1.
Umeda Station
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Umeda Station is a railway station located in Kita-ku in the northern commercial center of Osaka, Japan. It is the busiest station in Western Japan, serving 2,343,727 passengers daily in 2005, the nearby stations Ōsaka, Kitashinchi, Nishi-Umeda and Higashi-Umeda are within walking distance and connected by a large complex of underground malls. The underground Umeda terminal of Hanshin Electric Railway is located south of Ōsaka Station, the Hanshin station first opened on December 21,1906 as a ground level station and moved to the present underground location on March 21,1939. There are five bay platforms and four tracks on the second basement, there are east ticket gates on the second basement and center ticket gates and west ticket gates on the first basement. The Umeda terminal of Hankyu Railway is located northeast of Ōsaka Station, the station first opened on March 10,1910, as a ground-level station. The original location of the station was southeast of Ōsaka Station, the station was elevated on July 5,1926. When Ōsaka Station was elevated in 1934, Hankyus elevated tracks were forced to be removed, the switching of tracks were carried out on June 1,1934. This station facility was used until November 28,1971, when the move of station to the present location was completed and this move was because of a sharp increase of transit, which forced Hankyu to operate 8-car trains. The existence of JNR tracks on the end of the 1934 station prevented the expansion of the station so that the station could not handle long trains. After the opening of the current huge elevated station, spaces around and beneath the station, one of the symbols of the commercial complex surrounding the station is the BIG MAN video screen above the Kinokuniya bookshop, common and necessary places to meet in this bustling railway station. The Hankyu Department Store, built next to the station in 1929, was a pioneer of the business model of department stores run by urban railway companies in Japan. The store is still in business at the location even after the move of the station. There are ten bay platforms serving nine tracks on the third floor, there are south ticket gates on the third floor and center ticket gates and on Chayamachi ticket gates on the second floor. Umeda is the point of three lines of the municipal subway, the Midōsuji Line, the Tanimachi Line and the Yotsubashi Line. Among them, only the Midōsuji Line station is named Umeda, the Tanimachi Line station is Higashi-Umeda and the Yotsubashi Line station is Nishi-Umeda. These three stations are connected each other by underground walkways. Regular tickets of the subway, Surutto Kansai cards and IC cards are valid until the passenger gets out the ticket barrier of the station, Umeda Station on the Midōsuji Line started its operation on May 20,1933, as a temporary station. The station was moved to the present location on October 6,1935, originally the station with an island platform and two tracks was built amid one tunnel, but on November 5,1989, the station was expanded to a tunnel that existed next to the station
2.
Modernism
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Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief, the poet Ezra Pounds 1934 injunction to Make it new. Was the touchstone of the approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the novel, atonal and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. While J. M. W. Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists, There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet, with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and later Friedrich Nietzsche, both of whom had significant influence on existentialism. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron, Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station and Kings Cross Station. These technological advances led to the building of structures like the Brooklyn Bridge. The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be and these engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, the philosopher Schopenhauer called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness, in particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as lower animals proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, historians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–86 with Seurats Divisionism, the poet Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal, and Flauberts novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857. In the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France, the first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors. Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, the school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention
3.
Kobe
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Kobe is the sixth-largest city in Japan and is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture. It is located on the side of the main island of Honshū, on the north shore of Osaka Bay. With a population around 1.5 million, the city is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka, the earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki, which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD201. For most of its history, the area was never a political entity, even during the Tokugawa period. Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889 and its name comes from kanbe, an archaic title for supporters of the citys Ikuta Shrine. Kobe became one of Japans 17 designated cities in 1956, Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1853 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city. While the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of Kobes prominence as a port city, the city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef, as well as the site of one of Japans most famous hot spring resorts, Arima Onsen. Media related to History of Kobe at Wikimedia Commons Tools found in western Kobe demonstrate the area was populated at least from the Jōmon period. The natural geography of the area, particularly of Wada Cape in Hyōgo-ku, led to the development of a port, some of the earliest written documents mentioning the region include the Nihon Shoki, which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD201. During the Nara and Heian periods, the port was known by the name Ōwada Anchorage and was one of the ports from which imperial embassies to China were dispatched. The city was briefly the capital of Japan in 1180, when Taira no Kiyomori moved his grandson Emperor Antoku to Fukuhara in present-day Hyōgo-ku, the Emperor returned to Kyoto after about five months. Shortly thereafter in 1184, the Taira fortress in Hyōgo-ku and the nearby Ikuta Shrine became the sites of the Genpei War battle of Ichi-no-Tani between the Taira and Minamoto clans, the Minamoto prevailed, pushing the Taira further. As the port grew during the Kamakura period, it became an important hub for trade with China, in the 13th century, the city came to be known by the name Hyōgo Port. During this time, Hyōgo Port, along with northern Osaka and it was not until the abolition of the han system in 1871 and the establishment of the current prefecture system that the area became politically distinct. Hyōgo Port was opened to trade by the government of the Bakufu at the same time as Osaka on January 1,1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War. The region has since been identified with the West and many residences from the period remain in Kobes Kitano area. Kobe, as it is today, was founded on April 1,1889. The history of the city is tied to that of the Ikuta Shrine, and the name Kobe derives from kamube
4.
Nada-ku, Kobe
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Nada is one of nine wards of Kobe in Japan. It has an area of 31.4 km², and a population of 129,095, a leading national university in Japan, Kobe University, is located in this ward, as is the citys Oji Zoo. The Tadao Ando-designed Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art is a walk south of the Nada JR station. Rokko High School is in Nada-ku, Nada is a major sake producing region, and along with Fushimi produces 45% of all the sake in Japan. A plenitude of water good for making sake and a location near Osaka made it one of the most principal areas of making sake and it was one of the sake production areas called Nada-Gogō. The fine taste of the Nada sake comes from Miyamizu mineral-rich water, Miyamizu is hard water high in calcium and potassium but low in iron, making it ideal for making rich, full-flavored sake. Yamada Nishiki rice is grown in the Banshu eastern Kansai plains and it has larger, softer grains than regular table rice and is starchy, which makes it particularly suitable for sake making. Grains of Yamadanishiki rice have hard starch cores and this means that when they are soaked in Miyamizu water, they dissolve slowly but do not lose their shape. It is said that this characteristic is the reason why Yamadanishiki produces such uniquely flavored sake, the most essential factors for making pure sake are good grain polishing ability and low temperatures. Furthermore, the combination of the winds, known as Rokko oroshi. The Yamaguchi-gumi, the largest Yakuza group in Japan, and one of the largest criminal organizations in the world, has its headquarters in Nada-ku, deutsche Schule Kobe used to be located in Nada-ku. Media related to Nada-ku, Kobe at Wikimedia Commons Official website of Nada-ku, Kobe
5.
Nishinomiya
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Nishinomiya is a city located in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, between the cities of Amagasaki and Ashiya. On April 1,2005, the city of Nishinomiya celebrated its 80th anniversary and it is best known as the home of Kōshien Stadium, where the Hanshin Tigers baseball team plays home games and where Japans annual high school baseball championship is held. It is also the location of Kwansei Gakuin University, a university founded by American missionaries in the nineteenth century. Nishinomiya is an important commercial and shipping city in the Kansai region with the third largest population in Hyōgo Prefecture, as of October 1,2011, the city has an estimated population of 483,598 and a population density of 4,800 persons per km². The total area is 99.96 km², Nishinomiya City is located in the south-east of Hyōgo Prefecture between the cities of Kobe and Osaka. The city can be divided into two areas, an area in the north and a coastal plain in the south. Situated in the middle is Mount Kabuto, a landmark of the city, April 1,1924, Opening of Kōshien Stadium April 1925, Nishinomiya Town became a municipal organization. April 1933, Nishinomiya merged with Imazu Town, Shiba Village, february 1941, Nishinomiya merged with Koto Village. May 1942, Nishinomiya merged with Kawaragi Village, April 1951, Nishinomiya merged with Naruo Village, Yamaguchi Village and Shiose Village. January 17,1995, Great Hanshin earthquake disaster, furuno, a global electronics company, whose main products include marine electronics and medical equipment, has its headquarters in the city. Since most of the farmland is located within the district, Nishinomiya agriculture is in a difficult situation. Currently, efforts are being made to improve farming in order to make it profitable by growing such marketable products as soft vegetables for the big markets of Osaka, other efforts include effective land use by growing crops in greenhouses using hydroponic techniques and development of techniques for safe products. Nishinomiya is situated between the cities of Kobe and Osaka. Luxury neighborhoods are common in city, especially in areas near Ashiya. Some of the malls in Nishinomiya are the Lalaport Koshien. That is the origin of the city name, hyogo Performing Arts Center Kannō-ji Koshikiiwa Shrine Nishinomiya Shrine Mondo-yakujin Much of Grave of the Fireflies is set in Nishinomiya. Nishinomiya is the setting for the light novel, manga
6.
Amagasaki
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Amagasaki is an industrial city located in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The city was founded on April 1,1916 and its population is around 460,000, below its peak of over 554,000 in 1971. As of 2012, the city has an population of 450,244. The total area is 49.77 km², during the Edo period, the Amagasaki Domain had its administrative headquarters at Amagasaki Castle here. Amagasaki is the hometown of comedy duo Downtown stars Masatoshi Hamada and it is also the hometown of Formula 1 driver Kamui Kobayashi, Chiyu, the bassist of SuG, author Koushun Takami and Heath, bassist of X Japan. Toshiaki Nishioka, a world champion boxer, is also from this area. See Amagasaki rail crash for details, Amagasaki is a major part of the Hanshin Industrial Region. Businesses headquartered in the city include manufacturers such as Osaka Titanium Technologies, the value of manufactured goods shipments in Amagasaki was 1,288 billion yen in 2004. The city has a North Korean school, Amagasaki Korean Elementary and it previously had a second school, Amagasaki East Korean Elementary School
7.
Suburbanization
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Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in formation of urban sprawl. Sub-urbanization is inversely related to urbanization, which denotes population shift from rural areas into urban centres, many residents of metropolitan regions work within the central urban area, and choose to live in satellite communities called suburbs and commute to work via automobile or mass transit. Others have taken advantage of advances to work from their homes. Proponents of containing urban sprawl argue that sprawl leads to urban decay, Suburbanization can be linked to a number of different push and pull factors. Improvements in transportation infrastructure encourage suburbanization, as people become increasingly able to live in a suburb, developments in railways, bus routes and roads are the main improvements that make suburbanization more practical. The increase in the number and size of highways is a significant part of this effect. Government policies can have a significant effect on the process, in the United States, suburbanization began to occur in mass amounts after World War II when soldiers returned home from war and wanted to live in houses outside of the city. During this time America had a prosperous economy and there was more leisure time available. Throughout the years, the desire to work life and home life has increased causing an increase in suburban populations. Suburbs in the United States have also evolved by increases in technology which allows residents to work from home rather than commute, industrial, warehousing, and factory land uses have also moved to suburban areas. Cheap telecommunications removes the need for headquarters to be within quick courier distance of the warehouses. Urban areas suffer from congestion, which creates costs in extra driver costs for the company which can be reduced if they were in a suburban area near a highway. As with residential, lower property taxes and low land prices encourage selling industrial land for profitable brownfield redevelopment, Suburban municipalities can offer tax breaks, specialized zoning, and regulatory incentives to attract industrial land users to their area, such as City of Industry, California. By 2000, half of the US population lived in suburban areas, in many countries of Europe, sometimes cities became seen as dangerous or very expensive areas to live, while the suburbs were seen as safe places to live and raise a family. There are periods of opposite developments like urbanization, City growth, residential mobility, land and housing development were under tight political control. Consequently, sub-urbanization in post-communist Europe is not only a recent, yet, the regulatory and institutional frameworks indispensable to a market-driven housing system – including housing finance – have remained underdeveloped, particularly in south-eastern Europe. This environment has undoubtedly stimulated housing self-provision, clearly, different forces have shaped different outcomes. Elsewhere processes of suburbanization seemed dominant, but their pace differed according to housing shortages, available finance, preferences, the process was slow in Prague during the 1990s and more apparent after 2000, when housing affordability improved
8.
Osaka Bay
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Osaka Bay is a bay in western Japan. As an eastern part of the Inland Sea, it is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Kii Channel and its western shore is formed by Awaji Island, and its northern and eastern shores are part of the Kansai metropolitan area. Major ports on Osaka Bay include Osaka, Kobe, Nishinomiya, Sakai, Amagasaki, a number of artificial islands have been created in Osaka Bay in past decades, including Kansai International Airport, Port Island, and Rokko Island. Several islands at the end of Osaka Bay are part of the Seto Inland Sea National Park. Industries locate around Osaka Bay because there is a skilled and plentiful workforce, many port facilities, there are good transport links, room for expansion, and a large local market. There has been a recent economic change in Osaka Bay, The decline of heavy industries such as Nippon Steel. There has been a growth in the quaternary industries — research, development, there has also been a development in the science parks and the building of new motorways, this has meant the loss of the countryside. The Tempozan Ferris Wheel and Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan are both located in the Tempozan Harbor Village area of Osaka, Port of Kobe Port of Osaka Kansai International Airport Kobe Airport
9.
Tokyo Bay
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Tokyo Bay is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel and its old name was Edo Bay. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous and largest industrialized area in Japan, in ancient times, Japanese knew Tokyo Bay as the uchi-umi or inner sea. By the Azuchi-Momoyama period the area had become known as Edo Bay, the bay took its present name of Tokyo Bay in modern times, after the Imperial court moved to Edo and renamed that city as Tokyo in 1868. Tokyo Bay juts prominently into the Kantō Plain and it is surrounded by the Bōsō Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture to the east and the Miura Peninsula in Kanagawa Prefecture to the west. The shore of Tokyo Bay consists of a plateau and is subject to rapid marine erosion. Sediments on the shore of the bay make for a smooth, in a narrow sense, Tokyo Bay is the area north of the straight line from Cape Kannon on the west of Miura Peninsula to Cape Futtsu on the east Bōsō Peninsula. This area covers about 922 square kilometres, in a broader sense, Tokyo Bay includes the Uraga Channel. By this definition the bay opens from a north of the straight line from Cape Tsurugisaki on the east of Miura Peninsula to Cape Sunosaki on the west of the Boso Peninsula. This area covers about 1,100 square kilometres, the area of Tokyo Bay combined with the Uraga Channel covers 1,500 square kilometres. The shoal between Cape Futtsu in Chiba Prefecture and Cape Honmaku in Yokohama is known as Nakanose, and has a depth of 20 metres, north of this area the bay has a depth of 40 metres and an uncomplicated submarine topography. Areas south of Nakanose are significantly deeper moving towards the Pacific Ocean, the only natural island in Tokyo Bay is Sarushima at Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture. Sarushima was one of the locations fortified with coastal artillery during the Bakumatsu period and was incorporated into the Tokyo Bay Fortress during the Meiji period. The Imperial Japanese Navy maintained a station on the island until the end of World War II. The island is now uninhabited and is a marine park, many artificial islands were built as naval fortifications in the Meiji and Taishō period. After World War II these islands were converted to residential or recreational use, Odaiba, also known as Daiba, was one of six artificial islands constructed in 1853 as a fortification to protect the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo, and was known as the Shinagawa Daiba. After World War II Odaiba was incorporated into Tokyo and redeveloped for commercial and recreational use, after World War II Yumenoshima was planned as a solution to dispose of the large quantities of garbage from the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The island was constructed between 1957 and 1967 and hosts numerous recreational facilities, hakkei Island, formerly Landfill Number 14, was constructed in 1985 and is home to Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise
10.
Ikeda, Osaka
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Ikeda is a city located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. As of February 2017, the city has an population of 103,028. The total area is 22.09 km2, in the Edo period, Ikeda had a castle occupied by a daimyō, the seat of a 50, 000-koku domain. It was famous for Ikeda-zumi traded by Ikeda merchants, in Cha no yu Ikeda-zumi is loved because of its high quality even today. The city was founded formally on April 29,1939 and it was developed as an urban town by a local railway company, Hankyu Dentetsu. Its founder Kobayashi Ichizo lived there also, Ikeda boasts two cultural attractions, the Itsuō Art Museum and Ikeda Bunko. Itsuo Art Museum holds the Itsuo Collection which is mainly Japanese art for cha-no-yu, Ikeda Bunko holds collections on Takarazuka, there is also a municipal zoo named Satsukiyama Zoo. It is also home to the Momofuku Ando Instant Ramen Museum, on June 8,2001, the Osaka school massacre occurred in this city. A man entered a school and fatally stabbed eight children in the school. Many pupils have suffered post-traumatic stress disorder, to avoid flashback memories of the massacre and to improve school security, the school buildings were remodeled and subsequently occupied in April 2004. On September 14,2004, Mamoru Takuma was executed for the murders
11.
Minoh, Osaka
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Minoh is a city in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, about 15 km north of the centre of the city of Osaka. It is accessed by the Hankyu Railway about 30 minutes from Umeda Station and its name is commonly romanized as Minō or Minoo, however the city government now officially uses the spelling Minoh in English. The city was incorporated on December 1,1956, as of October 2016, the city has an estimated population of 134,435 and a population density of 2,800 persons per km². Its total area is 47.84 km², Minoh is best known for Meiji no Mori Minō Quasi-National Park, one of Japans oldest national parks, which houses a large population of wild monkeys and has a picturesque waterfall. The 1200-year-old Buddhist temple Katsuō-ji, famous for its collection of Daruma dolls is located here. Mister Donut opened its first Japanese shop in Minoh in 1971, Minoh has an IMAX movie theater. Ami Nakashima Ryoichi Sasakawa Masaki Suda Lower Hutt, New Zealand Cuernavaca, Mexico Minoh City official website Minoh City official website
12.
Toyonaka, Osaka
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Toyonaka is a city located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The city was founded on October 15,1936, as of 2016, the city has an estimated population of 396,014 and a population density of 11,000 persons per km². The total area is 36.38 km² and its peak population was over 420,000. Toyonaka is an area of Osaka Prefecture, and includes Senri New Town. The city is easy to reach through various modes of transportation, Osaka University and Osaka Music College have their campuses in Toyonaka. The Consulate-General of Russia in Osaka is located in Toyonaka, from ancient times until today Toyonaka has had a sizable population. The events inciting the Jōkyū War were related to an event in Toyonaka, a case on a matter between a favorite lady of the retired emperor Emperor Go-Toba and a local jitō was wrongly resolved, and then the former had the Emperor redecide the case in her favor. Osaka International Airport is partially located in Toyonaka including its terminal, the city is served by the Osaka Monorail, the Kita-Osaka Kyūkō Railway and the Hankyu Takarazuka Line
13.
Osaka Prefecture
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Osaka Prefecture is a prefecture located in the Kansai region on Honshu, the main island of Japan. The capital is the city of Osaka and it is the center of Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto area. Osaka is one of the two prefectures of Japan, Kyoto being the other. Until the Meiji Restoration, the area of Osaka prefecture was known as Kawachi, Izumi, Osaka Prefecture was created on June 21,1868, at the very beginning of the Meiji era. During the instigation of Fuhanken Sanchisei in 1868, the received its suffix fu. On September 1,1956, the city of Osaka was promoted to a city designated by government ordinance, in 2000, Fusae Ota became Japans first female governor when she replaced Knock Yokoyama, who resigned after prosecution for sexual harassment. On April 1,2006, the city of Sakai was promoted to a city designated by government ordinance, in 2008, Tōru Hashimoto, previously famous as a counselor on television, was elected at the age of 38 as the youngest governor in Japan. In the 2011 local elections the association was able to win the majority of the prefectural seats, the plan was narrowly defeated in the 2015 referendum. Osaka Prefecture neighbors the prefectures of Hyōgo and Kyoto in the north, Nara in the east, the west is open to Osaka Bay. The Yodo and Yamato Rivers flow through the prefecture, prior to the construction of Kansai International Airport, Osaka was the smallest prefecture in Japan. The artificial island on which the airport was built added enough area to make it larger than Kagawa Prefecture. This represented approximately 48% of the Kinki region, the per capita income was ¥3.0 million, seventh in the nation. Commercial sales the year was ¥60.1 trillion. Overshadowed by such globally renowned electronics giants as Panasonic and Sharp, the number of SMEs based in Osaka in 2006 was 330,737, accounting for 99. 6% of the total number of businesses in the prefecture. The Osaka Securities Exchange, specializing in such as Nikkei 225 Futures, is based in Osaka. There are many electrical, chemical, pharmaceutical, heavy industry, food, and housing companies in Osaka Prefecture. According to the 2005 Population Census of Japan, Osaka prefecture has a population of 8,817,166, as of 2013 this prefecture has about 200,000 ethnic Korean persons, the largest such population of any prefecture in Japan. As of 2013 most ethnic Korean children attend ordinary Japanese public schools, although some Korean schools operated by the Chongryon, during the Japanese rule of Korea many ethnic Koreans came to the Osaka area to look for work
14.
Suma-ku, Kobe
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Suma is one of 9 wards of Kobe City in Japan. As of February 1,2012, it has an area of 30.0 km², there is a white sandy beach in this ward, which attracts tourists to the Kansai region for sun bathing and popular events during the summer season. The same beach has appeared in the classic epics Genji monogatari, Heike monogatari, thus Suma is often referred as an utamakura or meisho, referenced frequently in waka poetry, Noh theatre, kabuki and jōruri. Suma Rikyu Park Suma Public Aquarium Shintaro Ishihara - Governor of Tokyo Japanese cruiser Suma Japanese gunboat Suma Official website
15.
Tarumi-ku, Kobe
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Tarumi is one of nine wards of Kobe City in Japan. It has an area of 26.89 km², and a population of 219,958, Tarumi is a suburban area in western Kobe, providing residential towns for commuters to downtown Kobe and even Osaka. The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge starts from this ward toward Awaji Island, the area belonged to the Akashi Domain of Harima Province until the end of the Edo period. In 1899 the village of Tarumi was formed within Akashi District, in 1928 Tarumi village was renamed as a town. In July 1941, Tarumi merged into Kobe and became a part of Suma ward, the modern Tarumi ward was formed from the area of the former Tarumi town in 1946. In 1947 a further seven villages from Akashi District merged into Kobe and it has a port, used by the coastal fishing industry, which is famous for ikanago and sushi. Kobe Korean Senior High School, a North Korea-aligned school, is in Tarumi-ku, prior to its 1990 move to Rokko Island, Norwegian School was in Tarumi-ku. Media related to Tarumi-ku, Kobe at Wikimedia Commons Official website of Tarumi-ku, Kobe
16.
Empire of Japan
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The Empire of Japan was the historical Japanese nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan. Imperial Japans rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei led to its emergence as a world power, after several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, the Empire also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples it conquered. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, Occupation and reconstruction continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose full title is the State of Japan or simply rendered Japan in English. The historical state is referred to as the Empire of Japan or the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan in English. In Japanese it is referred to as Dai Nippon Teikoku, which translates to Greater Japanese Empire and this is analogous to Großdeutsches Reich, a term that translates to Greater German Empire in English and Dai Doitsu Teikoku in Japanese. This meaning is significant in terms of geography, encompassing Japan, due to its name in kanji characters and its flag, it was also given the exonym Empire of the Sun. After two centuries, the policy, or Sakoku, under the shoguns of the Edo period came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. The following years saw increased trade and interaction, commercial treaties between the Tokugawa shogunate and Western countries were signed. In large part due to the terms of these Unequal Treaties, the Shogunate soon faced internal hostility, which materialized into a radical, xenophobic movement. In March 1863, the Emperor issued the order to expel barbarians, although the Shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the Shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan. The Namamugi Incident during 1862 led to the murder of an Englishman, Charles Lennox Richardson, the British demanded reparations but were denied. While attempting to exact payment, the Royal Navy was fired on from coastal batteries near the town of Kagoshima and they responded by bombarding the port of Kagoshima in 1863. For Richardsons death, the Tokugawa government agreed to pay an indemnity, shelling of foreign shipping in Shimonoseki and attacks against foreign property led to the Bombardment of Shimonoseki by a multinational force in 1864. The Chōshū clan also launched the coup known as the Kinmon incident. The Satsuma-Chōshū alliance was established in 1866 to combine their efforts to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu, in early 1867, Emperor Kōmei died of smallpox and was replaced by his son, Crown Prince Mutsuhito. On November 9,1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned from his post and authorities to the Emperor, however, while Yoshinobus resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. On January 3,1868, Satsuma-Chōshū forces seized the palace in Kyoto. On January 17,1868, Yoshinobu declared that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the Restoration, on January 24, Yoshinobu decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces
17.
Meiji Restoration
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The Meiji Restoration, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event of change that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were Emperors before the Meiji Restoration, the events restored practical abilities, Meiji government also made education compulsory for both boys and girls at minimal fees. The goals of the government were expressed by the new emperor in the Charter Oath. The Restoration led to changes in Japans political and social structure. In Japan however, unlike China, foreign ideas were not associated with opium addiction. Figures like Shimazu Nariakira concluded that if we take the initiative, we can dominate, if we do not, we will be dominated, leading Japan to throw open its doors to foreign technology. Observing Japans response to the powers, Li Hongzhang considered Japan Chinas principal security threat as early as 1863. The word Meiji means enlightened rule and the goal was to modern advances with traditional eastern values. The main leaders of this were Itō Hirobumi, Matsukata Masayoshi, Kido Takayoshi, Itagaki Taisuke, Yamagata Aritomo, Mori Arinori, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Yamaguchi Naoyoshi. The foundation of the Meiji restoration was the 1866 Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance between Saigō Takamori and Kido Takayoshi, leaders of the reformist elements in the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain. These two leaders supported the Emperor Kōmei and were brought together by Sakamoto Ryōma for the purpose of challenging the ruling Tokugawa shogunate, after Emperor Kōmeis death on January 30,1867, Emperor Meiji ascended the throne on February 3. This period also saw Japan change from being a society to having a market economy. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to its end on November 9,1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu. Shortly thereafter in January 1868, the Boshin War started with the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in which Chōshū and this forced the Emperor to strip Yoshinobu of all power, setting the stage for official restoration. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country, consequently the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Taikun, in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs and it is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement. All Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under control, thus placing them under the prerogative of the new Meiji government. With Fuhanken sanchisei, the areas were split into three types, urban prefectures, rural prefectures and the already existing domains
18.
Surrender of Japan
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The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2,1945, bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting major operations, on August 6,1945, at 8,15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japans surrender, warning them to expect a rain of ruin from the air, later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. After several more days of negotiations and a failed coup détat. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast, he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies, on August 28, the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The role of the bombings in Japans unconditional surrender. The state of war ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28,1952. Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, by 1945, the Japanese had suffered an unbroken string of defeats for nearly two years in the South West Pacific, the Marianas campaign, and the Philippines campaign. In July 1944, following the loss of Saipan, General Hideki Tōjō was replaced as minister by General Kuniaki Koiso. After the Japanese loss of the Philippines, Koiso in turn was replaced by Admiral Kantarō Suzuki, the Allies captured the nearby islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in the first half of 1945. Okinawa was to be an area for Operation Downfall, the American invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. The Allied submarine campaign and the mining of Japanese coastal waters had largely destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet, the destruction of the Japanese merchant fleet, combined with the strategic bombing of Japanese industry, had wrecked Japans war economy. Production of coal, iron, steel, rubber, and other vital supplies was only a fraction of that before the war, as a result of the losses it had suffered, the Imperial Japanese Navy had ceased to be an effective fighting force. Although 19 destroyers and 38 submarines were still operational, their use was limited by the lack of fuel, the only course left is for Japans one hundred million people to sacrifice their lives by charging the enemy to make them lose the will to fight. As a final attempt to stop the Allied advances, the Japanese Imperial High Command planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū codenamed Operation Ketsugō and this was to be a radical departure from the defense in depth plans used in the invasions of Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Instead, everything was staked on the beachhead, more than 3,000 kamikazes would be sent to attack the transports before troops. The strategy of making a last stand at Kyūshū was based on the assumption of continued Soviet neutrality, a set of caves were excavated near Nagano on Honshu, the largest of the Japanese islands. In the event of invasion, these caves, the Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters, were to be used by the army to direct the war and to house the Emperor and his family
19.
Japanese economic miracle
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The Japanese economic miracle was Japans record period of economic growth between post-World War II era to the end of Cold War. During the economic boom, Japan rapidly became the second largest economy by the 1960s. In the Lost Decade of the 1990s, however, it suffered its longest economic stagnation since World War II and this economic miracle was the result of post-World War II Japan and West Germany benefiting from the Cold War. It occurred chiefly due to the economic interventionism of the Japanese government and partly due to the aid, after World War II, the U. S. established a significant presence in Japan to slow the expansion of Soviet influence in the Pacific. This economic miracle was spurred mainly by Japanese economic policy, in particular through the Ministry of International Trade, the Japanese financial recovery continued even after SCAP departed and the economic boom propelled by the Korean War abated. The Japanese economy survived from the recession caused by a loss of the U. S. payments for military procurement. By the late 1960s, Japan had risen from the ashes of World War II to achieve an astoundingly rapid, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was instrumental in Japans post-war economic recovery. According to some scholars, no other governmental regulation or organization had more impact than MITI. The particular speed, form, and consequences of Japanese economic growth, established in 1949, MITIs role began with the Policy Concerning Industrial Rationalization that coordinated efforts by industries to counteract the effects of SCAPs deflationary regulations. In this way, MITI formalized cooperation between the Japanese government and private industry, the Ministry coordinated various industries, including the emerging keiretsu, toward a specific end, usually toward the intersection of national production goals and private economic interests. MITI also boosted the security by untying the imports of technology from the imports of other goods. MITIs Foreign Capital Law granted the power to negotiate the price. This element of control allowed it to promote industries it deemed promising. The low cost of imported technology allowed for industrial growth. Productivity was greatly improved through new equipment, management, and standardization, MITI gained the ability to regulate all imports with the abolition of the Economic Stabilization Board and the Foreign Exchange Control Board in August 1952. Power over the foreign exchange budget was given directly to MITI. MITIs establishment of the Japan Development Bank also provided the private sector with low-cost capital for long-term growth, the Japan Development Bank introduced access to the Fiscal Investment and Loan Plan, a massive pooling of individual and national savings. At the time FILP controlled four times the savings of the worlds largest commercial bank, with this financial power, FILP was able to maintain an abnormally high number of Japanese construction firms
20.
Economic bubble
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An economic bubble or asset bubble is trade in an asset at a price or price range that strongly deviates from the corresponding assets intrinsic value. It could also be described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on implausible or inconsistent views about the future, Asset bubbles date back as far as the 1600s and are now widely regarded as a recurrent feature of modern economic history. Because it is difficult to observe intrinsic values in real-life markets, bubbles are often conclusively identified only in retrospect. Such a drop is known as a crash or a bubble burst, prices in an economic bubble can fluctuate erratically, and become impossible to predict from supply and demand alone. While some economists deny that bubbles occur, the cause of bubbles remains disputed by those who are convinced that asset prices often deviate strongly from intrinsic values. Many explanations have suggested, and research has recently shown that bubbles may appear even without uncertainty, speculation. In such cases, the bubbles may be argued to be rational and these approaches require that the timing of the bubble collapse can only be forecast probabilistically and the bubble process is often modelled using a Markov switching model. Similar explanations suggest that bubbles might ultimately be caused by processes of price coordination, more recent theories of asset bubble formation suggest that these events are sociologically driven. For instance, explanations have focused on emerging social norms and the role that culturally-situated stories or narratives play in these events and this was one of the earliest modern financial crises, other episodes were referred to as manias, as in the Dutch tulip mania. The metaphor indicated that the prices of the stock were inflated and fragile – expanded based on nothing but air, and vulnerable to a sudden burst, as in fact occurred. The impact of economic bubbles is debated within and between schools of thought, they are not generally considered beneficial, but its debated how harmful their formation. Political economist Robert E. Wright argues that bubbles can be identified before the fact with high confidence. A protracted period of low risk premiums can simply prolong the downturn in asset price deflation as was the case of the Great Depression in the 1930s for much of the world and the 1990s for Japan. Not only can the aftermath of a crash devastate the economy of a nation, another important aspect of economic bubbles is their impact on spending habits. Market participants with overvalued assets tend to spend more because they feel richer, many observers quote the housing market in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Spain and parts of the United States in recent times, as an example of this effect. In an economy with a bank, the bank may therefore attempt to keep an eye on asset price appreciation. This is usually done by increasing the interest rate, in the 1970s, excess monetary expansion after the U. S. came off the gold standard created massive commodities bubbles. These bubbles only ended when the U. S, central Bank finally reined in the excess money, raising federal funds interest rates to over 14%
21.
Post-occupation Japan
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Post-occupation Japan is the period in Japanese history which started after the Allied occupation of Japan ended in 1952. Japan has established itself as a economic and political power. The Allied occupation ended on April 28,1952, when the terms of the Treaty of San Francisco went into effect. By the terms of the treaty, Japan regained its sovereignty and it also lost control over a number of small islands in the Pacific which it administered as League of Nations Mandates, such as the Marianas and the Marshalls. The new treaty also gave Japan the freedom to engage in international defense blocs, even before Japan regained full sovereignty, the government had rehabilitated nearly 80,000 people who had been purged, many of whom returned to their former political and government positions. A debate over limitations on military spending and the sovereignty of the emperor ensued, after several reorganizations of the armed forces, in 1954 the Self-Defense Forces were established under a civilian director. This party continuously held power from 1955 through 1993, when it was replaced by a new minority government, in October 1955, socialist groups reunited under the Japan Socialist Party, which emerged as the second most powerful political force. It was followed closely in popularity by the Kōmeitō, founded in 1964 as the arm of the Soka Gakkai. The Komeito emphasized traditional Japanese beliefs and attracted urban laborers, former rural residents, like the Japan Socialist Party, it favored the gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact. The Japan Socialist Party, too, was forced to abandon its once strict antimilitary stance, the fractious politics of the LDP hindered consensus in the Diet in the late 1970s. Suzuki was soon swept up in a controversy over the publication of a textbook that appeared to many as a whitewash of Japanese aggression in World War II and this incident, and serious fiscal problems, caused the Suzuki cabinet, composed of numerous LDP factions, to fall. Nakasone Yasuhiro, a backed by the still-powerful Tanaka and Suzuki factions who once served as director general of the Defense Agency. In November 1984, Nakasone was chosen for a term as LDP president. His cabinet received a high rating, a 50% favorable response in polling during his first term. As he moved into his term, Nakasone thus held a strong position in the Diet. The end of Nakasones tenure as minister in October 1987 was a momentous point in modern Japanese history. Just fifteen months before Nakasones retirement, the LDP unexpectedly had won its largest majority ever in the House of Representatives by securing 304 out of the 512 seats, the government was faced with growing crises. In the summer of 1987, economic indicators showed signs of recovery, but on October 20,1987, the same day Nakasone officially named his successor, Takeshita Noboru, the Tokyo Stock Market crashed
22.
First Sino-Japanese War
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The First Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, primarily over influence of Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the Chinese port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895. The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing Empires attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially when compared with Japans successful Meiji Restoration. For the first time, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan, the humiliating loss of Korea as a tributary state sparked an unprecedented public outcry. Within China, the defeat was a catalyst for a series of political upheavals led by Sun Yat-sen and Kang Youwei, the war is commonly known in China as the War of Jiawu, referring to the year as named under the traditional sexagenary system of years. In Japan, it is called the Japan–Qing War, in Korea, where much of the war took place, it is called the Qing–Japan War. After two centuries, the Japanese policy of seclusion under the shoguns of the Edo period came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by British and American intervention in 1854. The years following the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and the fall of the Shogunate had seen Japan transform itself from a society into a modern industrial state. The Japanese had sent delegations and students around the world to learn and assimilate Western arts and sciences, Korea continued to try to exclude foreigners, refusing embassies from foreign countries and firing on ships near its shores. At the start of the war, Japan had the benefit of three decades of reform, leaving Korea outdated and vulnerable, as a newly risen power, Japan turned its attention toward its neighbor, Korea. Japan wanted to block any other power from annexing or dominating Korea, as Prussian advisor Major Klemens Meckel put it to the Japanese, Korea was a dagger pointed at the heart of Japan. On February 27,1876, after confrontations between Korean isolationists and Japanese, Japan imposed the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, forcing Korea open to Japanese trade. Similar treaties were signed between Korea and other nations, Korea had traditionally been a tributary state of Chinas Qing Empire, which exerted large influence over the conservative Korean officials who gathered around the royal family of the Joseon kingdom. Opinion in Korea itself was split, conservatives wanted to retain the traditional relationship under China, while reformists wanted to approach Japan and Western nations. After fighting two Opium Wars against the British in 1839 and 1856, and another war against the French in 1885, Japan saw the opportunity to take Chinas place in the strategically vital Korea. In 1882, the Korean peninsula experienced a drought which led to food shortages, causing much hardship. Korea was on the verge of bankruptcy, even falling months behind on military pay, on July 23, a military mutiny and riot broke out in Seoul in which troops, assisted by the population, sacked the rice granaries. The next morning, the crowd attacked the palace and barracks
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Kansai region
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The Kansai region or the Kinki region lies in the southern-central region of Japans main island Honshū. The region includes the prefectures of Mie, Nara, Wakayama, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, while the use of the terms Kansai and Kinki have changed over history, in most modern contexts the use of the two terms is interchangeable. The urban region of Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto is the second most populated in Japan after the Greater Tokyo Area, the Kansai region is the cultural and historical heart of Japan with 11% of its land area and 22,757,897 residents as of 2010. In the north the region is bordered by the Sea of Japan, to the south by the Kii Peninsula and Pacific Ocean, four of Japans national parks lie within its borders, in whole or in part. The area also contains six of the seven top prefectures in terms of national treasures, other geographical features include Amanohashidate in Kyoto Prefecture and Awaji Island in Hyōgo. The Kansai region is compared with the Kantō region, which lies to its east and consists primarily of Tokyo. This East-West rivalry has deep roots, particularly from the Edo period. With a samurai population of less than 1% the culture of the merchant city of Osaka stood in sharp contrast to that of Edo, many characteristic traits of Kansai people descend from Osaka merchant culture. Catherine Maxwell, an editor for the newsletter Omusubi, writes, Kansai residents are seen as being pragmatic, entrepreneurial, down-to-earth and possessing a strong sense of humour. Kanto people on the hand are perceived as more sophisticated, reserved and formal, in keeping with Tokyo’s history and modern status as the nation’s capital. Kansai is known for its food, especially Osaka, as supported by the saying Kyotoites are ruined by overspending on clothing, popular Osakan dishes include takoyaki, okonomiyaki, kitsune udon and kushikatsu. Kyoto is considered a mecca of traditional Japanese cuisine like kaiseki, Kansai has many wagyu brands such as Kobe beef and Tajima cattle from Hyōgo, Matsusaka beef from Mie and Omi beef from Shiga. Sake is another specialty of the region, the areas of Nada-Gogō, as opposed to food from Eastern Japan, food in the Kansai area tends to be sweeter, and foods such as nattō tend to be less popular. The dialects of the people from the Kansai region, commonly called Kansai-ben, have their own variations of pronunciation, vocabulary, Kansai-ben is the group of dialects spoken in the Kansai area, but is often treated as a dialect in its own right. Kansai is one of the most prosperous areas for baseball in Japan, two Nippon Professional Baseball teams, Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes, are based in Kansai. Koshien Stadium, the stadium of the Hanshin Tigers, is also famous for the nationwide high school baseball tournaments. In association football, the Kansai Soccer League was founded in 1966, cerezo Osaka, Gamba Osaka, and Vissel Kobe belong to J. League Division 1 and Kyoto Sanga F. C. belongs to J. League Division 2, the top professional leagues in Japan. The terms Kansai, Kinki, and Kinai have a deep history
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Interurban
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The interurban is a type of electric railway, with streetcar-like light electric self-propelled railcars which run within and between cities or towns. They were prevalent in North America between 1900 and 1925 and were used primarily for travel between cities and their surrounding suburban and rural communities. Limited examples existed in Europe and Asia, Interurban as a term encompassed the companies, their infrastructure, and the cars that ran on the rails. The interurban, especially in the United States, was a cultural institution. Most roads and town streets were unpaved, and transportation was by horse-drawn carriages, the interurban provided vital transportation links between the city and countryside. In 1915,15,500 miles of railways were operating in the United States. For a time, interurban railways were the fifth-largest industry in the United States, by 1930, most interurbans were gone, with few surviving into the 1950s. The term interurban was coined by Charles L. Henry, a senator in Indiana. The Latin, inter urbes, means between cities, the interurban fit on a continuum between urban street railways and full-fledged railroads. George W. Hilton and John F, Due identified four characteristics of an interurban, Electric power for propulsion. Passenger service as the primary business, equipment heavier and faster than urban streetcars. Operation on tracks in city streets, and in areas on roadside tracks or private right-of-way. The definition of interurban is necessarily blurry, there was a large amount of consolidation of lines following initial construction. In 1905 the United States Census Bureau defined an interurban as a railway having more than half its trackage outside municipal limits. It drew a distinction between interurban and suburban railroads, a suburban system was oriented toward a city center in a single urban area and served commuter traffic. A regular railroad moved riders from one city center to city center. The typical interurban similarly served more than one city, but it served a smaller region and made frequent stops. The 1880s and saw the first successful deployments of electric traction in streetcar systems, most of these built on the pioneering work of Frank J. Sprague, who developed an improved method for mounting an electric traction motor and using a trolley pole for pickup
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Hanshin Electric Railway
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Hanshin Electric Railway Co. Ltd. is a Japanese private railway company of Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group that links Osaka and Kobe. It also owns the Hanshin Tigers baseball team, the second character for Osaka and the first character for Kobe combine to form the company name, 阪神, which can be read Han-shin. IC cards are accepted when taking trains, main Line Hanshin Namba Line The section between Nishikujō and Ōsaka-Namba is the newest line of Hanshin that opened on March 20,2009. Prior to this extension the line was called the Nishi-Ōsaka Line, Mukogawa Line Kobe Kosoku Line The tracks of the line are owned by Kobe Rapid Transit Railway Co. Ltd. as the Tozai Line. Kita-Osaka Line Kokudo Line Koshien Line Amagasaki Kaigan Line Mukogawa Line, july 7,1899, The company was renamed Hanshin Electric Railway Co. Ltd. April 7,1968, Kobe Rapid Railway was opened and joint operation with Sanyo Electric Railway was started, february 15,1998, Joint operation with Sanyo Electric Railway for limited express service between Umeda and Himeji was started. June 20,2006, Hankyu Holdings, Inc. completed its purchase of a controlling interest in Hanshin in a transaction valued at about $2.2 billion, March 20,2009, Joint operation with Kintetsu Railway for Rapid Express service between Sannomiya and Kintetsu Nara was started. One of the companys subsidiaries is the Osaka-based company Hanshin Contents Link, Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Group Website in English Hanshin Electric Railway Website in English Company history books. Wiki collection of works on Hanshin Electric Railway
26.
Hanshin Main Line
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The Hanshin Main Line is a railway line operated by the private railway company Hanshin Electric Railway in Japan. It connects the two cities of Osaka and Kobe, between Umeda and Kobe-Sannomiya stations respectively, the Main Line of Hanshin is the southernmost railway of the three to connect Osaka and Kobe, with more stations through the earliest inhabited area. The others are Hankyu Corporations Kobe Main Line in northernmost, although the Tōkaidō Main Line has connected the cities earlier as a part of the national railway network, but had been less significant in the interurban connection of Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto area. Privatized West Japan Railway Company has focused the area as its Urban Network, the Main Line started operation on April 12,1905, by the company. Among the followers are Keihan Electric Railway, Minoo Arima Electric Tramway, Osaka Electric Tramway, the rivaling Hankyū Kobe Main Line opened in 1920, and tramways like Hanshin built new tracks to abandon tracks partly laid on road, and introduced express trains. In 1968 Kobe Rapid Railway opened its Tōzai Line, and Hanshin began through operations to Sumaura-Kōen of Sanyo Electric Railway via Kobe Rapid, through limited express trains to Sanyo Himeji were introduced in 2001. Then, the Hanshin Namba Line was extended to Namba, a junction in southern Osaka. The company announced through trains from Kobe-Sannomiya to Kintetsu Nara in Nara on Kintetsu Nara Line would be operated, deyashiki station - The Hanshin Amagasaki Kaigan Line operated between 1929 and 1962. Some trains run through the Sanyō Railway Main Line to Sanyō Himeji Station in Himeji, the Main Line operates eight types of trains, one of the most types among Japanese railways. This is in part to equalize the load of each train especially in the morning for Osaka with short length of EMU length and with few tracks. For the extension of the Hanshin Namba Line, from Nishikujo to Osaka Namba, on March 20,2009, abbreviations are tentative for this article. Local Trains stop all stations, farthest down to Shinkaichi in the rush hour, Express Trains are operated between Umeda and Nishinomiya or between Umeda and Amagasaki. Morning Express Trains are operated between Kōshien for Umeda in the morning on weekdays, Rapid Express Trains are through trains to and from the Hanshin Namba Line and the Kintetsu Nara Line. They also stop at Mukogawa Station in the hour on weekdays. In addition to trains returning at Kobe-Sannomiya every day, there are also 3 trains from Shinkaichi on the Kobe Kosoku Line to Kintetsu Nara on weekends, Hanshin Limited Express Trains are operated down to Sumaura-kōen in the day and late night on weekdays and after day hours on holidays. Hanshin-Sanyō Through Limited Express Trains are operated between Umeda and Sanyō Himeji, eastbound trains for Umeda pass Koshien in the morning on weekdays. Morning Limited Express Trains are operated only from Ogi to Umeda in the morning on weekdays, the Main Line, having 33 stations, is noted for its high density of stations. In comparison, Kobe-Sannomiya Station is the 16th station on the Hankyū Kobe Main Line from Umeda Station, for connections and distances, see the route diagram
27.
Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line
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The Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line is a Japanese railway line operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway. It connects Umeda Station in downtown Osaka with Takarazuka Station in Takarazuka and it has a branch line, the Minoo Line, and the Nose Electric Railway is another longer branch line. The Imazu Line connects at Takarazuka, but it is treated as a branch of the Kobe Line. The Takarazuka Main Line is commonly called the Takarazuka Line for short, but the name Takarazuka Line is sometimes used as the name for the composed of the main line. The line has numerous sharp curves from the origins as a tramway, built. The sharp curves have long hindered high speed operation, contrasting to the Hankyus other main lines, Kobe, the Minoo Arima Electric Tramway opened the entire line on March 10,1910 as 1435mm gauge dual track, electrified at 600 VDC. Although the line was not an interurban as Takarazuka was not a big city. It strategically developed housing areas along the line for the increasing white-collar population who would commute to central Osaka by train and it also opened a zoo in Minoo in November 1910, a hot spring in Takarazuka in May 1911, and a ballpark in Toyonaka in 1913. The track between Umeda and Jūsō was shared with the Kobe Line from 1920 to 1926 when the double track was replaced by an elevated four-track line. In comparison with the Kobe Line, cars used on the Takarazuka Line were small, larger cars could not operate on the line until 1952 due to its small structure gauge. Small cars were eliminated in December 1963, on August 24,1969 the voltage was raised to 1500 VDC. As the commuters increased, Hankyus first 10-car operation began on the Takarazuka Line in March 1982, following the elevation work of Kawanishi-Noseguchi Station, through services to Nose Electric Railway began on November 17,1997. The trains are composed of 10 cars and the last car is only for women, limited Express From Nissei-Chūō on Nose Electric Railway to Umeda in the morning and vice versa on weekday evenings. ↑, Trains pass only in one direction
28.
Keihanshin
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Keihanshin is a metropolitan region in Japan encompassing the metropolitan areas of the cities of Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture, Osaka in Osaka Prefecture and Kobe in Hyōgo Prefecture. The entire region has a population of 19,341,976 over an area of 13,033 km2 and it is the second-most-populated urban region in Japan, containing approximately 15% of Japans population. The GDP in Osaka is $671 billion as measured by PPP as of 2014, making it one of the worlds most-productive regions, masterCard Worldwide reported that Osaka is the 19th ranking city of the worlds leading global cities and has an instrumental role in driving the global economy. If Keihanshin was a country, it would be the 16th-largest economy in the world, the Japan Statistics Bureau defines the set of municipalities that are entirely or mostly within 50 kilometres of the Municipal Office of Osaka as one measure of the metropolitan area. As of 2010, the population for this region was 16,342,641, the Urban Employment Area is a metropolitan area definition developed at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Tokyo. This definition is comparable to the Metropolitan Statistical Area concept used to describe areas in the United States. The basic building blocks are municipalities, the core area is the set of municipalities that contain a densely inhabited district with a population of 10,000 or more. The Urban Employment Area is called Metropolitan Employment Area, when its area has 50,000 DID population or more. Otherwise, the area is called Micropolitan Employment Area, a DID is a group of census enumeration districts inhabited at densities of 4,000 or more persons per km². Outlying areas are those municipalities where 10% or more of the population work in the core area or in another outlying area. Overlaps are not allowed and an area is assigned to the core area where it has the highest commuter ratio. This definition assigns a Metropolitan Employment Area to the cities of the Keihanshin region, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Himeji. The lists below indicate which cities belong to which metropolitan area, towns and villages are not listed. 5% of the resident population aged 15 and above commute to school or work in a designated city. If multiple designated cities are close enough to have overlapping outlying areas, in the 2010 census, the designated cities used to define the Keihanshin MMA were Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Sakai has subsequently become a designated city, as of 2010, the entire Keihanshin region had a population of 19,341,976 over an area of 13,033 square kilometres. The core cities formed Keihanshin are government ordinance cities and these cities designated the three largest cities as special cities with Tokyo in 1889. Kobe designated the six largest cities as cities in 1922. Following the World War II, the six largest cities was replaced by the government designated city system in 1956, afterwards, Sakai became a government designated city in 2006
29.
Bourgeoisie
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A legally defined class of the Middle Ages to the end of the Ancien Régime in France, that of inhabitants having the rights of citizenship and political rights in a city. This bourgeoisie destroyed aristocratic privilege and established civic equality after the French monarchy collapsed, the aristocracy crumbled because it refused to reform institutions and financial systems. An affluent and often opulent stratum of the class who stand opposite the proletariat class. In English, bourgeoisie identified a social class oriented to economic materialism and hedonism, hence, since the 19th century, the term bourgeoisie usually is politically and sociologically synonymous with the ruling upper class of a capitalist society. The 18th century saw a partial rehabilitation of bourgeois values in such as the drame bourgeois and bourgeois tragedy. The bourgeoisie emerged as a historical and political phenomenon in the 11th century when the bourgs of Central and this urban expansion was possible thanks to economic concentration due to the appearance of protective self-organisation into guilds. Guilds arose when individual businessmen conflicted with their feudal landlords who demanded greater rents than previously agreed. In English, the bourgeoisie is often used to denote the middle classes. In fact, the French term encompasses both the upper and middle classes, a misunderstanding which has occurred in other languages as well. The bourgeoisie in France and many French-speaking countries consists of four evolving social layers, petite bourgeoisie, moyenne bourgeoisie, grande bourgeoisie, the petite bourgeoisie consists of people who have experienced a brief ascension in social mobility for one or two generations. It usually starts with a trade or craft, and by the second and third generation, the petite bourgeois would belong to the British lower middle class and would be American middle income. They are distinguished mainly by their mentality, and would differentiate themselves from the proletariat or working class and this class would include artisans, small traders, shopkeepers, and small farm owners. They are not employed, but may not be able to afford employees themselves, the moyenne bourgeoisie or middle bourgeoisie contains people who have solid incomes and assets, but not the aura of those who have become established at a higher level. They tend to belong to a family that has been bourgeois for three or more generations, some members of this class may have relatives from similar backgrounds, or may even have aristocratic connections. The moyenne bourgeoisie is the equivalent of the British and American upper-middle classes, the grande bourgeoisie are families that have been bourgeois since the 19th century, or for at least four or five generations. Members of these tend to marry with the aristocracy or make other advantageous marriages. This bourgeoisie family has acquired an established historical and cultural heritage over the decades, the names of these families are generally known in the city where they reside, and their ancestors have often contributed to the regions history. These families are respected and revered and they belong to the upper class, and in the British class system are considered part of the gentry
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Karuizawa, Nagano
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Karuizawa is a town located in Kitasaku District in south-central Nagano Prefecture, in the Chūbu region of Japan. As of 1 October 2016, the town had an population of 19,939. Its total area was 156.03 square kilometres, Karuizawa is a popular summer resort area for Tokyo. Karuizawa is located in eastern Nagano Prefecture, bordered by Gunma Prefecture to the north, east, the town is located on an elevated plain at the foot of Mount Asama, one of Japans most active volcanoes. The mountain is classed as a Category A active volcano, a small eruption was detected in June 2015, a more significant eruption spewing hot rocks and a plume of ash occurred in February 2015. Mt. Asamas most destructive eruption in recent recorded history took place in 1783, the volcano is actively monitored by scientists and climbing close to the summit is prohibited. Precipitation is much heavier in the summer than in the winter, the area of present-day Karuizawa was part of ancient Shinano Province, and developed as Karuizawa-shuku, a post station on the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto during the. August 2,1876, The villages of Kutsukake, Shiozawanitta, Karijuku, Narusawanitta, the village of Hatsuji in Saku District absorbed the village of Matorikaya. January 14,1879, Kitasaku District Government enforced, and the town of Usuitoge,1886, Canadian Anglican missionary Rev. Alexander Croft Shaw and Tokyo Imperial University English professor James Main Dixon introduced Karuizawa as a summer resort. 1910s, Begins to attract the attention of other expatriates and Japanese, august 1,1923, The village of Higashinagakura gains town status to become the town of Karuizawa. 1940s, Site of an internment camp for foreigners and diplomats during World War 2, may 8,1942, The village of Nishinagakura is merged into Karuizawa 1951, Selected as International Cultural and Tourism City. February 1,1957, Karuizawa absorbed Serizawa area from the village of Goga. April 1,1959, The Kajikazawa area of the village of Oiwake was split off. 1964,1964 Summer Olympics February 1972, Asama-Sanso incident Police besiege communist militants holed up in holiday resort after mass killing, October 1,1997, The Nagano Shinkansen opens, serving Karuizawa. 1998,1998 Winter Olympics 2004, Mount Asama erupts, hoshino Resorts has its headquarters in Karuizawa. Karuizawa has three elementary school and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one high school operated the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education. The International School of Asia, Karuizawa is also located in the town, convenient road and rail access from central Tokyo, has ensured Karuizawas popularity as a location for second homes and resort hotels since the Meiji era. The town is known for its historic shopping street known as Ginza dōri or Kyū-dō, Karuizawa hosted equestrian events in the 1964 Summer Olympics as well as curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
32.
Olympia (Manet)
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Olympia is a painting by Édouard Manet, first exhibited at the 1865 Paris Salon, which shows a nude white woman lying on a bed being brought flowers by a black servant. Olympia was modelled by Victorine Meurent and Olympias servant by the art model Laure, Olympias confrontational gaze caused shock and astonishment when the painting was first exhibited because a number of details in the picture identified her as a prostitute. The French government acquired the painting in 1890 after a subscription organized by Claude Monet. The painting is on display at the Musée dOrsay, Paris and these include the orchid in her hair, her bracelet, pearl earrings and the oriental shawl on which she lies, symbols of wealth and sensuality. The black ribbon around her neck, in stark contrast with her pale flesh, Olympia was a name associated with prostitutes in 1860s Paris. The painting is modelled after Titians Venus of Urbino, Manet replaced the little dog in Titians painting with a black cat, which traditionally symbolized prostitution. Olympia disdainfully ignores the flowers presented to her by her servant, some have suggested that she is looking in the direction of the door, as her client barges in unannounced. The painting deviates from the canon in its style, characterized by broad, quick brushstrokes, studio lighting that eliminates mid-tones, large color surfaces. Unlike the smooth idealized nude of Alexandre Cabanels La naissance de Vénus, also painted in 1863, the canvas alone is 51.4 x 74.8 inches, which is rather large for this genre-style painting. Most paintings that were this size depicted historical or mythological events, so the size of the work, among other factors, finally, Olympia is fairly thin by the artistic standards of the time and her relatively undeveloped body is more girlish than womanly. Charles Baudelaire thought thinness more indecent than fatness, the model for Olympia, Victorine Meurent, became an accomplished painter in her own right. In part, the painting was inspired by Titians Venus of Urbino, léonce Bénédite was the first art historian to explicitly acknowledge the similarity to the Venus of Urbino in 1897. There is also similarity to Francisco Goyas La maja desnuda. There were also pictorial precedents for a woman, attended by a black servant, such as Ingres Odalisque with a Slave, Léon Benouvilles Esther with Odalisque. Comparison is also made to Ingres Grande Odalisque, unlike other artists, Manet did not depict a goddess or an odalisque but a high-class prostitute waiting for a client. Though Manets The Luncheon on the Grass sparked controversy in 1863, conservatives condemned the work as immoral and vulgar. Journalist Antonin Proust later recalled, If the canvas of the Olympia was not destroyed, the critics and the public condemned the work alike. He paid tribute to Manets honesty, however, When our artists give us Venuses, they correct nature, Édouard Manet asked himself why lie, why not tell the truth, he introduced us to Olympia, this fille of our time, whom you meet on the sidewalks
33.
The Starry Night
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The Starry Night is an oil on canvas by the Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise. It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941 and it is regarded as among Van Goghs finest works, and is one of the most recognized paintings in the history of Western culture. During the year Van Gogh stayed at the asylum, the output of paintings he had begun in Arles continued. The Starry Night was painted mid-June by around 18 June, the date he wrote his brother Theo to say he had a new study of a starry sky. Although The Starry Night was painted during the day in Van Goghs ground-floor studio, the view has been identified as the one from his bedroom window, facing east, a view which Van Gogh painted variations of no fewer than twenty-one times, including The Starry Night. Through the iron-barred window, he wrote to his brother, Theo, around 23 May 1889, above which, in the morning, I watch the sun rise in all its glory. Van Gogh depicted the view at different times of day and under various conditions, including sunrise, moonrise, sunshine-filled days, overcast days, windy days. The hospital staff did not allow Van Gogh to paint in his bedroom, but he was able to make sketches in ink or charcoal on paper, and eventually he would base newer variations on previous versions. The pictorial element uniting all of these paintings is the line coming in from the right depicting the low rolling hills of the Alpilles mountains. In fifteen of the versions, cypress trees are visible beyond the far wall enclosing the wheat field. Van Gogh telescoped the view in six of these paintings, most notably in F717 Wheat Field with Cypresses and The Starry Night, one of the first paintings of the view was F611 Mountainous Landscape Behind Saint-Rémy, now in Copenhagen. Van Gogh made a number of sketches for the painting, of which F1547 The Enclosed Wheatfield After a Storm is typical and it is unclear whether the painting was made in his studio or outside. In his June 9 letter describing it, he mentions he had been working outside for a few days, Van Gogh described the second of the two landscapes he mentions he was working on in a letter to his sister Wil on 16 June 1889. This is F719 Green Field, now in Prague, and the first painting at the asylum he painted outside en plein air. F1548 Wheat field, Saint-Rémy de Provence, now in New York, is a study for it, two days later, Vincent wrote Theo that he had painted a starry sky. The Starry Night is the only nocturne in the series of views from his bedroom window, so the brightest star in the painting, just to the viewers right of the cypress tree, is actually Venus. The moon is stylized, as records indicate that the moon was waning gibbous at the time Van Gogh painted the picture
34.
Ubu Roi
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Ubu Roi is a play by Alfred Jarry. It was first performed in Paris at the Théâtre de lŒuvre and it is considered a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms, and conventions. For those who were in the audience on that night to witness the response, including William Butler Yeats and it is now seen by some to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the twentieth century. It is a precursor to Dada, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd, Jarry made some suggestions regarding how his play should be performed. He wanted King Ubu to wear a cardboard horses head in certain scenes, as in the old English theatre and he thought a suitably costumed person would enter, as in puppet shows, to put up signs indicating the locations of the various scenes. He also wanted costumes with as little specific local colour reference or historical accuracy as possible, Ubu Roi was followed by Ubu Cocu and Ubu Enchaîné, neither of which was performed during Jarrys 34-year life. One of his works, a novel/essay on pataphysics, is offered as an explanation behind the ideas that underpin Ubu Roi. Pataphysics is, as Jarry explains, the science of the realm beyond metaphysics, pataphysics is a pseudo-science Jarry created to critique members of the academy. It studies the laws that govern exceptions and will explain the universe supplementary to this one and it is the science of imaginary solutions. The story may at first glance seem merely frivolous — the obscene nonsense of schoolboys and it is a parody of Shakespeares Macbeth with bits of Hamlet and King Lear tossed in. But with Jarrys rich imagination at work, the material began to express something deeper, a consciousness in a way that is similar to the Symbolists. In fact, many critics consider Jarry a Symbolist author, as the play begins, Ubu leads a revolution, and kills the King of Poland and most of the royal family. The Queen of Poland then dies, the ghost of the dead king calls for revenge, prompting Ubu to begin killing the population and taking their money. Ubus henchman gets thrown into prison, he escapes to Russia. As Ubu heads out to confront the invading Russians, his wife tries to steal money that Ubu has stashed in the palace and she is driven away by Bougrelas, the crown prince, who is leading a revolt of the people against Ubu. She runs away to her husband, Ubu, who has, in the meantime, defeated the Russians, ubus wife pretends to be the angel Gabriel, in order to try to scare Ubu into forgiving her for her attempt to steal from him. They fight, and she is rescued by the entrance of Bougrelas, Ubu knocks down the attackers with the body of the dead bear, after which he and his wife flee to France, which ends the play. It also includes cultural references, for example, to Sophocles Oedipus Rex in the plays title
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Le bonheur de vivre
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Le bonheur de vivre is a painting by Henri Matisse. Along with Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon, Le bonheur de vivre is regarded as one of the pillars of early modernism, the monumental canvas was first exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants of 1906, where its cadmium colors and spatial distortions caused a public expression of protest and outrage. In the central background of the piece is a group of figures that is similar to the group depicted in his painting The Dance, in the picture, there are several nude bodies of women and men in a landscape drenched with vivid color. Le bonheur de vivre features a large amount of cadmium sulfide-based yellow, portions of the painting containing cadmium sulfide are turning white or brown, degrading the work. University of Delaware Prof. Robert L, “It is a very disheartening phenomenon, considering the painting’s position in history, ” says Opila, professor of materials science at UD. Also, the presence of chloride in the paint appears to be acting as a catalyst for the deterioration, Opila and his research team theorize that the binder, an oil similar to linseed oil, may be turning brown. Barnes Foundation, Le Bonheur de vivre Photo-oxidative degradation of yellow pigments in Matisse’s Le Bonheur de Vivre, a comparison of XANES, XPS, Raman, and FTIR methodologies. Cadmium yellow degradation mechanisms in Henri Matisse’s Le Bonheur de vivre compared to the Munch Museum’s The Scream using chemical speciation as a function of depth, Jennifer L. Mass, et al
