1.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Queens Quay (Toronto)
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Queens Quay is a prominent street in the Harbourfront neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The road supplanted both Front Street and Lake Shore Boulevard as the most southerly east-west corridor in the city when it was created on reclaimed land in the inner harbour, sometime after 1919 to the early 1920s the inner harbour was filled in and new slips were created. Queens Quay continues to go through a significant transformation, originally, it served as an access road for the various ports and slips in the inner harbour. However, the industrial uses along Queens Quay were slowly replaced by commercial and residential uses. Between 1975 and 1979, a cluster of large, concrete towers were erected at the foot of Bay Street, south of Queens Quay, in 1990, the 40-storey York Quay towers were built and remain the tallest buildings on Queens Quay. The scale and density of these and subsequent high-rise development along Queens Quay were criticized for blocking the lake, in 1999, the Toronto Transit Commission opened a dedicated streetcar right-of-way in the median from Bay Street to Bathurst Street. In 2001, the city set out to improve Queens Quay by reclaiming public space for pedestrians. This resulted in the Waterfront Toronto Central Waterfront Public Realm International Design Competition, in August 2006, the city closed the two eastbound lanes, replacing them with bike lanes as part of the Martin Goodman Trail and additional pedestrian space. The experiment resulted in a public realm and more visitors to the overall waterfront area. The plan will restrict Queens Quay to two lanes, on the north side of the streetcar tracks, similar to the design of the 2006 experiment. Additionally, the calls for the beautification and extension of the Harbourfront streetcar line along Queens Quay East between Yonge and Cherry Street. The transit right-of-way will be grass-covered, in 2013 two open spaces opens, Ontario Square and Canada Square. The former is a public space and the latter a green area. Both replace the parking lot, which is now underground. Queens Quay is served by two lines, operating on a dedicated right-of-way. The 509 Harbourfront and 510 Spadina both terminate at Union Station and run along Queens Quay from Bay Street, westward, at Spadina Avenue, the 510 heads north to Spadina Station, and the 509 continues west, bound for the Exhibition Loop. Originally there was to have been a station in front of the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel. This plan was cancelled when the management became unwilling to share in the cost
5.
Crown corporations of Canada
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Canadian Crown corporations are enterprises owned by the Sovereign of Canada. Crown corporations have a long standing presence in the country and have been instrumental in the formation of the state. They can provide services required by the public that otherwise would not be viable as a private enterprise. Some Crown corporations are expected to be profitable organisations, while others are non-commercial, further, in the federal sphere, certain Crown corporations can be an agents or non-agent of the Queen in Right of Canada. One with agent status is entitled to the same prerogatives, privileges. The Crown is thus responsible for the actions of these organisations. Prior to the formation of Crown corporations as presently understood, much of what later became Canada was settled and governed by a type of entity called a chartered company. These companies were established by a charter by the Scottish, English, or French crown. They fulfilled the roles of promoting government policy abroad and making a return for shareholders. The first colonies on the island of Newfoundland were founded in this manner, Canadas most famous, and influential chartered company, was the Hudsons Bay Company, founded on May 2,1670, by royal charter of King Charles II. The HBC thus often being the point of first contact between the government and First Nations. By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Ruperts Land, the first major Canadian experience with directly state-owned enterprises came during the early growth of the railways. When four British colonies joined to create the Canadian federation in 1867, as well, the construction of the Intercolonial Railway between them was one of the terms of the new constitution. The first section of this entirely government-owned railway was completed in 1872, western Canadas early railways were all run by privately owned companies backed by government subsidies and loans. By the early century, however, many of these had become bankrupt. Provincial Crown corporations also re-emerged in the twentieth century, most notably in the selling of alcohol. Virtually all the provinces used this system at one point, the largest of these government liquor businesses, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario, was by 2008 one of the worlds largest alcohol retailers. Resource and utility companies also emerged at this time, notably Ontario Hydro in 1906, Alberta Government Telephones in 1906, provincial governments also re-entered the railway business as in Northern Alberta Railways in 1925 and what later became BC Rail in 1918
6.
Government of Canada
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The Government of Canada or more formally Her Majestys Government, is the federal government of Canada, a country in North America, composed of 10 provinces, Ottawa, and 3 territories. The head of government is Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, whose party the Liberal Party of Canada won the majority of seats in the Canadian Parliament in the 2015 Canadian federal election, in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes, court rulings, in Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country, and to the current political leadership. In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes referred to by the phrase Government. The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canadas New Government, as per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The executive is formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament. The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council, however, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, one of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet. The monarch and governor general typically follow the advice of their ministers. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations, politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the publics general unfamiliarity with it. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act,1867, outlines that the general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queens name. After a number of sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, the sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust. Below this is the Federal Court, which cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada, in some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture
7.
Municipal government of Toronto
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The municipal government of Toronto, or City of Toronto, is a public corporation providing services to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is administered by 44 elected councillors, who along with the mayor, torontonians elect a new council every four years, in October. The City of Toronto is legally bound by the City of Toronto Act and it lays down the division of powers, responsibilities and required duties of the corporation. The Council itself forms several committees after every election to divide the administration of the corporation, the Council also forms several Community Councils which hear matters relating to narrower, district issues, such as building permits and developments requiring changes to zoning by-laws. Community Council decisions, as well as those of the Mayor, the top civil servant in the corporation is the City Manager, who reports to the Mayor and City Council. Prior to 2005, the city had various departments headed by Commissioners and these heads were simplified by replacing the departments with divisions headed by Deputy Manager. All department heads now report to the City Manager.8 billion, the citys net debt stood at $4.4 billion as of the end of 2010 and has an AA credit rating from Standard & Poors, and an Aa1 credit rating from Moodys. Toronto is expected to pay million of the debt in 2011. The citys debt increased by $721 million in 2010, the City of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, succeeding York, which was administered directly by the then-province of Upper Canada. The new city was administered by a council, which served a one-year term. The first mayor, chosen by the councillors, was William Lyon Mackenzie. The first law passed was an Act for the preventing & extinguishing of Fires, the first mayor directly elected to the post was Adam Wilson, elected in 1859. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and council was one year, to finance operations, the municipality levied property taxes. In 1850, Toronto also started levying income taxes, Toronto levied personal income taxes until 1936, and corporate income taxes until 1944. Until 1914, Toronto grew by annexing neighbouring municipalities such as Parkdale, after 1914, Toronto stopped annexing bordering municipalities, although some municipalities overwhelmed by growth requested it. After World War II, an group of suburban villages. Change to the structure came in 1954, with the creation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto in 1954. The new regional government built highways, water systems and public transit, while the thirteen townships, villages, towns, to manage the yearly upkeep of the new infrastructure, the new regional government levied its own property tax, collected by the local municipalities
8.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
9.
Expo 67
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It is considered to be the most successful Worlds Fair of the 20th century with the most attendees to that date and 62 nations participating. It also set the attendance record for a worlds fair. Expo 67 was Canadas main celebration during its centennial year, the project was not well supported in Canada at first. It took the determination of Montreals mayor, Jean Drapeau, defying a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time. After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the continued on as an exhibition called Man and His World. By that time, most of the buildings — which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition — had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use. The exposition was offered first to Toronto but politicians there rejected the idea, however, Montreals mayor, Sarto Fournier, backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the Bureau International des Expositions. At the BIEs May 5,1960 meeting in Paris, Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austrias, in April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair because of financial constraints and security concerns. Montreals new mayor, Jean Drapeau, lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was Mount Royal Park, to the north of the downtown core, but it was Drapeaus idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, and to enlarge the existing Saint Helens Island. The choice overcame opposition from Montreals surrounding municipalities, and also prevented land speculation, Expo did not get off to a smooth start, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. Another more likely reason for the resignations was that on April 22,1963. Canadian diplomat Pierre Dupuy was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963, one of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo. Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, dupuys right-hand man was Robert Fletcher Shaw, the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the corporation. He also replaced a Diefenbaker appointee, C. F, Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and is widely credited for the total building of the Exhibition. Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager, the management group became known as Les Durs - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo. To this group the chief architect Édouard Fiset was added, all ten were honoured by the Canadian government as recipients of the Order of Canada, Companions for Dupuy and Shaw, Officers for the others
10.
1976 Summer Olympics
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The 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics, officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event in Montreal, Quebec, in 1976, and the first Olympic Games held in Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12,1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, over the bids of Moscow and it is so far the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada. Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010, the vote occurred on May 12,1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Los Angeles was eliminated after the first round and Montreal won in the second round, Moscow would go on to host the 1980 Summer Olympics and Los Angeles the 1984 Summer Olympics. One blank vote was cast in the second and final round, toronto had made its third attempt for the Olympics but failed to get the support of the Canadian Olympic Committee, which selected Montreal instead. Robert Bourassa, then the Premier of Quebec, first asked Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to advise Canadas monarch, Elizabeth II, however, Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be with sovereigntists in the province, annoying Trudeau, who had already made arrangements. The Oxford Olympics Study estimates the outturn cost of the Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics at USD6.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 720% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, the cost overrun for Montreal 1976 is the highest cost overrun on record for any Olympics. The cost and cost overrun for Montreal 1976 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The ceremony marked the opening of the Games of the XXI Olympiad, the queen entered the Royal Box with her consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and her son, Prince Andrew. The parade of athletes began moments later with the arrival of the Greek team, All other teams entered the stadium according to French alphabetical order. Although most would eventually boycott the Games in the days to follow, much of the music performed for the parade was arranged by Vic Vogel and was inspired by late Quebec composer, André Mathieu. Immediately following the parade, a troupe of 80 women dancers dressed in white performed a dance in the outline of the Olympic rings. Following that came the official speeches, first by Roger Rousseau, head of the Montreal Olympic organizing committee and her Majesty was then invited to proclaim the Games open, which she did, first in French, then in English. Accompanied by the Olympic Hymn, the Olympic flag was carried into the stadium, the flag was carried by eight men and hoisted by four women, representing the ten provinces and two territories of Canada. As the flag was hoisted, a choir performed an a cappella version of the Olympic Hymn. Once the flag was unfurled, a troupe of Bavarian dancers, representing Munich, host of the previous 1972 Summer Olympics, following a brief dance, that flag was then passed from the Mayor of Munich to the IOC President and then to the Mayor of Montreal
11.
Government of Ontario
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The Government of Ontario, or more formally Her Majestys Government of Ontario, is the provincial government of the province of Ontario, Canada. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act,1867, the civil service that manages and delivers government policies, programs, and services is called the Ontario Public Service. The province of Ontario is governed by a legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The provinces head of government, known as the Premier of Ontario is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, the Premier, invariably the leader of a political party represented in the Legislative Assembly, selects members of the Cabinet, who are also appointed by the Lieutenant Governor. The Premier has usually been the leader of the party holding the largest number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, due to the location of the Ontario Legislative Building on the grounds of Queens Park, the Ontario government is frequently referred to by the metonym Queens Park. The Ontario Public Service was named one of Canadas Top 100 Employers by Macleans newsmagazine in 2009, the Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada. The legislative powers in the lie with the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The premier and other ministers in the Cabinet are also members of, and responsible to, for the 2013-2014 fiscal year, the Ontario government planned to spend C$127,600,000,000, including a deficit of C$11,700,000,000. As of March 31,2014 the total Ontario debt stood at $295.80 billion
12.
Queen's Quay Terminal
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Queens Quay Terminal is a condominium apartment and shopping mall complex on Queens Quay in Toronto, Canada. The building was a storage warehouse facility, the Toronto Terminal Warehouse, built in 1926 by Moores & Dunford. The southwest section was demolished and forms the end of the parking lot between Queens Quay Terminal and the EnWave PowerPlant. The renovations by Zeidler Roberts added four floors to the original 10 floor structure, the New York Times mentioned it as an example of successful revitalization efforts in Toronto during the 1980s. The Art Deco facility houses a mall that includes a Sobeys grocery store. It is also home to the Premiere Dance Theatre and the Museum of Inuit Art, Canada, DHX Media and Anheuser-Busch InBevs Canadian unit Labatt maintain offices in the building. It is owned by Brookfield Properties and was developed by Olympia, an abandoned cold storage facility in Albany, New York was built in 1927 to a design identical to the original Toronto Terminal Warehouse building
13.
Toronto Eaton Centre
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The Toronto Eaton Centre is a shopping mall and office complex located in the downtown core of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is owned and managed by Cadillac Fairview and it was named after the Eatons department store chain that once anchored it before the chain became defunct in the late 1990s. The Toronto Eaton Centre attracts the most visitors of any of Torontos tourist attractions and it is North America’s busiest mall, largely because of extensive transit access and tourist traffic. The number of visitors to the Toronto Eaton Centre in 2015 exceeds the total 2015 passenger counts at Toronto Pearson International Airport, the main retail mall in the centre is organized around a long arcade, running parallel to Yonge Street. The complex also contains four buildings and the Ryerson University Ted Rogers School of Management. Additionally, the Eaton Centre is linked to a 17-storey Marriott hotel, Timothy Eaton founded a dry goods store on Yonge Street in the 19th century that revolutionized retailing in Canada, and became the largest department store chain in the country. By the 20th century, the Eatons chain owned most of the bounded by Yonge, Queen, Bay and Dundas streets, with the notable exceptions of Old City Hall. The Eatons land, once the site of Timothy Eatons first store, was occupied by Eatons large Main Store, the Eatons Annex and a number of related mail order and factory buildings. As the chains warehouse and support operations were increasingly shifting to cheaper suburban locales in the 1960s, Eatons wanted to make better use of its valuable downtown landholdings. In particular, the wanted to build a massive new flagship store to replace the aging Main Store at Yonge and Queen. In the mid-1960s, Eatons announced plans for a massive office, Eatons sought to demolish Torontos Old City Hall and the Church of the Holy Trinity. The plan required the closing of a number of city streets within the block, Albert Street, Louisa Street, Terauley Street, James Street, Albert Lane, Downeys Lane. At one point, even the Old City Hall clock tower was to be demolished, after a fierce local debate over the fate of the city hall and church buildings, Eatons put its plans on hiatus in 1967. The Eaton Centre plans were resuscitated in 1971, although these plans allowed for the preservation of Old City Hall, controversy erupted anew, however, as the congregation of the Church of the Holy Trinity exhibited an increased willingness to fight the demolition plans for its church. These amendments to the plans resulted in three significant changes to the centre from the 1960s concept. This resulted in the mall being constructed with Eatons and Simpsons acting as anchors at either end, finally, the bulk of the centre was shifted east to the Yonge Street frontage, and the complex was designed so that it no longer had any frontage along Bay Street. Old City Hall and the church were saved, as was the Salvation Army headquarters building by virtue of its location between the two other preserved buildings. Eatons partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto-Dominion Bank in the construction of the Eaton Centre, the complex was designed by Eberhard Zeidler and Bregman + Hamann Architects as a multi-levelled, vaulted glass-ceiling galleria, modelled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy
14.
Mike Harris
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Michael Deane Mike Harris was the 22nd Premier of Ontario from June 26,1995 to April 14,2002. He is most noted for the Common Sense Revolution, his Progressive Conservative governments program of deficit reduction in combination with lower taxes, Harris was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Hope Gooding and Sidney Deane Harris. He grew up in North Bay, where his father operated the Wasi Falls Resort fishing camp, Harris attended Waterloo Lutheran University but left after a year. At the age of 21, following his fathers purchase of a ski-hill, Harris moved to Sainte-Adèle, after the end of his first marriage, he enrolled at Laurentian University and North Bay Teachers College where he received his teaching certificate. He continued in his previous occupation as a ski-instructor at Nipissing Ridge on weekends as well as working at his fathers fishing camp during the summer season and he eventually left the teaching profession as the success of the ski resort escalated. After his father sold his own operation, Harris was hired to manage North Bays Pinewood Golf Club. Harris was elected to office as a school board trustee in 1974. He entered provincial politics in the 1981 election, and defeated the incumbent Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament in Nipissing, Harris later suggested that he was motivated to enter politics by an opposition to the policies of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. He sat as a backbencher in Bill Daviss Progressive Conservative government from 1981 to 1985 and he supported Frank Millers successful bid to succeed Davis as party leader in 1985, and took the role of rival candidate Dennis Timbrell to prepare Miller for the partys all-candidate debates. Miller was sworn in as Premier of Ontario on February 8,1985, the Tories were reduced to a minority government in the 1985 provincial election, although Harris was personally re-elected without difficulty. He kept the Natural Resources portfolio after the election, and was also named Minister of Energy on May 17,1985, an agreement between the Liberals and the NDP allowed a Liberal minority government to govern for two years in exchange for the implementation of certain NDP policies. This decision consigned the Tories to opposition for the first time in 42 years, Miller resigned and was replaced by Larry Grossman, who led the party to a disastrous showing in the 1987 election and announced his resignation shortly thereafter. Harris was again re-elected in Nipissing without difficulty, the party was not ready to hold a leadership convention in 1987. Grossman, who had lost his seat, remained the official leader of the party until 1990 while Sarnia MPP Andy Brandt served as interim leader in the legislature. Harris was chosen as PC house leader, and had become the dominant voice in the legislature by 1989. Harris entered the 1990 leadership race, and defeated Dianne Cunningham in a vote to replace Grossman as the partys official leader. The 1990 provincial election was called soon after Harris became party leader, with help from past leader Larry Grossman, Harris managed to rally his partys core supporters with pledges of tax cuts and spending reductions. Due to his background, Harris was personally endorsed by several local members of the Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation
15.
International Festival of Authors
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The International Festival of Authors, is an annual festival presented in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. IFOA programming runs throughout the year several different categories of programming. Each IFOA event is recorded on photo, video and audio. Beginning in 2006, these recordings are sent to the holdings of the Library and this not only allows researchers and documentary makers extensive use of the archives, but acts as a permanent documentation of IFOA’s extensive programming. Running from September to June, the event series includes authors taking part in events like readings, round table discussions. Like the weekly series, IFOA includes readings, interviews, round table discussions and talks, as well as book signings. Beginning in 2007, AUTHORS sought to grow their audience base by introducing the IFOA’s touring program and this touring program visits communities in numerous cities and towns across Ontario. In 2010 IFOA Ontario featured 16 events in 14 towns and cities, an integral part of the IFOA, YoungIFOA was born as a way to include a younger generation of readers in a festival of international repute. ALOUD, a Celebration for Young Readers was also introduced in 2005, in 2010, ALOUD was incorporated as part of the Forest of Reading Festival of Trees. In May 2007, AUTHORS hosted the first annual Forest of Reading Festival of Trees on the 10-acre Harbourfront Centre site, the Festival of Trees is presented with the Ontario Library Association. Peter Robinson was selected for the 2010 Harbourfront Festival Prize based on the merits of his own published work, Robinson was selected by a jury comprising John van Driel, Mark Medley and Geoffrey E. Taylor
16.
Enwave
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Enwave was formed after the restructuring of the Toronto District Heating Corporation. It was renamed as the Toronto District Heating Corporation in 1980, the corporation was renamed as Enwave in 1999. Over time, only two remained, the City with 43%, and the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System with 57%. On October 2,2012, Toronto City Council voted to sell its 43% stake in Enwave and this followed an announcement that real estate company Brookfield Asset Management would acquire the entire company through a partnership. Enwaves Deep Lake Water Cooling system uses water from Lake Ontario to cool buildings in downtown Toronto. Some customers include the Toronto-Dominion Centre, Royal Bank Plaza, RBC Centre, Metro Toronto Convention Centre, the system has enough power to air condition 100 office buildings or 32 million square feet of building space. It is the largest renewable lake source cooling system of its kind in North America, the cooling system is a clean, renewable, and reliable energy source. Enwave draws icy-cold water from a depth of 83 metres below the surface of Lake Ontario, the Enwave system only uses water that is destined to meet the citys domestic water needs. Therefore, the Enwave system does not pollute the lake with a plume of waste heat and this system was officially launched on August 17,2004 at Steam Whistle Brewing, one of Enwaves customers. The launch was delayed as a publicity stunt by approximately one month to coincide with the anniversary of the 2003 blackout, District heating Seattle Steam Company Enwave City of Toronto, Environmental initiatives - deep lake water cooling Canadian Urban Institute -- deep lake water cooling
17.
The Power Plant
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The Power Plant is one of Canada’s leading public galleries devoted to contemporary art, located in Toronto, Ontario at Harbourfront Centre. The Power Plant is a registered Canadian charitable organization supported by its members, sponsors, donors, since its foundation in 1987, The Power Plant has produced more than forty publications. In 2006, The Power Plant launched an annual Commissioning Program, while the gallery is led by its own Board of Directors, Harbourfront Centre supports the gallery with maintenance and improvements to the physical site, as well as services and financial support
18.
Yo-Yo Ma
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Yo-Yo Ma is a Chinese American cellist. Born in Paris, he spent his years in New York City and was a child prodigy, performing from the age of four. He graduated from the Juilliard School and Harvard University and has enjoyed a career as both a soloist performing with orchestras around the world and a recording artist. He has recorded more than 90 albums and received 18 Grammy Awards and he also collaborated with Grammy Award-winning jazz singer Bobby McFerrin. Mas primary performance instrument is a Montagnana cello crafted in 1733 valued at US$2.5 million and he has been a United Nations Messenger of Peace since 2006. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 2001, Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011, Yo-Yo Ma was born in Paris on October 7,1955, to Chinese parents and had a musical upbringing. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a violinist, the family moved to New York when Ma was seven years old. At a young age, Ma began studying violin and piano and later viola, according to Ma, his first choice was the double bass due to its large size, but he compromised and took up cello instead. The child prodigy began performing before audiences at age five and performed for Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, at age eight, he appeared on American television with his sister, Yeou-Cheng Ma, in a concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein. In 1964, Isaac Stern introduced them on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and he attended Trinity School in New York but transferred to the Professional Childrens School, from which he graduated at age 15. He appeared as a soloist with the Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra in a performance of the Tchaikovsky Rococo Variations, Ma studied at The Juilliard School at age 19 with Leonard Rose and attended Columbia University but dropped out. He later enrolled at Harvard College, prior to entering Harvard, Ma played in the Marlboro Festival Orchestra under the direction of cellist and conductor Pablo Casals. However, even before that time, Ma had steadily gained fame and had performed many of the worlds major orchestras. He has also played music, often with the pianist Emanuel Ax. Ma received his bachelors degree from Harvard in 1976, in 1991, he received an honorary doctorate from Harvard. In 1997, he was featured on John Williams soundtrack to the Hollywood film Seven Years in Tibet. In 2000, he was heard on the soundtrack of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and, in 2003, on that of Master and Commander and he collaborated with Williams again on the original score for the 2005 film Memoirs of a Geisha. He also has over 90 albums,18 of which are Grammy Award winners, Ma is a recipient of the International Center in New Yorks Award of Excellence
19.
Cirque du Soleil
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Cirque du Soleil is a Canadian entertainment company. It is the largest theatrical producer in the world, based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and located in the inner-city area of Saint-Michel, it was founded in Baie-Saint-Paul in 1984 by two former street performers, Guy Laliberté and Gilles Ste-Croix. Initially named Les Échassiers, they toured Quebec in 1980 as a performing troupe and their initial financial hardship was relieved in 1983 by a government grant from the Canada Council for the Arts, as part of the 450th anniversary celebrations of Jacques Cartiers voyage to Canada. Le Grand Tour du Cirque du Soleil was a success in 1984 and its theatrical, character-driven approach and the absence of performing animals helped define Cirque du Soleil as the contemporary circus that it remains today. Each show is a synthesis of styles from around the world, with its own central theme. Shows employ continuous live music, with rather than stagehands changing the props. Cirque du Soleil expanded rapidly through the 1990s and 2000s, going from one show to 19 shows in over 271 cities on every continent except Antarctica, the shows employ approximately 4,000 people from over 40 countries and generate an estimated annual revenue exceeding US$810 million. The multiple permanent Las Vegas shows alone play to more than 9,000 people a night, 5% of the citys visitors, in 2000, Laliberté bought out Gauthier, and with 95% ownership, has continued to expand the brand. In 2008, Laliberté split 20% of his share equally between two investment groups Istithmar World and Nakheel of Dubai, in order to finance the companys goals. In partnership with two groups, Cirque du Soleil had planned to build a residency show in the United Arab Emirates in 2012 directed by Guy Caron. Several more shows are in development around the world, along with a deal, womens clothing line. Cirque du Soleil also produces a number of private and corporate events each year. In 2000, Cirque du Soleil was awarded the National Arts Centre Award, in 2002, Cirque du Soleil was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame. In 2015, TPG Capital, Fosun Industrial Holdings and Caisse de depot et placement du Quebec purchased 90% of Cirque du Soleil, the sale received regulatory approval from the Government of Canada on 30 June 2015. At age 18, interested in pursuing some kind of performing career, Guy Laliberté quit college and he toured Europe as a folk musician and busker. By the time he returned home to Canada in 1979, he had learned the art of fire breathing, although he became employed at a hydroelectric power plant in James Bay, his job ended after only three days due to a labour strike. He decided not to look for job, instead supporting himself on his unemployment insurance. He helped organize a fair in Baie-Saint-Paul with the help of a pair of friends named Daniel Gauthier
20.
World of Music, Arts and Dance
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WOMAD is an international arts festival. The central aim of WOMAD is to celebrate the many forms of music, arts. WOMAD was founded in 1980 by English rock musician Peter Gabriel, with Thomas Brooman, Bob Hooton, Mark Kidel, Stephen Pritchard, Martin Elbourne, original designers Steve Byrne and Valerie Hawthorn. The first WOMAD festival was in Shepton Mallet, UK in 1982. At the suggestion of Tony Smith, the manager of Gabriel and Genesis, he, the show rescued the company and made it possible for further WOMAD events to take place. Since 1982, WOMAD Festivals have travelled all over the world, bringing artists to numerous locations, the main UK event was held at Rivermead in Reading, Berkshire from 1990 until 2006. WOMAD has always presented music that they felt to be of excellence, passion and individuality, WOMAD encourages collaboration amongst the artists they invite to perform. Adult workshops are taken by the musicians and will dance, musical instruments. Childrens workshops involve painting, circus skills, graffiti, modelling, story telling, musicians cook a choice of dish from their home country in front of an audience. The Global Market sells international food and wares, WOMAD in the UK takes place in the grounds of Charlton Park, a stately home in Wiltshire. The arena holds at least 5 main stages with a one in the Arboretum. An old fashioned steam fair, global market, childrens area, WOMAD Charlton Park falls on the last complete weekend in July. WOMAD came to Bristol Zoo in 2011, with a subsequent event in 2012, a boycott of the 2012 event was called for by the Captive Animals Protection Society
21.
Celine Dion
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Céline Marie Claudette Dion, CC OQ ChLD is a Canadian singer and businesswoman. Dion first gained recognition in the 1980s by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest where she represented Switzerland. Following a series of French albums during the 1980s, she signed on to Epic Records in the United States, in 1990, Dion released her debut English-language album, Unison, establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world. During the 1990s, with the help of Angélil, she achieved fame after releasing several English albums along with additional French albums. Her albums, Falling into You and Lets Talk About Love, were certified diamond in the US while Deux became the best-selling French-language album of all time. However, in 1999 at the height of her success, Dion announced a hiatus from entertainment to start a family and spend time with her husband and she returned to the top of pop music in 2002 and signed to perform nightly in A New Day. A five-star theatrical show at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Paradise and it became the most successful residency show of all time, grossing US $385 million. Dions music has influenced by genres ranging from rock and R&B to gospel. Her recordings are mainly in French and English, although she sings in Spanish, Italian, German, Latin, Japanese. While her releases have received mixed critical reception, she is regarded as one of pop musics most influential voices. Dion has won five Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and she is the second best-selling female artist in the US during the Nielsen SoundScan era. In 2003, Dion was honoured by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for selling over 50 million albums in Europe, Dion remains the best-selling Canadian artist and one of the best-selling artists of all time with record sales of over 200 million copies worldwide. Dion was born in Charlemagne, Quebec, Canada, the youngest of 14 children of Thérèse, a homemaker, and Adhémar Dion, Dion was raised a Roman Catholic in a poverty-stricken, but, by her own account, happy home in Charlemagne. Music had always been a part of the Dion family, indeed, Dion herself was named after the song Céline. Thereafter, she continued to perform with her siblings in her parentss small piano bar called Le Vieux Baril, from an early age, Dion had dreamed of being a performer. In a 1994 interview with People magazine, she recalled, I missed my family and my home, I had one dream, I wanted to be a singer. At age 12, Dion collaborated with her mother and her brother Jacques to write and compose her first song, Ce nétait quun rêve, whose title translates as It Was Only a Dream or Nothing But A Dream. Her brother, Michel Dion, sent the recording to music manager René Angélil, Angélil was moved to tears by Dions voice and decided to make her a star
22.
Oscar Peterson
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Oscar Emmanuel Peterson, CC, CQ, OOnt was a Canadian jazz pianist and composer. He was called the Maharaja of the keyboard by Duke Ellington and he released over 200 recordings, won eight Grammy Awards, and received numerous other awards and honours. He is considered one of the greatest jazz pianists, and played thousands of concerts worldwide in a career lasting more than 60 years, Peterson was born to immigrants from the West Indies, his father worked as a porter for Canadian Pacific Railway. Peterson grew up in the neighbourhood of Little Burgundy in Montreal and it was in this predominantly black neighbourhood that he found himself surrounded by the jazz culture that flourished in the early 20th century. At the age of five, Peterson began honing his skills with the trumpet, however, a bout of tuberculosis when he was seven prevented him from playing the trumpet again, and so he directed all his attention to the piano. His father, Daniel Peterson, a trumpeter and pianist, was one of his first music teachers. Young Oscar was persistent at practicing scales and classical études daily, meanwhile, he was captivated by traditional jazz and learned several ragtime pieces and especially the boogie-woogie. At that time Peterson was called the Brown Bomber of the Boogie-Woogie, at the age of nine Peterson played piano with control that impressed professional musicians. For many years his piano studies included four to six hours of practice daily, only in his later years did he decrease his daily practice to just one or two hours. In 1940, at fourteen years of age, Peterson won the music competition organized by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. After that victory, he dropped out of school and became a professional pianist working for a radio show. In his own words, Tatum scared me to death, Tatum was a model for Petersons musicianship during the 1940s and 1950s. Tatum and Peterson eventually became friends, although Peterson was always shy about being compared with Tatum. Peterson also credited his sister—a piano teacher in Montreal who also taught several other Canadian jazz musicians—with being an important teacher, building on Tatums pianism and aesthetics, Peterson also absorbed Tatums musical influences, notably from piano concertos by Sergei Rachmaninoff. An important step in Petersons career was joining impresario Norman Granzs labels, Granz discovered Peterson in a peculiar manner. As the impresario was being taken to Montreal airport by cab, Granz was so smitten by what he heard that he ordered the driver to take him to the club so that he could meet the pianist. In 1949, Granz introduced Peterson at a Carnegie Hall Jazz at the Philharmonic show in New York City, so was born a lasting relationship and Granz remained Petersons manager for most of his career. This was more than a relationship, Peterson praised Granz for standing up for him
23.
Robert Lepage
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Robert Lepage, CC OQ is a French Canadian playwright, actor, film director, and stage director, one of Canadas most honoured theatre artists. Lepage was raised in Quebec City, at age five, he was diagnosed with a rare form of alopecia, which caused complete hair loss over his whole body. He also struggled with depression in his teens as he came to terms with being gay. Between 1975 and 1978, he studied theatre at Quebec Citys Conservatoire dArt Dramatique and he subsequently participated in workshops at Alain Knapps theatre school in Paris, France. After coming back to Quebec City, he wrote, directed and played in a few independent productions, with that company, he created Circulations, which was presented across Canada and won an award as best Canadian production during La Quinzaine Internationale de Théâtre de Québec. The following year, he created The Dragons Trilogy and immediately received international recognition, vinci, Polygraphe and Tectonic Plates followed and were also toured around the world. He was the director of the National Arts Centres Théâtre français in Ottawa from 1989 to 1993. His productions of Needles and Opium, Coriolanus, Macbeth, The Tempest, in 1994, Lepage founded Ex Machina, a multidisciplinary production company, for which he is artistic director. Lepage and Ex Machina have toured numerous productions internationally to critical and popular acclaim, most notably The Seven Streams of the River Ota, Lepage was invited in 1994 to direct August Strindbergs A Dream Play at Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, Sweden. It premiered in the fall of 1994 and guest played in the spring of 1995 in Glasgow Scotland and it went to win numerous awards, including four trophies at le Gala des Masques, a Time Out Award and the prestigious Evening Standard Award. The Far Side of the Moon was adapted by Lepage—who plays both brothers—into a critically acclaimed 2003 film of the same name. He has also involved in music productions, being the stage director for the Secret World Tour by Peter Gabriel in 1993/1994. Finally, Cirque du Soleil asked him to create the permanent Las Vegas show named Kà at the MGM Grand in 2005. Lipsynch, his large-canvas work, premiered in its first version in Newcastle upon Tynes Northern Stage in February 2007 in its 5-hour version, it is now 9 hours long. He also staged Igor Stravinskys The Rakes Progress, which was presented in Brussels Opéra de la Monnaie in April 2007, recent projects include The Image Mill, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Quebec City. For forty nights, residents and visitors could see the biggest outdoor architectural projection ever made in the world, more than an historic tableau, The Image Mill is a light-hearted and lively illustration in three dimensions of the citys past, present and future. The first presentation of this portrait of Quebec City took place at sundown on June 20,2008, in November 2008, Lepage directed a staged version of Hector Berlioz The Damnation of Faust at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. On February 25,2009, Lepage premiered a new work entitled Eonnagata at Sadlers Wells Theatre, London and he has worked on this alongside the dancers Sylvie Guillem and Russell Maliphant, fashion designer Alexander McQueen, lighting designer Michael Hulls and sound designer Jean-Sébastien Côté
24.
Julio Iglesias
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Julio José Iglesias de la Cueva, better known as Julio Iglesias, is a Spanish singer and songwriter who has been awarded with the Guinness Record thrice. In 1983, he was the most recorded artist in more languages in the world and he is recognized as the most successful European commercial singer in the world. He is one of the top ten record sellers in music history, more than 2600 certified gold and platinum albums. It is estimated that during his career he has offered more than 5000 concerts, in April 2013 the singer was awarded in Beijing as the first and most popular international artist in China. He is also the largest foreign record seller in Brazil, France, Romania and Italy, in his country, Spain, he is the artist who has sold the most, with 23 million records. He has been awarded the Gold Medal for Merit in the Fine Arts of Spain and he was named Special Ambassador for the Performing Arts of UNICEF in 1989. He has also institutionalized September 8 as Julio Iglesias Day in Miami since 1997 and has been a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame since 1985, April 2013, entered the Hall of Fame of the Latin Composers. Iglesias was born on 23 September 1943 in Madrid and he is the son of Julio Iglesias, Sr. a medical doctor from Ourense who became one of the youngest gynecologists in the country, and María del Rosario de la Cueva y Perignat. Iglesiass paternal ancestry comes from Galicia, his grandparents were named Manuela Puga Noguerol. His maternal grandparents were José de la Cueva y Orejuela, and Dolores de Perignat y Ruiz de Benavides and he alternated playing professional football with studying law at the CEU San Pablo University in Madrid. In the earliest years of his adulthood, he was a goalkeeper for Real Madrid Castilla. His professional football career was ruined when he was involved in an automobile accident. Afterwards, he said of those years, I had more courage and these were sorely tested when he was involved in that car crash—it smashed his lower spine, his legs were permanently weakened as a direct result, and they still required therapy several years later. During his hospitalization after the accident, a nurse gave him a guitar so that he could have something to do with his hands, in learning to play, he discovered his musical talent. After his rehabilitation, Iglesias studied for three months at Bell Educational Trusts Language School in Cambridge, UK, after that, he went back to obtain his law degree at Complutense University of Madrid. In 1968 he won the Benidorm International Song Festival, an event in Spain, with the song La vida sigue igual which was used in the film La vida sigue igual. After this event he signed a deal with Discos Columbia, the Spanish branch of the Columbia Records company, the album spent 15 weeks in the Spanish charts, and peaked at #3. He represented Spain in the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in place behind Irelands winning entry
25.
Spalding Gray
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Spalding Rockwell Gray was an American actor and writer. He is best known for the monologues that he wrote and performed for the theater in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as for his film adaptations of these works. He wrote and starred in several, working with different directors, Theater critics John Willis and Ben Hodges described his monologue work as trenchant, personal narratives delivered on sparse, unadorned sets with a dry, WASP, quiet mania. Gray achieved renown for his monologue Swimming to Cambodia, which he adapted as a 1987 film in which he starred, other of his monologues which Gray adapted for film were Monster in a Box, directed by Nick Broomfield, and Grays Anatomy, directed by Steven Soderbergh. Gray is believed to have committed suicide in New York City in January 2004, after struggling with depression, Steven Soderbergh made a documentary film about Grays life entitled And Everything Is Going Fine. An unfinished monologue and a selection from his journals were published in 2005 and 2011, Spalding Rockwell Gray was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to Margaret Elizabeth Betty, a homemaker, and Rockwell Gray, Sr. the treasurer of Brown & Sharpe. He was the middle-born of three sons, his brothers were Rockwell, Jr. and Channing and they were raised in the Christian Science faith of their mother. Gray and his brothers grew up in Barrington, Rhode Island, spending summers at their grandmothers house in Newport, Rockwell became a literature professor at Washington University of Saint Louis, and Channing a journalist in Rhode Island. After graduating from Fryeburg Academy in Fryeburg, Maine, Gray enrolled at Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts and he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963. In 1965, Gray moved to San Francisco, California, where he became a speaker and teacher of poetry at the Esalen Institute, in 1967, while Gray was vacationing in Mexico City, his mother committed suicide at age 52. After his mothers death, Gray returned to the East Coast, Grays books Impossible Vacation and Sex and Death to the Age 14 are largely based on his childhood and early adulthood. Gray began his career in New York in the late 1960s. In 1970, he joined Richard Schechners experimental troupe, The Performance Group, with actors from The Performance Group, including Willem Dafoe and Elizabeth LeCompte, Gray helped to co-found the theater company The Wooster Group. He worked with them from 1975 to 1980, before leaving the company to focus on his own monologue work and he had performed this monologue in New York City, and published it as a book in 1985. He adapted it as a film in 1987, directed by Jonathan Demme and this work was based on his experience in Thailand during filming a small role in The Killing Fields, about the war in Cambodia. Gray received a Guggenheim Fellowship and the National Book Award in 1985 for this work and he continued to write and perform monologues until his death. Up through 1993, these works often incorporated his relationship to his girlfriend Renée Shafransky and they married and she became his collaborator. Grays success with his monologues brought him various supporting movie roles and he also played the lead role of the Stage Manager in a high-profile 1988 revival of Thornton Wilders play Our Town by the Lincoln Center Theater
26.
Philip Glass
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Philip Morris Glass is an American composer. He is considered one of the most influential makers of the late 20th century. Glasss compositions have been described as music, similar to other minimalist composers including La Monte Young, Steve Reich. However, Glass has described himself instead as a composer of music with repetitive structures, Glass founded the Philip Glass Ensemble, with which he still performs on keyboards. He has written numerous operas and musical works, eleven symphonies, eleven concertos, seven string quartets and various other chamber music. Three of his scores have been nominated for Academy Awards. Glass was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Ida and his family were Jewish immigrants from Lithuania. His father owned a store and his mother was a librarian. She developed a plan to help them learn English and develop skills so they could find work and his sister, Sheppie, would later do similar work as an active member of the International Rescue Committee. Glass developed his appreciation of music from his father, discovering later his fathers side of the family had many musicians and his cousin Cevia was a classical pianist, while others had been in vaudeville. He learned his family was related to Al Jolson. Glasss father often received promotional copies of new recordings at his music store and he spent many hours listening to them, developing his knowledge and taste in music. This openness to modern sounds affected Glass at an age, My father was self-taught, but he ended up having a very refined and rich knowledge of classical, chamber. Typically he would come home and have dinner, and then sit in his armchair, I caught on to this very early, and I would go and listen with him. The elder Glass promoted both new recordings and a selection of composers to his customers, sometimes convincing them to try something new by allowing them to return records they didnt like. His store soon developed a reputation as Baltimores leading source of modern music, Glass cites Schuberts work as a big influence growing up. He studied the flute as a child at the school of the Peabody Institute. At the age of 15, he entered a college program at the University of Chicago where he studied mathematics
27.
K.d. lang
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Lang, OC, known by her stage name k. d. lang, is a Canadian pop and country singer-songwriter and occasional actress. Lang has won both Juno Awards and Grammy Awards for her performances, hits include Constant Craving and Miss Chatelaine. She has contributed songs to soundtracks and has collaborated with musicians such as Roy Orbison, Tony Bennett, Elton John, Anne Murray, Ann Wilson. Lang is also known for being an animal rights, gay rights and she is a tantric practitioner of the old school of Tibetan Buddhism. She performed Leonard Cohens Hallelujah live at the ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Previously, she had performed at the ceremony of the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. Lang possesses the range of a mezzo-soprano. Lang was born in Edmonton, Alberta, the daughter of Audrey and she is of English, Irish, Scottish, German, Russian Jewish, Icelandic, and Sioux ancestry. When Lang was nine months old, her moved to Consort, Alberta. Her father, an owner, left the family when she was twelve. After secondary school, Lang attended Red Deer College, where she became fascinated with the life and music of Patsy Cline and she formed a Patsy Cline tribute band called the Reclines in 1983, and they recorded a debut album, Friday Dance Promenade, at Sundown Recorders. Label owner Larry Wanagas became her personal manager, the first band featured Stu Macdougal on keys, Dave Bjarnson on drums, Gary Koligar on guitar and bassist Farley Scott. The Reclines regularly played the legendary Sidetrack Cafe, a venue that featured live bands six nights a week. In 1983, Lang presented a piece, a seven-hour re-enactment of the transplantation of an artificial heart for Barney Clark. A Truly Western Experience was released in 1984 and received strong reviews, in August 1984, Lang was one of three Canadian artists to be selected to perform at the World Science Fair in Tsukuba, Japan. I was broke at the time, so Id find things at Value Village or get my mom to make me a skirt from the curtains she was about to throw out, I loved playing with the clothes as much as the music. Lang made several recordings that received positive reviews and earned a 1985 Juno Award for Most Promising Female Vocalist. She accepted the award wearing a wedding dress borrowed from her roommate at the time
28.
Jim Carrey
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James Eugene Jim Carrey is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, impressionist, screenwriter, and producer. He is known for his highly energetic slapstick performances, Carrey first gained recognition in 1990 after landing a recurring role in the sketch comedy television series In Living Color. He then starred in The Truman Show and Man on the Moon, in the 2010s, he has starred in Mr. Poppers Penguins and The Incredible Burt Wonderstone. In 2013, he appeared in Kick-Ass 2 as Colonel Stars and he retracted support for the film two months prior to its release. He issued a statement via his Twitter account that, in light of the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary, Carrey reprised his role as Lloyd Christmas in Dumb and Dumber To. Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada, to Kathleen, a homemaker, and Percy Carrey and he has three older siblings, John, Patricia, and Rita. He was raised a Roman Catholic and his mother was of French, Irish, and Scottish descent and his father was of French-Canadian ancestry. Carrey lived in Burlington, Ontario, for eight years, in a Hamilton Spectator interview, Carrey said, If my career in show business hadnt panned out I would probably be working today in Hamilton, Ontario at the Dofasco steel mill. When looking across the Burlington Bay toward Hamilton, he could see the mills and thought, Those were where the great jobs were. While Carrey was struggling to work and make a name for himself, his father tried to help the young comedian put together a stage act. Carreys impersonations bombed and this gave him doubts about his capabilities as a professional entertainer and his familys financial struggles made it difficult for them to support Carreys ambitions. Eventually, the financial problems were resolved and they moved into a new home. With more domestic stability, Carrey returned to the stage with a more polished act, in a short period of time, he went from open-mic nights to regular paid shows, building his reputation in the process. A reviewer in the Toronto Star raved that Carrey was a star coming to life. Carrey was soon noticed by comedian Rodney Dangerfield, who signed the young comic to open his tour performances, Dangerfield eventually brought Carrey to Las Vegas. However, Carrey soon decided to move to Hollywood, where he began performing at The Comedy Store and, in 1982, the following year, he debuted his act on The Tonight Show. Carrey was not selected for the position, although he hosted the show in May 1996, January 2011. In 1984 Carrey was in the short-lived sitcom The Duck Factory, from 1990 to 1994, Carrey was a regular cast member of the ensemble comedy television series In Living Color
29.
Feist (singer)
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Leslie Feist, known professionally as Feist, is a Canadian indie pop singer-songwriter, performing both as a solo artist and as a member of the indie rock group Broken Social Scene. Feist launched her music career in 1999 with the release of Monarch. Her subsequent studio albums, Let It Die, released in 2004, the Reminder earned Feist four Grammy nominations, including a nomination for Best New Artist. She was the top winner at the 2008 Juno Awards in Calgary with five awards, including Songwriter of the Year, Artist of the Year, Pop Album of the Year, Album of the Year and her fourth studio album, Metals, was released on 30 September 2011. In 2012, Feist collaborated on a split EP with metal group Mastodon, leslie Feist was born on 13 February 1976 in Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada. Her father, Harold Feist, is an American-Canadian abstract expressionist painter who taught at both the Alberta College of Art and Design and Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick and her mother, Lyn Feist, was a student of ceramics from Saskatchewan. After their first child, Ben, was born, the moved to Sackville. Feists parents divorced soon after she was born and Ben, Feist and their mother moved to Regina, Saskatchewan and they later moved to Calgary, Alberta, where she attended Bishop Carroll High School as well as Alternative High School. She aspired to be a writer, and spent much of her singing in choirs. At the age of twelve, Feist performed as one of 1,000 dancers in the ceremonies of the Calgary Winter Olympics. Because her father is American, Feist has dual Canadian-U. S, citizenship, joking later that she was given U. S. citizenship as part of a deal with Apple. In 1991, at age 15, Feist got her start in music when she founded and was the lead vocalist for a Calgary punk band called Placebo. She and her bandmates won a local Battle of the Bands competition and were awarded the opening slot at the festival Infest 1993, featuring the Ramones. At this concert she met Brendan Canning, whose band hHead performed immediately before hers, in 1995, Feist was forced to take time off from music to recover from vocal cord damage. She moved from Calgary to Toronto in 1996 and that year she was asked by Noah Mintz of hHead to play bass in his solo project Noahs Arkweld. She played the guitar in Noahs Arkweld for a year despite never having played bass before. In 1998, she became the rhythm guitarist for the band By Divine Right and toured them throughout 1998,1999. She also played guitar for live performances by Bodega, but was never an official member of the band
30.
Gordon Lightfoot
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He has been referred to as Canadas greatest songwriter and internationally as a folk-rock legend. He experienced chart success in Canada with his own recordings, beginning in 1962 with the No.3 hit Im the One. Lightfoots recordings then made an impact on the music charts as well in the 1970s. Sundown a #1 hit, Carefree Highway which followed reaching #10, Rainy Day People at #25, some of Lightfoots albums have achieved gold and multi-platinum status internationally. Bob Dylan, also a Lightfoot fan, called him one of his favorite songwriters and, in an often-quoted tribute, Lightfoot was a featured musical performer at the opening ceremonies of the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary, Alberta. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1979 and the Companion of the Order of Canada—Canadas highest civilian honour—in 2003, in November 1997, Lightfoot was awarded the Governor Generals Performing Arts Award, Canadas highest honour in the performing arts. On February 6,2012, Lightfoot was presented with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal by the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, in June that year he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. On June 6,2015, Lightfoot received a doctorate of music in his hometown of Orillia from Lakehead University. Lightfoot was born in Orillia, Ontario, to Jessica and Gordon Lightfoot and his mother recognized Lightfoots musical talent early on and schooled him into a successful child performer. His first public performance was Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral in grade four, as a youth, he sang, under the direction of choirmaster Ray Williams, in the choir of Orillias St. Pauls United Church. According to Lightfoot, Williams taught him how to sing with emotion, Lightfoot was a boy soprano, he appeared periodically on local radio in the Orillia area, performed in local operettas and oratorios, and gained exposure through various Kiwanis music festivals. He was twelve when he made his first appearance at Massey Hall in Toronto, as a teenager, Lightfoot learned piano and taught himself to play drums and percussion. He held concerts in Muskoka, an area north of Orillia. In high school, at Orillia District Collegiate & Vocational Institute, Lightfoot performed extensively and he was influenced during this time by 19th-century master American songwriter Stephen Foster. His athletic and scholarly aptitude earned him entrance bursaries at McGill Universitys Schulich School of Music, Lightfoot moved to California in 1958, where he studied jazz composition and orchestration for two years at Hollywoods Westlake College of Music, which had many Canadian students. To support himself there, he sang on demonstration records and wrote, arranged. He was influenced by the music of Pete Seeger, Bob Gibson, Ian and Sylvia Tyson. He rented a place in Los Angeles for a time, but was missing Toronto and he has lived in Canada since then, though he has done much work in the United States, all under an H-1B visa
31.
CN Tower
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The CN Tower is a 553.3 m-high concrete communications and observation tower in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Built on the former Railway Lands, it was completed in 1976, becoming the worlds tallest free-standing structure and it held both records for 34 years until the completion of Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower in 2010. Its name CN originally referred to Canadian National, the company that built the tower. Since the name CN Tower became common in usage, the abbreviation was eventually expanded to Canadian National Tower or Canadas National Tower. However, neither of these names is commonly used, in 1995, the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers, where it holds second-place ranking and these plans evolved over the next few years, and the project became official in 1972. Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer, John Andrews Architects, Webb, Zerafa, Menkes, Housden Architects, Foundation Building Construction, and Canron. As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core, the reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new, higher antennas that were at least 300 m tall. At the time, most data communications took place over point-to-point microwave links, as each new skyscraper was added to the downtown, former line-of-sight links were no longer possible. CN intended to rent hub space for microwave links, visible from almost any building in the Toronto area. S, the original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical pillars linked at various heights by structural bridges. Had it been built, this design would have considerably shorter. The idea for the level in its current form evolved around this time. One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for, Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6,1973, with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation.7 m. This portion of the construction was rapid, with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top. To build the support pillar, a hydraulically raised slipform was built at the base. This was an impressive engineering feat on its own, consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m per day as the concrete below set. In total, the tower contains 40,500 m3 of concrete, through the pour, the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip forms location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it, observed by small telescopes from the ground. Over the height of the tower, it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm, in August 1974, construction of the main level commenced
32.
Issey Miyake
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Issey Miyake is a Japanese fashion designer. He is known for his clothing designs, exhibitions and fragrances, such as Leau dIssey. Miyake was born on April 22,1938 in Hiroshima, Japan and he studied graphic design at the Tama Art University in Tokyo, graduating in 1964. After graduation, he worked in Paris and New York City, returning to Tokyo in 1970, he founded the Miyake Design Studio, a high-end producer of womens fashion. In the late 1980s, he began to experiment with new methods of pleating that would allow both flexibility of movement for the wearer as well as ease of care and production. In which the garments are cut and sewn first, then sandwiched between layers of paper and fed into a press, where they are pleated. The fabrics memory holds the pleats and when the garments are liberated from their paper cocoon and he did the costume for Ballett Frankfurt with pleats in a piece named the Loss of Small Detail William Forsythe and also work on ballet Garden in the setting. He had a friendship with Austrian-born pottery artist Dame Lucie Rie. She bequeathed to him her substantial collection of ceramic and porcelain buttons and he also developed a friendship with Apples Steve Jobs and produced the black turtlenecks which would become a part of Jobs signature attire. Jobs said, So I asked Issey to make me some of his black turtlenecks that I liked, in March 1992 he was quoted in the International Herald Tribune as saying Design is not for philosophy—its for life. In 1994 and 1999, Miyake turned over the design of the mens and womens collections respectively, to his associate, Naoki Takizawa, so that he could return to research full-time. In 2007, Naoki Takizawa opened his own brand supported by the Issey Miyake Group and was replaced as Creative Director by Dai Fujiwara who ran the House of Issey Miyake until 2012. The design duties were split as of the Spring/Summer 2012 collections, with Yoshiyuki Miyamae appointed head designer of the womens collection, as of 2012, he is one of the co-Directors of 2121 DESIGN SIGHT, Japans first design museum. HaaT means village market in Sanskrit, the sound similar to heart in English A-POC - 1998- custom-collection for men and women. Tubes of fabric are machine-processed and can be cut into shapes by the consumer. A-POC is an acronym of a piece of cloth, and a homonym of epoch. Issey Miyake - an evolution of the A-POC concept, works are presented as two-dimensional geometric shapes made from recycled polyethylene terephthalate mixed with natural fibers and dyes, which then unfold into structured garments. Me Issey Miyake - line of exclusive one-sized shirts that stretch to fit the wearer that are sold in plastic tube, Bao Bao Issey Miyake - line of bags Issey Miyake Watches - mens and womens watches Issey Miyake Perfumes - line of fragrances for men and women
33.
Philippe Starck
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Philippe Starck is a French designer known since the start of his career in the 1980s for his interior, product, industrial and architectural design including furniture. The son of an engineer, Starck studied at the École Camondo in Paris. An inflatable structure he imagined in 1969 was a first incursion into questions of materiality, Starcks designs brought him to the attention of Pierre Cardin who offered him a job as artistic director of his publishing house. His concept of design led him to focus on mass-produced consumer goods rather than one-off pieces, seeking ways to reduce cost. In 1983, the French President François Mitterrand, on the recommendation of his Minister of Culture Jack Lang, the following year he designed the Café Costes. The buildings he designed in Japan, starting in 1989, went against the grain of traditional forms, the first, Nani Nani, in Tokyo, is an anthropomorphic structure, clad in a living material that evolves over time. The thesis being, design should take its place within the environment but without impinging on it, a year later he designed the Asahi Beer Hall in Tokyo, a building topped with a golden flame. This was followed in 1992 by Le Baron Vert office complex in Osaka, Starcks buildings, while dedicated to work, are no less instilled with life and its constant effervescence. In France he designed the extension of the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs in Paris, the Alhondiga, a more recent project, is a 43,000 sq. m culture and leisure venue in Bilbao that opened in 2010. Starck, who loves ships and the sea, designed the new infrastructure for the Port Adriano harbour on the south-west bay of Palma de Mallorca and he also designed Steve Jobs yacht, Venus, which launched in October 2012. In South America, Philippe Starck designed the inside and outside of the Hotel Fasano in Rio de Janeiro in 2007 using materials such as wood, glass and he then turned his attention to luxury hotels, in 2008, Hôtel Meurice and the Royal Monceau in 2010. From 1990, Philippe Starck has worked to democratize quality designer hotels, offering rooms at $100/night, it became a classic in its genre. In 2008, Starck brought this humanist concept to Paris as the Mama Shelter, a second Mama Shelter opened in Marseille in 2012. In April 2015, Mama Shelter had six hotels with new locations in Bordeaux, Istanbul, Los Angeles, in 2010, Philippe Starck opened the Coriche Hotel at the Dune du Pyla. In North America, in the 2000s, Philippe Starck with entrepreneur Sam Nazarian created the concept for SLS, the Bazaar lobby at SLS Hotel in Beverly Hills quickly became a public space with its tapas restaurants, Norwegian health bar, pâtisserie and a Moss concept store. The Atrego opened in Cap dAil in 2011 and he designed the interior and exterior of Ma Cocotte, a restaurant that launched in September 2012 at the Saint-Ouen flea market near Paris. In 2013, he designed Miss Ko, an Asian-centric concept restaurant in Paris, in November 2011, Lodha Group appointed Phillippe Starck for yoo inspired by Starck, to design the residential development at New Cuffe Parade, Mumbai. In November 2012, Starck published his first book of interviews, Impression dAilleurs, with Gilles Vanderpooten
34.
Frank Gehry
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Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions and it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28,1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, a creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husbands store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and he would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. So the creative genes were there, Gehry says, but my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasnt gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things and he was given the Hebrew name Ephraim by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah. In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California, Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern Californias School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi, according to Gehry, I was a truck driver in L. A. going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasnt very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasnt very good at and didnt like and you know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, What do I like. And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings and those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. After graduating from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in other jobs. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge and he left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, in 1957 he was given the chance to design and construct his first private residence at the age of 28, with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita’s family neighbor Melvin David, The David Cabin, completed in 1958, beams protrude from the exterior sides and exposed, unfinished ceiling beams are prominent features. In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira, in 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967 and then Gehry Partners in 2001
35.
Lily Tomlin
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Mary Jean Lily Tomlin is an American actress, comedian, writer, singer, and producer. Tomlin began her career as a comedian, and performing Off-Broadway during the 1960s. Her breakout role was performing as a cast member on the variety show Rowan & Martins Laugh-In from 1969 until 1973 and she currently stars on the Netflix series Grace and Frankie as Frankie Bergstein. Her performance as Frankie garnered her nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015 and 2016. Her other notable films include 9 to 5, All of Me, Flirting with Disaster, Tea with Mussolini, I Heart Huckabees and she is also known as the voice of Ms. Frizzle on the childrens series The Magic School Bus. She won her first Emmy Awards in 1974 for writing and producing her own television special, Tomlin won a Grammy Award for her 1972 comedy album This Is a Recording. In 2014, she was given Kennedy Center Honors and in 2017 she received the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award, Tomlin was born in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Lillie Mae, a housewife and nurses aide, and Guy Tomlin, a factory worker. She has a brother, Richard Tomlin, Tomlins parents were Southern Baptists who moved to Detroit from Paducah, Kentucky, during the Great Depression. She is a 1957 graduate of Cass Technical High School, Tomlin attended Wayne State University and originally studied Biology. She auditioned for a play, and it sparked her interest in a career in the theatre, after college, Tomlin began doing stand-up comedy in nightclubs in Detroit and later in New York City. She continued studying acting at the HB Studio and her first television appearance was on The Merv Griffin Show in 1965. In 1969, after a stint as a hostess on the ABC series Music Scene, Tomlin joined NBCs sketch comedy show Rowan and Martins Laugh-In. Ernestine often snorted when she let loose a barbed response or heard something salacious, she wore her hair in a 1940s hairstyle with a hairnet. Her opening lines were often the comical one ringy dingy, two ringy dingy, and, is this the party to whom I am speaking. In the sketches, Ernestine was usually at her switchboard taking calls and she occasionally called her boyfriend, Vito, a telephone repair man, or her pal Phoenicia, another operator. Tomlin reprised the role in 2016 for a TV ad as part of PETAs campaign against SeaWorld and she often ends her monologues with And thats the truth, punctuating it with a noisy raspberry. Edith Ann sits in a rocking chair with her rag doll, Doris. Edith Ann has an oversized, playfully aggressive dog named Buster and a boyfriend named Junior Phillips, Tomlin voiced her in 2 prime-time cartoon adaptations of the character that aired on ABC in 1994
36.
Stephen Sondheim
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Stephen Joshua Sondheim is an American composer and lyricist known for more than a half-century of contributions to musical theatre. Sondheim has received an Academy Award, eight Tony Awards, eight Grammy Awards, a Pulitzer Prize, the Laurence Olivier Award, and he has been described by Frank Rich of The New York Times as now the greatest and perhaps best-known artist in the American musical theater. He also wrote the lyrics for West Side Story and Gypsy, Sondheim has also written film music, contributing Goodbye for Now to Warren Beattys 1981 Reds. He wrote five songs for 1990s Dick Tracy, including Sooner or Later by Madonna, the composer was president of the Dramatists Guild from 1973 to 1981. To celebrate his 80th birthday, the former Henry Millers Theatre was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre on September 15,2010, Cameron Mackintosh has called Sondheim possibly the greatest lyricist ever. Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City and his father manufactured dresses designed by his mother. The composer grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and, after his parents divorced, on a farm near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. As the only child of parents living in the San Remo on Central Park West. When he lived in New York, Sondheim attended ECFS, the Ethical Culture Fieldston School known simply as Fieldston, Sondheim spent several summers at Camp Androscoggin. He traces his interest in theatre to Very Warm for May, the curtain went up and revealed a piano, Sondheim recalled. A butler took a duster and brushed it up, tinkling the keys, when Sondheim was ten, his father left his mother for another woman. Herbert sought custody of Stephen but was unsuccessful, Sondheim explained to biographer Secrest that he was what they call an institutionalized child, meaning one who has no contact with any kind of family. Youre in, though its luxurious, youre in an environment that supplies you with everything, No brothers and sisters, no parents, and yet plenty to eat, and friends to play with and a warm bed, you know. Sondheim detested his mother, who was said to be abusive and projected her anger from her failed marriage on her son, When my father left her. And she used me the way she used him, to come on to and to berate, beat up on, what she did for five years was treat me like dirt, but come on to me at the same time. She once wrote him a letter saying that the only ever had was giving him birth. When his mother died in the spring of 1992, Sondheim did not attend her funeral, when Sondheim was about ten years old, he became friends with James Hammerstein, son of lyricist and playwright Oscar Hammerstein II. The elder Hammerstein became Sondheims surrogate father, influencing him profoundly, Sondheim met Hal Prince, who would direct many of his shows, at the opening of South Pacific, Hammersteins musical with Richard Rodgers
37.
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bernardo Bertolucci is an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris,1900, The Last Emperor, The Sheltering Sky, Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers. In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme dOr Award at the ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Since 1979, he has married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. Bertolucci was born in the Italian city of Parma, in the region of Emilia-Romagna and he is the elder son of Ninetta, a teacher, and Attilio Bertolucci, who was a poet, a reputed art historian, anthologist and film critic. His mother was born in Australia, to an Italian father, Bertolucci had one brother, the theatre director and playwright Giuseppe. His cousin was the film producer Giovanni Bertolucci, with whom he has worked on a number of films, Bertolucci initially wished to become a poet like his father. With this goal in mind, he attended the Faculty of Modern Literature of the University of Rome from 1958 to 1961, shortly after, Bertolucci left the University without graduating. In 1962, at the age of 22, he directed his first feature film, produced by Tonino Cervi with a screenplay by Pasolini, the film is a murder mystery, following a prostitutes homicide. Bertolucci uses flashbacks to piece together the crime and the person who committed it, the film which shortly followed was his acclaimed Before the Revolution. Bertolucci caused controversy in 1972 with the film Last Tango in Paris, starring Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti. The film presents Brandos character, Paul, as he uses an affair to cope with the violent death of his wife by emotionally and physically dominating a young woman. The depictions of Schneider, then 19 years old, were regarded as exploitative, in one scene, Paul anally rapes Jeane using butter as a lubricant. The use of butter was not in the script, Bertolucci and Brando had discussed it and she said in 2007 that she had cried real tears during the scene and had felt humiliated and a little raped. In 2013 Bertolucci said he had withheld the information from her to generate a reaction of frustration. Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, because of the scandal surrounding the films release, Schneider became a drug addict and suicidal. She later became a rights advocate, in particular fighting for more female film directors, more respect for female actors. Criminal proceedings were brought against Bertolucci in Italy for the anal-sex scene, an Italian court revoked Bertoluccis civil rights for five years and gave him a four-month suspended prison sentence. Bertolucci appeared on the Radio Four programme Front Row on April 29,2013, during the making of Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci toyed with the idea of adapting Dashiell Hammetts book Red Harvest into a feature film
38.
Robert Rauschenberg
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Milton Ernest Robert Rauschenberg was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the pop art movement. Rauschenberg is well known for his Combines of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials, Rauschenberg was both a painter and a sculptor and the Combines are a combination of both, but he also worked with photography, printmaking, papermaking, and performance. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1993 and he became the recipient of the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts in 1995 in recognition of his more than 40 years of fruitful artmaking. Rauschenberg lived and worked in New York City as well as on Captiva Island, Rauschenberg was born as Milton Ernest Rauschenberg in Port Arthur, Texas, the son of Dora Carolina and Ernest R. Rauschenberg. His father was of German and Cherokee ancestry and his mother of Anglo-Saxon descent, at 16, Rauschenberg was admitted to the University of Texas where he began studying pharmacy. He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1943, based in California, he served as a mental hospital technician until his discharge in 1945. Rauschenberg subsequently studied at the Kansas City Art Institute and the Académie Julian in Paris, France, in 1948 Rauschenberg and Weil decided to attend Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Josef Albers, a founder of the Bauhaus, became Rauschenbergs painting instructor at Black Mountain, Albers preliminary courses relied on strict discipline that did not allow for any uninfluenced experimentation. Rauschenberg described Albers as influencing him to do exactly the reverse of what he was being taught, from 1949 to 1952 Rauschenberg studied with Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at the Art Students League of New York, where he met fellow artists Knox Martin and Cy Twombly. Rauschenberg married Susan Weil in the summer of 1950 at the Weil family home in Outer Island and their only child, Christopher, was born July 16,1951. The two separated in June 1952 and divorced in 1953, according to a 1987 oral history by the composer Morton Feldman, after the end of his marriage, Rauschenberg had romantic relationships with fellow artists Cy Twombly and Jasper Johns. An article by Jonathan D. Katz states that Rauschenbergs affair with Twombly began during his marriage to Susan Weil, Rauschenberg died on May 12,2008, on Captiva Island, Florida. He died of heart failure after a decision to go off life support. Rauschenberg is survived by his partner of 25 years, artist Darryl Pottorf, Rauschenberg is also survived by his son, photographer Christopher Rauschenberg, and his sister, Janet Begneaud. Rauschenbergs approach was sometimes called Neo Dadaist, a label he shared with the painter Jasper Johns, at the same time, Johns paintings of numerals, flags, and the like, were reprising Duchamps message of the role of the observer in creating arts meaning. Alternatively, in 1961, Rauschenberg took a step in what could be considered the direction by championing the role of creator in creating arts meaning. Rauschenberg was invited to participate in an exhibition at the Galerie Iris Clert, Rauschenbergs submission consisted of a telegram sent to the gallery declaring This is a portrait of Iris Clert if I say so. From the fall of 1952 to the spring of 1953 Rauschenberg traveled through Europe and North Africa with his fellow artist, in Morocco, he created collages and boxes out of trash
39.
Harold Pinter
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Harold Pinter CH CBE was a Nobel Prize-winning English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party, The Homecoming, and Betrayal and his screenplay adaptations of others works include The Servant, The Go-Between, The French Lieutenants Woman, The Trial, and Sleuth. He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, Pinter was born and raised in Hackney, east London, and educated at Hackney Downs School. He was a sprinter and a cricket player, acting in school plays. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art but did not complete the course and he was fined for refusing National service as a conscientious objector. Subsequently, he continued training at the Central School of Speech and Drama, in 1956 he married actress Vivien Merchant and had a son, Daniel, born in 1958. He left Merchant in 1975 and married author Lady Antonia Fraser in 1980, Pinters career as a playwright began with a production of The Room in 1957. His second play, The Birthday Party, closed after eight performances and his early works were described by critics as comedy of menace. Later plays such as No Mans Land and Betrayal became known as memory plays and he appeared as an actor in productions of his own work on radio and film. He also undertook a number of roles in works by other writers and he directed nearly 50 productions for stage, theatre and screen. Pinter received over 50 awards, prizes, and other honours, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005 and he died from liver cancer on 24 December 2008. In 1940 and 1941, after the Blitz, Pinter was evacuated from their house in London to Cornwall, Pinter discovered his social potential as a student at Hackney Downs School, a London grammar school, between 1944 and 1948. Partly through the school and partly through the life of Hackney Boys Club. He formed an almost sacerdotal belief in the power of male friendship, the friends he made in those days—most particularly Henry Woolf, Michael Goldstein and Morris Wernick—have always been a vital part of the emotional texture of his life. A major influence on Pinter was his inspirational English teacher Joseph Brearley, according to Billington, under Brearleys instruction, Pinter shone at English, wrote for the school magazine and discovered a gift for acting. In 1947 and 1948, he played Romeo and Macbeth in productions directed by Brearley, at the age of 12, Pinter began writing poetry, and in spring 1947, his poetry was first published in the Hackney Downs School Magazine. In 1950, his poetry was first published outside of the magazine in Poetry London
40.
Joni Mitchell
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Roberta Joan Joni Mitchell, CC is a Canadian singer-songwriter and painter. Drawing from folk, pop, rock and jazz, Mitchells songs often reflect social and environmental ideals as well as her feelings about romance, confusion, disillusionment, Mitchell began singing in small nightclubs in Saskatchewan and western Canada before busking in the streets and shoddy nightclubs of Toronto. In 1965, she moved to the United States and began touring, some of her original songs were covered by folk singers, allowing her to sign with Reprise Records and record her debut album in 1968. Settling in Southern California, Mitchell, with songs like Big Yellow Taxi and Woodstock, helped define an era. Her 1971 recording Blue was rated the 30th best album made in Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Mitchell switched labels and began moving toward jazz rhythms by way of lush pop textures on 1974s Court and Spark, her best-selling LP, featuring the radio hits Help Me, around 1975 her vocal range began to shift from mezzo-soprano to more of a wide-ranging contralto. She turned again toward pop, embraced electronic music, and engaged in political protest and she is the sole producer credited on most of her albums, including all her work in the 1970s. A blunt critic of the industry, she quit touring and released her 17th. With roots in art, Mitchell designed her own album covers. She describes herself as a painter derailed by circumstance, Mitchell was born Roberta Joan Anderson on November 7,1943, in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada, the daughter of Myrtle Marguerite and William Andrew Anderson. Her mothers ancestors were Scottish and Irish, her father was from a Norwegian family and her father was a Royal Canadian Air Force flight lieutenant who instructed new pilots at RCAF Station Fort Macleod, where the Allied forces were gathering to learn to fly during World War II. During those years, she moved with her parents to various bases in western Canada, after the war, her father began working as a grocer, and his work took the family to Saskatchewan, to the towns of Maidstone and North Battleford. She later sang about her upbringing in Song for Sharon. In Maidstone they lived beside the track, where Mitchell waved at the only train that passed through each day. Many of the residents were First Nations people. Mitchell seemed athletic rather than academic, but still responded to her mothers love of literature and her fathers love of music, at age nine, Mitchell contracted polio in an epidemic, and was hospitalised for weeks. No longer athletic, she turned her thoughts to her creative talent, by nine, she was a smoker, she denies claims that smoking has affected her voice. At 11, she moved with her family to the city of Saskatoon and she responded badly to formal education, preferring a freethinking outlook, and was drawn to art, a pursuit often regarded as peripheral at the time
41.
Peter Gabriel
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After leaving Genesis in 1975, Gabriel launched a solo career with Solsbury Hill as his first single. His 1986 album, So, is his release and is certified triple platinum in the UK. The albums most successful single, Sledgehammer, won a record nine MTV Awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, Gabriel has been a champion of world music for much of his career. He co-founded the WOMAD festival in 1982 and he has continued to focus on producing and promoting world music through his Real World Records label. He has also pioneered digital distribution methods for music, co-founding OD2, Gabriel has also been involved in numerous humanitarian efforts. In 1980, he released the anti-apartheid single Biko and he has participated in several human rights benefit concerts, including Amnesty Internationals Human Rights Now. Tour in 1988, and co-founded the Witness human rights organisation in 1992, Gabriel developed The Elders with Richard Branson, which was launched by Nelson Mandela in 2007. He was made a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his influence on generations of music makers, AllMusic has described Gabriel as one of rocks most ambitious, innovative musicians, as well as one of its most political. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010, in March 2015 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of South Australia in recognition of his achievements in music. Peter Brian Gabriel was born in Chobham, Surrey and his father, Ralph Parton Gabriel, was an electrical engineer, and his mother, Edith Irene, who was from a musical family, taught him to play the piano at an early age. His great-great-great-uncle, Sir Thomas Gabriel, 1st Baronet, served as Lord Mayor of London from 1866 to 1877, Gabriel attended Cable House, a private primary school in Woking, St. Andrews Prep School in Horsell, and Charterhouse School in Godalming from 1963. He played drums in his first rock bands, and Mike Rutherford commented in 1985 that Pete was—and still is, Gabriel founded Genesis in 1967 with fellow Charterhouse School pupils Tony Banks, Anthony Phillips, Mike Rutherford, and drummer Chris Stewart. The name of the band was suggested by fellow Charterhouse alumnus, the pop music impresario Jonathan King, Gabriel has said to be influenced by many different sources in his way of singing, such as Family lead singer Roger Chapman. In 1970, he played the flute on Cat Stevenss album, the concerts made extensive use of black light with the normal stage lighting subdued or off. Early Genesis concerts were hampered by a bad public address system made it difficult for audiences to understand what Gabriel was singing. According to Mike Rutherford, this drove Gabriel to find ways to impress his personality on the audience. In an episode of the 2007 British documentary series Seven Ages of Rock and it was the dress-wearing, fox-headed entity immortalised on the cover of Foxtrot. Hackett and the rest of the band had no inkling that Gabriel was going to do this and it was a success, encouraging Gabriel to continue wearing stage clothes while singing
