1.
125th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
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125th Street is an express station that has four tracks and two island platforms. It is the northernmost Manhattan station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, a planned northern extension of the Second Avenue Subway would connect with this station and with the Metro-North Railroads Harlem–125th Street station, located one block west. This station opened on July 17,1918 as part of the extension of the Original Subway up Lexington Avenue to 125th Street, on August 1,1918, through service on the Lexington Avenue Line began. Both express trains and local trains stopping at this station, running from Lower Manhattan. The extension from Grand Central cost $58,000,000, the opening of this station resulted in development in the surrounding neighborhood of East Harlem. In 1952 or 1953, a public system was installed at this station, providing information to passengers. In 1981, the MTA listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system and this stations renovation was completed in 2005. The station is unusual in design, as a station with island platforms. Instead, the platform serves northbound trains and the lower level serves southbound trains. Adding to the design is the local track on each level having train doors open to the right. North of the station, just after crossing the Harlem River, the splits into the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. On the lower platform, each comes from one line. There is a tower at the north end of the upper platform, it is a satellite to the tower at Grand Central–42nd Street. There are four exits and one elevator exit. The northern turnstile bank leads to two staircases going to both corners of Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, and an elevator going to the NE corner of Lexington Avenue. The southern turnstile bank has two leading to both southern corners of Lexington Avenue and 125th Street. The station lies one block east of the Metro-North Railroads Harlem–125th Street station on Park Avenue. As part of a proposed Second Avenue Subway station, a new exit would be built at the southeast corner of 125th Street and Park Avenue, an ancillary would also be built at the southeast corner of 125th Street and Third Avenue
2.
125th Street (Manhattan)
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It is often considered to be the Main Street of Harlem, and is co-named Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard. Notable buildings along 125th Street include the Apollo Theater, the Adam Clayton Powell Jr, the street was designated by the Commissioners Plan of 1811 that established the Manhattan street grid as one of 15 east–west streets that would be 100 feet in width. East of Morningside Avenue it runs east–west through central Harlem to Second Avenue, however, 125th Street continues to First Avenue, where it connects to the southbound FDR Drive and the Willis Avenue Bridge. West of Convent Avenue, 125th Street was rerouted onto what was, prior to 1920, what remains of the original alignment of 125th Street was renamed La Salle Street at that time. The remaining blocks run between Amsterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue, a block of the original 125th Street in this area was de-mapped to make the super-blocks where the Grant Houses projects now exist. A proposal to convert the street into a Trans-Harlem Expressway died when funds were diverted from the proposed 125th Street Hudson River bridge at the western end. Beginning in the late 1990s, many sections of 125th Street have been gentrified and developed with such stores as MAC Cosmetics, Old Navy, H&M, CVS/pharmacy, and Magic Johnson Theaters. In collaboration with the community, the city has developed a plan for the 125th Street corridor focusing on reinforcing and building upon its strengths as an arts and cultural corridor. A rift in the crust runs along underneath this street from the East River to New Jersey and is known as the 125th Street Fault or the Manhattanville Fault. It is suspected to have caused a magnitude-5.2 earthquake in 1737, riverside Drive also elevates to cross over the fault valley. The following New York City Subway stations are located at 125th Street, the planned Second Avenue Subway will turn on 125th Street, serving a station at Lexington Avenue that would be the terminal for the second phase of the line and connect to the preexisting station. As of 2011, former president Bill Clinton maintains an office on 125th Street, notes Media related to 125th Street at Wikimedia Commons
3.
Park Avenue
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Park Avenue is a wide New York City boulevard which carries north and southbound traffic in the borough of Manhattan, and is also a wide one-way pair in the Bronx. For most of the length in Manhattan, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west. Park Avenues entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue, the title applies to the section between the Bowery and 14th Street. Meanwhile, the section between 14th and 17th Street is called Union Square East, and between 17th and 32nd Streets, the name Park Avenue South is used, in the Bronx, Park Avenue runs in several segments between the Major Deegan Expressway and Fordham Road. Park Avenue was originally known as Fourth Avenue and carried the tracks of the New York, the railroad originally ran through an open cut through Murray Hill, which was covered with grates and grass between 34th and 40th Street in the early 1850s. A section of park was later renamed Park Avenue in 1860. When Grand Central Depot was opened in the 1870s, the tracks between 56th and 93rd Streets were sunk out of sight and, in 1888, Park Avenue was extended to north of Grand Central. In 1936 the elevated Park Avenue Viaduct was built around the station to allow traffic to pass unimpeded. In October 1937, a part of the Murray Hill Tunnel was reopened for road traffic, efforts to promote a Grand Park Avenue Expressway to Grand Concourse in the Bronx were unavailing. A tradition was introduced in 1945 as a memorial to American soldiers killed in action, on May 5,1959, the New York City Council voted 20–1 to change the name of Fourth Avenue between 17th and 32nd Streets to Park Avenue South. In 1963, the Pan Am Building, straddling Park Avenue atop Grand Central Terminal, was built between the automotive viaducts, on March 12,2014, two apartment buildings near 116th Street,1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, were destroyed in a gas explosion. Eight people were killed and many others were injured, the road that becomes Park Avenue originates as the Bowery. From Cooper Square at 8th Street to Union Square at 14th Street, it is known as Fourth Avenue, at 14th Street, it turns slightly northeast to align with other avenues drawn up in the Commissioners Plan of 1811. From 17th Street to 32nd Street, it is known as Park Avenue South, above 32nd Street, for the remainder of its distance, it is known as Park Avenue, a 140-foot-wide boulevard. Between 33rd Street and 40th Street, the northbound lane descends into the Murray Hill Tunnel. The bridge, one of two structures in Manhattan known as the Park Avenue Viaduct, returns to level at 46th Street after going through the Helmsley Building. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs under this portion of the street, once the line reaches Grand Central – 42nd Street, it shifts east to Lexington Avenue. From 47th to 97th Streets, Metro-North Railroad tracks run in a tunnel underneath Park Avenue, in the 1920s the portion of Park Avenue from Grand Central Terminal to 96th Street saw extensive apartment building construction
4.
East Harlem
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It lies within Manhattan Community District 11. Despite its name, it is not considered to be a part of Harlem. The neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Latino communities in New York City, mostly made up of Puerto Ricans and it includes the area formerly known as Italian Harlem, in which the remnants of a once predominantly Italian community remain. The Chinese population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000 and it has the second highest concentration of public housing in the United States, closely following Brownsville, Brooklyn. Police services to the neighborhood are divided between the 23rd and the 25th Precincts, conversely, East Harlem is notable for its contributions to Latin freestyle and salsa music. However, East Harlem is now undergoing some gentrification, in February 2016, East Harlem was one of four neighborhoods featured in an article in The New York Times about New York’s Next Hot Neighborhoods. Beginning in 2016, the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem to facilitate new residential, commercial, community facility, and manufacturing development. The area which became East Harlem was rural for most of the 19th century, the extension of cable cars up Lexington Avenue into East Harlem was stymied by the incline created by Duffys Hill at 103rd Street, one of the steepest grades in Manhattan. East Harlem was first populated by poor German, Irish, Scandinavian, in the 1870s, Italian immigrants joined the mix after a contractor building trolley tracks on First Avenue imported Italian laborers as strikebreakers. The workers shantytown along the East River at 106th Street was the beginning of an Italian neighborhood, as more immigrants arrived, it expanded north to East 115th Street and west to Third Avenue. The neighborhood became known as Italian Harlem, the Italian American hub of Manhattan, the first Italians arrived in East Harlem in 1878, from Polla in the province of Salerno, and settled in the vicinity of 115th Street. There were many crime syndicates in Italian Harlem from the early Black Hand to the bigger and it was the founding location of the Genovese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominated organized crime in New York City. This includes the current 116th Street Crew of the Genovese family, during the 1970s, Italian East Harlem was also home to the Italian-American drug gang and murder-for-hire crew known as the East Harlem Purple Gang. The Italian neighborhood approached its peak in the 1930s, with over 100,000 Italian-Americans living in its crowded, the 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first- or second-generation Italian Americans. The Italian community in East Harlem remained strong into the 1980s, however, Italian inhabitants and vestiges of the old Italian neighborhood remain. Italian retail establishments still exist, such as Raos restaurant, started in 1896, in May 2011, one of the last remaining Italian retail businesses in the neighborhood, a barbershop owned by Claudio Caponigro on 116th Street, was threatened with closure by a rent increase. Although in certain areas, particularly around Pleasant Avenue, Italian Harlem lasted through the 1970s, most of these predominantly older residents are clustered around Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, mainly from 114th to 118th Streets. According to the 2000 Census, there were only 1,130 Italian-Americans still living in this area, catholic and evangelistic Protestant churches appeared in storefronts
5.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is a public benefit corporation responsible for public transportation in the U. S. MTA is the largest public transit authority in the United States. The construction of two bridges over the Long Island Sound was put under the jurisdiction of the MTA, the MTA took over full operations in 1983, as the Metro-North Commuter Railroad. Governor Rockefeller appointed his top aide, Dr. William J. Ronan, as chairman, Dr. Ronan served in this post until 1974. Veronique Hakim is currently the executive director of the MTA. The MTA is the largest regional public transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere and its agencies serve a region of approximately 14.6 million people spread over 5,000 square miles in 12 counties in New York and two in Connecticut. MTA agencies now move more than 8.5 million customers per day, the MTAs systems carry over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 800,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday. The Related Entities represent a number of existing agencies which have come under the MTA umbrella. In turn, these previously existing agencies were successors to the property of companies that provided substantially the same services. Each of these Related Entities has a name and in some cases. The popular names were part of an overall corporate identification effort in 1994 to eliminate the confusion over the affiliations of the authorities that were part of the MTA. Each of these members has one vote, the county executives of Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, and Putnam counties also nominate one member each, but these members cast one collective vote. All board members are confirmed by the New York State Senate, the budget deficit of the MTA is a growing crisis for the organization as well as New York City and State residents and legislature. The MTA held $31 billion in debt in 2010 and it suffered from a $900 million gap in its operating budget for 2011. The capital budget, which covers repairs, technological upgrades, new trains, If this is not funded, the MTA will fund the repairs with debt and raise fares to cover repayments. The MTA has consistently run on a deficit, but increased spending in 2000–04 coupled with the economic downturn led to a increase in the financial burden that the MTA bore. The budget problems stem from multiple sources, the MTA cannot be supported solely by rider fares and road tolls. In the preliminary 2011 budget, MTA forecasted operating revenue totaled at $6.5 billion, therefore, the MTA must rely on other sources of funding to remain operational. Revenue collected from real estate taxes for transportation purposes helped to contain the deficit, however, due to the weak economy and unstable real estate market, money from these taxes severely decreased, in 2010, tax revenue fell at least 20% short of the projected value
9.
Harlem Line
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Metro-Norths Harlem Line, originally chartered as the New York & Harlem Railroad, is an 82-mile commuter rail line running north from New York City into eastern Dutchess County. The diesel trains run as a shuttle on the end of the line except during rush hours. There is also one direct roundtrip to Grand Central on weekends, the northern reaches of the line are also close enough to Western Massachusetts to enable residents of part of that region to commute to jobs in the city as well. With 38 stations, the Harlem Line has the most of any Metro-North main line and its northern terminal, Wassaic, is the northernmost station in the system. It is the only Metro-North line used exclusively by that carrier, Metro-North has assigned it the color code blue, used as trim on station signs and spot color on printed timetables. The blue color-coding appears to have started with timetables issued by predecessor New York Central as far back as 1965, additional connections could be made to railroads serving North Bennington, Vermont and other points in western Vermont. Chatham is about 52 miles past the current terminal at Wassaic, in Boston Corners, about 12 miles north of Wassaic, passengers could make connections to the Central New England Railroad. To the east, the CNE went to Hartford, Connecticut, westward, passengers could travel to Poughkeepsie, cross the Poughkeepsie Bridge, finally to Campbell Hall. Penn Central operated the last southbound passenger train between Chatham and Grand Central Terminal on March 20,1972, ending service in the middle of the day. With no scheduled return trip to Chatham, passengers who had gone south in the morning were left stranded, tracks were removed north of Millerton shortly thereafter. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority leased the line south of Dover Plains from Penn Central on June 1,1972, in 1980, freight service between Dover Plains and Millerton was abandoned, with tracks removed from Wassaic to Millerton. On July 9,2000, Metro-North restored service between Dover Plains and Wassaic, a move the railroad billed as its first service expansion since it was created in 1983. On February 3,2015, a Harlem line train struck a car on the tracks near Valhalla, seven people were killed and service was suspended between Pleasantville and North White Plains. The Harlem Line hews closely to roads along river-based transportation corridors dating back to even pre-rail times and it follows three major parkways closely from the Bronx northwards through Westchester, the Bronx River Parkway, the Saw Mill River Parkway and Interstate 684. In the last section it also begins to run close to NY22, in Westchester, it serves some of that countys most affluent communities as it slowly trends eastward. The Harlem Line begins at Grand Central Terminal, the train tracks rise to ground level north of 97th Street in Manhattan. After stopping at Harlem – 125th Street, the Harlem Line crosses the Harlem River at 135th Street in Manhattan, Fordham station is next, at Fordham Road. The Harlem Line then parallels the western edge of Fordham University until the Botanical Garden station at Bedford Park Boulevard, the Harlem Line then cuts northeast to join the Bronx River Parkway, which lies to the east of the tracks
trains at Lexington Avenue
NYCT Bus: Bx15, M35, 
M60 SBS, M98, M100, M101
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