1.
Yale Bulldogs football
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The Yale Bulldogs football program represents Yale University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Yales football program is one of the oldest in the world, with 890 wins, Yale ranks second in wins in college football history, trailing only the University of Michigan. The Bulldogs were the dominant team in the days of intercollegiate football, winning 27 college football national championships. Walter Camp, known as the Father of Football, graduated from Hopkins Grammar School in 1876 and he later served as the head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892. The team made the down and went on to win the game in one of Yales greatest victories in its history, laRoche went on to spearhead the creation of the National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame. When the Ivy League athletic conference was formed in 1955, conference rules prohibited post-season play in football. While Yale had always abstained from post-season play, other schools had participated in bowls before, and the new policy further insulated Yale. The NCAA decided to split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978, then called I-A for larger schools, and I-AA for the smaller ones. In 1982, the NCAA created a rule that stated an average attendance must be at least 15,000 to qualify for I-A membership. This forced the hand, as only some of the member schools met the attendance qualification. Choosing to stay rather than stand their ground separately in the increasingly competitive I-A subdivision. Since the formation of the Ivy League in 1956, Yale has won 14 Ivy League championships,1956,1960,1967,1968,1969,1974,1976,1977,1979,1980,1981,1989,1999,2006. Harvard and Yale have been competing against each other in football since 1875, the annual rivalry game between the two schools, known as The Game, is played in November at the end of the football season. As of 2016, Yale leads the series 66–59–8, the Game is the second oldest continuing rivalry and also the third most-played rivalry game in college football history, after the Lehigh–Lafayette Rivalry and the Princeton–Yale game. Sports Illustrated On Campus rated the Harvard–Yale rivalry the sixth-best in college athletics in 2003, Harvard had been unbeaten versus Yale from 2007 to 2015. The nine game winning streak was the longest during the rivalry, Yales 2016 victory over Harvard in Cambridge, 21-14, ended the streak. The Game is significant for historical reasons as the rules of The Game soon were adopted by other schools. Footballs rules, conventions, and equipment, as well as elements of such as the mascot and fight song, include many elements pioneered or nurtured at Harvard
2.
Englewood, New Jersey
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Englewood is a city located in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Englewood was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17,1899, from portions of Ridgefield Township, with the creation of the City of Englewood, Englewood Township was dissolved. An earlier referendum on March 10,1896, was declared unconstitutional, Englewood Township, the citys predecessor, is believed to have been named in 1859 for the Engle family. Other sources indicate that the name is derived from wood ingle, meaning woody nook, numerous other settlements in the United States were named for Englewood as settlement in North America expanded westward. J. Wyman Jones is credited with convincing residents to choose Englewood for the name when it was incorporated over such alternatives as Brayton. Englewood, like the rest of New Jersey, was populated by Lenape Native Americans prior to European colonization, the Lenape who lived in the Englewood region were of the turtle clan which used a stylized turtle as its symbol, but little else is known of those inhabitants. In 1664, after the Dutch surrendered all of New Netherland to England, the English were generous with land grants, and many families, not only English but also Dutch and Huguenot, settled the area, which during the colonial era was known as the English Neighborhood. From 1906 until March 16,1907, when it burned down, Englewood was the site of Upton Sinclairs socialist-inflected intentional community, associated with the project were Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Sinclair Lewis. The United States telephone industry introduced direct distance dialing to the public in Englewood, on November 10,1951, Englewood Mayor M. Leslie Denning made the first customer-dialed long distance call, to Mayor Frank Osborne of Alameda, California. Two years after his graduation from Fordham University, Vince Lombardi began his coaching career at Englewoods St. Cecilia High School. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Highwood, the city borders Bergenfield, Englewood Cliffs, Fort Lee, Leonia, Teaneck and Tenafly. As of the census of 2010, there were 27,147 people,10,057 households, the population density was 5,524.6 per square mile. There were 10,695 housing units at a density of 2,176.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 45. 28% White,32. 58% Black or African American,0. 54% Native American,8. 10% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,9. 73% from other races, and 3. 72% from two or more races. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27. 48% of the population,27. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the family size was 3.24. In the city, the population was out with 22. 2% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,27. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.9 years, for every 100 females there were 90.0 males
3.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
4.
1911 College Football All-America Team
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The 1911 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1911 college football season. The only selector for the 1911 season who has recognized as official by the National Collegiate Athletic Association is Walter Camp. Many other sports writers, newspapers, coaches and others also selected All-America teams in 1911, the only individual who has been recognized as an official selector by the National Collegiate Athletic Association for the 1911 season is Walter Camp. Accordingly, the NCAAs official listing of Consensus All-America Selections mirrors Camps first-team picks, nine of Camps first-team All-Americans in 1911 played on teams from the Ivy League. The only players recognized by Camp from outside the Ivy League were Jim Thorpe from the Carlisle School, Leland Devore of Army, sanford White, Princeton Douglas Bomeisler, Yale Stanfield Wells, Michigan Lawrence Dunlap Bud Smith, Harvard Dexter Very, Penn. Sibert, Army P. V. H. Weems, Navy Willis Fat OBrien, Iowa James A. Camp, Jr. Yale Dave Morey, Dartmouth Talbot Pendleton, Princeton Robert Hogsett, Dartmouth James B
5.
College Football Hall of Fame
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The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football. The National Football Foundation launched the Hall in 1951 to immortalize the players, from 1995 to 2012, the Hall was located in South Bend, Indiana. It was connected to a center and situated in the citys renovated downtown district,2 miles south of the University of Notre Dame campus. In August 2014, the College Football Hall of Fame and Chick-fil-A Fan Experience opened in downtown Atlanta, rutgers donated land near its football stadium, office space, and administrative support. In response, the Foundation moved its operations to New York City, when the New York Attorney Generals office began its own investigation, the foundation moved to Kings Mills, Ohio, where a building finally was constructed adjacent to Kings Island in 1978. The Hall opened with good attendance figures early on, but visitation dwindled dramatically as time went on, nearby Galbreath Field remained open as the home of Moeller High School football until 2003. A new building was opened in South Bend, Indiana on August 25,1995. Despite estimates that the South Bend location would more than 150,000 visitors a year, the Hall of Fame drew about 115,000 people the first year. In 2009, the National Football Foundation decided to move the College Football Hall of Fame to Atlanta, the possibility of moving the museum has been brought up in other cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site, the new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23,2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC, the new building broke ground on January 28,2013. Sections of the architecture are reminiscent of a football in shape, the facility is 94,256 square feet and contains approximately 50,000 square feet of exhibit and event space, interactive displays and a 45-yard indoor football field. Atlanta Hall Management operates the College Football Hall of Fame, as of 2017, there are 987 players and 214 coaches enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, representing 306 schools. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame. A player must have received major first team All-America recognition, a player becomes eligible for consideration 10 years after his last year of intercollegiate football played. Football achievements are considered first, but the record as a citizen is also weighed. Players must have played their last year of football within the last 50 years
6.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
7.
Skull and Bones
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Skull and Bones is an undergraduate senior secret society at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. It is the oldest senior class landed society at Yale, the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, owns the societys real estate and oversees the organization. The society is known informally as Bones, and members are known as Bonesmen, Skull and Bones was founded in 1832 after a dispute among Yale debating societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and the Calliopean Society over that seasons Phi Beta Kappa awards. William Huntington Russell and Alphonso Taft co-founded the Order of the Scull, the societys assets are managed by the societys alumni organization, the Russell Trust Association, incorporated in 1856 and named after the Bones co-founder. The association was founded by Russell and Daniel Coit Gilman, a Skull, Skull and Bones selects new members among students every spring as part of Yale Universitys Tap Day, and has done so since 1879. Since the societys inclusion of women in the early 1990s, Skull, Skull and Bones taps those that it views as campus leaders and other notable figures for its membership. The Skull and Bones Hall is otherwise known as the Tomb, the building was built in three phases, the first wing was built in 1856, the second wing in 1903, and Davis-designed Neo-Gothic towers were added to the rear garden in 1912. The front and side facades are of Portland brownstone in an Egypto-Doric style, the 1912 tower additions created a small enclosed courtyard in the rear of the building, designed by Evarts Tracy and Edgerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout, New York. Evarts Tracy was a 1890 Bonesman, and his grandmother, Martha Sherman Evarts, and maternal grandmother, Mary Evarts, were the sisters of William Maxwell Evarts. The architect was possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin, architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of the dispute over the identity of the original architect in his 1999 Yale campus history. Pinnell also discusses the Tombs aesthetic place in relation to its neighbors, in the late 1990s, New Hampshire landscape architects Saucier and Flynn designed the wrought iron fence that surrounds a portion of the complex. The society owns and manages Deer Island, a retreat on the St. Lawrence River. Alexandra Robbins, author of a book on Yale secret societies, wrote, The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to get together, a century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. But although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings, a patriarch sighs. Another Bonesman says that to call the island rustic would be to glorify it and its a dump, but its beautiful. Skull and Boness membership developed a reputation in association with the Power Elite, like other Yale senior societies, Skull and Bones membership was almost exclusively limited to white Protestant males for much of its history. While Yale itself had exclusionary policies directed at particular ethnic and religious groups, while some Catholics were able to join such groups, Jews were more often not. Some of these groups eventually entered Skull and Bones by means of sports
8.
Hotchkiss School
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The Hotchkiss School is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational, college preparatory boarding school in Lakeville, Connecticut, founded in 1891. The school offers an education with grades 9–12 and a postgraduate option. Hotchkiss has a highly competitive 18% admit rate, and one of the largest private school endowments in the country, in 1891, Maria Harrison Bissell Hotchkiss, with guidance from Yale President Timothy Dwight V, founded the school to prepare young men for Yale University. In 1892, Hotchkiss opened its doors to 50 male boarding students for $600, hotchkisss endowment also precipitated scholarship aid to deserving students. In 1974, the school became coeducational, george Van Santvoord, a headmaster hailed as the Duke with an honorary dorm, claimed there was only one school rule, Be a gentleman. In 1954, TIME recognized in Education, The Duke Steps Down, Maria Hotchkiss was uninterested in establishing “a school for the pampered sons of rich gentlemen. ”The school has enrolled international students since 1896. In 1928, the joined the English-Speaking Union and established the International Schoolboy Exchange. Established by the Class of 1948, the Fund for Global Understanding enables student participation in service projects across the world. In 1953, Hotchkiss alumnus Eugene Van Voorhis incorporated the Ulysses S, the school has a 43% diverse student body, offers a School Year Abroad program, and is a member of the Global Education Benchmark Group, Round Square, and Confucius Institute International Division. In 2010, Hotchkiss partnered with Peking University High School to establish its study abroad, operating on a semester schedule, the Hotchkiss School offers a classical education,224 courses,7 foreign languages, and study abroad programs. The year prior, the Deerfield Scroll featured that many consider the Hotchkiss School to be the leader in environmental awareness among the top schools in the country. The school has a 100% college matriculation rate, and among the Classes of 2011-14,33 enrolled at Yale,19 at Harvard, and 16 at Princeton. In 2007, the Wall Street Journal listed Hotchkiss as among the schools with a success rate in matriculation at Harvard, Princeton. Its colors are Yale Blue and white, with the mascot being the bearcat, in 1933, Samuel Gottscho photographed the Hotchkiss baseball team, which appears in the Library of Congress Gottscho-Schleisner Collection. Similar boarding school include the Andover–Exeter rivalry and Choate-Deerfield rivalry. The school overlooks the Berkshires on a rural,827 acres campus featuring 13 single-sex dorms,2 lakes, and 1 forest. The Main Building serves as the academic and social center, featuring 30 SmartBoard classrooms, the Edsel Ford Memorial Library with 87, 000-volumes occupying 25,000 square feet, the school renovation project earned Robert A. M. Stern Architects the 2010 Palladio Award, with Paul Rudolph and Butler Rogers Basket contributing elements of modern architecture, when completed, farm trails will add an estimated three to five miles to the six or more that already traverse the Hotchkiss Woods
9.
Jim Thorpe
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James Francis Thorpe was an American athlete and Olympic gold medalist. A member of the Sac and Fox Nation, Thorpe became the first Native American to win a medal for his home country. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon, and played American football, professional baseball, in 1983,30 years after his death, the International Olympic Committee restored his Olympic medals. Thorpe grew up in the Sac and Fox Nation in Oklahoma, and attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School, after his Olympic success in 1912, which included a record score in the decathlon, he added a victory in the All-Around Championship of the Amateur Athletic Union. In 1913, Thorpe signed with the New York Giants, Thorpe joined the Canton Bulldogs American football team in 1915, helping them win three professional championships, he later played for six teams in the National Football League. He played as part of several all-American Indian teams throughout his career, from 1920 to 1921, Thorpe was nominally the first president of the American Professional Football Association, which became the NFL in 1922. He played professional sports until age 41, the end of his sports career coinciding with the start of the Great Depression and he struggled to earn a living after that, working several odd jobs. He suffered from alcoholism, and lived his last years in failing health and he was married three times and had eight children, before suffering from heart failure and dying in 1953. Thorpe has received accolades for his athletic accomplishments. The Associated Press named him the greatest athlete from the first 50 years of the 20th century, a Pennsylvania town was named in his honor and a monument site there is the site of his remains, which were the subject of legal action. Thorpe was portrayed in the 1951 film Jim Thorpe – All-American, information about Thorpes birth, name and ethnic background varies widely. He was baptized Jacobus Franciscus Thorpe in the Catholic Church, Thorpe was born in Indian Territory, but no birth certificate has been found. He was generally considered to have born on May 22,1887, near the town of Prague. Hope this will clear up the inquiries as to my birthplace, however, most biographers believe that he was born on May 22,1887, as that is what is listed on his baptismal certificate. Bellemont was a community, now disappeared, on the line between Pottawatomie and Lincoln Counties. While the town of Prague, Lincoln County, now claims to be the birthplace of Thorpe, All his personal references were either Shawnee or Pott County. The Sac and Fox agency is in Stroud, Lincoln County, Thorpes parents were both of mixed-race ancestry. His father, Hiram Thorpe, had an Irish father and a Sac and his mother, Charlotte Vieux, had a French father and a Potawatomi mother, a descendant of Chief Louis Vieux
10.
1912 College Football All-America Team
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The 1912 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1912 college football season. The only selector for the 1912 season who has recognized as official by the National Collegiate Athletic Association is Walter Camp. Many other sports writers, newspapers, coaches and others also selected All-America teams in 1912, one writer, Louis A. Dougher, published a Composite Eleven in the Washington Times which consisted of his aggregating the first-team picks of 23 selectors. The Harvard Crimson football team of 1912 finished the season with a perfect 10-0 record, a total of 10 Harvard players were named first-team All-Americans by at least one selector. They are Charles Brickley, Gerard Driscoll, Sam Felton, Henry Burchell Gardner, Harvey Hitchcock, Huntington Hardwick, Francis Joseph OBrien, Stan Pennock, Bob Storer, only two players from schools outside of the Ivy League were selected as consensus first-team All-Americans. They are Bob Butler from Wisconsin and Jim Thorpe from Carlisle, the only individual who has been recognized as an official selector by the National Collegiate Athletic Association for the 1912 season is Walter Camp. Accordingly, the NCAAs official listing of Consensus All-America Selections mirrors Camps first-team picks, nine of Camps first-team All-Americans in 1912 played on teams from the Ivy League. The only two players recognized by Camp from outside the Ivy League were Jim Thorpe from the Carlisle School, Camps first-team All-Americans in 1912 included, Douglas Bomeisler, end from Yale, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972. Charles Brickley, halfback for Harvard, led Harvard to a perfect 9–0 record in 1912. and later served as the football coach at Johns Hopkins, Boston College. Bob Butler, tackle from Wisconsin, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972, Camp said of Butler, He was powerful, active, and excellent at sizing up plays, good at blocking his man, and dangerous in his breaking through. George Crowther, quarterback at Brown, nicknamed Kid because he weighed between 130 and 135 pounds while playing at Brown, wesley Englehorn, tackle for Dartmouth, later served as head coach at Washington State. Sam Felton, end for Harvard, was considered one of the best punters in the country, hank Ketcham, center for Yale, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968. Leroy Mercer, fullback for Penn, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955, Stan Pennock, guard from Harvard, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954. Jim Thorpe, halfback for Carlisle, inducted into both the College and Pro Football Hall of Fame and he won gold medals in the pentathlon and decathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics, but had the medals taken back for violations of amateurism rules. By 1912, there was a proliferation of newspapers, sports writers, coaches, recognizing the difficulties faced by any single person who could only watch one game per week, some began to seek better methodologies for selecting a true consensus All-America team. One writer, Louis A. Dougher of the Washington Times published a Consensus Team which he arrived at by aggregating the picks made by 23 newspapers, writers, coaches and football experts. The 23 All-America teams aggregated by Dougher included those picked by Walter Camp, for example, five of the eleven players identified by Dougher as consensus picks were overlooked by Camp. They are, Robert Treat Paine Storer, Storer was a tackle at Harvard
11.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
12.
Howard Jones (American football coach)
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His 1909 Yale team and four of his USC teams won national championships. Jones coached USC in five Rose Bowls, winning all of them, before coaching, Jones played football at Yale, where he played on three national title-winning teams. He was a member of the class of inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951. Jones was born in Excello, Ohio, near Middletown and he played football for three seasons at Yale University, from 1905 to 1907. During his three years, the Yale Bulldogs never lost a game, going 28–0–2, Yale claims national championships for all three seasons. After graduating in 1908, Jones became the coach at Syracuse University. He led Yale to a 10–0 record in 1909, a season in which Yale claims another national championship, yales 15–0 victory over Syracuse in 1909 was significant in that it was the first time that two brothers had ever faced each other as opposing head coaches. Syracuse was then coached by Howard Joness brother, Tad Jones, after the 1909 season, Howard Jones served a one-year stint as head football coach at Ohio State University in 1910, leading the Buckeyes to a 6–1–3 record. Jones spent four of his five years in private business. A lack of team talent drove him toward greener pastures, and he would enjoy great success at the University of Iowa. Reed Lane, a businessman on the Iowa Athletic Board, was a classmate of Joness when they attended a Yale preparatory school. When Jesse Hawley left after the 1915 season, Iowa offered Jones a contract to become Iowas 11th head football coach on the recommendation of Lane, Jones accepted a five-year contract at $4,500 annually, the longest commitment and most money ever offered to a coach at Iowa. Joness first two years were highlighted by a 67–0 loss to Minnesota in 1916 and a 47–0 loss to Nebraska in 1917, Jones vowed he would never lose by such scores again, and he did not, they remained the two worst losses of his career. In 1918, Iowa defeated Minnesota for the first time in school history and it would be the first of five straight wins over Minnesota for Jones, and Nebraska never again scored a point on a Jones-coached team. The loss of Fred Becker hurt Iowa during that time, Becker was Iowas first first team All-American as a sophomore in 1916. He could have been a star for Jones, but he played just one season before enlisting for the service with the outbreak of World War I. Becker was killed in combat just ten months after being named an All-American, World War I altered the college football landscape. Eligibility rules were relaxed in the Big Ten Conference in 1918, Iowas athletic director also left to serve in the war, so Jones was appointed to that position as well
