of different finials depending on the flag in question, the Marines and Coast Guard deferring to the Navys protocols. Bed posts often end in finials, wooden posts tend to have turned wood finials. While the purpose of finials on bed posts is mostly decorative, they serve a purpose on curtain rods, curtain rod finials can be seen to act much like a barometer of public taste. Many designs hark back to the gothic and neo-gothic of architectural finials, while other contemporary finials reflect minimalist, art nouveau, the durability, strength and machinability of modern alloys have lent themselves to increasingly intricate and dazzling designs. Some lampshades or light fittings, especially in glass, typically terminate in a finial which also serves to affix the shade to the lamp or fixture, finials are twisted onto the lamp harp. Typically the finial is externally decorative whilst hiding an internal screw thread, there are several standard thread sizes which are used. Acroterion Alem Crocket Souvenir spoon Word-of-the-day on finial
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Sash window
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The oldest surviving examples of sash windows were installed in England in the 1670s, for example at Ham House. The invention of the window is sometimes credited, without conclusive evidence. Others see the window as a Dutch invention. To facilitate operation, the weight of the panel is usually balanced by a heavy steel, lead. The sash weight is connected to the window by a braided cotton sash cord, or a chain, breakage of this cord requires disassembly, or destruction, of the trim pieces to gain access for repair. The term sash windows is used interchangeably with the term box sash windows in the United Kingdom, historically box sash windows are heavier and more stately in nature than modern sash windows, but both terms are used within the industry when referring to the same type of window. The name hung sash window, which is usual in the United States than in the United Kingdom. These windows are found in older buildings in warmer climates. A significant advantage of double-hung windows is that they provide efficient cooling of interiors during warm weather, a double-hung window where the upper sash is smaller than the lower is termed a cottage window. A single-hung window has two sashes, but normally the top sash is fixed and only the bottom sash slides, triple- and quadruple-hung windows are used for tall openings, common in New England churches. Construction is usually of softwood, and these sashes were traditionally only single-glazed, early sash windows were made from high-quality wood that has lasted generations and should, if at all possible, be repaired with similar-quality slow-growth wood rather than being replaced. The glass in old windows can be as important as the sashes themselves, old glass is easily recognised by its imperfections which give a degree of distortion both when looking through it and when looking at it from the outside. Of these, the glass still currently being manufactured in the traditional way is cylinder. All other old glass is therefore irreplaceable and should be carefully conserved and/or protected before any work is carried out, modern double-glazed sash windows are now available, but depending on their aesthetic style, can be frowned upon. Traditional problems with solid wooden sash windows include rot, swelling or distortion of the woodwork or rattling in the wind and these problems can be solved by careful repair and the introduction of draught stripping. It is also a problem for inexperienced painters to paint the sash stuck. The sliding mechanism makes sash windows more vulnerable to these problems than traditional casement windows, sash windows are relatively high maintenance, but offer advantages in return. However, well-maintained sash windows should last generations without needing parts replaced and it is also possible to clean all the glass from within the building by sliding the two panes to different positions
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Linoleum
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The finest linoleum floors, known as inlaid, are extremely durable, they were made by joining and inlaying solid pieces of linoleum. Cheaper patterned linoleum came in different grades or gauges, and were printed with thinner layers which were prone to wear and tear. High quality linoleum is flexible and thus can be used in buildings where a more material would crack. Linoleum was invented by Englishman Frederick Walton, in 1855, Walton happened to notice the rubbery, flexible skin of solidified linseed oil that had formed on a can of oil-based paint, and thought that it might form a substitute for India rubber. Raw linseed oil oxidizes very slowly, Walton accelerated the process by heating it with lead acetate and this made the oil form a resinous mass into which lengths of cheap cotton cloth were dipped until a thick coating formed. The coating was then scraped off and boiled with benzene or similar solvents to form a varnish, Walton initially planned to sell his varnish to the makers of water-repellent fabrics such as oilcloth, and patented the process in 1860. However, his method had problems, the cotton cloth soon fell apart, little interest was shown in his varnish. In addition, his first factory burned down, and he had persistent, such surfaces being afterward printed, embossed, or otherwise ornamented. Waltons friend Jerimiah Clarke designed the linoleum patterns, typically with a Grecian urn decor around the borders, unlike Waltons process, which took weeks, Parnacott’s method took only a day or two, although the quality of the linoxyn was not as good. Despite this, many opted to use the less expensive Parnacott process. Corticine was mainly made of cork dust and linoxyn without a cloth backing, by 1869 Walton’s factory in Staines, England was exporting to Europe and the United States. Walton opened the American Linoleum Manufacturing Company in 1872 on Staten Island, in partnership with Joseph Wild, the company’s town being named Linoleumville. It was the first U. S. linoleum manufacturer, but was followed by the American Nairn Linoleum Company, established by Sir Michael Nairn in 1887, in Kearny. Congoleum now manufactures sheet vinyl and no longer has a linoleum line, Walton was unhappy with Michael Nairn & Co’s use of the name Linoleum and brought a lawsuit against them for trademark infringement. It is considered to be the first product name to become a generic term, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was favoured in hallways and passages, and as a surround for carpet squares. However, most people associate linoleum with its common twentieth century use on kitchen floors and its water resistance enabled easy maintenance of sanitary conditions and its resilience made standing easier and reduced breakage of dropped china. Other products devised by Walton included Linoleum Muralis in 1877, which better known as Lincrusta. Essentially a highly durable linoleum wallcovering, Lincrusta could be manufactured to resemble carved plaster or wood and it was very successful, and inspired a much cheaper imitation, Anaglypta, originally devised by one of Walton’s showroom managers
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Cornice
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A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown molding. The function of the cornice of a building is to throw rainwater free of the building’s walls. In residential building practice, this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves, however, house eaves may also be called cornices if they are finished with decorative molding. The projecting cornice of a building may appear to be heavy and hence in danger of falling, particularly on commercial buildings, a rake is an architectural term for an eave or cornice which runs along the gable end of the roof of a modern residential structure. It may also be called a sloping cornice, a raking cornice, the trim and rafters at this edge are called rake-, verge-, or barge-board or verge- or barge-rafter. It is a sloped timber on the facing edge of a roof running between the ridge and the eave. On a typical house, any gable will have two rakes, one on each sloped side, the rakes are supported by a series of lookouts and may be enclosed with a rake fascia board on the outside facing edge and a rake soffit along the bottom. The cornices of a residential building will usually be one of three types, a box cornice, a close or closed cornice, or an open cornice. Box cornices enclose the cornice of the building with what is essentially a narrow box. A box cornice may further be divided into either the box cornice or the wide box cornice type. A narrow box cornice is one in which the projection of the rafter serves as a surface for the soffit board as well as the fascia trim. This is possible if the slope of the roof is fairly steep, box cornices often have ventilation screens laid over openings cut in the soffits in order to allow air to circulate within the cornice. A close, closed, or snub cornice is one in there is no projection of the rafters beyond the walls of the building. This type of cornice is easy to construct, but provides little aid in dispersing water away from the building, in an open cornice, the shape of the cornice is similar to that of a wide box cornice except that both the lookouts and the soffit are absent. It is a lower-cost treatment that requires fewer materials, and may not have a fascia board. Ancient Egyptian architectural tradition made special use of large cavetto mouldings as a cornice, with only a short fillet above, inspired by this precedent, it was then revived by Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty. The cavetto took the place of the cymatium in many Etruscan temples, often painted with vertical tongue patterns, additional more-obscure varieties of cornice include the architrave cornice, bracketed cornice, and modillion cornice. A cornice return is a detail that occurs where the horizontal cornice of a roof connects to the rake of a gable
41.
Bay (architecture)
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In architecture, a bay is the space between architectural elements, or a recess or compartment. Bay comes from Old French baee, meaning an opening or hole, the spaces between posts, columns, or buttresses in the length of a building, the division in the widths being called aisles. This meaning also applies to overhead vaults, in a building using a vaulted structural system, for example, the Gothic architecture periods Chartres Cathedral has a nave that is seven bays long. Similarly in timber framing a bay is the space between posts in the direction of the building and aisles run longitudinally. The openings for windows in a wall, for example, in Georgian style, at Mulberry Fields, the building is described as a 5 bay by 2 bay facade, meaning a 5 windows by 2 windows exterior. A recess in a wall, such as a bay window, a division of space such as an animal stall, sick bay, or bay platform. The space between joists or rafters, a joist bay or rafter bay
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Hip roof
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A hip roof, hip-roof or hipped roof, is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope. Thus a hipped roof house has no gables or other vertical sides to the roof, a square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid. Hip roofs on houses could have two sides and two trapezoidal ones. A hip roof on a plan has four faces. They are almost always at the pitch or slope, which makes them symmetrical about the centerlines. Hip roofs often have a consistent level fascia, meaning that a gutter can be fitted all around, Hip roofs often have dormer slanted sides. Hip roofs are more difficult to construct than a gabled roof, Hip roofs can be constructed on a wide variety of plan shapes. Each ridge is central over the rectangle of the building below it, the triangular faces of the roof are called the hip ends, and they are bounded by the hips themselves. The hips and hip rafters sit on a corner of the building. Where the building has a corner, a valley makes the join between the sloping surfaces. They have the advantage of giving a compact, solid appearance to a structure, in modern domestic architecture, hip roofs are commonly seen in bungalows and cottages, and have been integral to styles such as the American Foursquare. However, the hip roof has been used in different styles of architecture. A hip roof is self-bracing, requiring less diagonal bracing than a gable roof, Hip roofs are thus much better suited for hurricane regions than gable roofs. Hip roofs have no large, flat, or slab-sided ends to catch wind and are much more stable than gable roofs. However, for a region, the roof also has to be steep-sloped. When wind flows over a shallow sloped hip roof, the roof can behave like an airplane wing, lift is then created on the leeward side. The flatter the roof, the more likely this will happen, a steeper pitched hip roof tends to cause the wind to stall as it goes over the roof, breaking up the effect. If the roof slopes are less than 35 degrees from horizontal, greater than 35 degrees, and not only does wind blowing over it encounter a stalling effect, but the roof is actually held down on the wall plate by the wind pressure
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Gable
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A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the system used, which reflects climate, material availability. A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the wall, including the gable. A variation of the gable is a gable, which has a stairstep design to accomplish the sloping portion. Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the way as the Classic pediment form. But unlike Classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures. Thus, the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading, gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures, with varying degree sloped roofs, dependent on how much snowfall is expected. Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture, the opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof. While a front-gabled building faces the street with its gable, a building faces it with its cullis. The terms are used in architecture and city planning to determine a building in its urban situation, front-gabled buildings are considered typical for German city streets in the medieval gothic period, while later Renaissance buildings, influenced by Italian architecture are often side-gabled. In America, front-gabled houses, such as the Gablefront house, were primarily between the early 19th century and 1920. A wimperg is a German and Dutch word for a Gothic ornamental gable with tracery over windows or portals and it was a typical element in Gothic Architecture especially in cathedral architecture. Wimpergs often had crockets or other elements in the Gothic style. The intention behind the wimperg was the perception of increased height, the gable end roof is a poor design for hurricane regions, as it easily peels off in strong winds. The part of the roof overhangs the triangular wall very often creates a trap that can catch wind like an umbrella. A series of ornamental timber gables, from existing examples in England and France of the 16th Century
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Tongue and groove
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Tongue and groove is a method of fitting similar objects together, edge to edge, used mainly with wood, in flooring, parquetry, panelling, and similar constructions. Tongue and groove joints allow two flat pieces to be joined together to make a single flat surface. Before plywood became common, tongue and groove boards were used for sheathing buildings. A strong joint, the tongue and groove joint is used for re-entrant angles. The effect of shrinkage is concealed when the joint is beaded or otherwise moulded. In expensive cabinet work, glued dovetail and multiple tongue and groove are used, each piece has a slot cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge on the opposite edge. The tongue projects a little less than the depth of the groove, two or more pieces thus fit together closely. The joint is not normally glued, as shrinkage would then pull the tongue off, in another assembly method, the pieces are end-matched. This method eliminates the need for joints, face nailing. For many uses, tongue and groove boards have been rendered obsolete by the introduction of plywood and later composite wood boards, but the method is still used in higher-quality boards. Plywood may also be tongued all round to fit it flush into a framed structure, when joining thicker materials, several tongue and groove joints may be used one above the other. The tongue may or may not be of the material as the grooved pieces joined by the tongue. For example, plywood flooring is commonly grooved at the edges, and plastic tongues are used to form the joint
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Balcony
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A balcony is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor. The traditional Maltese balcony is a closed balcony projecting from a wall. By contrast, a Juliet balcony does not protrude out of the building and it is usually part of an upper floor, with a balustrade only at the front, like a small Loggia. Modern Juliet balconies often involve a metal barrier placed in front of a window which can be opened. Sometimes balconies are adapted for ceremonial purposes, e. g. that of St. Peters Basilica at Rome, inside churches, balconies are sometimes provided for the singers, and in banqueting halls and the like for the musicians. A unit with a regular balcony will have doors that open up onto a patio with railings. A French balcony is actually a false balcony, with doors that open to a railing with a view of the courtyard or the surrounding scenery below. In theatres, the balcony was formerly a stage-box, but the name is now confined to the part of the auditorium above the dress circle. One of the most famous uses of a balcony is in traditional stagings of the scene that has come to be known as the scene in William Shakespeares tragedy, Romeo. Manufacturers names for their balcony designs often refer to the origin of the design, italian balcony, Spanish balcony, Mexican balcony, Ecuadorian balcony
This Wikipedia article was originally based on Hamilton Railway Station Group, entry number 01164 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.
Media related to Hamilton railway station at Wikimedia Commons