1.
Santa Ynez Mountains
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The Santa Ynez Mountains are a portion of the Transverse Ranges, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges of the west coast of North America. It is the westernmost range in the Transverse Ranges, the range is a large fault block of Cenozoic age created by the movements of the Santa Ynez Fault. A very narrow range, the Santa Ynez Mountains rise quickly on its north side, the Santa Ynez Mountains begin as a series of volcanic hills near Point Arguello, and gradually transitions eastward into a single, well-defined ridge extending from Gaviota Peak to Matilija Creek. The range is contiguous with the Topatopa Mountains beyond to the east. The climate of the range is Mediterranean with semi-arid characteristics, most of the range lies in the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. At the crest, rainier regions support large groves of conifers, the range is mostly within Los Padres National Forest. The northern boundary of the range is marked by the Santa Ynez Fault, notable features along the fault which mark the boundary of the range include Jalama Creek and the Santa Ynez River to the west and Matilija Creek in the far east. To the north of the range are the San Rafael Mountains, the southern slopes of the range drop off into a series of alluvial plains adjoining the Santa Barbara Channel. They tend to be made up of unconsolidated riverine deposits overlying shale bedrock, the Santa Ynez River flows just north of the mountains, paralleling them for most of their length. Before reaching Lompoc the mountain range diverges into two low ridges, separated by Jalama Creek, which then vanish into the Pacific Ocean. The mountains parallel the Channel Islands to the south, another east-west trending range, an extension of the Santa Monica Mountains. Principal summits in the Santa Ynez range include Divide Peak,4,707 ft, La Cumbre Peak,3,985 ft, and Santa Ynez Peak,4,298 ft. The highest point, an unnamed and unmarked crest colloquially called Peak 4864, is located right above the terminus of the range, near Lake Casitas. Geologically the mountains are young and mostly of sedimentary origin, the most common rock types in the range are sandstones and shales, with some limestone in the western portion of the range. Volcanic rocks can be found at the western extremity of the range, near Point Arguello. The Santa Ynez Mountains were uplifted in the late Miocene Epoch, about five years ago, along the Santa Ynez Fault. Being young, the slopes are steep and the topography is extremely rugged, dramatic sandstone formations, including outcrops of the resistant Coldwater and Matilija formations, are visible at many locations in the range. The predominant ground cover is chaparral, with coastal scrub, oak woodland
2.
Santa Barbara, California
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Santa Barbara is the county seat of Santa Barbara County in the U. S. state of California. Situated on a section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States. Santa Barbaras climate is described as Mediterranean, and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera. The population of the county in 2010 was 423,895. In 2004, the sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment. Education in particular is well represented, with four institutions of learning on the south coast. The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city, as does Amtrak, U. S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles to the southeast and San Francisco to the northwest. Behind the city, in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains, is the Los Padres National Forest, Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary are located approximately 20 miles offshore. Evidence of human habitation of the area begins at least 13,000 years ago, an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 Chumash lived on the south coast of Santa Barbara County at the time of the first European explorations. Five Chumash villages flourished in the area, portuguese explorer João Cabrilho, sailing for the Kingdom of Spain, sailed through what is now called the Santa Barbara Channel in 1542, anchoring briefly in the area. In 1602, Spanish maritime explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno gave the name Santa Barbara to the channel, a land expedition led by Gaspar de Portolà visited in 1769, and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi, who accompanied the expedition, named a large native town Laguna de la Concepcion. Cabrillos earlier name, however, is the one that has survived, the first permanent European residents were Spanish missionaries and soldiers under Felipe de Neve, who came in 1782 to build the Presidio. They were sent both to fortify the region against expansion by other such as England and Russia. Many of the Spaniards brought their families with them, and those formed the nucleus of the small town – at first just a cluster of adobes – that surrounded the Presidio, the Santa Barbara Mission was established on the Feast of Saint Barbara, December 4,1786. It was the tenth of the California Missions to be founded by the Spanish Franciscans and it was dedicated by Padre Fermín Lasuén, who succeeded Padre Junipero Serra as the second president and founder of the California Franciscan Mission Chain. The Mission fathers began the work of converting the native Chumash to Christianity. The Chumash laborers built a connection between the creek and the Santa Barbara Mission water system through the use of a dam. During the following decades, many of the natives died of such as smallpox
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District
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The Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District is a public transit agency providing bus service in the southern portion of Santa Barbara County, California. It serves the cities of Santa Barbara, Carpinteria, and Goleta as well as the areas of Montecito, Summerland. Mule-powered street railways were implemented in 1875 and were replaced by electric streetcars in 1896. The streetcars made their last run on July 1,1929, about a month later, spreitz, its owner, already operated another bus company that served the suburban areas of Goleta and Carpinteria. In the late 1950s and 60s, Santa Barbara Transit was losing revenue, strikes were also a problem, as the company could not afford to pay its employees. Voters approved the formation of the MTD in 1966, however, since the new district had no funds, bus service didnt start until 1967. Over the years, service has expanded, particularly on routes serving the University of California, Santa Barbara, bus schedules were being distributed from 1983 onwards. In August 2012 MTD implemented peak-hour commuter service between Ventura and the Santa Barbara/Goleta area, all routes serving Downtown Santa Barbara begin and end at the Transit Center This route serves Carrillo and San Andres on the west side of Santa Barbara. At the transit center, most Route 1 buses become Route 2 and this route runs to East Santa Barbara via Anapamu and Milpas. Operates between the Downtown Transit Center and La Cumbre Plaza via De La Vina or Bath, Las Positas, also serves Cottage Hospital Route 5 operates between the Downtown Transit Center and La Cumbre Plaza via Cliff and Las Positas. Route 4 is a loop that operates between Santa Barbara City College and the Transit Center via Carillo and Cliff and this route serves State Street in Santa Barbara and Hollister Ave. in Goleta. Some trips continue as Line 23 or as Line 11, operates between Downtown Goleta and the Transit Center via Calle Real. Provides service to the County Health Care Services complex and Sansum Medical Complex on Foothill Rd. Provides service between Hollister/Storke and La Cumbre Plaza via Cathedral Oaks, some trips continue as Line 25 and some continue as Line 6. Together with Route 6, Route 11 forms the trunk of the SBMTD system, uses the US-101 Freeway between Downtown Santa Barbara and Downtown Goleta, then continues on Hollister to Storke, where it interlines with Route 24. Route 14 connects Downtown Santa Barbara and the Eastside with Montecito, looping via Olive Mill, San Ysidro, Sheffield and this route does double duty, serving Isla Vista commuters to Santa Barbara City College, then looping via the Mesa area for passengers going to UCSB. No service is provided when either school is not in session, Provides a quick trip between Downtown and the City College. Not in operation when SBCC is not in session, connects Downtown Santa Barbara with SBCC via San Pascual. Several short routes serving area schools and these typically provide one round trip per schoolday
5.
University of California, Santa Barbara
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The University of California, Santa Barbara is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. The main campus is located on a 1, 022-acre site near Goleta, California, tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system. UCSB is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public universities in the United States. The university is a doctoral university and is organized into five colleges. UCSB was ranked 37th among National Universities, 8th among U. S. public universities, the university was also ranked 48th worldwide for 2016-17 by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 42nd worldwide by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2016. UC Santa Barbara is a high activity research university with twelve national research centers. UCSB was the No.3 host on the ARPAnet and was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1995, the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos compete in the Big West Conference of the NCAA Division I. The Gauchos have won NCAA national championships in soccer and mens water polo. UCSB traces its origins back to the Anna Blake School which was founded in 1891 and offered training in home economics and industrial arts. The Anna Blake School was taken over by the state in 1909 and became the Santa Barbara State Normal School, the State College system sued to stop the takeover, but the Governor did not support the suit. A state initiative was passed, however, in 1946 to stop subsequent conversions of State Colleges to University of California campuses, from 1944 to 1958 the school was known as Santa Barbara College of the University of California, before taking on its current name. When the vacated Marine Corps training station in Goleta was purchased for the growing college. Originally, the Regents envisioned a small, several thousand-student liberal arts college, chronologically, UCSB is the third general-education campus of the University of California, after Berkeley and UCLA. The original campus the Regents acquired in Santa Barbara was located on only 100 acres of largely unusable land on a seaside mesa, all of this change was done in accordance with the California Master Plan for Higher Education. In 1959, UCSB professor Douwe Stuurman hosted the English writer Aldous Huxley as the universitys first visiting professor, Huxley delivered a lectures series called The Human Situation. In the late 1960s and early 1970s UCSB became nationally known as a hotbed of anti-Vietnam War activity, a bombing at the schools faculty club in 1969 killed the caretaker, Dover Sharp. UCSBs anti-Vietnam activity impelled then Governor Ronald Reagan to impose a curfew, weapon-carrying guardsmen were a common sight on campus and in Isla Vista during this time. On May 23,2014, a killing spree occurred in Isla Vista, California, all six people killed during the rampage were students at UCSB
6.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
7.
UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer
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The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos mens soccer team is a NCAA Division I college soccer team composed of student-athletes attending the University of California, Santa Barbara. The Gauchos play their matches at Harder Stadium. Like most of the other UC Santa Barbara Gauchos athletic teams, since 2007, the Gauchos have been recognized every year by the NCAA as the mens attendance champions by average attendance – the longest such recorded streak in the NCAA record books. Additionally, the program holds the top six all-time NCAA soccer records for largest regular season attendances at on-campus venues, the team is most famous for winning the 2006 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship. It was a finalist in the 2004 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship, the program has produced a total of 19 All-American selections, all but one of which since 2002, and over 40 players who have gone on to play professionally or represent their senior national teams. UC Santa Barbara fielded its first mens team in 1966. The Gauchos had mixed success, with good seasons alongside bad seasons, the Big West Conference stopped sponsoring mens soccer after the 1991 season, but re-instituted it prior to the 2001 season. During this period, UCSB competed in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation, the return of soccer to the Big West Conference marked the rough beginning of the Gauchos greatest success to date. UC Santa Barbara have won eight Big West regular season championships and have won the Big West tournament in 2010, the Gauchos burst on to the national scene in 2004 during their run at the 2004 NCAA Championship. The showing in this tournament established UC Santa Barbara as a force in college soccer, the crowning achievement of the mens soccer program took place in 2006, where UCSB won the NCAA Division I Championship in a 2-1 decision over UCLA. It marked the programs first championship and only the universitys second athletics championship, at one point during the season, UCSBs record stood at 7-6 with dim prospects for postseason glory. However, a 5-1 stretch to close out the season raised morale. The Gauchos made the NCAA Tournament as an unseeded team and this propelled the Gauchos into the Final Four and earned them a trip to the College Cup held at Hermann Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri. UCSB needed extra time to defeat #2 seed Wake Forest 0-0 in their first match of the College Cup, the final was a matchup between Southern California teams as UCLA advanced on a 4-0 win over Virginia. The #8 ranked/#8 seeded Bruins served as the team to fall to the Gauchos by a score of 2-1 to complete UCSBs magical season. At the end of UCSBs 2-1 loss to UC Davis in overtime, during the chaos, UCSB senior Peter McGlynn ran toward the match referee, Reed Christy, and pushed him to the ground despite Vom Steegs attempts to block McGlynn. McGlynn was detained by police and later released. McGlynn later apologized with a statement on his Twitter account and pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor, as of November 9,2016 Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules
8.
Multi-purpose stadium
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Multi-purpose stadiums are a type of stadium designed to be easily used by multiple types of events. While any stadium could potentially host more than one type of sport or event and it is used most commonly in Canada and the United States, where the two most popular outdoor team sports – football and baseball – require radically different facilities. Football uses a field, while baseball is played on a diamond. This requires a design to accommodate both, usually an oval. While building stadiums in this way means that sports teams and governments can share costs, some stadiums were renovated to allow multipurpose configurations during the 1980s. This type of stadium is associated with an era of suburbanization, in many sports teams followed their fans out of large cities into areas with cheaper. They were usually built near highways and had large parking lots, as multipurpose stadiums were rarely ideal for both sports usually housed in them, they had fallen out of favor by the 1990s. With the completion of the Truman Sports Complex in Kansas City in 1973, since Oriole Park at Camden Yards opened in 1992, most major league sports stadiums have been built specifically for one sport. In other countries, such as England, teams rarely share facilities, in Australia, many sports grounds are suited to both Australian rules football and cricket, as Australian rules was originally conceived for play on cricket fields. As of 2016, the Oakland Coliseum is the last multipurpose stadium to serve as a home to both an MLB team and an NFL team. Several stadiums hosted multiple sports teams prior to the advent of multipurpose stadiums, the original configuration of Yankee Stadium was specifically designed to accommodate football, as well as track and field, in addition to its primary use for baseball. Wrigley Field, while originally built for baseball, also hosted the Chicago Bears, just as Comiskey Park hosted the Chicago Cardinals, later venues such as Cleveland Stadium and Baltimore Memorial Stadium were built to accommodate both baseball and football. In the 1960s, multipurpose stadiums began replacing their baseball-only and football-only predecessors, subsets of the multipurpose stadiums were the so-called cookie-cutter stadiums or concrete donuts which were all very similar in design. They featured a circular or nearly circular design, and accommodated both baseball and football by rotating sections of the box seat areas to fit the respective playing fields. The first of these stadiums was Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, as of 2016, seven of these 11 stadiums have been demolished. The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome was unusual in that it was one of the few air-supported dome stadiums that was multipurpose in practice, being convertible between football and baseball. Home of the Minnesota Vikings through the 2013 season, it was home to the Minnesota Twins until 2009. The Carrier Dome was another such air-supported, multipurpose stadium, although it was built to accommodate sports such as football
9.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
10.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
11.
Rugby football
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Rugby is a type of football developed at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. The two main types of rugby are rugby league and rugby union, although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league, the Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. These games appear to have resembled rugby football, the Roman politician Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barbers shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis, episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA. In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union, in 1892, after charges of professionalism were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union, was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, after the schism, the separate clubs were named rugby league and rugby union. Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions, Argentina, Australia, England, France, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby, whose headquarters are located in Dublin and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, there was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped. In Canada and the United States, rugby union evolved into gridiron football, during the late 1800s, the two forms of the game were very similar, but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart. Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a level by the Rugby League International Federation. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, in Papua New Guinea it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup, distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the oval ball and throwing the ball forward is not allowed, so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. As the sport of rugby league moved further away from its counterpart, rule changes were implemented with the aim of making a faster-paced. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle, play is continued with a play-the-ball, in league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession
12.
Lacrosse
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Lacrosse is a contact team sport played between two teams using a small rubber ball and a long-handled stick called a crosse or lacrosse stick. The mens version is considered as a sport, with slashes and intense checks to the stick. The head of the stick is strung with loose mesh designed to catch. There are many different ways to put mesh on the head of the stick, also known as stringing the stick. Offensively, the objective of the game is to score by shooting the ball into a goal past the goalie, using the lacrosse stick to catch, cradle. Defensively, the objective is to keep the team from scoring and to gain the ball through the use of stick checking. The sport has four types, mens field lacrosse, womens lacrosse. The sport consists of four positions, midfield, attack, defense, long stick middies only play defense and come off of the field on offense. As a result of its origins, it is traditionally a Northeastern US, or east coast sport, but in recent years has grown into the South, Midwest. Lacrosse may have developed as early as 1100 AD among indigenous peoples on the North American continent. By the seventeenth century, it was well-established and it was documented by Jesuit missionary priests in the territory of present-day Canada. The game has many modifications since that time. In the traditional aboriginal Canadian version, each consisted of about 100 to 1,000 men on a field that stretched from about 500 m to 3 km long. These games lasted from sunup to sundown for two to three days straight and these games were played as part of ceremonial ritual, a kind of symbolic warfare, to give thanks to the Creator or Master. Lacrosse played a significant role in the community and religious life of tribes across the continent for many years, early lacrosse was characterized by deep spiritual involvement, befitting the spirit of combat in which it was undertaken. Those who took part did so in the role of warriors, with the goal of bringing glory and honor to themselves, the game was said to be played for the Creator or was referred to as The Creators Game. The French Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf saw Iroquois tribesmen play the game during 1637 in present-day New York and he was one of the first Europeans to write about the game. The name seems to be originated from the French term for field hockey, a crosse in French is any stick curved at its end In 1855, William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club
13.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
14.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
15.
Vince Lombardi
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Vincent Thomas Vince Lombardi was an American football player, coach, and executive in the National Football League. The NFLs Super Bowl trophy is named in his honor and he was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, the year after his death. Lombardi, while considered by many to be the greatest coach in history, is more significantly recognized as one of the greatest coaches. Lombardi began his career as an assistant and later as a head coach at St. Cecilia High School in Englewood. Lombardi was born on June 11,1913 in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn to Enrico Harry Lombardi, Harrys mother and father, Vincenzo and Michelina, emigrated from Salerno, Italy. Matties father and mother, Anthony and Loretta, emigrated from Vietri di Potenza, Harry had three siblings and Matilda had twelve. Vince would be the oldest of five children, Madeleine, Harold, Claire, the entire Lombardi and Izzo clan settled in Sheepshead Bay. Matildas father, Anthony, opened up a shop in Sheepshead Bay before the turn of the century. At about the time of Lombardis birth, Harry, and his brother, Eddie, throughout the Great Depression, Harrys shop did well and his family prospered. Lombardi grew up in a diverse, middle-class neighborhood. Church attendance was mandatory for the Lombardis on Sundays, Mass would be followed with an equally compulsory few hours of dinner with friends, extended family members, and local clergy. He was a boy at St. Outside of their neighborhood, the Lombardi children were subject to the rampant discrimination that existed at the time against Italian immigrants. As a child, Lombardi helped his father at his meat cutting business, at the age of 12 he started playing in an uncoached but organized football league in Sheepshead Bay. Lombardi graduated from the grade at P. S. He then matriculated with the Cathedral Preparatory Seminary a part of Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception in Brooklyn, at Cathedral, he played on the schools baseball and basketball teams, but his performance was hindered by his poor athleticism and eyesight. Against school rules, he continued to play football off-campus throughout his studies at Cathedral, after completing four years at Cathedral he decided not to pursue the priesthood. He enrolled at St. Francis Preparatory high school for the fall of 1932, there he became a Charter Member of Omega Gamma Delta fraternity
16.
Green Bay Packers
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The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference North division. They are also the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, organized and it is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games are played at Lambeau Field, the Packers are the last vestige of small town teams common in the NFL during the 1920s and 1930s. Founded in 1919 by Earl Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, between 1919 and 1920, the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest. They joined the American Professional Football Association, the forerunner of todays NFL, the Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowl victories. They won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers head coach of the same name and their two further Super Bowl wins came in 1997 and 2011. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions, the Bears–Packers rivalry is one of the oldest in NFL history, dating back to 1921. The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11,1919 by former high-school football rivals Earl Curly Lambeau, Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer, the Indian Packing Company. He was given $500 for uniforms and equipment, on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor, the Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL. On August 27,1921, the Packers were granted a franchise in the new pro football league that had been formed the previous year. Financial troubles plagued the team and the franchise was forfeited within the year, before Lambeau found new financial backers and these backers, known as the Hungry Five, formed the Green Bay Football Corporation. After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeaus squad claimed the Packers first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands. The arrival of end Don Hutson from Alabama in 1935 gave Lambeau, credited with inventing pass patterns, Hutson would lead the league in receptions eight seasons and spur the Packers to NFL championships in 1936,1939 and 1944. An iron man, Hutson played both ways, leading the league in interceptions as a safety in 1940, Hutson claimed 18 NFL records when he retired in 1945, many of which still stand. In 1951, his number 14 was the first to be retired by the Packers, after Hutsons retirement, Lambeau could not stop the Packers slide. He purchased a large lodge near Green Bay for team members, rockwood Lodge was the home of the 1946-1949 Packers, though the 1947 and 1948 seasons produced a record of 12-10-1, and 1949 was even worse at 3-9
17.
Super Bowl I
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The National Football League champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League champion Kansas City Chiefs by the score of 35–10. Coming into this game, considerable animosity remained between the AFL and NFL, thus the teams representing the two rival leagues felt pressure to win. The Chiefs posted an 11–2–1 record during the 1966 AFL season, the Packers finished the 1966 NFL season at 12–2, and defeated the Dallas Cowboys, 34–27, in the 1966 NFL Championship Game. Still, many writers and fans believed any team in the older NFL was vastly superior to any club in the upstart AFL. The first half of Super Bowl I was competitive, as the Chiefs out-gained the Packers in total yards, 181–164, early in the third quarter, Green Bay safety Willie Wood intercepted a pass and returned it 50 yards to the five-yard line. The turnover sparked the Packers to score 21 unanswered points in the second half, Green Bay quarterback Bart Starr, who completed 16 of 23 passes for 250 yards and two touchdowns, with 1 interception, was named MVP. When the NFL began its 40th season in 1960, it had a new and unwanted rival, but unlike the NFLs prior rivals, the AFL survived and prospered, in part by signing NFL rejects who turned out to be highly talented players the older league had badly misjudged. Soon the NFL and AFL found themselves locked in a bidding war for the top free agents and prospects coming out of college. Originally, there was an agreement between the two not to raid each other by signing players who were already under contract with a team from an opposing league. This policy broke down in early 1966 when the NFLs New York Giants signed Pete Gogolak, the AFL owners considered this an act of war and immediately struck back, signing several contracted NFL players, including eight of their top quarterbacks. Eventually the NFL had enough and started negotiations with the AFL in an attempt to resolve the issue, as a result of the negotiations, the leagues signed a merger agreement on June 9,1966. Among the details, both agreed to share a common draft in order to end the bidding war for the top college players. Los Angeles was not awarded the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game until December 1,1966 six weeks prior to the kickoff, likewise, the Green Bay Packers played the Kansas City Chiefs, with the Packers winning 35–10. The Chiefs entered the game after recording an 11–2–1 mark during the regular season, in the AFL Championship Game, they beat the Buffalo Bills, 31–7. Kansas Citys high-powered offense led the AFL in points scored and total rushing yards and their trio of running backs, Mike Garrett, Bert Coan, and Curtis McClinton all ranked among the top-ten rushers in the AFL. Quarterback Len Dawson was the passer in the AFL, completing 159 of 284 of his passes for 2,527 yards and 26 touchdowns. Wide receiver Otis Taylor provided the team with a deep threat by recording 58 receptions for 1,297 yards. The Chiefs also had a defense, with All-AFL players Jerry Mays
18.
NCAA Division II
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Division II is an intermediate-level division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. It offers an alternative to both the larger and better-funded Division I and to the scholarship-free environment offered in Division III, before 1973, the NCAAs smaller schools were grouped together in the College Division. In 1973, the College Division split in two when the NCAA began using numeric designations for its competitions, nationally, ESPN televises the championship game in football, CBS televises the mens basketball championship, and ESPN2 televises the womens basketball championship. CBS Sports Network broadcasts six football games on Thursdays during the regular season, the official slogan of NCAA Division II, implemented in 2015, is Make It Yours. There are currently 300 full and 20 provisional members of Division II with seven institutions moving to full membership in September 2015, Division II schools tend to be smaller public universities and many private institutions. A large minority of Division II institutions have fewer than 2,499 students, only six institutions have more than 15,000 students. Division II has a membership, with two active member institutions in Alaska and four in Hawaii. Additionally, it is the division that has member institutions in Puerto Rico. Simon Fraser University became the first institution outside the US to enter the NCAA membership process and this occurred after the Division II Membership Committee accepted the institutions application during a July 7–9 meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana. Simon Fraser, located in the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby, British Columbia, prospective members also must complete at least one year of provisional status before being accepted as full-time Division II members. In the fall of 2012, the NCAA Presidents Council officially approved Simon Fraser University as the organizations first international member. Division II institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, for sports other than football and basketball there are no scheduling requirements. There are not attendance requirements for football, nor arena size requirements for basketball, there are maximum financial aid awards for each sport, as well as a separate limit on financial aid awards in mens sports, that a Division II school must not exceed. Division II teams usually feature a number of local or in-state student-athletes, many Division II student-athletes pay for school through a combination of scholarship money, grants, student loans and employment earnings. Division II athletics programs are financed in the institutions budget like other departments on campus. Traditional rivalries with regional institutions dominate schedules of many Division II athletics programs, Athletic scholarships are offered in most sponsored sports at most institutions, but with more stringent limits as to the numbers offered in any one sport than at the Division I level. For example, Division II schools may give financial aid in football equivalent to 36 full scholarships, two exceptions to this rule currently exist. First, football players transferring from a Division I FBS school to a Division I FCS school do not have to sit out a year
19.
NCAA Division III
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Sports Division III is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the United States. The division consists of colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletically related financial aid to their student-athletes, as explained in more detail in the article about NCAA Division II, the NCAAs first split was into two divisions. The former College Division formed because many NCAA member schools wanted an alternative to the nature of what is now Division I. Division III formed in 1973, in a split of the College Division, the former College Division members that chose to offer athletic scholarships or to remain in a division with those who did became Division II, while members that did not became Division III. Division III is the NCAA’s largest division with 438 active member institutions, of the member institutions, 81% are private, while only 19% are public. Division III schools range in size from an undergraduate enrollment of 348 to a maximum of 21,247. Division III institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, there are minimum contest and participant minimums for each sport. Division III athletic programs are non-revenue-generating, extracurricular programs that are staffed and funded like any other university department, hence, they feature student-athletes who receive no financial aid related to their athletic ability. Student athletes also cannot redshirt as freshmen, and schools may not use endowments or funds whose primary purpose is to benefit athletic programs, Division III schools shall not award financial aid to any student on the basis of athletics leadership, ability, participation or performance. The ban on scholarships is strictly enforced. S, an all-sports conference is defined here as one that sponsors both mens and womens basketball. A conference name followed by * denotes a conference also sponsors football. Six of them are grandfathered schools that have competed at the highest level of a particular mens sport prior to the institution of the Division classifications in 1971. Presumably due to Title IX considerations, grandfathered schools are allowed to field one womens sport in Division I. These schools are allowed to offer scholarships in their Division I mens and womens sports to remain competitive with their opponents. The State University of New York at Oneonta, which had been grandfathered in mens soccer, rutgers University–Newark, which had been grandfathered in mens volleyball, did the same in 2014. Academic-based and need-based financial aid is available, as is the case for Division III. Franklin and Marshall College Hobart College Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT also fields mens rowing, lawrence continues to field a fencing team, but that team is now considered Division III. Football and basketball may not be grandfathered Division I programs because their potential would give them an unfair advantage over other Division III schools
20.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
21.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
22.
Central Coast (California)
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The Central Coast is an area of California, United States, roughly spanning the coastal region between Point Mugu and Monterey Bay. It lies northwest of Los Angeles County and south of San Francisco, six counties make up the Central Coast, from south-to north, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz. The Central Coast is the location of the Central Coast American Viticultural Area, the Central Coast area was originally inhabited by Chumash and other Native American people since at least 10,000 BC. Many of these settlements were coastal, where the people exploited marine resources, for example, there were significant settlements near the mouth of Morro Creek and Los Osos Creek. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo visited the Central Coast, landing in Santa Barbara County in 1542, the region is known primarily for agriculture and tourism. Major crops include wine grapes, lettuce, strawberries, and artichokes, the Salinas Valley is one of the most fertile farming regions in the United States. The area is not densely populated, the largest city in the region is Oxnard in Ventura County, with a population estimated at 203,007 in 2013. University of California campuses are found in Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz, California State University, Monterey Bay, founded in 1994, uses facilities donated when Fort Ord was converted from military to civilian uses. California Polytechnic State University, in San Luis Obispo, was founded in 1901, the six counties that make up the Central Coast region had an estimated population of 2,327,344 in 2014, about 5% more than the population of New Mexico. Travel is almost entirely by private automobile, because of its position roughly halfway between the major cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, San Luis Obispo is home to Americas first motel. The major highway is U. S. Route 101, which runs north-south from Los Angeles, through most of the communities of the Central Coast. State Route 1, a smaller but much more scenic route, connects the communities, running through San Simeon, Morro Bay. Amtrak maintains train service with the Coast Starlight and Pacific Surfliner routes along the Union Pacific Railroad Coast Line that also transports freight, there are no major airports, although Monterey, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria and San Luis Obispo have regional airports with commuter service. Greyhound buses serve most of the region, monterey-Salinas Transit operates bus services throughout Monterey County as far south as Big Sur on the coast and King City in the Salinas Valley. MST also offers service to San Jose Diridon Station, downtown Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz Metro Offers services within Santa Cruz County, including connections to San Jose and San Jose State and connection to MST service in Watsonville, heading south to Salinas
23.
UC Santa Barbara Events Center
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The Thunderdome was built in 1979, originally under the name of Campus Events Center. Along with Harder Stadium, it has become one of the most patronized venues at UC Santa Barbara. After a naming contest and vote among students and faculty, it was given the generic name Campus Events Center. Eventually, the name was shorted to the ECen. For basketball, the stadium seats 5,600, other configurations result in differing capacities, most notably 5,814 as a maximum or 3,584 to 4,848 for concerts. Currently, the 5,600 seat stadium is the third largest arena in the Big West Conference, behind the 10, 200-seat Stan Sheriff Center at the University of Hawaii and the 8, 000-seat UC Davis Pavilion. The floor of the Thunderdome was named by Bleacher Report as the 11th best court design in college basketball, at first, crowds were small, but with the hiring of Jerry Pimm in 1983, the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos mens basketball program began to experience greater success. As the size of crowds began to increase, the Events Center gained a reputation as one of the loudest and most hostile venues in college basketball, creating significant problems for opposing teams. After UCSB upset Jim Valvanos North Carolina State Wolfpack team by double digits in 1987 before a sellout crowd, credit has been given to the athletic director at that time, Stan Morrison, for having coined the nickname. Also many believe it was reinforced from Valvano himself when he said in a postgame interview. During the 1980s, students threw toilet paper onto the court after the first Gaucho basket, after the school cracked down on this practice around 1990, students started a new tradition of tossing tortillas onto the court like frisbees after the first UCSB basket. The team would then be assessed a technical foul for delay of game while the tortillas were cleaned up, during an early 1990s game, one of ESPNs professional video cameras was ruined when tortilla fragments got into the mechanism. While UCSB paid for a replacement camera, ESPN was skittish about returning to the Thunderdome, despite continued pleading from the players and coaches to stop the practice, the tradition continued unabated. Following this incident, UCSB officials began searching students for tortillas as they entered the arena, apart from a few sporadic instances of tortilla-tossing, the novelty has worn off. The Thunderdome is the home to teams of the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos athletic program, in 2002,2,794 fans attended a womens volleyball match between UCSB and the USC Trojans in which the 9th ranked Gauchos upset USC3 games to 1. The facility also hosted and the first and second games of the 2004 NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament. In addition to sporting events, The Thunderdome has seen many concerts, boxing matches, dave Chappelle performed comedy on June 2,2004, while The Killers played at The Thunderdome on April 6,2007 and the Harlem Globetrotters played an exhibition game on February 15,2007. The center hosts basketball camps by Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant and these camps take place during the summer months
24.
2014 Isla Vista killings
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The attack began when Rodger stabbed three men to death in his apartment. Afterwards, he drove to a sorority house and shot three female students outside, killing two and he drove to a nearby deli and shot to death a male student who was inside. He began to speed through Isla Vista, shooting and wounding several pedestrians, Rodger exchanged gunfire with police twice during the attack, receiving a non-fatal gunshot to the hip. The rampage ended when his car crashed into a parked vehicle, police found him dead in the car with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Before driving to the sorority house, Rodger uploaded to YouTube a video titled Elliot Rodgers Retribution, in which he outlined details of his upcoming attack and his motives. He explained that he wanted to punish women for rejecting him, after uploading the video, Rodger e-mailed a lengthy autobiographical manuscript to approximately a dozen acquaintances and family members. The document, which he titled My Twisted World, was available on the Internet. In September 2012, Rodger visited a shooting range to train himself in firing handguns, in November 2012, he purchased his first handgun, a Glock 34 pistol, in Goleta, after doing research on handguns. As documented in his manifesto, he assessed the Glock 34 as an efficient, in early 2013, Rodger bought two additional handguns, both SIG Sauer P226 pistols, writing that they were of a much higher quality than the Glock and a lot more efficient. He purchased the weapons in Oxnard and Burbank, gun law experts have said that there was nothing in his known history that prevented him from making legal firearm purchases. Rodger began his attacks at his apartment on Seville Road, where three men were found dead inside, each victim had received multiple stab wounds, and all had been killed approximately three hours before the shooting spree. Their bodies were found the day following the shootings and they were identified as Rodgers roommates, Weihan Wang and Cheng Hong, and a friend named George Chen. Faint bloodstains in the hallway of the apartment indicate at least one of the victims had been attacked as he entered the apartment. Authorities later said that the presence of a bath towel. The bodies of Wang and Hong were found in their shared bedroom, less than two hours preceding the shooting spree, Rodger went to a Starbucks coffee shop, where he purchased some coffee. He was later seen sitting in his car in the lot of his apartment building at about 8,30 p. m. working on his laptop. He knocked on the sorority house door for a few minutes, after no one answered, he began shooting people who were nearby. He first shot three Delta Delta Delta sorority sisters, killing two of them and wounding the third, responding sheriffs deputies and nearby pedestrians ran to the victims and tried to tend to their wounds before ambulances arrived
25.
Janet Napolitano
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She has been president of the University of California system since September 2013, shortly after she resigned as Secretary of Homeland Security. Prior to her election as governor, she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2003 and she was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office. Napolitano is the 1977 Truman Scholar from New Mexico and she has been the first woman to serve in several offices, including Attorney General of Arizona, Secretary of Homeland Security, and president of the University of California. Forbes ranked her as the ninth most powerful woman in 2012. In 2008, she was cited by The New York Times to be among the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States, some political commentators suggested that a possible candidacy in the 2016 election. She has also discussed as a contender for appointment to the U. S. Supreme Court. Janet Napolitano was born on November 29,1957, in New York City, the daughter of Jane Marie and Leonard Michael Napolitano and her father was of Italian descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry. She is the oldest of three children, she has a brother and sister. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Albuquerque, New Mexico and she graduated from Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California, where she won a Truman Scholarship, and was valedictorian. In 1978, she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Claras exchange programme through IES Abroad and she then received her Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law. In 1991, while a partner at Lewis and Roca LLP, in 1993, Napolitano was appointed by President Bill Clinton as United States Attorney for the District of Arizona. As U. S. Attorney, she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of Kingman, Arizona and she ran for and won the position of Arizona Attorney General in 1998. During her tenure as general, she focused on consumer protection issues. While still serving as general, she spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention just three weeks after having a mastectomy. Napolitano recalls that the pain was so unbearable that she couldnt stand up, work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer, says Napolitano. I am very grateful for all the support I had from family, friends and she was Arizonas third female governor and the first woman in the United States to be elected governor to succeed another elected female governor. She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since Bruce Babbitt left office in 1987, in November 2005, Time magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U. S. As Governor, Napolitano set records for number of vetoes issued
26.
California State University, East Bay
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California State University, East Bay is a public university located in Hayward, California, United States. The university, as part of the 23-campus California State University system, founded in 1957, California State University, East Bay has a student body of almost 16,000. In Fall of 2013, it had 752 faculty, of which 275 were on the tenure track, the universitys largest and oldest campus is located in Hayward, with additional campus-sites in the nearby cities of Oakland and Concord. The university operates on the system and is scheduled to convert to the semester system Fall 2018. In 2005, with campuses across the region, the university broadened its mission to serve the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. To reflect a more objective, the school changed its name from California State University, Hayward to California State University. California State University, East Bay is the most ethnically diverse college in California, the university was established as State College for Alameda County, with its primary mission to serve the higher education needs of both Alameda County and Contra Costa County. Its construction was part of the California Master Plan for Higher Education as proposed by Clark Kerr, the campus was moved to Hayward before plans were finalized due to the efforts of State Assembly member Carlos Bee and other boosters from the Hayward community, including S. E. Bond Jr, and E. Guy Warren, namesake of Warren Hall, at the time of its opening in 1959, classes were first held on the campus of Sunset Elementary School and then Hayward High School. With the addition of the school, higher education in the San Francisco Bay Area became more accessible, to the south was San Jose State College serving the South Bay counties. To the west was San Francisco State College serving San Francisco, to the north is Sonoma State University, serving Marin, Napa and Sonoma counties. Chabot College, a part of the California Community College system, the university has undergone numerous transitions in its history, making name changes accordingly. In 1961, the school was moved to its present location in the Hayward Hills, in 1963, the name was changed to California State College at Hayward. The school was granted university status in 1972, changing its name to California State University, in 2005, the university implemented a new, broader mission to serve the eastern San Francisco Bay Area and adopted the name California State University, East Bay. The proposal to rename the campus to California State University, East Bay was approved by the California State University Board of Trustees on January 26,2005, California State University, East Bays main campus is located in Hayward, California. It is situated on a plateau east of the Hayward fault overlooking the southeast part of the city, CSUEB also has a campus in Concord, California in Contra Costa County, and a professional development center in Oakland. Continuing education programs are available at all three locations, Warren Hall was rated the least earthquake-safe building in the California State University system by the CSU Seismic Review Board. In January 2013 the CSU Board of Trustees authorized $50 million to demolish the former administrative building, Warren Hall was demolished by implosion on August 17,2013
27.
Wisconsin Badgers
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The Wisconsin Badgers are the athletic teams representing the University of Wisconsin–Madison. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level, the womens ice hockey team competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association, while the mens and lightweight womens crew team compete in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges. The athletic director is Barry Alvarez, former coach of the football team. The Badgers team colors are cardinal and white, and the mascot is named Buckingham U. The Badgers have several major facilities, including Camp Randall Stadium, the UW Field House. Wisconsin was dubbed the Badger State because of the miners who first settled there in the 1820s and 1830s. Without shelter in the winter, they had to live like badgers in tunnels burrowed into hillsides, the badger mascot was adopted by the University of Wisconsin in 1889. Bucky Badger, was chosen in a contest in 1949, the emblem, a scowling, strutting badger wearing a cardinal-and-white striped sweater, was designed by Art Evans in 1940 and updated in 2003. A live badger from Eau Claire was used at the first few games that year. For a time, the replaced the live badger with a live raccoon named Regdab. In 2006, Bucky Badger became a member of the Mascot Hall of Fames College Division. Wisconsins football program has been among the most successful in the Big Ten since the early 1990s, under Alvarez, the Badgers won three Big Ten Championships and three Rose Bowls. In the 2005 season, Alvarezs last year as coach, the Badgers defeated the Auburn Tigers 24-10, in 2006, Bret Bielema took over as head coach, posting a 12–1 record and defeating Arkansas 17-14, in the Capital One Bowl. On December 5,2012, Bielema announced his departure for Arkansas, stating, I just felt it was time for me to try and spread my wings, Bielema was Alvarezs handpicked successor, and he coached the Badgers in their return to the Rose Bowl. The Badgers are 11–10 in bowl games, and have made 14 bowl appearance in the past 15 seasons, the Badger football program has had two Heisman Trophy winners, fullback Alan Ameche in 1954, and running back Ron Dayne in 1999. They came close in the 2011–2012 season, with their running back Montee Ball, running back Melvin Gordon was runner-up in 2014. The Wisconsin Badgers football team plays its games at Camp Randall Stadium. Built in 1917, Camp Randall is the fourth-oldest college football stadium in the country and has a capacity of 80,321, the student section at Camp Randall is considered by many to be one of the best in all of college football
28.
Stanford Cardinal
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The Stanford Cardinal is the nickname of the 37 varsity athletic teams at Stanford University. Stanfords program has won over 100 national team championships, Stanford has won 22 consecutive NACDA Directors Cups, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation. Stanfords teams compete in the Pac-12 Conference, along with schools from the western third of the United States. Following its win over Cal in the first-ever Big Game in 1892, white was adopted as a secondary color in the 1940s. On November 25,1930, following a vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students. The Indian symbol and name were dropped by President Richard Lyman in 1972, after objections from Native American students. From 1972 to 1981, the nickname was the Cardinals. During the 1970s, a number of suggestions were put forth as possible nicknames, Robber Barons, Sequoias, Trees, Railroaders, Spikes, the last suggestion gained enough momentum to prompt the university to place two griffin statues near the athletic facilities. On November 17,1981, school president Donald Kennedy declared that the teams be represented by the color cardinal in its singular form. Stanford has no mascot, but the Stanford Tree, a member of the Stanford Band wearing a self-designed tree costume. The Tree is based upon El Palo Alto, a tree in neighboring Palo Alto that appears in the Stanford seal. Stanford University sponsors varsity teams in 15 mens,20 womens, Stanford has won these NCAA team championships in 20 different sports. S. Stanfords run of 41 consecutive years winning an NCAA team championship is the longest such streak in NCAA history, the next longest NCAA championship streak is 19 years. Stanford has won 99 NCAA team championships during this 41 year NCAA championship streak, the most NCAA team championships Stanford has won in a single year is six in 1996-97. Stanford has won five NCAA team championships in a three times. Stanford athletes have won 483 NCAA individual championships as of July 1,2016, Stanfords 483 individual championships are the most individual championships won by any school in NCAA Division I. No other Division I school has won more than 400 NCAA individual championships, Stanford has won the NACDA Directors Cup every year for the last 22 years. The Directors Cup recognizes the most successful sports program in NCAA Division I
29.
Hartford Hawks
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The Hartford Hawks are the athletic teams of the University of Hartford, located in West Hartford, Connecticut. The school sponsors 18 NCAA Division I varsity sports, all but three sports are members of the America East Conference. The mens golf team is a member of the Big Sky Conference, the golf team is in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. A member of the America East Conference, Hartford sponsors teams in nine mens and nine womens NCAA sanctioned sports, # = Mens tennis competes as an affiliate member of the Missouri Valley Conference. In addition,43 percent of Hawk student-athletes notched at least a 3.5 while five percent registered perfect 4.0 GPAs for the 2012–13 academic year. The University of Hartford clinched its second-straight America East Academic Cup in 2012–13 after posting the highest grade-point average of any school in the 18-year history of the award, compiling a 3.24 GPA in 2012–13, the Hawks won their third Academic Cup all-time. From Hartfords athletic website, Howie is well known among the University of Hartford community and fans, the current version of Howie the Hawk began its tenure during the winter of 2008–09. The nickname originated in the late 1940s when the school competed as Hillyer College, jeff Bagwell — Former Hartford third baseman. 2x All-American, 2x Eastern College Athletic Conference Player of the Year, Hartfords all-time leader in batting average and slugging percentage. Selected as the 110th overall pick in the 4th round of the 1989 MLB draft by the Boston Red Sox, traded to the Houston Astros on August 30,1990. NL MVP, 4x MLB All-Star, NL Rookie of the Year, Gold Glove Award, vin Baker — Former Hartford center. North Atlantic Conference Player of the Year, selected as the 8th overall pick in the 1st round of the 1993 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks. Seattle SuperSonics, Boston Celtics, New York Knicks, Houston Rockets, Los Angeles Clippers, jerry Kelly Tracey Kelusky Tim Petrovic Patrick Sheehan Saralyn Smith Earl Snyder — Former Hartford first/third baseman. Hartfords all-time leader in hits, runs, home runs, runs batted in, sean Newcomb — Former Hartford starting pitcher. Baseball America All-American Third Team, ABCA All-American Second Team, Perfect Game All-American Second Team, America East Pitcher of the Year. Selected 15th overall in the 1st round of the 2014 Major League Baseball draft by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Hartfords athletic teams wear gear made by sporting goods company Under Armour
30.
University of San Diego
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The University of San Diego is a private Roman Catholic university in San Diego, California, United States. The university offers 42 baccalaureate degrees, and several degrees in law, nursing, the university comprises seven different academic colleges. Chartered in 1949, the university opened its doors to its first class of students in 1952 as the San Diego College for Women, in September 1954, the San Diego College for Men and the School of Law opened. These two schools originally occupied Bogue Hall on the site of University High School, which would later become the home of the University of San Diego High School. In 1957, Immaculate Heart Major Seminary and St. Francis Minor Seminary were moved into their newly completed facility, the Immaculata Chapel, now no longer affiliated with USD, also opened that year as part of the seminary facilities. For nearly two decades, these schools co-existed on Alcalá Park, since then, the university has grown quickly and has been able to increase its assets and academic programs. The student body, the community, patrons, alumni. Significant periods of expansion of the university, since the 1972 merger, occurred in the mid-1980s, as well as in 1998, when Joan B. Kroc, philanthropist and wife of McDonalds financier Ray Kroc, endowed USD with a gift of $25 million for the construction of the Institute for Peace & Justice, Kroc left the School of Peace Studies upon her death. These gifts helped make possible, respectively, the Jenny Craig Pavilion, the Donald P. Shiley Center for Science and Technology, Kroc School of Peace Studies, and the Degheri Alumni Center. As a result, USD has been able to host the West Coast Conference basketball tournament in 2002,2003 and 2008, Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice and at USDs Shiley Theatre. Shileys gift has provided the university with some additional, and more advanced, in 2005, the university expanded the Colachis Plaza from the Immaculata along Marian Way to the east end of Hall, which effectively closed the east end of the campus to vehicular traffic. That same year, the student body approved plans for a renovation and expansion of the Hahn University Center which began at the end of 2007, the new Student Life Pavilion opened in 2009 and hosts the universitys new student dining area, offices for student organizations and event spaces. The Hahn University Center is now home to offices, meeting and event spaces. As of the fall of 2012, USDs total enrollment was 8,105 undergraduate, graduate, the complaint was made by a female law student against two other male law students. The 29-year-old woman, whose name was not disclosed, said she was raped in a bathroom during a party in May 2013. The party was for students to celebrate the completion of their first year of law school, the woman also filed a civil suit against the alleged perpetrators and the school. In her suit, the student claims that University of San Diego officials also discouraged her from pursuing any action against her rapists and said if she did
31.
VCU Rams
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The VCU Rams are the athletic teams of Virginia Commonwealth University of Richmond, Virginia, United States. The Rams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference, the most successful teams have been the mens tennis and basketball teams, which have had success in their conference and on the regional and national stages. The schools colors are black and gold, the athletic director is Ed McLaughlin. The official student supporter group is known as the Rowdy Rams, the first varsity basketball team was fielded in 1968, and coached by Benny Dees. The present head coach is Will Wade, who replaced Shaka Smart for the 2015-16 season, Smart, who led the team to their first Final Four in 2011, left for the University of Texas. In the 2011 NCAA tournament, VCU qualified as an at-large bid, the decision to allow VCU to participate in the tournament was widely criticized among pundits and the media. VCU defeated USC 59–46 in the First Four play-in game, VCU then went on to upset Georgetown 74–56 in the round of 64. The 11th-seeded VCU Rams then upset 3rd-seeded Purdue 94–76 to advance to the Sweet 16 for the first time in school history. In the sweet sixteen, VCU defeated 10th-seeded Florida State 72–71 on a last second bucket in overtime to advance to the Elite 8 for the first time in school history, VCU beat #1 seeded Kansas in the Southwest Regional final by a score of 71–61. It was the Rams first trip to the Final Four, against Butler in the Final Four, VCU lost 70–62, ending one of the greatest Cinderella stories of all time. The VCU Rams finished 6th in the ESPN/USA Today Coaches Poll at the end of the season and this was the highest ranking in VCUs history and the highest ranking of any team from the CAA. In 1985 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament, VCU received an invitation to the NCAA mens basketball tournament as a #2 seed in its region, however, it was upset in the second round of the tournament by #7 seed Alabama. Until 2006 the team was coached by Jeff Capel, who at the time of his promotion to head coach in 2002 was the youngest coach in Division I NCAA basketball at 27 years old. During his time with VCU, Capel compiled a 79–41 record, and in his first year earned VCU18 wins, in April 2006, Capel announced his decision to coach the University of Oklahoma basketball team. He was replaced by Anthony Grant, formerly an assistant head coach with the 2006 NCAA champions, the Rams defeated the Patriots in a close fought game 65–59 to set a school record for wins in a season, finishing 27–6. The Rams also set a mark for the most conference wins in the season by any team ever in the CAA, finishing their CAA campaign 16–2 in the regular season. In the first round of the 2007 NCAA tourney the 11 seeded Rams upset 6 seeded Duke by Eric Maynors game-winning buzzer-beater, VCU then lost in the second round to 3-seed Pitt in overtime. The team is best known for its Final Four run in the 2011 NCAA Division I Mens Basketball Tournament, the first time the Rams made it beyond the second round
32.
NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship
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The tournament has been formally held since 1959, when it was an eight-team tournament. Since then, the tournament has expanded to 48 teams, in which every Division I conference tournament champion is allocated a berth, among the most successful programs, Saint Louis won 10 titles during dynasty years between 1959 and 1973. Indiana has won 8 titles beginning in 1982, whereas Virginia has won 7 titles beginning in 1989, while the tournament is frequently referenced as the College Cup, the NCAA applies the title only to the semifinal and championship rounds of the tournament proper. Since the tournament began, the semifinal and final fixtures have been held at a neutral site predetermined by the NCAA prior to the start of the regular season, the NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Tournament is a 48-team, single-elimination tournament. In 2016,24 spots will be reserved for the winners of automatic bids, conferences granted automatic qualification are, Each conference determines the format for their conference championship, which determines the school who receives the automatic bid. Many use conference tournaments, although three conferences award the championship and automatic bid to the season champion. The remaining 24 teams have received at-large bids, the at-large teams are selected by a committee consisting of representatives from each of the eight regions the NCAA has divided the country into. The top 16 teams are seeded into the bracket and receive first round byes, the other 32 are grouped by geographical proximity. The first four rounds are played on campus sites, with matches being hosted by the higher seed, the College Cup, comprising the semifinal and final matches, is played at a predetermined site. Stanford are the current champions, defeating Wake Forest 0-0 in the final, side Notes, † Co-champions—Game called due to weather ‡ Co-champions—Game was declared a draw # Disqualified at a later time
33.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
34.
Isla Vista, California
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Isla Vista is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Barbara County, California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 23,096, the majority of residents are college students at nearby University of California, Santa Barbara or at Santa Barbara City College. The beachside community lies on a plateau about 30 feet in elevation. Isla Vista enjoys a Mediterranean climate and often has less precipitation than either Santa Barbara or the adjacent community of Goleta. Isla Vista is located on a portion of the Santa Barbara County coast. During El Niño years, precipitation in Isla Vista can be excessive, recent erosion has exposed foundation supports in several of the properties closest to the university campus, UCSB. Since Isla Vista has not been annexed by either Goleta or Santa Barbara, remaining unincorporated, Isla Vista is home to a student housing cooperative, the Santa Barbara Student Housing Coop, as well as a food cooperative, the Isla Vista Food Co-op. Traditionally, Isla Vista is the area boxed in by El Colegio Road to the north, Ocean Road to the east, the beach to the south, the 2000 census showed 13,465 residents in this area of about 0.55 square miles. The 2010 census showed population growth in area of 10. 2%. The densest of the three subdivisions in the box, also called Isla Vista, was in 2010 the 87th densest census tract in California.2 square miles. In the 2000 census, a mistake was made, and about 2,000 UCSB dormitory residents were listed as residing at the Santa Barbara Airport, Isla Vista is actually the name of the first subdivision built in the center of the community which eponymously gave it its name. The Isla Vista subdivision proper is between Camino Pescadero on the east and Camino Corto on the west, a number of east-west streets undergo jogs at the boundaries of the three subdivisions, because Santa Barbara County never required the three subdivisions to use a common street layout. In the 2001 incorporation of Goleta, inland to the north and up the coast to the west, the reason that LAFCO cited for recommending the exclusion of Isla Vista was community identity. Isla Vista is located at 34°2453 North, 119°5138 West, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.9 square miles, of which 99. 07% of it is land and 0. 93% of it is water. The earliest human occupants of Isla Vista were the Chumash or their forebears and they called the Isla Vista mesa Anisqoyo and had permanent settlements near Cheadle Hall and the 217 entrance on the UCSB Campus, these villages were collectively called Heliyik. Eventually the Franciscan Fathers encouraged the Chumash to remove to the Santa Barbara Mission, the Isla Vista mesa was part of the Mexican land grant Rancho Dos Pueblos made in 1842 to Nicolas A. Den. Dens son, Alfonso Den, inherited the land, San Francisco lawyer Thomas B. Bishop sued Hollister on behalf of the Den children in 1876, and won the case in 1885. Bishop took much of the land owned by the Den children as a legal fee
35.
United States women's national soccer team
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The United States womens national soccer team represents the United States in international soccer competitions at the senior level. It is governed by United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF, the team is the most successful in international womens soccer, winning three Womens World Cup titles, four Olympic womens gold medals, seven CONCACAF Gold Cup wins, and ten Algarve Cups. It medaled in every single World Cup and Olympic tournament in soccer history from 1991 to 2015, before being knocked out in the quarterfinals of the 2016 Olympics. The team is currently ranked No,1, moving back into the position on July 10,2015, due to its victory in the 2015 World Cup. The team played its first match at the Mundialito tournament on August 18,1985, coached by Mike Ryan, the U. S. teams first major victory came at the 1991 World Championship. The U. S. cruised to lopsided victories in the quarterfinals and semifinals, michelle Akers was the teams leading scorer with 10 goals, including the teams both goals in the final, and Carin Jennings won the Golden Ball as the tournaments best player. Julie Foudy, Kristine Lilly, and the 1999 team started a revolution towards womens sports in America. Arguably their most influential and memorable victory came in the 1999 World Cup when they defeated China 5–4 in a penalty following a 0–0 draw after extended time. With this win they emerged onto the stage and brought significant media attention to womens soccer. On July 10,1999, over 90,000 people filled the Rose Bowl to watch the United States play China in the Final. After a back and forth game, the score was tied 0–0 at full-time, with Briana Scurrys save of Chinas third kick, the score was 4–4 with only Brandi Chastain left to shoot. She scored and won the game for the United States and this win influenced girls to want to play soccer on a team. In the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup, the U. S. defeated Norway 1–0 in the quarterfinals, the team then defeated Canada 3–1 to claim third place. Abby Wambach was the top scorer with three goals, Joy Fawcett and Shannon Boxx made the tournaments all-star team. At the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup, the U. S. defeated England 3–0 in the quarterfinals, the U. S. recovered to defeat Norway to take third place. Abby Wambach was the leading scorer with 6 goals. In the quarterfinal of the 2011 Womens World Cup in Germany, Abby Wambachs goal in the 122nd minute to tie the game 2–2 has been voted the greatest goal in U. S. soccer history and the greatest goal in Womens World Cup history. The U. S. then beat France 3–1 in the semifinal, Hope Solo was named the tournaments best goalkeeper, and Abby Wambach won the silver ball as the tournaments second best player
36.
1991 FIFA Women's World Cup
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The 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup was the inaugural FIFA Womens World Cup, the world championship for womens national association football teams. It took place in Guangdong, China from 16 November to 30 November 1991, FIFA, footballs international governing body selected China as host nation as Guangdong had hosted a prototype world championship three years earlier, the 1988 FIFA Womens Invitation Tournament. Matches were played in the capital, Guangzhou, as well as in Foshan, Jiangmen. The competition was sponsored by Mars, Incorporated, with FIFA still reluctant to bestow their World Cup brand, the tournament was officially known as the 1st FIFA World Championship for Womens Football for the M&Ms Cup. It was won by the United States, whose captain April Heinrichs formed a forward line dubbed the triple–edged sword with Carin Jennings, Jennings was named player of the tournament while Akers-Stahls ten goals won the Golden Shoe. The United States beat Norway 2–1 in the final in front of a crowd of 65,000 people at Guangzhous Tianhe Stadium, total attendance was 510,000, an average per match of 19,615. In the opening match at the stadium, Norway had been defeated 4–0 by hosts China. Chinese defender Ma Li scored the first goal in Womens World Cup history, while goalkeeper Zhong Honglian, also of China, the 12 qualified teams were divided into three groups of four. The top two teams and the two best third-place finishers from the three advanced to the knockout round of eight teams. Twelve teams qualified for the 1991 FIFA Womens World Cup final tournament, each of the six FIFA confederations had at least one representative. For a list of the squads that disputed the final tournament, for the first time in FIFA competition, six female officials were included. All functioned as assistant referees, except for Cláudia Vasconcelos who took charge of the third place play–off, becoming the first woman to referee a match sanctioned by FIFA
37.
United States men's national soccer team
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The United States mens national soccer team, often referred to as the USMNT, represents the United States in international soccer. It is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF, the team has appeared in ten FIFA World Cups and hosted the 1994 edition. They achieved their best result when they reached the semi-final at the 1930 World Cup, finishing third, this remains the highest finish of any team outside of the UEFA and CONMEBOL confederations. After qualifying for the 1934 World Cup, and withdrawing in 1938, after 1950, the U. S. did not qualify for the World Cup again until 1990. Following the 1990 World Cup, the U. S. qualified automatically as hosts of the 1994 World Cup, the team has qualified for all five World Cups since, reaching the quarter-finals of the 2002 tournament, where it lost to Germany 1–0. In 2009 it finished runner-up at the Confederations Cup, eliminating top-ranked Spain 2–0 in the semi-finals before losing to Brazil 3–2 in the final, the teams current head coach is Bruce Arena, who took over in November 2016 and previously managed the team from 1998 to 2006. The first United States national team was constituted in 1885, when it played Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom, Canada defeated the U. S. 1–0 in Newark, New Jersey. The United States had its revenge the following year when it beat Canada 1–0, also in Newark, the United States played its first official international match under the auspices of U. S. Soccer August 20,1916, against Sweden in Stockholm, where the U. S. won 3–2, the U. S fielded a team in the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay, the first ever World Cup to ever be played. The U. S. began group play by beating Belgium 3–0, the U. S. then earned a 3–0 victory over Paraguay, with FIFA crediting Bert Patenaude with two of the goals. In November 2006, FIFA announced that it had accepted evidence that Patenaude scored all three goals against Paraguay, and was thus the first person to score a hat trick in a World Cup, in the semifinals, the U. S. lost to Argentina 6–1. Using the overall tournament records, FIFA credited the U. S. with a third-place finish ahead of fellow semi-finalist Yugoslavia. The finish remains the U. S. teams best World Cup result, there was no official soccer tournament in the 1932 Olympic Games. In an informal tournament, the United States finished first, followed by Mexico, the U. S. qualified for the 1934 World Cup by defeating Mexico 4–2. The team played Italy and lost 7–1, eliminating them from the tournament, the Olympic soccer tournament was reinstated in the 1936 Olympic Games. The 1950 World Cup in Brazil was the United Statess next World Cup appearance, the U. S. lost its first match 3–1 against Spain, but then won 1–0 against England at Independência Stadium in Belo Horizonte. Striker Joe Gaetjens was the goal scorer, the result is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the World Cups. Months before the famous World Cup loss to the U. S, England had beaten an all-star rest of Europe side 6–1 in an exhibition match
38.
Romania national football team
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The Romania national football team is the national football team of Romania and is controlled by the Romanian Football Federation. Romania is one of four national teams from Europe, the other three being Yugoslavia, France, and Belgium, that took part in the first FIFA World Cup in 1930. Since that performance, Romania have qualified for the 1934,1938,1970,1990,1994 and 1998 editions and they also reached the last eight in 1960 and 1972, and qualified for the 1984,1996,2008 and 2016 tournaments. The Romanian Football Federation was established in October 1909 in Bucharest, Romania played their first international match on 8 June 1922, a 2–1 win over Yugoslavia in Belgrade, being coached by Teofil Moraru. Several temporary coaches were employed, before Moraru resumed control in August 1924, Romania enjoyed some success during the 1930s, manager Costel Rădulescu took them to the first three FIFA World Cup tournaments, a feat matched only by Brazil, Belgium and France. Romania qualified for the next World Cup in 1934 after beating Yugoslavia 2–1 in a repeat of their first international. At the finals, Romania played only one game in a new format, losing 2–1 to Czechoslovakia in Trieste, Italy. Romania qualified by default for the 1938 World Cup after their playoff opponents Egypt withdrew. They suffered a defeat in the finals in France, losing to minnows Cuba, who, like Romania, had only qualified due to the withdrawal of their qualifying opponents. The first match at the Stade Chapou in Toulouse ended 3–3 after extra time, angelo Niculescus promising side were given the toughest of draws, in Group 3 with holders England, giants Brazil and Czechoslovakia. A Geoff Hurst goal gave England a narrow victory in Romanias first match at the Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara, chances were improved with a 2–1 win over the Czechs. Despite going behind early to a Ladislav Petráš goal, Romania turned it around after half-time with Alexandru Neagu, even then, only a win over the excellent Brazilians would take them into the quarter-finals. But Brazil played some of the best football of the competition, with Pelé scoring twice, Romania battled bravely, Dumitrache pulled the score back to 2–1 before the break and a late Emerich Dembrowski goal made it 3–2, but they were out. On 26 September 1973, under new coach Valentin Stanescu, Romania suffered a significant defeat to East Germany in Leipzig, the East Germans won 2–0 to effectively seal their first ever qualification for the World Cup, which would be held over the border in West Germany. With East Germany scoring a predictable 4–1 win in Albania, Romania were out, Romania continued to suffer poor form in the UEFA European Championship. In their qualifying group for the 1976 European Football Championship, they were out-qualified by Spain despite an impressive 1–1 draw in the away match, Romania failed to win matches, drawing twice with Scotland and Spain and dropping points in Denmark with a dismal goalless draw. Romania were again beat by Spain for a place in the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, despite a 1–0 win in Bucharest, Romania lost a bizarre match at home to Yugoslavia 6–4 having led 3–2 at half time. Spain won 1–0 in Belgrade to seal passage to South America, Romanias sole successful qualifying campaign was for the European Championships in 1984 in France
39.
San Jose Earthquakes
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The San Jose Earthquakes is an American professional soccer team based in San Jose, California, United States, that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer. The franchise began play in 1996, as one of the clubs of the league. The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history, the Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles, in 2001 and 2003, and two Supporters Shields in 2005 and 2012. In 2002, the played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup. The team holds a rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico. In 2005, the owner of the Earthquakes, Anschutz Entertainment Group. The organization in Houston would be considered a team by the league, eventually being known as the Houston Dynamo. The Earthquakes returned after a hiatus, resuming play in 2008. Their head coach is Dominic Kinnear, who coached the team from 2004 to 2005. The Earthquakes play their games at Avaya Stadium beginning in 2015. The team previously played its games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara. The franchises roots trace back to 1974, when the North American Soccer League awarded a franchise to San Jose. The name Earthquakes originally came from a newspaper contest in the San Jose Mercury News, Earthquakes was chosen by the teams general manager Dick Berg, but was criticized due to San Joses proximity to the San Andreas Fault. The NASL folded after the 1984 season and the Earthquakes played in the Western Soccer League from 1985–88, in 1988, Bridgwater sold the team. When the team folded later that year, the WSL awarded a franchise to Dan Van Voorhis, Van Voorhis named his new team the Blackhawks, after a real estate development of his. The San Francisco Bay Blackhawks entered the WSL for the 1989 season, in 1991, Van Voorhis hired a former Earthquakes player, Laurie Calloway, as coach. Calloway coached a full of players who would later play for San Jose in MLS, including John Doyle, Troy Dayak, Paul Bravo. In a preview of what was to later in MLS
40.
LA Galaxy
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The club began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league. The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group, in their early years, the club played their home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Since 2003, they have played at the StubHub Center in Carson, the team holds a fierce rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico, and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before they folded in 2014. United, to win the regional tournament, other notable players include, Landon Donovan, Giovani dos Santos, Steven Gerrard, Robbie Keane, Ashley Cole and Jelle Van Damme. The first professional team in the Los Angeles area was the Los Angeles Kickers, formed in 1955 by the former owner of the Fall River Marksmen. George Best, Johan Cruyff, and many notable players played in the city, for clubs such as the Los Angeles Aztecs, California Surf. Los Angeles officially adopted and recognized the citys soccer heritage during the opening of the Home Depot Center, now known as StubHub Center, in addition, the stadium features several tributes recognizing the soccer tradition in Los Angeles. Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the first season took place in 1996 with Los Angeles being one of the ten founding teams. The name Galaxy was derived from Los Angeles being home to the stars of Hollywood, Los Angeles began well by clinching first in the Western Conference and finishing second in the MLS Cup after losing to D. C. The 1997 season started out 1–7 after eight games, but they went 15–9 for the rest of the season to qualify for the playoffs, the Galaxy ended up second in their conference by losing to the Dallas Burn. In 1998, the Galaxy left off on a streak, eventually finishing 24–8, the Galaxy defeated the Dallas Burn, 9–3 on aggregate. They lost in the semi-final to the Chicago Fire, 2–1 on aggregate, the Galaxy again finished first in the Western Conference in 1999, with a final record of 20–12, with a win in the CONCACAF Champions Cup, but they lost to D. C. The 2000 season had the Galaxy in second in the Western Division, despite this, they lost to the Kansas City Wizards after a tied aggregate and a sudden death game. Again the club clinched first in the Western Conference with a 16–9–3 record, in 2002, the Galaxy won their first MLS Cup in four tries by defeating the New England Revolution 1–0. 2003 was a year, with LA finishing fourth because they were forced to play away games due to stadium construction, though they got a good rhythm. The Galaxy bounced back by gaining second with an 11–9–10 record and they lost to the Wizards in the final, 0–2. With 2005 came one of the Galaxys most recognized players, Landon Donovan, the club won the Open Cup again ending with a record of 13–13–6 to cap off their first decade. The Galaxy has a distinction of making the playoffs in all of the leagues first ten seasons, the team finished fifth in the Western Conference, eliminating them from playoff contention for the first time since the leagues inception
41.
Major League Soccer
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Major League Soccer is a mens professional soccer league, sanctioned by U. S. Soccer, that represents the sports highest level in both the United States and Canada. MLS constitutes one of the professional sports leagues of the United States. The league comprises 22 teams—19 in the U. S. and 3 in Canada, the MLS regular season runs from March to October, with each team playing 34 games, the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters Shield. The postseason includes twelve teams competing in the MLS Cup Playoffs through November and December, culminating in the championship game, MLS teams also play in other domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U. S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship. MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League, Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams, MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years, The league lost millions of dollars, teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums, and two teams folded in 2002. Instead of operating as an association of independently owned teams, MLS is an entity in which each team is owned and controlled by the leagues investors. The investor-operators control their teams as owners control teams in other leagues, MLS headquarters is located in New York City. Major League Soccers regular season runs from March to October, teams are divided into the Eastern and Western Conferences. Teams play 34 games in a schedule,23 matches against teams within their conference. Midway through the season, teams break for the annual All-Star Game, at the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters Shield. While MLS has looked into changing to a format, there are no current plans to do so. If the league were to change its schedule, a break would be needed, especially with several teams in colder climates. It would also have to compete with the more popular National Football League, National Hockey League, MLS teams also play in other competitions. Every year, up to five MLS teams play in the CONCACAF Champions League against other clubs from the CONCACAF region, two U. S. -based MLS teams qualify based on MLS regular-season results, the winner of the Western conference and the winner of the Eastern conference. The third U. S. team to qualify is the winner of the MLS Cup. A fourth U. S. -based MLS team can qualify via the U. S. Open Cup, Canadian MLS clubs play against lower division Canadian clubs in the Canadian Championship for the one Champions League spot allocated to Canada. MLSs 22 teams are divided between the Eastern and Western Conferences, each club is allowed up to 28 players on its first team roster
42.
Columbus Crew SC
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Columbus Crew SC is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus, Ohio. Crew SC competes in Major League Soccer as a club of the leagues Eastern Conference. Crew SC began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league, the team is owned by Anthony Precourt and Precourt Sports Ventures LLC. Precourt became the owner in the history of the club on July 30,2013. The clubs head coach is Gregg Berhalter, a player of the United States mens national soccer team. The SC in the moniker stands for Soccer Club. The Crew currently plays its games at MAPFRE Stadium, the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for a MLS team. From 1996 to 1998, Crew SC played its games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of The Ohio State University. In 2014, the clubs 19th season at MAPFRE Stadium, the Black & Gold set club records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts. The Crew has won five trophies, MLS Cup 2008, the 2004,2008, and 2009 Supporters Shields. The Black & Gold have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League three times, reaching the quarterfinals each time. On June 15,1994, Major League Soccer announced that Columbus, Ohio, Columbus had promised construction of a soccer-specific stadium and had sold over 12,000 season ticket deposits. MLS investor Lamar Hunt, and his son Clark became the owners of both the Columbus Crew and Kansas City Wizards in 1996, the first players for the Crew were South African national team veteran Doctor Khumalo, by assignment, and Brian McBride. McBride was selected as the first overall pick in MLSs first draft in 1996, former U. S. National Team coach Timo Liekoski would be the teams head coach for its first season. The Crew played their first game on April 13,1996 in front of a crowd of 25,266 in Ohio Stadium against D. C. Columbus would struggle, however, winning only 5 of their next 21 games, after the 6–16 start, Tom Fitzgerald replaced head coach Liekoski. The Crew, under Fitzgerald, won 9 of their last 10 games to finish fourth in the Eastern Conference and they went on to lose in the conference playoff semifinals. The Black & Gold finished 15–17 in both 1997 and 1998, which put them in third and fourth place, respectively, in the Eastern Conference, each season ended with losses in the Conference Finals to D. C
43.
Cruz Azul
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Cruz Azul b, A. C, or simply Cruz Azul, is a Mexican football club that plays in the top division of Mexican football, Liga MX. The team was based in the town of Jasso, south of Tula de Allende in the state of Hidalgo. The team moved to Mexico City in 1971 to play at the Estadio Azteca and its current home venue is the Estadio Azul, located in the southwestern part of Mexico City in the Colonia Ciudad de los Deportes, adjacent the Nápoles neighborhood. Its headquarters are in La Noria, a suburb within Xochimilco in the part of Mexico City. Cruz Azul has been the Primera División champions 8 times, trailing Tolucas 10, guadalajaras 11 and Club Américas 12. According to several polls published, Cruz Azul is the third most popular team in Mexico, Cruz Azul was founded under the name of Club Deportivo Cruz Azul as an amateur team on 22 March 1927. The founders were the workers of cement maker Cemento Cruz Azul, Cemento Cruz Azul was the only official sponsor until 1997, and remains a primary sponsor through present day. The team entered competition in the Segunda División de México for the 1960–61 season. Hungarian coach Jorge Marik guided the team to the Segunda División championship for the 1963–64 season and that season ended with an eighth-place finish. Four years later, Cruz Azul won its first Primera División league tournament, betweern 1970–1980, Cruz Azul led the Primera División with six league tournament championships, four under Cárdenas and the last two under Ignacio Trelles. This powerful version of the team earned the nickname La Máquina Celeste, the team earned its eighth and most recent championship in 1997 under coach Luis Fernando Tena, beating León 2–1 on a last minute penalty kick scored by Carlos Hermosillo. This is still the quickest that a Primera División club has won eight championships, in 2001, Cruz Azul was invited to a tournament between select Mexican and Venezuelan teams that would then compete in the Copa Libertadores, a tournament of the best South American teams. The two best teams of this tournament earned immediate placement on the roster. Cruz Azul was one of the teams and reached the 2001 Copa Libertadores final match. Cruz Azul started the tournament in Group 7 along with such as Sao Caetano, Defensor Sporting. Cruz Azul finished as leader of the group with 13 points, in the round of 16 Cruz Azul faced Cerro Porteño. The first leg was played in Asunción and Cruz Azul lost 2–1, the second leg was played in Mexico and Cruz Azul won the game 3–1. The aggregate score was 4–3 in favor of Cruz Azul and they moved on to the quarterfinals, in the quarterfinals Cruz Azul faced CA River Plate of Argentina
44.
Shizuoka Sangyo University
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Shizuoka Sangyo University is a private university in Iwata city, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, established in 1988. Iwata Campus Fujieda Campus Department of Management Courses, Marketing, Regional Management, Department of Sports Management Courses, Sports Management, Sports Education, and Preschool Sports. Department of Information Design Courses, Visual Expression, Advertising Design, System Design, Department of Communication Studies Courses, Regional Business, Tourism Management, International Business, and Public Management
45.
Monarcas Morelia
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Club Atlético Monarcas Morelia is a Mexican professional football club based in Morelia, Michoacán, playing in Liga MX. The team is owned by Grupo Salinas and plays its games in Estadio Morelos. Club Atlético Morelia was founded November 21,1924, as Oro Morelia in Morelia, in 1950, Club Deportivo Morelia was among the teams that founded the Segunda División. After the 1956–1957 season, in which ended up in second place. After an unsuccessful season, in 1968 Monarcas Morelia was relegated back to the Segunda División, Morelia appointed Nicandro Ortiz as chairman. Ortiz acquired the team and strengthened its position in the league, in 1996 the major broadcast company TV Azteca bought the team. By the year 2000 the club were playing under the Monarcas moniker, in recent years Monarcas Morelia has been one of the main protagonists in the Primera División. The team was crowned champions away in the Bombonera Stadium, the Morelos Stadium has never been the site of its team winning a final. Monarcas Morelia has played three other finals which they lost to Toluca, Monterrey and Pumas respectively, after missing the playoffs for three consecutive tournaments, Morelia ended in third place in the general table in the Apertura 2009. Morelia defeated Santos Laguna in the first round, 4–2 on aggregate, with a 2–1 aggregate score, Morelia was eliminated. Morelia qualified for the 2010 Copa Libertadores by ending in place in the classification phase. It was the time that Morelia participated in the Copa Libertadores. Morelia was the Runner-up of the Clausura 2011, after a hard fought final, Pumas won this 3–2 on aggregate, taking the trophy home. Morelia is the 2010 SuperLiga champion, with a 2–1 victory in the finals over the New England Revolution in which Miguel Sabah scored both Morelias goals. On November 5,2013 Monarcas Morelia won their first Copa MX in a 3–3 match that would take them to penalties and this title also made them participate in the first Supercopa MX edition, which they won against Tigres UANL with a global score of 5–4. After 15 years, the terrible 2014–15 campaign made Monarcas one of the last teams in the average table, which decides which team will be relegated. Thats why Enrique Meza was chosen to be the coach for the current Apertura 2015 season, Meza already saved Morelia once, in the 1995–96 season. The clubs colors are generated from the flag which are yellow and red
46.
Mexico national under-17 football team
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The Mexico U-17 national football team is one of the younger teams that represents Mexico in football, and is controlled by the Mexican Football Federation. A two time FIFA U-17 World Cup champion, the team has enjoyed recent success as it was crowned in the 2005 and 2011 editions of the tournament. In 2011, Mexico hosted and subsequently won the tournament by defeating Uruguay, Mexico has participated in 11 of 15 FIFA U-16/U-17 World Cup events. Gold Medal 20052011 Silver Medal 2013 Fourth Place,2015 Gold Medal 198519871991199620132015 Silver Medal 1992 Bronze Medal 1983 Fourth Place. In the knockout stage an extra-time victory over zone rivals Costa Rica let to a convincing victory over the Netherlands. Mexico ended up defeating Brazil 3–0 in the final, the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup was held in home soil. Mexico was placed in Group A together with North Korea, Congo, in the semifinals, Mexico had to face Germany, the only other team in the competition who had not lost any of their matches. Mexico faced Uruguay in the final, defeating them 2-0 in a very closed match where the balance could have tilted any way, briseño scored the first goal in the first half when Uruguay was the dominating side. With this result Mexico became champions without losing a game in the tournament. As defending champions, Mexico was defeated 6-1 by Nigeria in their first match of the group stage, despite being defeated by a large amount of goals, Mexico could still advance to the next round by defeating rivals Iraq and Sweden in the group stage. In their way to the match, Mexico won their matches against favorites Italy, Brazil. In the final round, Mexico faced Nigeria for a second time, Mexico was lucky enough to make it to the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup which was held in Chile. They were placed in Group C along with Germany, Australia, Argentina, finishing number 1 on group stages they advanced to Round of 16. In order to make it to finals, they had to defeat Chile. Mexico got the chance to go to semi-finals with a rival from 2013, they went against Nigeria, unfortunately Nigeria defeated them in an intense game. Mexico had the chance on finishing strong with a Third Place title against Belgium in which they lost, the 17-year old, Diego Cortés from the Mexico national football team finished the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup being known as making the best goal of the FIFA U-17 World Cup. The following 21 players were called up for the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup, the following players have also been called up to the Mexico U-17 squad within last 12 months. The U-17 Mexico National Soccer Team made it to the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup
47.
Extravaganza (music festival)
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Extravaganza is an annual campus music festival held at the University of California, Santa Barbara that began in 1979 and has been held every year since 1989. Named as the #1 event on the Top 10 University Festivals to Crash by College Magazine in 2013, the event is planned, promoted, and run by the Associated Students Program Board, part of the Associated Students of the University of California, Santa Barbara. Extravaganza is held in Harder Stadium and draws thousands of students, as of 2011, the festival is only open to UCSB students, staff, and faculty. The stage occupies the end of the field while booths for student groups, sponsors. Attendees must comply with a pat down and bag search before entering the stadium. In its early years, Extravaganza began as a showcase for local bands and it had originally been open to UCSB students as well as the surrounding community. Due to rising costs and increasing crowds, as of the 2011 edition only those with a UCSB-affiliation are allowed entry, Extravaganza expanded to feature two stages, but this practice was ended in 2005 due to a decision to downsize the number of bands in favor of bigger-name acts. However, the first performer remains an act, usually chosen through a Battle of the Bands. The acts have also transitioned into more well known, mainstream performers than those of versions of Extravaganza. May 16,2009 was Extravaganzas 29th anniversary, the format of the festival was altered in order to mark this special occasion. Instead of being the day show, X09 transitioned from day to night, with gates opening at 3 PM. A large high definition screen was placed next to the stage in order to give the back of the crowd a better view of the acts, ASPB requested student-made short film submissions to be played between sets. M. C. The Vandals, Del tha Funkee Homosapien May 20,2000 Spearhead, Ozomatli, The Black Eyed Peas, may 15,2010,12, 000+ at peak, with 1,500 circulating. Each year ASPB strives to announce the Extravaganza line up in a manner that engages student body participation. May 18,2008, A flash mob of students acting like dinosaurs was organized as a banner bearing the line up was dropped in Storke Plaza. May 16,2009, Fortune cookies holding the name of an act were distributed throughout campus to students to share. April 29,2010, A viral marketing campaign was launched on Facebook, Twitter, and the official AS Program Board website
