1.
Hancock Park, Los Angeles
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Hancock Park is a historic and affluent residential neighborhood in the central region of the City of Los Angeles, California. It is built around the grounds of a golf club. Developed in the 1920s, the neighborhood features architecturally distinctive residences, the neighborhood is low density, with a 70. 7% white, highly educated, older-aged population of 10, 600+ people. Most of the residents are home owners, there are four private and two public schools in the area. Hancock Park was developed in the 1920s by the Hancock family with profits earned from oil drilling in the former Rancho La Brea, the area owes its name to developer-philanthropist George Allan Hancock, who subdivided the property in the 1920s. Hancock Park activists were instrumental in the passage of a 1986 Congressional ban on tunneling through the neighborhood. The ban, sponsored by Congressman Henry Waxman, prevented the Red Line Subway from being routed along Wilshire Boulevard through the neighborhood, street boundaries are Melrose Avenue on the north, Arden Boulevard on the east, Wilshire Boulevard on the south and La Brea Avenue on the west. The neighborhood surrounds the grounds of the Wilshire Country Club, today, the Hancock Park Homeowners Assn. counts about 1,200 homes within the boundaries of Melrose Avenue, Wilshire Boulevard and both sides of Highland and Rossmore avenues. The Hancock Park Homeowners Association defines Melrose Avenue and Wilshire Boulevard as two of the streets of Hancock Park. The houses on both sides of Highland Avenue and Rossmore Avenue, the boundary streets, are defined as a part of Hancock Park. The homeowners association counted 1,200 houses within Hancock Park, the 2000 U. S. census counted 9,804 residents in the 1. 59-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 6,459 people per square mile, including the expanse of the Wilshire Country Club. That figure gave Hancock Park one of the lowest densities in Los Angeles, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 10,671. The median age for residents was 37, considered old when compared with the city as a whole, Hancock Park was moderately diverse ethnically. The breakdown was whites,70. 7%, Asians,13. 1%, Latinos,8. 5%, blacks,3. 8%, and others,3. 9%. Korea and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 26. 3% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered low compared to rest of the city. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $85,277, a relatively high figure for Los Angeles. The average household size of 2.1 people was low for the city of Los Angeles, renters occupied 52. 7% of the housing units, and house- or apartment owners 47. 3%. The percentages of never-married men and women,41. 3% and 34. 4%, the 2000 census found 203 families headed by single parents, a low rate for both the city and he county
2.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
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The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits, LACMA is the largest art museum in the western United States. It attracts nearly a million visitors annually and it holds more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. In addition to art exhibits, the museum features film and concert series, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art was established as a museum in 1961. Prior to this, LACMA was part of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art, howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. Anna Bing Arnold and Bart Lytton were the first principal patrons of the museum. Ahmanson made the donation of $2 million, convincing the museum board that sufficient funds could be raised to establish the new museum. In 1965 the museum moved to a new Wilshire Boulevard complex as an independent, art-focused institution, the largest new museum to be built in the United States after the National Gallery of Art. The museum, built in a similar to Lincoln Center. The board selected LA architect William Pereira over the recommendation of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the buildings. According to a 1965 Los Angeles Times story, the total cost of the three buildings was $11.5 million, at the time, the Los Angeles Music Center and LACMA were concurrent large civic projects which vied for attention and donors in Los Angeles. When the museum opened, the buildings were surrounded by reflecting pools, in the far-reaching expansion, museum-goers henceforth entered through the new partially roofed central court, nearly an acre of space bounded by the museums four buildings. The museums Pavilion for Japanese Art, designed by maverick architect Bruce Goff, opened in 1988, gerald Cantor Sculpture Garden of Rodin bronzes. In 1999, the Hancock Park Improvement Project was complete, kohlhaas edged out French architect Jean Nouvel, who would have added a major building while renovating the older facilities. The list of candidates had narrowed to five in May 2001, Koolhaas, Nouvel, Steven Holl, Daniel Libeskind. However, the project stalled after the museum failed to secure funding. In 2004 LACMAs Board of Trustees unanimously approved plans to transform the museum, the planned transformation consisted of three phases. Phase I started in 2004 and was completed in February 2008, the renovations required demolishing the parking structure on Ogden Avenue and with it LACMA-commissioned graffiti art by street artists Margaret Kilgallen and Barry McGee. The entry pavilion is a key point in architect Renzo Pianos plan to unify LACMAs sprawling, the BP Grand Entrance and the adjacent Broad Contemporary Art Museum comprise the $191 million first phase of the three-part expansion and renovation campaign
3.
Urban park
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The design, operation and maintenance is usually done by government, typically on the local level, but may occasionally be contracted out to a private sector company. A park is an area of space provided for recreational use. Grass is typically kept short to discourage insect pests and to allow for the enjoyment of picnics, trees are chosen for their beauty and to provide shade. An early purpose-built public park, although financed privately, was Princes Park in the Liverpool suburb of Toxteth and this was laid out to the designs of Joseph Paxton from 1842 and opened in 1843. The land on which the park was built was purchased by Richard Vaughan Yates, the creation of Princes Park showed great foresight and introduced a number of highly influential ideas. First and foremost was the provision of space for the benefit of townspeople. Nashs remodelling of St Jamess Park from 1827 and the sequence of processional routes he created to link The Mall with Regents Park completely transformed the appearance of Londons West End. Liverpool had a presence on the scene of global maritime trade before 1800. The latter was commenced in 1843 with the help of public finance, frederick Law Olmsted visited Birkenhead Park in 1850 and praised its qualities. Indeed, Paxton is widely credited as having one of the principal influences on Olmsted. Another early public park is the Peel Park, Salford, England opened on 22 August 1846, in The Politics of Park Design, A History of Urban Parks in America, Professor Galen Cranz identifies four phases of park design in the U. S. As time passed and the area grew around the parks, land in these parks was used for other purposes, such as zoos, golf courses. These parks continue to draw visitors from around the region and are considered regional parks, because they require a higher level of management than smaller local parks. According to the Trust for Public Land, the three most visited parks in the United States are Central Park in New York, Lincoln Park in Chicago. In the early 1900s, according to Cranz, U. S. cities built neighborhood parks with swimming pools, playgrounds and civic buildings and these smaller parks were built in residential neighborhoods, and tried to serve all residents with programs for seniors, adults, teens and children. Green space was of secondary importance, as urban land prices climbed, new urban parks in the 1960s and after have been mainly pocket parks. One such example of a park is Chess Park in Glendale. This award-winning park was given an award by the American Society of Landscape Architects and these small parks provide greenery, a place to sit outdoors, and often a playground for children
4.
Miracle Mile, Los Angeles
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The Miracle Mile District is bordered by the Fairfax District on the north, Hancock Park on the northeast, West Los Angeles on the south and southwest, and Carthay Circle on the west. The districts boundaries are roughly 3rd Street on the north, Highland Avenue on the east, San Vicente Boulevard on the south, major thoroughfares include Wilshire and Olympic Boulevards, La Brea and Fairfax Avenues, and 6th Street. The districts ZIP codes are 90036 and parts of 90019, in the early 1920s, Wilshire Boulevard west of Western Avenue was an unpaved farm road, extending through dairy farms and bean fields. Developer A. W. Ross saw potential for the area, the Wilson Building had a dirigible mast on top and was home to a number of businesses and professionals relocating from downtown. Rosss insight was that the form and scale of his Wilshire strip should attract and he applied this design both to the street itself and to the buildings lining it. Ross gave Wilshire various firsts, including dedicated left-turn lanes and timed traffic lights and he also required merchants to provide automobile parking lots, all to aid traffic flow. Major retailers such as Desmonds, Silverwoods, May Co, coulters, Mullen & Bluett, Myer Siegel, and Seibu eventually spread down Wilshire Boulevard from Fairfax to La Brea. Ross ordered that all building facades along Wilshire be engineered so as to be best seen through a windshield and this meant larger, bolder, simpler signage and longer buildings in a larger scale. They also had to be oriented toward the boulevard and architectural ornamentation and these building forms were driven by practical requirements but contributed to the stylistic language of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne. Rosss moves were unprecedented, a commercial success, and proved historically influential. Ross had invented the car-oriented urban form — what Reyner Banham called the linear downtown model later adopted across the United States, the moves also contributed to Los Angeless reputation as a city dominated by the car. A sculptural bust of Ross stands at 5800 Wilshire, with the inscription, A. W. Ross, vision to see, wisdom to know, courage to do. As wealth and newcomers poured into the city, Rosss parcel became one of Los Angeless most desirable areas. Acclaimed as Americas Champs-Élysées, this stretch of Wilshire near the La Brea Tar Pits was named Miracle Mile for its rise to prominence. An Art Deco style bank at 5209 Wilshire was built in 1929 and it was designed by the architecture firm of Morgan, Walls & Clements, which also designed the Wiltern Theatre, the El Capitan Theatre, and other notable buildings in Los Angeles. Note, According to historian David Leighton, of the Arizona Daily Star newspaper the Miracle Mile in Tucson, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Petersen Automotive Museum, A+D Museum, Craft and Folk Art Museum, George C. Page Museum, and La Brea Tar Pits pavilions, among others, the Miracle Mile District is one of the citys more densely populated areas, but is considerably more affluent than other high-density neighborhoods like Westlake and Koreatown. As a result, traffic congestion in the district is high even by the standards of Los Angeles, the ban was implemented despite the fact that methane deposits abound in most of Los Angeles
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
California Historical Landmark
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California Historical Landmarks are buildings, structures, sites, or places in the state of California that have been determined to have statewide historical landmark significance. Historical significance is determined by meeting at least one of the criteria listed below, The first, last, only, associated with an individual or group having a profound influence on the history of California. California Historical Landmarks of #770 and above are listed in the California Register of Historical Resources. By contrast, a site, building, feature, or event that is of local significance may be designated as a California Point of Historical Interest. List of California Historical Landmarks by county National Historic Sites National Register of Historic Places listings in California — with links to list articles by county, los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments San Francisco Designated Landmarks Johnson, Marael. A Guide to California Roadside Historical Markers, official OHP—California Office of Historic Preservation website OHP, California Historical Sites searchpage — links to lists by county
7.
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles
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Mid-Wilshire is a densely populated residential neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. Its commercial and public-use areas also make it the site of museums and research centers, Mid-Wilshire is notable as the most diverse neighborhood or city in Los Angeles County, containing an almost even proportion of whites, Asians, Hispanics and blacks. Mid-Wilshire is the home to three schools, an adult school, and seven other schools. A city park is dedicated to the memory of World War I servicemen, there is a hospital and medical center in the neighborhoods southwest corner. The Mid-Wilshire neighborhood includes, Little Ethiopia is a stretch of Fairfax Avenue. Neighborhood Council, northeast of the Crestview neighborhood, northwest of the Picfair Village district, east of the Carthay Square district, the area has a high concentration of Ethiopian businesses and restaurants, as well as a significant concentration of residents of Ethiopian and Eritrean ancestry. Miracle Mile is a 1. 5-mile stretch of Wilshire Boulevard between Fairfax and Highland Avenues, in the early 1920s, Wilshire Boulevard west of Western Avenue was an unpaved farm road, extending through dairy farms and bean fields. Developer A. W. Ross saw potential for the area, in 1910 the neighborhood was laid out between Wilshire Boulevard on the north and Pico Street on the south, west of the Los Angeles Country Club. It was served by the Pico Street streetcar line, the unimproved lots offered by developer Emil Firth ranged from 50 to 100 feet on the street and were 171 feet deep. The streets were 70 feet wide, with 15-foot sidewalks and parkways, ornamental were to be placed every 300 feet. Lot prices ranged from $1,000 to $2,500 Earlier, the Harriman interests had begun a four-track subway line across Oxford Square, south of Wilshire Boulevard. In February 2015 the neighborhood association was lobbying to form an Historic Preservation Overlay Zone and that would have put a temporary moratorium on the issuance of city building and demolition permits. Park La Brea is an apartment complex bounded by 3rd Street on the north, Cochran Avenue on the east, Sixth Street on the south and Fairfax Avenue on the west. With 4,255 units located in eighteen 13-story towers and 31 two-story garden apartment buildings, it is the largest housing development in the United States west of the Mississippi River. Park Mile is a strip that lies along Wilshire Boulevard between Highland Avenue on the west, Wilton Place on the east, Sixth Street on the north and Eighth Street on the south. Construction is regulated by the Park Mile Ordinance, adopted by the city in 1979 and it was designed to protect the single-family nature of the residential area and to promote development that provided Park Mile with an image and sense of continuity. There is a height limit along Park Mile, as well as a ban on painted signs on the outside of buildings. His heirs sold 73 acres fronting on Wilshire Boulevard to Walter G. McCarty, John A. Vaughn and John Evans, in 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 47,176
8.
La Brea Tar Pits
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The La Brea Tar Pits are a group of tar pits around which Hancock Park was formed in urban Los Angeles. Natural asphalt has seeped up from the ground in this area for tens of thousands of years, the tar is often covered with dust, leaves, or water. Over many centuries, the bones of animals that were trapped in the tar were preserved, Page Museum is dedicated to researching the tar pits and displaying specimens from the animals that died there. The La Brea Tar Pits is a registered National Natural Landmark, the modern name is an example of a tautological place name, the La Brea Tar Pits literally means the the tar tar pits. The tar pits visible today are actually from human excavation, the lake pit was originally an asphalt mine. The other pits visible today were produced between 1913 and 1915, when over 100 pits were excavated in search of large mammal bones, various combinations of asphaltum and waggler have since filled in these holes. Normally, the asphalt appears in vents, hardening as it oozes out and these can be seen in several areas of the park. Tar pits are composed of heavy oil fractions called gilsonite, which seeped from the Earth as oil, in Hancock Park, crude oil seeps up along the 6th Street Fault from the Salt Lake Oil Field, which underlies much of the Fairfax District north of the park. The oil reaches the surface and forms pools at several locations in the park and this seepage has been happening for tens of thousands of years. From time to time, the asphalt would form a thick enough to trap animals. Animals would wander in, become trapped, and eventually die, predators would enter to eat the trapped animals and also become stuck. As the bones of dead animals sink into the asphalt, it soaks into them, lighter fractions of petroleum evaporate from the asphalt, leaving a more solid substance, which encases the bones. Examples of some of these are on display in the George C, radiometric dating of preserved wood and bones has given an age of 38,000 years for the oldest known material from the La Brea seeps. The pits still ensnare organisms today, so most of the pits are fenced to protect humans, the Native American Chumash and Tongva people living in the area built boats unlike any others in North America prior to contact by settlers. This innovative form of transportation allowed access up and down the coastline, the Portolá expedition, a group of Spanish explorers led by Gaspar de Portolá, made the first written record of the tar pits in 1769. The scouts reported that they had come across many of these springs and had seen large swamps of them, enough, they said, to caulk many vessels. We were not so lucky ourselves as to see these tar geysers, much though we wished it, as it was some distance out of the way we were to take and we christened them Los Volcanes de Brea. The original Rancho La Brea land grant stipulated that the tar pits be open to the public for the use of the local Pueblo, initially, they mistook the bones in the pits for the remains of pronghorn antelope or cattle that had become mired
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Prehistoric mammal
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Prehistoric mammals are groups of mammals that became extinct before humans developed writing. Later, about 130 million years ago in the Cretaceous, there existed larger mammals, in the stomach of a smaller cousin, Repenomamus robustus at 52 cm, the remains of a juvenile dinosaur have been preserved. The lineages of many varieties continued through the Cenozoic era where some reached very large sizes, most of the very large mammals became extinct in the last ice age, but have smaller descendants. Prehistoric mammals include, Cynodont List of extinct mammals Mammaliaformes Megamammals Pleistocene extinctions Pleistocene megafauna Synapsid Therapsid
10.
Wilshire Boulevard
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Wilshire Boulevard is one of the principal east-west arterial roads in Los Angeles, California. This road was used by Spanish explorers and settlers, calling it El Camino Viejo. The route that ultimately became Wilshire crossed the original pueblo of Los Angeles and five of the original Spanish land grants, Wilshire was pieced together from various streets over several decades. It began in the 1870s as Nevada Avenue in Santa Monica, Nevada and Orange were later renamed as parts of Wilshire. The boulevard was named for Henry Gaylord Wilshire, an Ohio native who made and lost fortunes in real estate, farming, the road first appeared on a map under its present name in 1895. A historic apartment building on the corner of Wilshire Blvd. and S. Kenmore Ave. the Gaylord, aon Center, at one point Los Angeles largest tower, is at 707 Wilshire Boulevard in downtown Los Angeles. The Wilshire Boulevard home of J. Paul Getty was used as the filmset for the 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, one particularly famous stretch of the boulevard between Fairfax and Highland Avenues is known as the Miracle Mile. Many of Los Angeles largest museums are located there, the area just to the east of that, between Highland Avenue and Wilton Place, is referred to as the Park Mile. Between Westwood and Holmby Hills, several tall glitzy condominium buildings overlook this part of Wilshire and this section is also known as the Wilshire Corridor and Condo Canyon. The Wilshire Corridor, located next to Century City, is one of Los Angeles busiest districts, the Fox and MGM studios are located in a series of skyscrapers, along with many historic Los Angeles hotels. Wilshire Blvd is also the street of Los Angeles Koreatown. Koreatown and Mid Wilshire are among Los Angeless densest districts, the construction of the future Purple Line Extension Section 1 commenced in November 2014. The phase two and three of the Purple Line, when completed, will extend to Westwood/VA Hospital. Phase four to Santa Monica Beach are still in the planning stages, Metro Local Line 20, Metro Rapid Line 720, and Santa Monica Transit Line 2 operate along Wilshire Boulevard. Due to the ridership of line 720, 60-foot NABI articulated buses are used on this route. All of the boulevard is at least four lanes in width, the widest portion is in the business district of central Westwood, where mobs of pedestrians crossing Wilshire at Westwood Boulevard must traverse ten lanes. According to a 1991 study by the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, this, the boulevards widest portion is in Westwood and Holmby Hills, where it expands to six, and briefly, eight lanes. The sections of Wilshire Boulevard in the city of Los Angeles are notorious for their giant potholes, Wilshire Boulevard formerly ended at the MacArthur Park lake, but in 1934 a berm was built for it to cross and link up with the existing Orange Street into downtown Los Angeles
11.
Fairfax Avenue
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Fairfax Avenue is a street in the north central area of the city of Los Angeles, California. It runs from La Cienega Boulevard with Culver City at its end to Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood on its northern end. Since World War II, the Fairfax District has been a heavily Jewish neighborhood in Mid-City West, Fairfax High School, on the corner of Fairfax and Melrose Avenue, was known as the alma mater of many entertainment industry personalities. Canters Deli has been a late night hangout in Los Angeles since the 1940s, cBSs Television City is located on the corner of Fairfax and Beverly Boulevard, where thousands camp out to wait for a chance to watch The Price is Right. The former site of Gilmore Stadium, where the minor league baseball team, world-famous recording studio, Cherokee Studios, home to over 250 gold and platinum recorders, is just above Melrose Avenue. The Grove is off 3rd Street and Fairfax, due to the volume of high density attractions, Fairfax is one of the most congested streets in Los Angeles. Little Ethiopia is further south by Olympic Blvd and north by Pico Boulevard in the Pico-Robertson neighborhood in West Los Angeles, the Petersen Automotive Museum is located on the south corner. Metro Local line 35,37,38 and 175,217, canters CBS Television City Farmers Market Academy Museum of Motion Pictures Petersen Automotive Museum
12.
Park La Brea, Los Angeles
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Park La Brea is a sprawling apartment complex in the Miracle Mile District of Los Angeles, California. With 4,255 units located in eighteen 13-story towers and thirty-one 2-story garden apartment buildings and it sits on 160 acres of land with numerous lawns. Park La Brea is bounded by 3rd Street on the north, Cochran Avenue on the east, 6th Street on the south, the complex is notable for its octagonal street layout, with many thoroughfares at a 45° angle of displacement relative to the English street grid. After a period of decline in the 1970s and 1980s, the complex was refurbished in the early 1990s, metropolitan Life Insurance also constructed a sister complex, Parkmerced in San Francisco, which features a similar street layout as Park La Brea. At the same time, they built Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village in Manhattan, Parkchester in The Bronx, the Park La Brea townhouses were designed by Leonard Schultz & Son with associate architect Earl T. Heitschmidt in 1941. The style of the architecture has been described as Modern Colonial, the Park La Brea Towers were designed by Leonard Schultz Associates with consulting architects Stanton + Kaufmann in 1948. Inspired by the housing of Le Corbusier in Paris, this architectural team set out to create innovative multifamily housing. Their plans included square-block sized formations of town houses surrounding shared common green space, the combined shared lawn spaces creates both a large courtyard and tree-dappled open space. The Landmark Towers, in a revolutionary X structure with a unique placement, the ingeniously designed plan ensured that every unit would enjoy expansive views. The area had been the home to several celebrities but fell into ill repair in the mid 1970s, in recent years, additional improvements have been made, adding new pools, modernizing the tower buildings and townhouses, improved security. The complex completed another $8 million renovation in 2010, residents are zoned to schools in the Los Angeles Unified School District. com, Park La Brea rating Yelp. com, Park La Brea ratings
13.
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
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This large collection is comprised not only of specimens for exhibition, but also of vast research collections housed on and offsite. The three museums work together to achieve their mission, to inspire wonder, discovery. NHM opened in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, California, United States in 1913 as the Museum of History, Science, the moving force behind it was a museum association founded in 1910. Its distinctive main building, with fitted marble walls and domed and colonnaded rotunda, is on the National Register of Historic Places, additional wings opened in 1925,1930,1960, and 1976. The museum was divided in 1961 into the Los Angeles County Museum of History and Science, LACMA moved to new quarters on Wilshire Boulevard in 1965, and the Museum of History and Science was renamed the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. Eventually, the museum renamed itself again, becoming the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, in 2003, the museum began a campaign to transform its exhibits and visitor experience. The museum reopened its seismically retrofitted renovated 1913 rotunda, along with the new Age of Mammals exhibition and its Dinosaur Hall opened in July 2011. A new Los Angeles history exhibition, Becoming Los Angeles, opened in 2013, the outdoor Nature Gardens and Nature Lab, which explore L. A. wildlife, also opened in 2013. The museum has almost 30 million specimens representing marine zoology, the museums collection of historical documents is held in the Seaver Center for Western History Research. The Museum hosts regular exhibitions which augment its collections and advance its mission. Recent special exhibits have included Mummies and Pterosaurs, the museum also hosts a butterfly pavilion outside every spring and summer and a spider pavilion on the same site in the fall. Over the years, the museum has built additions onto its original building, originally dedicated when the Natural History Museum opened its doors in 1913, the Rotunda is one of the Museums most elegant and popular spaces. This hall is among the most distinctive locales in Los Angeles and has often used as a filming location. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County official website William S. Hart Ranch, page Museum at the La Brea Tar Pits Review of the Museums new Dinosaur Hall at the New York Times, July 19,2011 Slide show of exhibit
14.
Sculpture garden
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A sculpture garden or sculpture park is an outdoor garden dedicated to the presentation of sculpture, usually several permanently sited works in durable materials in landscaped surroundings. A sculpture garden may be private, owned by a museum and accessible freely or for a fee, or public, some cities own large numbers of public sculptures, some of which they may present together in city parks. Exhibits range from individual, traditional sculptures to large site-specific installations, Sculpture gardens may also vary greatly in size and scope, either featuring the collected works of multiple artists, or the artwork of a single individual. Sculpture gardens have a long history around the world - the oldest known collection of constructions is a Neanderthal sculpture garden unearthed in Bruniquel Cave in France in 1990. Within the cave, broken stalagmites were arranged in a series of stacked or ring-like structures approximately 175,000 years ago, in the United States, the oldest public sculpture garden is a part of the joint park and wildlife preserve Brookgreen Gardens, located in South Carolina. The property was opened in 1932, and has since included on the National Register of Historic Places. Blázquez Abascal, Jimena, Valeria Varas, and Raúl Rispa, Sculpture Parks in Europe, A Guide to Art and Nature. Art Parks, A Tour of Americas Sculpture Parks and Gardens, ISBN 978-1616891299 Harper, Glenn, and Twylene Moyer, eds. Landscapes for Art, Contemporary Sculpture Parks, hamilton, NJ, ISC Press, and Seattle, University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295988610 Media related to Sculpture parks at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Mid-century modern
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Though the American component was slightly more organic in form and less formal than the International Style, it is more firmly related to it than any other. Brazilian and Scandinavian architects were influential at this time, with a style characterized by clean simplicity. Like many of Wrights designs, Mid-Century architecture was frequently employed in structures with the goal of bringing modernism into Americas post-war suburbs. This style emphasized creating structures with ample windows and open floor plans, with the intention of opening up interior spaces, many Mid-century houses utilized then-groundbreaking post and beam architectural design that eliminated bulky support walls in favor of walls seemingly made of glass. Function was as important as form in Mid-Century designs, with an emphasis placed specifically on targeting the needs of the average American family. George Fred Keck, his brother Willam Keck, Henry P. Glass, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the city of Palm Springs, California is noted for its many examples of Mid-century modern architecture. Robinson House, Ambassador and Mrs. Walter H. Annenberg House William Krisel - Ocotillo Lodge, john Black Lee, Specialized in residential houses. M. Home developer, Alexander Homes, popularized this post-and-beam architectural style in the Coachella Valley, Alexander houses and similar homes feature low-pitched roofs, wide eaves, open-beamed ceilings, and floor-to-ceiling windows. E. Restoration projects have undertaken to return many of these residences and businesses to their original condition. Scandinavian design was influential at this time, with a style characterized by simplicity, democratic design. Glassware, ceramics, tableware, lighting, and furniture were some of the genres for the products created, on the West Coast of America the industrial designer and potter Edith Heath founded Heath Ceramics in 1948. The company was one of the originally numerous California pottery manufacturers that had their heyday in post-war USA, Edith Heaths Coupe line remains in demand and has been in constant production since 1948, with only periodic changes to the texture and color of the glazes. Printed ephemera documenting the mid-century transformations in urban development, architecture and they consisted primarily of national view-cards of North American cities, towns, buildings, monuments and civil and military infrastructures. Mid-century Linen Type postcards came about through innovations pioneered through the use of offset lithography, the cards were produced on paper with a high rag content, which gave the postcard a fabric type look and feel. At the time this was an expensive process. Along with advances in printing technique, Linen Type cards allowed for very vibrant ink colors, curt Teich in Chicago was the most prominent and largest printer and publisher of Linen Type postcards pioneering lithography with his Art Colortone process. The printing of mid-century Linen Type postcards began to give way in the late 1950s to Kodachrome and Ektachrome type glossy color prints, butterfly roof Case Study Houses Danish modern Dingbat Miami Modern Architecture Modern architecture Modernism Populuxe Greensberg, Cara. Mid-Century Modern, Furniture of the 1950s, lAs Early Moderns, Art, Architecture, Photography
16.
Columbian mammoth
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The Columbian mammoth is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited North America as far north as the northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, the Columbian mammoth evolved from the steppe mammoth, which entered North America from Asia about 1.5 million years ago. The pygmy mammoths of the Channel Islands of California evolved from Columbian mammoths, the closest extant relative of the Columbian and other mammoths is the Asian elephant. Reaching 4 m at the shoulders and 10 tonnes in weight and it had long, curved tusks and four molars, which were replaced six times during the lifetime of an individual. It most likely used its tusks and trunk like modern elephants—for manipulating objects, fighting, bones, hair, dung and stomach contents have been discovered, but no preserved carcasses are known. The Columbian mammoth preferred open areas, such as landscapes, and fed on sedge, grass. It did not live in the Arctic regions of Canada, which were inhabited by woolly mammoths. The ranges of the two species may have overlapped, and genetic evidence suggests that they interbred, Columbian mammoth remains have been found in association with Clovis culture artifacts, these remains may have stemmed either from hunting or from scavenging. The Columbian mammoth disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene around 11,500 years ago, most likely as a result of loss caused by climate change, hunting by humans. The Columbian mammoth was first scientifically described in 1857 by Scottish naturalist Hugh Falconer, at the time, similar fossils from across North America were attributed to woolly mammoths. Falconer found that his specimens were distinct, confirming his conclusion by examining their internal structure, in the early 20th century, the taxonomy of extinct elephants became increasingly complicated. Osborn also retained names for many regional and intermediate subspecies or varieties, the idea that species such as M. imperator and M. jeffersoni were either more primitive or advanced stages in Columbian mammoth evolution was largely dismissed, and they were regarded as synonyms. In spite of these conclusions, Agenbroad cautioned that American mammoth taxonomy is not yet fully resolved, the earliest known members of Proboscidea, the clade that contains the elephants, existed about 55 million years ago around the Tethys Sea area. The closest living relatives of the Proboscidea are the sirenians and the hyraxes, the family Elephantidae existed six million years ago in Africa, and includes the living elephants and the mammoths. Among many now extinct clades, the mastodon is only a distant relative, and part of the distinct family Mammutidae, the Asian elephant is the closest extant relative of the mammoths. The crowns of the teeth became deeper in height and the skulls became taller to accommodate this, at the same time, the skulls became shorter from front to back to minimise the weight of the head. The short, tall skulls of woolly and Columbian mammoths are the culmination of this process, the first known members of the genus Mammuthus are the African species M. subplanifrons from the Pliocene, and M. africanavus from the Pleistocene. The former is thought to be the ancestor of later forms, mammoths entered Europe around 3 million years ago
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Habitat
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A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and it is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds a species population. Every organism has certain habitat needs for the conditions in which it will thrive, habitat types include polar, temperate, subtropical and tropical. The terrestrial vegetation type may be forest, steppe, grassland, the word habitat has been in use since about 1755 and derives from the Latin third-person singular present indicative of habitāre, to inhabit, from habēre, to have or to hold. Habitat can be defined as the environment of an organism. It is similar in meaning to a biotope, an area of environmental conditions associated with a particular community of plants. Generally speaking, animal communities are reliant on specific types of plant communities, some plants and animals are generalists, and their habitat requirements are met in a wide range of locations. The small white butterfly for example is found on all the continents of the world apart from Antarctica and its larvae feed on a wide range of Brassicas and various other plant species, and it thrives in any open location with diverse plant associations. Disturbance is important in the creation of biodiverse habitats, in the absence of disturbance, a climax vegetation cover develops that prevents the establishment of other species. Lightning strikes and toppled trees in tropical forests allow species richness to be maintained as pioneering species move in to fill the gaps created. Similarly coastal habitats can become dominated by kelp until the seabed is disturbed by a storm, another cause of disturbance is when an area may be overwhelmed by an invasive introduced species which is not kept under control by natural enemies in its new habitat. Terrestrial habitat types include forests, grasslands, wetlands and deserts, within these broad biomes are more specific habitats with varying climate types, temperature regimes, soils, altitudes and vegetation types. Many of these habitats grade into each other and each one has its own communities of plants. A habitat may suit a particular species well, but its presence or absence at any particular location depends to some extent on chance, on its dispersal abilities, freshwater habitats include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, marshes and bogs. Although some organisms are found across most of these habitats, the majority have more specific requirements, similarly, aquatic plants can be floating, semi-submerged, submerged or grow in permanently or temporarily saturated soils besides bodies of water. Marine habitats include brackish water, estuaries, bays, the sea, the intertidal zone. Further variations include rock pools, sand banks, mudflats, brackish lagoons, sandy and pebbly beaches, the benthic zone or seabed provides a home for both static organisms, anchored to the substrate, and for a large range of organisms crawling on or burrowing into the surface. A desert is not the kind of habitat that favours the presence of amphibians, with their requirement for water to keep their skins moist, nevertheless, some frogs live in deserts, creating moist habitats underground and hibernating while conditions are adverse
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Coastal sage scrub
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It is within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. Plant community Coastal sage scrub is characterized by low-growing aromatic, flora Characteristic shrubs and subshrubs include, California sagebrush, black sage, white sage, California buckwheat, coast brittle-bush, golden yarrow. Larger shrubs include, toyon and lemonade berry, herbaceous plants, grasses, and in some locales, cacti and succulents, are also part of the flora. The coastal sage plant community is divided into two geographical subtypes — northern coastal scrub and southern coastal scrub. Northern coastal scrub occurs along the Pacific Coast from the northern San Francisco Bay Area northwards to southern Oregon and it frequently forms a landscape mosaic with the California coastal prairie plant community. The predominant plants are low evergreen shrubs and herbs, Characteristic shrubs include coyote brush, yerba santa, coast silk-tassel, salal, and yellow bush lupine. Herbaceous species include western blue-eyed grass, Douglas iris, and grasses, Southern coastal scrub is mostly found along the maritime Central Coast region, and the terraces and mountains with coastal climate influence in Southern California. The plants of this community prefer the mild maritime climates found along Southern Californias coastline, world Wildlife Fund estimates that only 15 percent of the coastal sage scrublands remain undeveloped. Bernard Field Station at the Claremont Colleges, in San Diego County, the Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base protects larger areas, and the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar has vernal pools and the endemic mint Pogogyne abramsii. One of the largest remaining areas of coastal sage scrub is found in the Temescal Mountains of Riverside County. A number of rare and endangered species occur in coastal scrub habitats. For example, the California gnatcatcher is a bird species endemic to the coastal sage scrublands. Other endemic fauna includes the El Segundo blue butterfly in the LAX dunes, the endangered Torrey pine is the dominant tree at Torrey Pines State Reserve in San Diego, one of only two known stands of this pine species. Terrace California coastal prairie California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion Native grasses of California Index, California chaparral and woodlands In, Mayer KE, a Guide to Wildlife Habitats of California. Sacramento, CA, California Department of Fish and Game, Coastal Scrub, de Becker, berkeley, CA, University of California Press. California coastal sage scrub and chaparral, Claremont Colleges, Robert J. Bernard Field Station website — Lists and photographs of organisms found in Coastal sage scrub. Las Pilitas horticulture database, California coastal sage plant community — text. Theodore Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers and Native Plants, Native Plant Guides — Southern California species
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Riparian zone
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A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Riparian is also the proper nomenclature for one of the fifteen terrestrial biomes of the earth, Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants. In some regions the terms riparian woodland, riparian forest, riparian buffer zone, the word riparian is derived from Latin ripa, meaning river bank. Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration and these zones are important natural biofilters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted surface runoff and erosion. They supply shelter and food for aquatic animals and shade that limits stream temperature change. When riparian zones are damaged by construction, agriculture or silviculture, biological restoration can take place, usually by human intervention in erosion control and revegetation. If the area adjacent to a watercourse has standing water or saturated soil for as long as a season, because of their prominent role in supporting a diversity of species, riparian zones are often the subject of national protection in a Biodiversity Action Plan. These are also known as a Plant or Vegetation Waste Buffer, research shows that riparian zones are instrumental in water quality improvement for both surface runoff and water flowing into streams through subsurface or groundwater flow. Particularly, the attenuation of nitrate or denitrification of the nitrates from fertilizer in this zone is important. The use of wetland riparian zones shows a high rate of removal of nitrate entering a stream. The meandering curves of a river, combined with vegetation and root systems, slow the flow of water, sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids to create less turbid water, replenish soils, and build stream banks. Pollutants are filtered from surface runoff, enhancing water quality via biofiltration, the riparian zones also provide wildlife habitat, increased biodiversity, and wildlife corridors, enabling aquatic and riparian organisms to move along river systems avoiding isolated communities. Riparian vegetation can also forage for wildlife and livestock. They provide native landscape irrigation by extending seasonal or perennial flows of water, nutrients from terrestrial vegetation are transferred to aquatic food webs. The vegetation surrounding the stream helps to shade the water, mitigating water temperature changes, the vegetation also contributes wood debris to streams, which is important to maintaining geomorphology. From a social aspect, riparian zones contribute to nearby property values through amenity and views, space is created for riparian sports such as fishing, swimming and launching for vessels and paddlecraft. The protection of zones is often a consideration in logging operations. The undisturbed soil, soil cover, and vegetation provide shade, plant litter, and woody material, factors such as soil types and root structures, climatic conditions and vegetative cover determine the effectiveness of riparian buffering
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California oak woodland
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California oak woodland is a plant community found throughout the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion of California in the United States and northwestern Baja California in Mexico. The dominant trees are oaks, interspersed with other broadleaf and coniferous trees, with an understory of grasses, herbs, geophytes, Oak savannas occur where the oaks are more widely spaced due a combination of lack of available moisture, and low-intensity frequent fires. The foothill oak woodlands around the Central Valley are dominated by blue oak, oregon oak woodland is found in Northern Californias Klamath-Siskiyou, Northern Coast Ranges, and southern Cascade Range. Blue oak woodland is found in the inner coast ranges and the Sierra Nevada foothills, primary species are blue oak and interior live oak, together with valley oak, canyon live oak, California scrub oak, gray pine, California buckeye, and western redbud. Valley oak woodland is found in the valleys of northern, central and southern California. Engelmann oak woodland is found in a few locations in the northern Peninsular Ranges of Southern California, including the Santa Rosa Plateau and it consists mostly of Engelmann oak together with coast live oak. Blue oak woodlands cover about 2,939,000 acres of the state and this would make Californias oak woodlands some of the most extensive old growth forests left in the state. However, most oaks of full size are more than one hundred years old. The Oaks 2040 survey estimates that 750,000 acres of California oak woodlands are threatened by 2040 as a burgeoning state population makes ever more use of the wildland. This comprehensive survey includes oak woodland maps and inventory data for the ten oak types found in California, by evaluating this new information against current State of California economic growth projections, the location and extent of oak woodlands most at risk of development are identified. The headwaters area of Yulupa Creek in Annadel State Park is cited as one of the best examples of California oak woodlands, much of this woodland is a relatively pristine ecosystem with considerable biodiversity. An unusual characteristic of this Annadel forest is the content of undisturbed prehistoric bunch grass understory. California chaparral and woodlands Oak savanna Cedar hemlock douglas-fir forest California native plants Blue Oak Ranch Reserve Dallman, Plant Life in the Worlds Mediterranean Climates. California Native Plant Society–University of California Press, Berkeley, Oaks 2040, The Status and Future of Oaks in California. Published by the California Oak Foundation, Oakland, muick, Sharon G. Johnson, and Marjorie Popper. Cachuma Press and the California Oak Foundation, Los Olivos, California, californiaoaks. org | Oaks 2040, The Status and Future of Oaks in California UCanr. org | University of California Oak Woodland Management Program
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California montane chaparral and woodlands
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The ecoregion is part of the larger California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, and belongs to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome. The regions Mediterranean climate is hot and dry in the summer and cool, the wide elevation range and characteristic climate produce a variety of natural communities, from chaparral to mixed evergreen forest to alpine tundra. Shrublands of Chamise, Manzanita species, and scrub oak tend to dominate the lower elevations of California montane chaparral and this ecoregion contains several oak species, including coast live oak, canyon live oak, interior live oak, tan oak, and Engelmann oak. It has eight endemic conifer species, a mosaic of different manzanita species and closed-cone pine forest appears at higher elevations. Bigcone Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, is a resident of some of these communities. The Mediterranean California Lower Montane Black Oak-Conifer Forest plant community occurs here, mixed evergreen forest occurs from 4,500 to 9,500 feet and includes incense-cedar, sugar pine, white fir, Jeffrey pine, ponderosa pine, and western juniper. Higher elevations to 11,500 feet support subalpine forests of pine, lodgepole pine. The region contains many species of vertebrate, including the white-eared pocket mouse. The monarch butterfly also comes to the area during the winter months, the area includes some larger predators such as the mountain lion, bobcat, coyote, and ring-tailed cats. Approximately 30 percent of California montane chaparral and woodlands remains intact, about 70 percent has been lost due to degradation activities of humans. Montane chaparral is threatened chiefly by development, grazing, logging, conversion to vineyards and this is an ongoing threat notably in Southern California, but also in its northernmost reaches in Santa Clara County, where population pressure is most intense. State and federal fish and wildlife agencies, and environmental associations are attempting to conserve the remaining intact ecoregion, the U. S. Forest Service efforts include timber harvest conservation measures in areas with endangered tree species and high endemic and relict species plant communities. Much of the range is within the Los Padres National Forest, Angeles National Forest, mixed conifer and closed-cone pine forests have been heavily impacted by air pollution. Air quality has improved in southern areas around the Los Angeles Basin
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George Allan Hancock
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George Allan Hancock was the owner of the Rancho La Brea Oil Company. He inherited Rancho La Brea, including the La Brea Tar Pits which he donated to Los Angeles County and he also developed Hancock Park, Los Angeles. He was vice president of the Los Angeles Hibernian Bank, treasurer of the Los Angeles Symphony Association and he owned the Santa Maria Valley Railroad, established Rosemary Farm, and developed the Santa Maria Ice and Cold Storage Plant. Captain G. Allan Hancock was born in San Francisco, California and he was the son of Major Henry Hancock and Ida Haraszthy Hancock. His maternal grandfather was Count Agoston Haraszthy, the Father of California Viticulture, Hancock received his early education in the primary schools and at Brewers Military Academy in San Mateo, California, which he attended during 1888 and 1889. In 1890, he enrolled as a student at the Belmont School in Belmont, Hancock was eight years old when his father died in 1884. He continued in the management and operation of La Brea ranch until he was 25, Hancock married Genevieve Deane Mullen in Los Angeles on November 27,1901. They had two children, Bertram Hancock and Rosemary Genevieve Hancock and it was at this period that the early discoveries of petroleum were being made in California. Rancho La Brea was one of the localities in which petroleum was found, in 1900, Ida Hancock granted a 20-year lease to the Salt Lake Oil Company for 1,000 acres of Rancho La Brea. Hancock abandoned his agricultural pursuits and turned his attention to petroleum production, with the assistance of William Orcutt, Hancock drilled 71 wells near the familys ranch house. Every well produced oil, and the Rancho La Brea Oil Company was born, the familys finances improved greatly with the beginning of oil pumping. The wells produced millions of barrels annually, resulting in the family becoming very wealthy, with that wealth, Hancock was able to pursue myriad interests and thus began a life of philanthropy. Hancock died on May 31,1965, of an attack in Santa Maria, California. His bequests continued his support of numerous causes. Hancock was also interested in music and played the cello in the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra. Hancock was a member of the Bohemian Club, the California Club, the Los Angeles Athletic Club, the Gamut Club, the Uplifters, the Knights of Columbus and a number of yacht clubs. Hancock donated seven million dollars to the University of Southern California, in 1931 he had the motor vessel Velero III,193 feet in length overall, built at Craig Shipbuilding, Long Beach, California, with the intention of using the vessel for both business and research. The Allan Hancock College in Santa Maria, California, is named after him, Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California Santa Maria Public Airport Southern Cross Notables of the West Vol. II
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Petroleum industry
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The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting, and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline, Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic fragrances, and plastics. The industry is divided into three major components, upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are included in the downstream category. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, and thus is a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a percentage of the world’s energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia. Other geographic regions consumption patterns are as follows, South and Central America, Africa, the world consumes 30 billion barrels of oil per year, with developed nations being the largest consumers. The United States consumed 25% of the oil produced in 2007, the production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the worlds largest industry in terms of dollar value. Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations and it consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It is generally accepted that oil is formed mostly from the carbon rich remains of ancient plankton after exposure to heat, Petroleum in an unrefined state has been utilized by humans for over 5000 years. Oil in general has been used since early history to keep fires ablaze. Its importance to the world economy evolved slowly, with oil used for lighting in the 19th century and wood. The Industrial Revolution generated an increasing need for energy which was met mainly by coal, Imperial Russia produced 3,500 tons of oil in 1825 and doubled its output by mid-century. Batum is renamed to Batumi in 1936, at the turn of the 20th century, Imperial Russias output of oil, almost entirely from the Apsheron Peninsula, accounted for half of the worlds production and dominated international markets. Nearly 200 small refineries operated in the suburbs of Baku by 1884, as a side effect of these early developments, the Apsheron Peninsula emerged as the worlds oldest legacy of oil pollution and environmental negligence. In 1846, Baku the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration, in 1878, Ludvig Nobel and his Branobel company revolutionized oil transport by commissioning the first oil tanker and launching it on the Caspian Sea. Samuel Kier established Americas first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street, one of the first modern oil refineries were built by Ignacy Łukasiewicz near Jasło, Poland in 1854–56. These were initially small as demand for refined fuel was limited, the refined products were used in artificial asphalt, machine oil and lubricants, in addition to Łukasiewiczs kerosene lamp
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Extinction
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In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms, normally a species. The moment of extinction is considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed. Because a species range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult. This difficulty leads to such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly reappears after a period of apparent absence. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to five billion species. Estimates on the number of Earths current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. More recently, in May 2016, scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described, the relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events, however, isolated extinctions are quite common, only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented, some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100. A dagger symbol next to a name is often used to indicate its extinction. A species is extinct when the last existing member dies, Extinction therefore becomes a certainty when there are no surviving individuals that can reproduce and create a new generation. Pinpointing the extinction of a species requires a definition of that species. If it is to be declared extinct, the species in question must be distinguishable from any ancestor or daughter species. Extinction of a plays a key role in the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis of Stephen Jay Gould. In ecology, extinction is often used informally to refer to local extinction, in which a species ceases to exist in the area of study. This phenomenon is known as extirpation. Local extinctions may be followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations, species which are not extinct are termed extant. Those that are extant but threatened by extinction are referred to as threatened or endangered species, currently an important aspect of extinction is human attempts to preserve critically endangered species
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Fauna
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Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora, flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota. Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a collection of animals found in a specific time or place. Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of stages, which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils. Fauna comes from the Greek names Fauna, a Roman goddess of earth and fertility, the Roman god Faunus, all three words are cognates of the name of the Greek god Pan, and panis is the Greek equivalent of fauna. Fauna is also the word for a book that catalogues the animals in such a manner, the term was first used by Carl Linnaeus from Sweden in the title of his 1745 work Fauna Suecica. Cryofauna are animals that live in, or very close to, cryptofauna are the fauna that exist in protected or concealed microhabitats. Infauna are benthic organisms that live within the substratum of a body of water, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments. Bacteria and microalgae may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments, epifauna, also called epibenthos, are aquatic animals that live on the bottom substratum as opposed to within it, that is, the benthic fauna that live on top of the sediment surface at the seafloor. Macrofauna are benthic or soil organisms which are retained on a 0.5 mm sieve, studies in the deep sea define macrofauna as animals retained on a 0.3 mm sieve to account for the small size of many of the taxa. Megafauna are large animals of any region or time. Meiofauna are small invertebrates that live in both marine and fresh water environments. The term Meiofauna loosely defines a group of organisms by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, one environment for meiofauna is between grains of damp sand. In practice these are metazoan animals that can pass unharmed through a 0.5 –1 mm mesh but will be retained by a 30–45 μm mesh, but the exact dimensions will vary from researcher to researcher. Whether an organism passes through a 1 mm mesh also depends upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting, mesofauna are macroscopic soil invertebrates such as arthropods or nematodes. Mesofauna are extremely diverse, considering just the springtails, as of 1998, microfauna are microscopic or very small animals. Other terms include avifauna, which means bird fauna and piscifauna, which means fish fauna
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William Warren Orcutt
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William Warren Orcutt was a petroleum geologist who is considered a pioneer in the development of oil production in California, and the use of geology in the oil industry. He is also known for his contributions to paleontology, which brought the fossils of the La Brea Tar Pits to the attention of the scientific community, Orcutt was born in Dodge County, Minnesota on February 14,1869. His family moved west and settled in Ventura, California, when he was 12 years old, after graduating from Stanford University with a degree in geology and engineering in 1895, he was employed as a civil and hydraulic engineer and as a United States Deputy Surveyor until 1899. In 1901, when he was manager of the geological, land. In 1904 Unocal instructed him to create a town to house the workforce needed for the booming Santa Maria oil field in Santa Barbara County. Over Orcutts objections the company insisted on naming the new town, Orcutt, California, before Orcutt, oil production in the Western U. S. In 1923 Orcutt wrote a paper tracing the history of oil production in California, Orcutt served in the California National Guard from 1895-97, was a Reserve Engineer during WWI, and during WWII served on the local draft board from 1940 until he died in 1942. Orcutt discovered fossils embedded in the deposits on the Hancock Ranch shortly after he moved to Los Angeles in 1901. Orcutt eventually gave his collection to John Campbell Merriam of the University of California. Because of his important role in developing the oil industry in the Western United States, in addition to Orcutt, California, the town of Orcutt, Colorado, was also named in his honor
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Saber-toothed cat
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A saber-toothed cat is any member of various extinct groups of predatory mammals that were characterized by long, curved saber-shaped canine teeth. The large maxillary canine teeth extended from the mouth even when it was closed, the saber-toothed cats were found worldwide from the Eocene epoch to the end of the Pleistocene epoch, existing for about 42 million years. Extant members of Felidae include cats of the subfamilies Felinae and Pantherinae. In this regard, saber-toothed cats can be viewed as examples of convergent evolution. ”Of the feliform lineages, barbourofelidae entered around 16.9 mya and were extinct by 9 mya. These two would have shared some habitats, the different groups of sabre-toothed cats evolved their saber-toothed characteristics entirely independently. They are most known for having maxillary canines which extended down from the mouth even when the mouth was closed, saber-toothed cats were generally more robust than todays cats and were quite bear-like in build. They were believed to be excellent hunters and hunted animals such as sloths, mammoths, evidence from the numbers found at La Brea Tar Pits suggests that Smilodon, like modern lions, was a social carnivore. The first saber-tooths appear among the synapsids, or mammal-like reptiles, they were one of the first groups of animals to experience specialization of teeth, some had two pairs of upper canines with two jutting down from each side, but most had one pair of upper extreme canines. Because of their primitiveness, they are easy to tell from machairodonts. With no coronoid process, many sharp premolars more like pegs than scissors, the second appearance is in Deltatheroida, a lineage of Cretaceous metatherians. At least one genus, Lotheridium, possess long canines, the third appearance of long canines is Thylacosmilus, which is the most distinctive of the saber-tooth mammals and is also easy to tell apart. It differs from machairodonts in possessing a prominent flange and a tooth that is triangular in cross section. The root of the canines is more prominent than in machairodonts, the fourth instance of saber teeth is from clade Oxyaenidae. The small and slender Machaeroides bore canines that were thinner than in the average machairodont and its muzzle was longer and narrower. The fifth saber-tooth appearance is the ancient family of carnivores, the nimravids, both groups have short skulls, tall sagittal crests, and their general skull shape is very similar. Some have distinctive flanges, and some have none at all, machairodonts were almost always bigger, though, and their canines were longer and more stout for the most part, but exceptions do appear. The sixth appearance is the barbourofelids and these carnivores are very closely related to actual cats, and as such, they are hard to tell apart. The average machairodont had well-developed incisors, but barbourofelids were more extreme, the seventh and last of the saber-tooth group to evolve were the machairodonts themselves
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Dire wolf
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The dire wolf is an extinct species of the genus Canis. It is perhaps one of the most famous prehistoric carnivores in North America along with its extinct competitor Smilodon fatalis, the dire wolf lived in the Americas during the Late Pleistocene epoch. The species was named in 1858, four years after the first specimen had been found, two subspecies are recognized, these being Canis dirus guildayi and Canis dirus dirus. The species probably descended from Canis armbrusteri and evolved from it in North America, the largest collection of dire wolf fossils has been obtained from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California. Dire wolf remains have been found across a range of habitats including the plains, grasslands, and some forested mountain areas of North America. The sites range in elevation from sea level to 2,255 metres, dire wolf fossils have rarely been found north of 42°N latitude, with five unconfirmed reports above this latitude. This range restriction is thought to be due to temperature, prey, or habitat imposed by proximity to the Laurentide Ice Sheet, the dire wolf was about the same size as the largest extant gray wolves, which are the Yukon wolf and the Northwestern wolf. C. d. guildayi weighed on average 60 kg and C. d. dirus on average 68 kg. Its skull and dentition matched those of C. lupus, but its teeth were larger with greater shearing ability, as with other large Canis hypercarnivores today, the dire wolf was thought to have been a pack hunter. Its extinction occurred during the Quaternary extinction event along with its prey species. Its reliance on megaherbivores has been proposed as the cause of its extinction, along with change and competition with other species. The latest dire wolf remains were dated to 9,440 years ago, from the 1850s, the fossil remains of extinct large wolves were being found in the United States, and it was not immediately clear that these all belonged to one species. The first specimen of what would become associated with Canis dirus was found in the summer of 1854 at Evansville. A fossilized jawbone was obtained by the geologist Joseph Granville Norwood from an Evansville collector, the paleontologist Joseph Leidy determined that the specimen represented an extinct species of wolf and reported it under the name of Canis primaevus. Norwoods letters to Leidy are preserved along with the specimen at the Academy of Natural Sciences. In 1857, while exploring the Niobrara River valley in Nebraska, the name C. primaevus was later renamed Canis indianensis when Leidy found out that the name C. primaevus had previously been used by the British naturalist Brian Hodgson for the Dhole. Canis indianensis was first associated with C. dirus by the zoologist Joel Asaph Allen in 1876 along with his discovery of Canis mississippiensis. As there were so few pieces of three specimens, it was thought best to leave each listed under these three provisional names until more material could be provided to show their relationship
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Ground sloth
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Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths, in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. The term ground sloth is used as a reference for all extinct sloths because of the size of the earliest forms discovered. However, this is a convention and should not imply that all extinct sloths were strictly terrestrial in nature. Ground sloths had been extinct on the mainland of North and South America for 10,000 years or more and their later survival in the Caribbean correlates with the later colonization of this area by humans. The bulk of ground sloth evolution took place during the mid to late Tertiary of South America while the continent was isolated, at their earliest appearance in the fossil record, the ground sloths were already distinct at the family level. The presence of intervening islands between the American continents in the Miocene allowed a dispersal of forms into North America, a number of mid- to small-sized forms are believed to have previously dispersed to the Antilles islands either by making short swims or using land bridges. Ground sloths were a group as evidenced by their diverse numbers and dispersals into remote areas given the finding of their remains in Patagonia. Sloths, and xenarthrans as a whole, represent one of the more successful South American groups during the Great American Biotic Interchange, during the interchange, many more taxa moved from North America into South America than in the other direction. At least five genera of ground sloths have been identified in North American fossils, paleontologists assign more than 80 genera of ground sloths to multiple families. The megalonychid ground sloths first appeared in the early Oligocene, about 35 million years ago, megalonychids first reached North America by island-hopping, prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Some lineages of megalonychids increased in size as time progressed, some West Indian island species were as small as a large cat, their dwarf condition typified both tropical adaptation and their restricted island environment. This small size enabled them a degree of arboreality. Megalonyx, which means giant claw, was a widespread North American genus that lived past the close of the last glaciation, remains have been found as far north as Alaska and the Yukon. Ongoing excavations at Tarkio Valley in southwestern Iowa may reveal something of the life of Megalonyx. An adult was found in association with two juveniles of different ages, suggesting that adults cared for young of different generations. The earliest known North American megalonychid, Pliometanastes protistus, lived in the southern U. S. about 9 million years ago and is believed to have been the predecessor of Megalonyx. Several species of Megalonyx have been named, in fact it has stated that nearly every good specimen has been described as a different species. When Lewis and Clark set out, Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis to keep an eye out for ground sloths and he was hoping they would find some living in the Western range
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Pleistocene
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The Pleistocene is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the worlds most recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period, the Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary Period or sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era. In the ICS timescale, the Pleistocene is divided into four stages or ages, all of these stages were defined in southern Europe. In addition to this subdivision, various regional subdivisions are often used. Charles Lyell introduced the term pleistocene in 1839 to describe strata in Sicily that had at least 70% of their molluscan fauna still living today and this distinguished it from the older Pliocene Epoch, which Lyell had originally thought to be the youngest fossil rock layer. The Pleistocene has been dated from 2.588 million to 11,700 years before present and it covers most of the latest period of repeated glaciation, up to and including the Younger Dryas cold spell. The end of the Younger Dryas has been dated to about 9640 BC, the IUGS has yet to approve a type section, Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point, for the upper Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. The proposed section is the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core 75°06 N 42°18 W, the lower boundary of the Pleistocene Series is formally defined magnetostratigraphically as the base of the Matuyama chronozone, isotopic stage 103. Above this point there are notable extinctions of the calcareous nanofossils, Discoaster pentaradiatus, the Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations. The name Plio-Pleistocene has, in the past, been used to mean the last ice age. The revised definition of the Quaternary, by pushing back the date of the Pleistocene to 2.58 Ma. Pleistocene climate was marked by repeated glacial cycles in which continental glaciers pushed to the 40th parallel in some places and it is estimated that, at maximum glacial extent, 30% of the Earths surface was covered by ice. In addition, a zone of permafrost stretched southward from the edge of the sheet, a few hundred kilometres in North America. The mean annual temperature at the edge of the ice was −6 °C, during interglacial times, such as at present, drowned coastlines were common, mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions. The effects of glaciation were global, antarctica was ice-bound throughout the Pleistocene as well as the preceding Pliocene. The Andes were covered in the south by the Patagonian ice cap, there were glaciers in New Zealand and Tasmania. The current decaying glaciers of Mount Kenya, Mount Kilimanjaro, glaciers existed in the mountains of Ethiopia and to the west in the Atlas mountains. In the northern hemisphere, many glaciers fused into one, the Cordilleran ice sheet covered the North American northwest, the east was covered by the Laurentide
31.
National Natural Landmark
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The National Natural Landmarks Program recognizes and encourages the conservation of outstanding examples of the natural history of the United States. It is the only national natural areas program that identifies and recognizes the best examples of biological and geological features in both public and private ownership, the program was established on May 18,1962, by United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall. The program aims to encourage and support voluntary preservation of sites that illustrate the geological and ecological history of the United States and it also hopes to strengthen the publics appreciation of the countrys natural heritage. As of November 2016,599 sites have been added to the National Registry of National Landmarks, the registry includes nationally significant geological and ecological features in 48 states, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The National Park Service administers the NNL Program and if requested, land acquisition by the federal government is not a goal of this program. National Natural Landmarks are nationally significant sites owned by a variety of land stewards, the legislative authority for the National Natural Landmarks Program stems from the Historic Sites Act of August 21,1935, the program is governed by federal regulations. The NNL Program does not have the features of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Thus, designation of a National Natural Landmark presently constitutes only an agreement with the owner to preserve, insofar as possible, administration and preservation of National Natural Landmarks is solely the owners responsibility. Either party may terminate the agreement after they notify the other, the UKs Site of Special Scientific Interest list is a rough equivalent. The NNL designation is made by the Secretary of the Interior after in-depth scientific study of a potential site, all new designations must have owner concurrence. The selection process is rigorous, to be considered for NNL status, since establishment of the NNL program, a multi-step process has been used to designate a site for NNL status. Since 1970, the steps have constituted the process. A natural area inventory of a region is completed to identify the most promising sites. After landowners are notified that the site is being considered for NNL status, the evaluation report is peer reviewed by other experts to assure its soundness. The report is reviewed further by National Park Service staff, the site is reviewed by the Secretary of the Interiors National Park Advisory Board to determine that the site qualifies as an NNL. The findings are provided to the Secretary of the Interior who approves or declines, landowners are notified a third time informing them that the site has been designated an NNL. Each major natural history theme can be subdivided into various sub-themes. The NNL program does not require designated properties to be owned by public entities, lands under almost all forms of ownership or administration have been designated—federal, state, local, municipal and private
32.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
33.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
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California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
35.
Downtown Los Angeles
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Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 58,000 people. A2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs, Downtown Los Angeles is known for its government buildings, parks, theaters and other public places. The earliest known settlements in the area of what is now Downtown Los Angeles was by the Tongva, on September 4,1781, the city was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896. Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the settlement into what is today the Civic Center. By 1920, the private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage. By this time, an influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles of track, during the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor Freeway, Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company and Harry Winston & Co. both of which found their beginnings in the Alexandria Hotel at 5th and Spring Streets. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal opened in May,1939, unifying passenger service among local, regional. It was built on a scale and would be one of the last of the Great Railway Stations built in the United States. Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. The once-wealthy Bunker Hill neighborhood became a haven for low-income renters, the drastic reduction in the number of residents in the area further reduced the viability of streetfront businesses that would be able to attract pedestrians. For most Angelenos, downtown became a destination as they would come into the area for a particular objective. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the neighborhood as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, on March 15,2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems
36.
Grand Park
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Grand Park is a 12-acre park located in the civic center of Los Angeles, California. It is part of the larger Grand Avenue Project, with its first phase having opened in July 2012, Grand Park is part of a joint venture by the city of Los Angeles and Los Angeles County. It was designed and built by the Los-Angeles-based multidisciplinary design firm Rios Clementi Hale Studios, Park programming and entertainment, security and upkeep is maintained by the nearby Los Angeles Music Center. Grand Park stretches between the Los Angeles City Hall and the Los Angeles Music Center on Grand Avenue and it is designed to be pedestrian friendly and connects Bunker Hill to the civic center. City officials and some visitors have compared Grand Park to other well-established urban parks such as New Yorks Central Park or San Franciscos Union Square, prior to the creation of Grand Park, the area was already a public space with plazas, fountains and a Court of Flags. By virtue of the sunny weather, the park also features programs year-round. In 2012, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors allocated $3.3 million for the first years operations, mainly to cover such as security and maintenance. Events will be coordinated by the Performing Arts Center of Los Angeles County, which oversees the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Ahmanson Theatre, Mark Taper Forum. The inaugural event featured Bandaloop, a professed vertical dance company of aerialists, during the first six months, Grand Park hosted about 40 events. Some were bids for an audience, while others aimed to grab passers-by. The Community Terrace features a picnic table and lawn area for gatherings. Open lawn space can be used for public events such as New Year’s Eve celebrations. Direct access to the park is available on the Los Angeles Metro Red Line, the park is also accessible via the Silver Lines 1st Street/Hill Street stop or its Spring Street/City Hall stop. Several local, rapid and express Metro bus routes share the same 1st Street/Hill Street stop at the civic center. Construction on Grand Park began in 2010 and carries a price tag of $56 million, the park was paid for by $50 million from Related Companies, the developer planning the nearby building projects as part of the Grand Avenue Project. The park was supposed to be part of a phase of a $775-million Frank Gehry-designed mixed-use development. But that changed when the Great Recession struck, undermining the condominium sales market that was a bedrock of the overall plan. Other phases of the project remained stalled amid the recession, the Los Angeles Music Centers contract to operate Grand Park is expected to run until mid-2017, in addition, it earns in rents and fees charged to concessionaires and others
37.
Los Angeles Public Library
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The Los Angeles Public Library system serves the residents of the City of Los Angeles. With more than six million volumes, it serves the largest population of any publicly funded system in the United States. The system is overseen by a Board of Library Commissioners with five members appointed by the mayor of Los Angeles in staggered terms in accordance with the city charter, Library cards are free to California residents. Circulating books, periodicals, computer access and audiovisual materials are available to patrons, Library materials are loaned for 3 weeks. Fines are charged only if materials are returned late, there is a loan limit of 10 books,10 magazines, and 4 DVDs or videos at one time up to maximum of 30 items on the patron’s record. Items checked out from Los Angeles Public Library may be returned to any of its 72 branches or to the Central Library, most items may be renewed a maximum of two times. Entertainment DVDs and videos may be renewed one time, the Los Angeles Public Library has many community support organizations which work with the library to raise funds and sponsor programs to enhance library service throughout the community. The Librarys Rare Books Department is located in its downtown Los Angeles location, there is also an extensive selection of databases covering a wide variety of topics, many of which are available to remote users who hold an LAPL library card. Examples include full-text databases of periodicals, business directories, and language learning tools, the library also offers an online program that allows adult patrons who have not completed high school to earn their high school diploma. Aggressive expansion and growth of the began in the 1920s. Under Library Board of Commissioners Chairman Orra E. Monnette, the system was improved with a network of branch libraries with new buildings. Thelma Jackman founded the Business & Economics section of the library prior to 1970. The historic Central Library Goodhue building was constructed in 1926 and is a Downtown Los Angeles landmark, the Richard Riordan Central Library complex is the third largest public library in the United States in terms of book and periodical holdings. The new wing of Central Library, completed in 1993, was named in honor of former mayor Tom Bradley, the complex was subsequently renamed in 2001 for former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan, as the Richard Riordan Central Library. The Los Angeles Public Library received the National Medal for Museum and Library Service, City Librarian John F. Szabo and community member Sergio Sanchez accepted the award on behalf of the library from First Lady Michelle Obama during a White House Ceremony on May 20,2015. Architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue designed the original Los Angeles Central Library with influences of ancient Egyptian and Mediterranean Revival architecture, the central tower is topped with a tiled mosaic pyramid with suns on the sides with a hand holding a torch representing the Light of Learning at the apex. Other elements include sphinxes, snakes, and celestial mosaics and it has sculptural elements by the preeminent American architectural sculptor Lee Lawrie, similar to the Nebraska State Capitol in Lincoln, Nebraska, also designed by Goodhue. The building is a designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, and is on the National Register of Historic Places and it included an enormous, eight-story atrium wing dedicated to former mayor Tom Bradley
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Los Angeles State Historic Park
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Los Angeles State Historic Park is a state park unit in development within the Chinatown neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. Also known as the Cornfield, the former consists of a long open space between Spring Street and the tracks of the Metro Gold Line. Located outside the commercial and residential area in the northeast portion of Chinatown. This former site of the Southern Pacific Transportation Companys River Station is considered the Ellis Island of Los Angeles where new arrivals from the east first disembarked, corn leaking from train cars and sprouting along the tracks gave rise to the nickname The Cornfield. The 32-acre site was established as a California state park in 2001, in 2001, a five-foot section of the historical Zanja Madre irrigation canal was uncovered. In 2005, the industrial site was transformed into a productive cornfield for one season as an art project called Not a Cornfield. In 2006, a contest was held in conjunction with the California State Parks Foundation to select a design for the park, the preliminary park opened on September 23 of the same year. Hargreaves and Associates of San Francisco ultimately won the contest, development of the park has been slow. Californias budget deficit forced officials to scale back plans for the park in 2010, other planned amenities include a campfire circle, restrooms, and a parking lot with space for food trucks. The tabled features may be added later if funding becomes available, numerous community fairs and gatherings have been held in the park. It also contains several plaques that relate the history of the Cornfield, Chinatown, list of California state parks Los Angeles State Historic Park Los Angeles State Historic Park official blog
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Pershing Square (Los Angeles)
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It lies atop a large underground parking garage. Surveyors drew the site as 10 individual plots of land, canals distributing water from the Zanja Madre were adjacent. In 1866 the site was dedicated as a square by Mayor Cristobal Aguilar, it was called La Plaza Abaja. In 1867, St. Vincents College, present-day Loyola Marymount University, was situated across the street, in 1870, it was officially named Los Angeles Park. In 1886 it was renamed 6th Street Park, and it redesigned with a park plan by Frederick Eaton. In the early 1890s it was renamed Central Park, during this period a bandstand pavilion was added for concerts and orators. The plantings became sub-tropically lush, and the became a shady oasis. In 1894 the park was used as the area for the annual crowning of the queen of La Fiesta de Los Angeles. The Los Angeles City Council declared it a monument in 1990. In 1910 the park was renovated under a design by John Parkinson, parkinsons design featured a three-tier fountain sculpted by Johan Caspar Lachne Gruenfeld, braced by four life-size concrete cherubs supporting a vase of cascading water. In November 1918, a week after Armistice Day ended World War I, a plaque was added in his honor some four decades later. In the 1920s and 1930s tropical plants were added to the park, in 1924, a life-size bronze of a World War I doughboy, sculpted by Humberton Pedretti, was unveiled, flanked by old cannons. In 1935, a cannon from the USS Constitution was added. In 1932, a statue of Ludwig van Beethoven was added to honor William Andrews Clark, the park was in heavy use during World War II for rallies and recruitment. After the war, the park began to decline as commercial decentralization and suburbanization took hold in Greater Los Angeles Area, the entire park was demolished and excavated in 1952 to build a three-level underground parking garage. Atop the garage, concrete was covered by a layer of soil with a broad expanse of lawn. Entry and exit ramps cut the square off from the sidewalks around it, the Roth fountains were designed by architect Stiles O. Clements. The park continued to be neglected for safe uses and its problems were noted during the 1960 Democratic National Convention, with nominee and future president John F. Kennedy headquartered at the Biltmore Hotel facing the park
40.
Northeast Los Angeles
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The area is home to Occidental College located in Eagle Rock. One of the first annexations of the city was Highland Park in 1895, Other nearby communities attached to Los Angeles were Garvanza, Arroyo Seco and Eagle Rock. Development in the Northeast was fostered by service of the Los Angeles Railway Yellow Cars, the densest neighborhood was Highland Park, and the least dense was Mount Washington. About 54% of the population lived in rental units, while 46% lived in owner-occupied housing. Highland Park was the neighborhood with the highest rental occupancy, the latter district also had the oldest population, and Cypress Park had the youngest. Eagle Rock also was the wealthiest neighborhood and Cypress Park the poorest, Eagle Rock was the neighborhood with the largest percentage of residents holding a four-year academic degree and Cypress Park had the lowest percentage. The ethnic breakdown in 2000 was Latino,62. 5%, white,16. 6%, Asian,16. 0%, black,2. 0%, Eagle Rock was the most ethnically diverse neighborhood and Cypress Park the least. The area is well-served by freeways and public transportation, californias first freeway, the 1940 Arroyo Seco Parkway connects the area with Downtown and Pasadena. The Interstate 5 and Interstate 10-San Bernardino Freeway lie directly to the south of the district, the Metro Gold Line light-rails four stations connects Northeast Los Angeles with Downtown and Pasadena. Arroyo Seco River California Cycleway List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments on the East and Northeast Sides People John C, holland, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–67, businessman in Northeast Los Angeles Skrillex, electronic music/songwriter, 1988–present Other regions of Los Angeles County Boulevard Sentinel
41.
Ernest E. Debs Regional Park
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Ernest E. Debs Regional Park is a large open space nature reserve and regional park in the Montecito Heights neighborhood of central-northeast Los Angeles, California. It is named after former County Supervisor Ernest E. Debs, the park is operated by the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks. Ernest E. Debs Regional Park is located in the Repetto Hills, with views of the Arroyo Seco, San Gabriel Mountains, the park provides several miles of hiking and cycling trails. Access is from Griffin Avenue at Avenue 43, and off Monterey Road, the park contains 282 acres of native California Walnut and California oak woodlands (Interior live oak habitats. Ernest E. Debs Regional Park contains the Audubon Center at Debs Park, the Audubon Center building was the first carbon-neutral building constructed in the United States. The center provides education programs and native plant restoration projects. List of California native plants official Audubon Center at Debs Park website City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks — Ernest E. Debs Regional Park — homepage
42.
Heritage Square Museum
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The living history museum shows the story of development in Southern California through historical architectural examples. The museum focuses on interpreting the years 1850 to 1950, a century of unprecedented growth in Los Angeles, volunteer interpreters give thorough tours that incorporate the history, architecture, and culture of the region. Other specialized living history events, lectures, and items of historical interest are given on a periodic basis, during the rapid urban expansion of the 1960s, Victorian buildings in Los Angeles were being demolished at an alarming rate. The Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument program, established in 1961, could evaluate properties and list-register them, in 1969, at the request of the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission, a group of concerned citizens established the Cultural Heritage Foundation to counteract this destruction. Eight historic buildings, and a train car and a trolley car, were stopped from demolition. They include, The Mount Pleasant House was built in 1876 by prominent businessman, designed by renowned architect E. F. Kysor, the home contains detailing to convey the wealth and social status of the family. These elements include Corinthian columns, fine hardwood floors, a main staircase. It was built in the neighborhood of Boyle Heights. The Perrys Mount Pleasant House was considered the finest and most expensive residence to arrive in mid-1870s Los Angeles. The outward sweep of the stairway, the sculpted brackets under the eaves, the slanted bay windows. In 1975, the house was moved from 1315 Mount Pleasant Street to the museum grounds, main, Palms Depot The Palms Depot was built c.1875 for the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, and was later absorbed into the Pacific Electric Railway in 1911. It continued to service until 1953. The Palms Depot was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1963, one of only about 500 octagonal buildings remaining in the United States, the octagon house has a unique story. The type is based on the mid-19th century ideas of Orson Squire Fowler, the builders of octagonal structures believed that, windows on eight sides gave more light and better air circulation, and that they were easier and less expensive to construct. Fowlers architectural ideas were popular in the East through the 1850s, after the Civil War interest waned in the octagonal style. This octagon house is unusual being built later, in 1893 and it was built by Gilbert Longfellow at 3800 Homer Street, L. A. It was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, and was moved to the museum grounds, the Ford House was built in 1887 as part of a large tract of simple middle-class homes in downtown Los Angeles built by the Beaudry Brothers. The home is particularly interesting because of its inhabitant – John J. Ford, fords works include carvings for the California State Capitol, the Iolani Palace in Hawaii, and Leland Stanfords private railroad car
43.
Hollenbeck Park
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Hollenbeck Park is city park in the Boyle Heights district of Los Angeles, California. It is located on the corner of Saint Louis and Fourth Streets, the park features grassy knolls, picnic areas, playgrounds, a skateboard park, and a man-made lake. Hollenbeck Park has been an oasis in the neighborhood since 1892. The park was named for John Edward Hollenbeck, founder of First National Bank, whose widow, along with former L. A. Mayor William Workman, donated 21 acres of land. In May 1929, the Laurel and Hardy film Men O War was filmed here, in the 1950s, the Golden State Freeway was built against its western boundary. List of parks in Los Angeles LAparks. org, official Hollenbeck Park homepage Photo of the Hollenbeck Park lake and grounds
44.
Lincoln Park (Los Angeles)
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Lincoln Park in Los Angeles, California, was originally created by the City of Los Angeles in 1881 from land donated by John Strother Griffin. It was one of Los Angeless first parks and it was originally called East Los Angeles Park, then Eastlake Park in 1901. On May 19,1917, the park was renamed Lincoln Park after Lincoln High School, the park contains a large lake, a recreation center, a senior center, a playground, picnic tables, and ball fields. The park is located at the intersection of Valley Boulevard and Mission Road and is served by Metro lines 76,78,79, and 378. There was an earlier Lincoln Park in Los Angeles County, just outside the city limits of Los Angeles, the American rock band Linkin Park is named after this park
