1.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
2.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
3.
Art exhibition
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An art exhibition is traditionally the space in which art objects meet an audience. The exhibit is universally understood to be for some temporary period unless, as is rarely true, in American English, they may be called exhibit, exposition or show. In UK English, they are always called exhibitions or shows, and an individual item in the show is an exhibit. The art works may be presented in museums, art halls, art clubs or private art galleries, or at some place the business of which is not the display or sale of art. An important distinction is noted between those exhibits where some or all of the works are for sale, normally in private art galleries, sometimes the event is organized on a specific occasion, like a birthday, anniversary or commemoration. There are different kinds of art exhibitions, in there is a distinction between commercial and non-commercial exhibitions. A commercial exhibition or trade fair is often referred to as an art fair that shows the work of artists or art dealers where participants generally have to pay a fee. A vanity gallery is a space of works in a gallery that charges the artist for use of the space. They normally include no items for sale, they are distinguished from the permanent displays. Exhibitions in commercial galleries are often made up of items that are for sale. Typically, the visitor has to pay to enter a museum exhibition, retrospectives look back over the work of a single artist, other common types are individual expositions or solo shows, group expositions, or expositions on a specific theme or topic. The Biennale is an exhibition held every two years, often intending to gather together the best of international art, there are now many of these. A travelling exhibition is another category of art exhibition, Exhibitions of new or recent art can be juried, invitational, or open. If prizes are to be awarded, the judge or panel of judges will select the prizewinners as well. In an invitational exhibition, such as the Whitney Biennial, the organizer of the show asks certain artists to supply artworks, an open or non-juried exhibition, such as the Kyoto Triennial, allows anybody to enter artworks and shows them all. A type of exhibition that is usually non-juried is an art exhibition. The art exhibition has played a part in the market for new art since the 18th and 19th centuries. The Paris Salon, open to the public from 1737, rapidly became the key factor in determining the reputation, and so the price, of the French artists of the day
4.
Milan
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Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
5.
Pirelli
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SpA is a multinational company based in Milan, Italy, formerly listed on the Milan Stock Exchange since 1922. It was acquired in 2015 by ChemChina, the company is one of the largest tyre manufacturers behind Bridgestone, Michelin, Continental and Goodyear. It is present in over 160 countries, has 20 manufacturing sites in 14 countries, Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre supplier for the Formula One Championship for 2011–2019 and for the FIM World Superbike Championship. Pirelli is now a pure tyre manufacturing company, in the past it has also launched fashion project and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility. Founded in Milan in 1872 by Giovanni Battista Pirelli, the company specialised in rubber and derivative processes. Thereafter, Pirellis activities were focused on the production of tyres and cables. In 2005, Pirelli sold its division to Goldman Sachs. In the 1950s, Alberto Pirelli commissioned the building of a skyscraper, Pirelli Tower, in 1974, Pirelli invented the wide radial tyre, upon a request from the Lancia rally racing team for a tyre strong enough to withstand the power of the new Lancia Stratos. At that time, racing tyres were either slick tyres made with the cross ply technique, or radial tyres, both were unusable for the Lancia Stratos, as the radials were destroyed within 10 km, and the slicks too stiff. Lancia asked Pirelli for a solution, and in 1975 Pirelli created a wide tyre with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, subsequently, Porsche started using the same tyres with the Porsche 911 Turbo. In 1988, Pirelli acquired the Armstrong Rubber Company, which was headquartered in New Haven, Connecticut, in 2002 the company started a range of Pirelli branded clothing, watches and eyewear. In March 2015, it was announced that Pirelli shareholders has accepted a €7.1 billion bid from ChemChina for the company, the transaction was completed and the company was delisted in November 2015. The list of Pirelli main shareholders As of September 2016 The list of Pirelli Board of Directors, the Pirelli Calendar is published annually, and regularly features famous actresses and fashion models. The Pirelli Internetional Award is given annually for the best international multimedia involving the communication of science, power is nothing without control is the well known slogan of Pirelli Tyre Company, and is featured in numerous television and print advertisements. Pirelli is the main sponsor of Italian football club Inter Milan. Pirelli has a history of sponsoring football teams, Pirelli is well known for its long term primary sponsorship of the Italian football team Inter Milan. Pirelli previously appeared as a sponsor on the shirts of the Maltese football club Valletta for a short time, Pirellis sponsorship of football teams is not limited to Europe, South America is a key market and as a result successful clubs have also been sponsored by the tyre company. The Brazilian team Palmeiras, Uruguayan team Peñarol and Argentinian side Vélez Sársfield all had Pirelli as a shirt sponsor, when English Football League One side Burton Albion Football Club built their new stadium in 2005, Pirelli became the title sponsor of the new ground
6.
Bicocca (district of Milan)
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Bicocca is a district of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 9 administrative division. It was incorporated in the city in 1841, the main historic landmark of the district is the 15th century Villa Arcimboldi. The villa is still in place, and it is one of the landmarks of the Bicocca district, in 1522, the place was the setting of a famous battle between the Spanish of Charles V and the French of Francis I. In the 19th century, the area of Bicocca was affected by a quick industrialization process and it remained an autonomous comune until 1841, when it was annexed to Niguarda, which in turn became part of Milan in 1923. The first facilities to be established in Bicocca were those of Pirelli, Ansaldobreda, in the nearby area of Sesto, the Falck steel mill was also a prominent factory. Pirelli maintained a role in the area. A historic neighbourhood of Bicocca, Borgo Pirelli, was developed as a residential area for the thousands of workers that were employed in the Pirelli factories. Coherently with its role in Italian industry, Bicocca was also the setting of some of the most important events in the history of Italian trade unions. In 1943, a 28 days strike was declared by the workers of Pirelli, Falck, Magneti-Marelli, Borletti, FACE-Bovisa, Caproni, and Alfa Romeo. The strike had a resonance as it was in direct opposition of the anti-strike laws introduced by the Codice Rocco designed by Alfredo Rocco and thus, indirectly. About 40 workers of Pirelli were arrested, in a subsequent riot in 1944, thousands of workers were arrested and deported to Nazi concentration camps. Many of those that escaped arrest in 1944 would become partisans of the National Liberation Committee, deindustrialization of the Bicocca district began in the 1970s. In 1985, Pirelli started a project to redevelop the area, the resulting Progetto Bicocca, which affected an area of 960.000 m2, was the largest urban transformation project in the history of Italy, and the second in Europe, after that of Berlin. Other main buildings realized by the project were a seat of the CNR and the Istituto Neurologico Besta, several companies now have their Milanese headquarters in Bicocca, including Pirelli, Siemens, Deutsche Bank, Reuters, Fastweb, Johnson & Johnson, and Hachette-Rusconi. The villa of the Arcimboldi, built in 1450, has been owned by prominent families of the Milanese. From 1913 it became an open air school for sick children. Carla Visconti di Modrone and Maria Pirelli greatly contributed to this project, in 1918 the villa was acquired by the Pirelli company, that had already established many facilities in the area
7.
Anselm Kiefer
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Anselm Kiefer is a German painter and sculptor. He studied with Joseph Beuys and Peter Dreher during the 1970s and his works incorporate materials such as straw, ash, clay, lead, and shellac. The poems of Paul Celan have played a role in developing Kiefers themes of German history, in his entire body of work, Kiefer argues with the past and addresses taboo and controversial issues from recent history. Themes from Nazi rule are particularly reflected in his work, for instance and it is also characteristic of his work to find signatures and/or names of people of historical importance, legendary figures or historical places. All of these are encoded sigils through which Kiefer seeks to process the past, Kiefer has lived and worked in France since 1992. Since 2008, he has lived and worked primarily in Paris, the son of a German art teacher, Kiefer was born in Donaueschingen two months before the end of World War II. In 1951, his family moved to Ottersdorf, and he attended school in Rastatt. He entered University of Freiburg, and studied pre-Law and Romance languages, however, after 3 semesters he switched to Art, studying at Art academies in Freiburg, Karlsruhe, and Düsseldorf. In Karlsruhe, he studied under Peter Dreher, an important realist and he received an Art degree in 1969. Kiefer moved to Dusseldorf in 1970, in 1971 he moved to Hornbach, in southwestern Germany, where he established a studio. He remained there until 1992, his output during this first creative time is known at The German Years, in 1992 he relocated to France. In 1969, at Galerie am Kaiserplatz, Karlsruhe, he presented his first single exhibition Besetzungen with a series of photographs about controversial political actions, by 1970, while studying informally under Joseph Beuys at Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, his stylistic leanings resembled Georg Baselitzs approach. He worked with glass, straw, wood and plant parts, the fragility of his work contrasts with the stark subject matter in his paintings. This use of materials to express ideas was influenced by Beuys. It is also typical of the Neo-Expressionist style, Kiefer returned to the area of his birthplace in 1971. In the years followed, he incorporated German mythology in particular in his work. He went on extended journeys throughout Europe, the USA and the Middle East, besides paintings, Kiefer created sculptures, watercolors, woodcuts, and photographs. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, Kiefer made numerous paintings, watercolors, woodcuts, in the early 1980s, he created more than thirty paintings, painted photographs, and watercolors that refer in their titles and inscriptions to the Romanian Jewish writer Paul Celans poem Todesfuge
8.
Alfredo Jaar
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Alfredo Jaar is a Chilean-born artist, architect, and filmmaker who lives in New York City. He was born in 1956 in Santiago de Chile, from age 5 to 16, he lived in Martinique before moving back to Chile. He has been featured on Art,21, theres this huge gap between reality and its possible representations. And that gap is impossible to close, so as artists, we must try different strategies for representation. Process of identification is fundamental to create empathy, to create solidarity and his work has been shown extensively around the world, notably in the Biennales of Venice, São Paulo, Istanbul, Kwangju, Johannesburg, and Seville. His work, Park of the Laments, was part of the 100 Acres, fairbanks Art and Nature Park which opened in 2010 at the Indianapolis Museum of Art. For the Revolution vs Revolution exhibition held at the Beirut Art Center, Jaar represented Chile at the 2013 Venice Biennale. Jaar is represented by Kamel Mennour in Paris and Galerie Lelong, Jaar became a Guggenheim Fellow in 1985 and a MacArthur Fellow in 2000. He was also a 2006 recipient of Spains Premio Extremadura a la Creación, Jaar received the Chilean Premio Nacional de Artes Plásticas in 2013 Alfredos son Nicolas Jaar is a musician and composer. Alfredo Jaar, Lorenzo Fusi, TAC Collection, Exòrma Ed.119 ff, Jaar, Alfredo, Mary J. Jacob, and Nancy Princenthal. Alfredo Jaar, The Fire This Time, Public Interventions 1979-2005, http, //www. worldcat. org/oclc/60807773 Jaar, Alfredo, and Willie A. Drake. Richmond, VA, Anderson Gallery, Virginia Commonwealth University,1991
9.
Laure Prouvost
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Laure Prouvost is a French artist living and working in Antwerp. She won the 2013 Turner Prize, Prouvost was born in Croix, an upscale suburb of Lille, France, and attended a local school with a strong arts focus. She studied film at Central Saint Martins and also attended Goldsmiths, after graduating from Saint Martins, she worked as an assistant to the artist John Latham, who she describes as more like a grandfather than my real grandfather. She has exhibited at Tate Britain and the Institute of Contemporary Arts, Prouvosts work combines installation, collage and film. Prouvost was the prize winner at the 57th Oberhausen Film Festival In 2014, she staged her first solo museum exhibition in the United States at the New Museum. Prouvost won the 2013 Turner Prize winner for an installation named Wantee made in response to the artist Kurt Schwitters, in a tea party setting a film describes a fictional relationship between Prouvosts grandfather and Schwitters. The work is named in reference to the habit of Schwitters partner of asking if they want tea. The panel described the work as outstanding for its complex and courageous combination of images, Prouvost was generally considered a surprise winner. laureprouvost. com
10.
Apichatpong Weerasethakul
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According to Thai naming customs, this person is addressed by the given name, Apichatpong, instead of the surname, Weerasethakul. Apichatpong Joe Weerasethakul is a Thai independent film director, screenwriter, Weerasethakul has received numerous additional accolades, including the 2016 Principal Prince Claus Award. Working outside the confines of the Thai film studio system, Weerasethakul has directed several features. Cinephiles affectionately refer to him as Joe, Apichatpong was born in Bangkok, Thailand to a Thai Chinese family. His parents were physicians, and worked in a hospital in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Apichatpong attended Khon Kaen University and received a degree in architecture in 1994. He made his first short film, Bullet, in 1993 and he attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and received a masters degree of fine arts in filmmaking in 1997. Apichatpongs feature-length debut, Dokfa nai meuman is a documentary and was based upon the exquisite corpse game invented by surrealists. He co-founded the production company, Kick the Machine, in 1999, the list of other founders includes Gridthiya Gaweewong and Suaraya Weerasethakul and the company co-organised the Bangkok Experimental Film Festival in 1999,2001,2005 and 2008. Apichatpongs 2002 film Sud Sanaeha was his debut feature film and was awarded the Un Certain Regard prize at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. His 2004 Sud Pralad won a Jury Prize from the same festival, the low-budget, digital movie was a spoof of Thai films of the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the musicals and action films of Mitr Chaibancha and Petchara Chaowarat. The Adventure of Iron Pussy was screened at the Berlin Film Festival in 2004, when asked about the film in May 2013, Apichatpong said, I have had enough of Iron Pussy for now. I was having a time making it but I was not inspired. Along with his features, Apichatpong is also known for his films, videoworks. For the 2005 Jeonju International Film Festival, he was commissioned to contribute to the Three Digital Short Films project and his film was called Worldly Desires, while Japanese filmmaker Shinya Tsukamoto made Vital, Bullet Ballet and Song Il-gon from South Korea created Magician. His contribution was the film Ghost of Asia, the Thai Office of Contemporary Art and Culture also honoured Apichatpong with its 2005 Silpathorn Award for filmmaking. The annual award is given to living artists in various disciplines. It premiered at the 63rd Venice Film Festival and screened at numerous film events, the films Thai release, originally slated for April 19,2007, was indefinitely delayed after the Thai Censorship Board demanded the removal of four scenes
