1.
President of the Church (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service
2.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
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Joseph Fielding Smith
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Joseph Fielding Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and writer who served as the tenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1970 until his death in 1972. He was the son of Joseph F. Smith, who was the president of the LDS Church. Smith was named to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1910, when Smith became president of the LDS Church, he was 93 years old, he began his presidential term at an older age than any other president in church history. Smiths tenure as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1951 to 1970 is the third-longest in church history, Smith spent some of his years among the Twelve Apostles as the Church Historian and Recorder. He was a scholar and a prolific writer. Many of his works are used as references for church members, doctrinally, Smith was known for rigid orthodoxy and as an archconservative with regards to his views on evolution and race. Smith was born in Salt Lake City on July 18,1876, as the first son of Julina Lambson Smith, by agreement between his parents, Smith was given his fathers name, even though Joseph F. Smiths third and fourth wives had previously had sons. Growing up, Smith lived in his fathers family home at 333 West 100 North in Salt Lake City. The house was opposite the campus of the University of Deseret. He also often worked on the farm in Taylorsville, Utah. In January 1885, Smiths parents and his sister, Julina, left for the Sandwich Islands. In their absence, Smith continued to live in the home with his brothers and sisters and his fathers other wives. Smiths mother returned to Salt Lake City in 1887, followed later by his father. Even after his return, Joseph F. Smith was unable to visit and care for his wives. Smiths mother worked as a midwife to help provide for the family, as a boy, Smith often drove his mother by wagon to the various deliveries that she attended in Salt Lake City. After leaving the college, Smith began working as a stock clerk doing manual labor at ZCMI to supplement the familys income, Smith was present in the large assembly room of the Salt Lake Temple for its dedication on April 6,1893, by church president Wilford Woodruff. Smith married his first wife, Louie Emily Emyla Shurtliff on April 26,1898, in March 1899, church president Lorenzo Snow called him on a mission to Great Britain, which he completed, leaving Louie in Salt Lake City. On May 12,1899, Smith was set apart as a missionary, a small group of missionaries, including Smith and his older brother, Joseph Richards Smith, left the next day for England
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Spencer W. Kimball
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Spencer Woolley Kimball was an American business, civic, and religious leader, and was the twelfth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The grandson of early Latter Day Saint apostle Heber C, Kimball and his wife, Kimball was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He spent most of his life in Thatcher, Arizona. He served an LDS mission from 1914 to 1916, then worked for banks in Arizonas Gila Valley as a clerk. Kimball later co-founded a business selling bonds and insurance which, after weathering the Great Depression, Kimball served as a stake president in his hometown from 1938 until 1943, when he was called to serve as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Like most LDS Church apostles, Kimball traveled extensively to fulfill a variety of administrative. He initiated the Indian Placement Program, which helped many Native American students gain educations in the 1960s and 1970s while staying with LDS foster families, in late 1973, following the sudden death of church president Harold B. Lee, Kimball became the president of the LDS Church. Kimballs presidency was noted for the 1978 announcement ending the restriction on church members of black African descent being ordained to the priesthood or receiving temple ordinances, Kimballs presidency saw large growth in the LDS Church, both in terms of membership and the number of temples. Kimball was the first church president to state that the church expected all able-bodied male members to serve missions in young adulthood. Kimball, was one of the original Latter Day Saint apostles called when Joseph Smith first organized the Quorum of the Twelve in February 1835 and he later served as first counselor to Brigham Young in the churchs First Presidency from 1847 until his death in 1868. Kimballs maternal grandfather, Edwin D. Woolley, was a prominent LDS bishop in Salt Lake City for many years, through his aunt, Helen Mar Kimball, who was one of several plural wives of Joseph Smith, Spencer Kimball was a nephew of Smith. Spencer Woolley Kimball was born on March 28,1895, in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Andrew Kimball and Olive Woolley, sister of Mormon pioneer and eventual Mormon fundamentalist John W. Woolley. In 1898, when Kimball was three years old, his father was called as president of the St. Joseph Arizona Stake, during his childhood, Kimball had a number of medical problems, including typhoid fever and facial paralysis. Four of his sisters died in childhood, and his mother died when he was eleven, though standing only 5 ft 6 in as an adult, Kimball was an avid basketball player, and was the star and leading scorer on most of his school and recreational teams. During summer holidays, he worked at a dairy in Globe, Arizona, milking cows, cleaning stalls. Kimball graduated from school in May 1914, and one week later was called to serve as a missionary in the Swiss–German Mission. Less than two months later, his call was halted by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and the subsequent outbreak of World War I
5.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church
6.
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, the jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency, at the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smiths authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the governing body of the church after Smiths death. Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy. Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a prophet, seer, thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to revelation or dictate policy for the entire church. A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies, shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably the successor has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors in the First Presidency, who are high priests, the second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency, the final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is formally voted on by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a church general conference. Any Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle, generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies. Some apostles receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations, the calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling. Pages, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum
7.
Heber J. Grant
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Heber Jeddy Grant was an American religious leader who served as the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Grant worked as a bookkeeper and a cashier, then was called to be an LDS apostle on October 16,1882, after the death of Joseph F. Smith in late 1918, Grant served as LDS church president until his death. The first president born after the exodus to Utah, Grant was also the last LDS Church president to have practiced plural marriage and he had three wives, though by the time he became church president in 1918 only his second wife, Augusta Winters, was still living. In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, in 1884, he served a term as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature. Grant was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of Rachel Ridgeway Ivins and his father was a counselor in the First Presidency to Brigham Young. Rachel Grant was a native of New Jersey, where she had converted to the LDS Church at about age 20 and her cousin and later brother-in-law, Israel Ivins, was the first person baptized a Latter-day Saint in New Jersey. Jedediah Grant died when Heber J. Grant was nine days old, after Jedediahs death, Rachel married Jedediahs brother, George Grant, but he fell into alcoholism, so she divorced him. Rachel became the dominant influence in Hebers life and she served for many years as president of the 13th Ward Relief Society in downtown Salt Lake City. Heber J. Grant was known for his determination to achieve goals seemingly beyond his reach, as a child, he wanted to join the baseball team that would win the Utah territorial championship, but others believed him to be too physically awkward to be successful. In response, he purchased a baseball and practiced throwing the ball for hours against his barn to improve, the team he joined later won the championship. In similar fashion, Grant expressed a desire to be a successful bookkeeper and he practiced his writing to the point that he was invited to teach penmanship at one of the local academies. There were no public schools in Salt Lake City when Grant was a child. After working as a bookkeeper in the business in 1877, Grant became an assistant cashier with Zions Savings Bank. Later, Grant became a partner with D. W. Jennings and he later founded an additional insurance agency in Ogden and for a time owned the Ogden Vinegar Works. In the late 1890s, Grant served as the manager for the newly formed official LDS magazine. Grant continued to be involved in business activities after his call as an apostle and he founded many new businesses, including a bank. He was a founder of the Utah Sugar Company and also the founder of the Salt Lake Theatre. Grant lost an amount of money in the panic of 1893
8.
Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father
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Reed Smoot
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Smoot was a prominent leader of the LDS Church, chosen to serve as an apostle in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles prior to his election to the Senate. His role in the LDS Church led to a controversy of four years after he was elected to the Senate. A Senate committee investigated his eligibility to serve and recommended against him, after being defeated for office in 1932, the year Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to the presidency, Smoot returned to Utah in 1933. Retiring from politics and business, he devoted himself to the church, at the time of his death, he was third in the line of succession to lead the LDS Church. Smoot was born in 1862 in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory and he was the son of Mormon pioneer Abraham O. Smoot from Kentucky and Iowa, who served as mayor of the city from 1856 to 1862. His mother was Anne Kristina Smoot, his fathers fifth wife of six plural marriages, the family moved to Provo, Utah, when his father was called by Brigham Young to head the stake there. Reed Smoot attended public schools and the University of Utah, after graduation, Smoot served as a Mormon missionary in England. After returning to Utah, Smoot married Alpha M. Eldredge of Salt Lake City on September 17,1884, thereafter, Smoot became a successful businessman in the Salt Lake City area. From 1895, he became involved in the hierarchy of the LDS Church. On April 8,1900, Smoot was ordained an LDS Church apostle, after becoming an apostle in 1900, Smoot received the approval of LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith to run for office in 1902. He had joined the Republican Party, Smoot was elected by the Utah legislature to the United States Senate on January 20,1903, as a Republican Senator, representing the state. Smoot was introduced to the United States Senate by Utahs senior U. S. Senator, Republican Thomas Kearns, a Catholic who was elected in 1901. Kearns, a prominent mining magnate, newspaper owner, banker, LDS Church president Lorenzo Snow had not then supported Smoot for the position and was influential among legislative leaders. Smoots election sparked a bitter battle in the Senate on whether Smoot was eligible. Many senators were suspicious of the LDS Church because of its earlier polygamous practices, in addition, some thought Smoots position as a Mormon apostle would disqualify him from representing all his constituents. Many were convinced that his association with the church disqualified him from serving in the United States Senate, only a few years earlier, another prominent Utah Mormon, B. H. Roberts, had been elected to the House of Representatives. He was denied his seat on the basis that he practiced plural marriage, Smoot did not practice plural marriage, but the Senate likely learned that his father had had six wives and 27 children. The LDS Church had officially renounced future plural marriages in an 1890 Manifesto, but the Salt Lake Tribune reported that church leaders continued to approve secretly of new, post-Manifesto plural marriages
10.
L. Tom Perry
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Lowell Tom Perry was an American businessman and religious leader who was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1974 until his death. Perry was born in Logan, Utah, to Leslie Thomas Perry and his wife, Perry, Utah is named for Perrys ancestor, Gustavus Adolphus Perry and his family, who were among the first settlers in that area. From the time of Perrys birth until he was eighteen, his father was bishop of their LDS ward in Logan, from 1942 to 1944, Perry served as an LDS missionary in the Northern States Mission, headquartered in Chicago. After returning from his mission he joined the United States Marine Corps and was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division, during the Second World War, Perry was part of the American forces that landed on Saipan, and remained there for about a year. While there he participated in the construction of an LDS chapel on the island and he was among the United States troops sent to occupy Japan after the war. While in Nagasaki, Perry coordinated a group of Marines to help rebuild a local Protestant church, Perry graduated from the Utah State Agricultural College in 1949 with a B. S. in finance. Perrys first job out of college was with a business in Idaho. He was later involved in jobs that took him to Washington, California, New York. Perry was in the business during his time in Boston. He became a fan of the Boston Red Sox and threw out the first pitch at a Red Sox game on May 8,2004, Perry was called as a general authority and Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1972. The death of church president Harold B. Lee created a vacancy in the Quorum of the Twelve when Spencer W. Kimball, Perry was sustained as a member of the Twelve on April 6,1974, and was ordained an apostle on April 11,1974. In 2004, Perry was asked by church president Gordon B, hinckley to serve as president of the churchs Europe Central Area, headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, a position normally held by a member of the seventy. This made Perry one of the most senior officials of the church ever to be stationed away from Salt Lake City, while serving in this capacity, Perry initiated a more proactive institute program that emphasized meeting the social and intellectual needs of young single adult church members. Perry married Virginia C. Lee in the Logan Temple on July 18,1947, Perrys son, Lee Tom Perry, is an academic and is currently dean of the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University. Virginia Perry died of cancer in December 1974 and their daughter, Barbara, died of cancer in 1983. In 1976, Perry married Barbara Dayton, in April 2015, Perry was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. In May 2015, the church reported the cancer had spread and Perry died the following day. At the time of his death, he was the third most senior and his funeral was held on June 5,2015
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Clifton, Idaho
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Clifton is a city in Franklin County, Idaho, United States. The population was 259 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. Clifton is located at 42°11′15″N 112°0′21″W, at 4,860 feet in elevation and it lies in the northern end of Cache Valley, at the base of the Bannock Mountain Range. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.25 square miles. Clifton was originally settled by Thomas Charles Davis Howell and his sons in the Spring of 1869, a Latter-day Saint branch was organized here with William Jared Pratt as president latter that year. A post office was set up in 1870, a ward was organized here in 1877. In 1930 Clifton had a population of 217, lee, eleventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was born in Clifton on March 28,1899. As of the census of 2010, there were 259 people,77 households, the population density was 115.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 88 housing units at a density of 39.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 7% White and 2. 3% from two or more races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 9% of the population. 11. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.36 and the average family size was 3.65. The median age in the city was 31.4 years. 40. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,3. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 2% were from 25 to 44,20. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 2% male and 49. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 213 people,61 households, and 53 families residing in the city. The population density was 94.6 people per square mile, there were 71 housing units at an average density of 31.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 59% White,0. 47% Native American,0. 47% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 47% of the population. 11. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.49 and the average family size was 3.78. In the city, the population was out with 36. 6% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,18. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 1% from 45 to 64
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Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
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Salt Lake City Cemetery
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The Salt Lake City Cemetery is in The Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. Approximately 120,000 persons are buried in the cemetery, many religious leaders and politicians, particularly many leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lie in the cemetery. It encompasses over 250 acres and contains 9 1⁄2 miles of roads and it is the largest city-operated cemetery in the United States. The first burial occurred on September 27,1847, when George Wallace buried his child, the burial was two months after the Mormon pioneers had settled the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, George Wallace, Daniel H. Wells, in 1851, Salt Lake City was incorporated and the 20 acres officially became the Salt Lake City Cemetery with George Wallace as its first sexton. The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I, vandals have repeatedly damaged a controversial headstone in the cemetery whose claims are contrary to those of the LDS Church. List of people buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery Arave, Lynn, S. L
14.
Artery
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Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. While most arteries carry oxygenated blood, there are two exceptions to this, the pulmonary and the umbilical arteries, the effective arterial blood volume is that extracellular fluid which fills the arterial system. The anatomy of arteries can be separated into gross anatomy, at the level, and microscopic anatomy. The outermost layer is known as the tunica externa, also known as tunica adventitia, inside this layer is the tunica media, or media, which is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. The innermost layer, which is in contact with the flow of blood, is the tunica intima. This layer is made up of endothelial cells. The hollow internal cavity in which the flows is called the lumen. Arterial formation begins when endothelial cells begin to express specific genes. Arteries form part of the circulatory system and they carry blood that is oxygenated after it has been pumped from the heart. Arteries also aid the heart in pumping blood, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues, except for pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Veins and pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood. )The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs and it is unique because the blood in it is not oxygenated, as it has not yet passed through the lungs. The other unique artery is the artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from a fetus to its mother. Arteries have a blood pressure than other parts of the circulatory system. The pressure in arteries varies during the cardiac cycle and it is highest when the heart contracts and lowest when heart relaxes. The variation in pressure produces a pulse, which can be felt in different areas of the body, arterioles have the greatest collective influence on both local blood flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary adjustable nozzles in the system, across which the greatest pressure drop occurs. The larger arteries are generally elastic and the smaller ones tend to be muscular, systemic arteries deliver blood to the arterioles, and then to the capillaries, where nutrients and gases are exchanged. After travelling from the aorta, blood travels through peripheral arteries into smaller arteries called arterioles, arterioles help in regulating blood pressure by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood to the capillaries
15.
Preston, Idaho
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Preston is a city in Franklin County, Idaho, United States. The population was 5,204 at the 2010 census, the city is the county seat of Franklin County. It is part of the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Bear River Massacre occurred in 1863 at a point a few miles northwest of Preston. The Bear River Massacre Site is a National Historic Landmark, in 1866, Latter-day Saint pioneers arrived in the northern end of the Cache Valley, stretching across southeastern Idaho and northeastern Utah. The name Preston was suggested by a member to honor William B. Preston, who at the time was president of the LDS Churchs Cache Stake and it was not until the 1880s while William C. Parkinson was serving as the bishop of the Preston LDS Ward that a townsite was laid out. For several years the city held a Napoleon Dynamite Festival in the summer, many of the featured festival themes related to events occurring during the film. For example, Tetherball Tournament, Tater Tot Eating Contest, Moon Boot Dance, Impersonation, Look-A-Like Contest, Football Throwing Contest, in 2004 there was a single day event that drew approximately 300 people. Although this was not a crowd, it did help raise $1,500 for the Preston School District Education Foundation. In 2005 an estimated 6,000 people attended the event, the 2007 and 2008 event was held along with the That Famous Preston Night Rodeo in Preston. There are no plans for reviving the event and that Famous Preston Night Rodeo is usually held in late July, along with the Franklin County parade. The rodeos name comes from it being the first rodeo held during night time and it includes many events such as bull riding, barrel racing, and other popular events. The Franklin county parade includes floats and advertisements of local businesses, the rodeo and parade remain one of the towns most popular local events and traditions. Each year Preston holds the Idaho Festival of Lights, which starts the day after Thanksgiving, the festival was started by two local business men along with many other community organizations to help celebrate Christmas within the community. The festival consists of a parade, fireworks, and displays in the city park. The merchants along the street of Preston have their store fronts decorated with Christmas lights during the festival. A key event of the festival is the International Bed Race, additional events are a kids parade and free movie
16.
French horn
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The French horn is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. The double horn in F/B♭ is the horn most often used by players in professional orchestras, a musician who plays any kind of horn is generally referred to as a horn player. Most horns have lever-operated rotary valves, but some, especially older horns, use piston valves, the backward-facing orientation of the bell relates to the perceived desirability to create a subdued sound, in concert situations, in contrast to the more piercing quality of the trumpet. A horn without valves is known as a horn, changing pitch along the natural harmonics of the instrument. Pitch may also be controlled by the position of the hand in the bell, the pitch of any note can easily be raised or lowered by adjusting the hand position in the bell. Three valves control the flow of air in the single horn, the more common double horn has a fourth valve, usually operated by the thumb, which routes the air to one set of tubing tuned to F or another tuned to B♭. Triple horns with five valves are made, tuned in F, B♭. Also common are descant doubles, which typically provide B♭ and alto F branches and this configuration provides a high-range horn while avoiding the additional complexity and weight of a triple. A crucial element in playing the horn deals with the mouthpiece, when playing higher notes, the majority of players exert a small degree of additional pressure on the lips using the mouthpiece. It is the goal of all serious brass musicians to develop their technique such that additional mouthpiece pressure is avoided altogether, or at the very least, the name French horn is found only in English, first coming into use in the late 17th century. At that time, French makers were preeminent in the manufacture of hunting horns, as a result, these instruments were often called, even in English, by their French names, trompe de chasse or cor de chasse. The International Horn Society has recommended since 1971 that the instrument be simply called the horn, there is also a more specific use of French horn to describe a particular horn type, differentiated from the German horn and Vienna horn. In this sense, French horn refers to an instrument with three Périnet valves. It retains the narrow bell-throat and mouthpipe crooks of the orchestral hand horn of the late 18th century, and most often has an ascending third valve. This is a whole-tone valve arranged so that with the valve in the up position the valve loop is engaged, the horn is the third-highest-sounding instrument in the brass family, below the trumpet and the cornet. Horns are mostly tuned in B♭ or F, or a combination of both, in some traditions, novice players use a single horn in F, while others prefer the B♭ horn. The F horn is used more commonly than the B♭ horn, sound is produced by vibrating the players lips into the mouthpiece of the instrument. Different partials in the series can be played by adjusting the air pressure and lip tension
17.
Baritone horn
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The baritone horn, or sometimes just called baritone, is a low-pitched brass instrument in the saxhorn family. It is a brass instrument with a bore that is mostly conical, like the flugelhorn and alto horn. It uses a cup mouthpiece like that of its peers. Like the trombone and the euphonium, the horn can be considered either a transposing or non-transposing instrument. In the UK, the horn is frequently found in brass bands. In concert band music, there is often a part marked baritone, a person who plays a baritone horn is a baritone player or baritonist. The baritone, like the trombone and euphonium, is a brass tube. It is predominately of conical bore, like the euphonium, but has a narrow bore than the euphonium. The smaller bore renders its attack more distinct than the attack of the euphonium. The baritone is pitched in concert B♭, meaning that when no valves are actuated, music for the baritone horn can be written in either the bass clef or the treble clef. When written in the bass clef, the horn is a non-transposing instrument. It is often used to play parts written for the similarly pitched tenor trombone or euphonium, the baritone is part of the tenor section of a band. Its second partial with no valves pressed is concert B♭ on the line from the bottom of the bass clef. The eighth partial with no valves pressed is concert B♭ in the center of the treble clef, the baritone sounds with a timbre between the brightness of the trombone and the more mellow tone of the euphonium. The baritone horn usually has a wrap and a smaller bell, and is thus smaller and lighter overall. This practice has not yet stopped, there is a common misconception that three-valve instrument is a baritone and that the four-valve instrument is a euphonium. Euphoniums often have a valve as an alternate fingering for 1&3 split fingering with improved intonation. The fourth valve can also be viewed in the way as an F trigger on trombone
18.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
19.
Albion, Idaho
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Albion is a city in Cassia County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Burley, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 267 at the 2010 census. Albion was the county seat of Cassia County from 1879 to 1918, Albion is one of the few cities in the Magic Valley region of Idaho founded before 1900. Beginning in 1893 it was home of the Albion State Normal School, the school was closed in 1951 and its teaching programs were transferred to Idaho State College in Pocatello. By 2006 the campus had fallen into serious disrepair, the city was named for Albion, the poetic name for Great Britain. D. L. Evans Bank was founded in Albion in 1904, although the banks headquarters is now located in Burley, it continues to operate a branch in Albion. Albion is located at 42°24′39″N 113°34′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.47 square miles, all of it land. The college was opened by the Church of Christ as Magic Valley Christian College. This was a part of Pepperdine College in California, as of the census of 2010, there were 267 people,113 households, and 73 families residing in the city. The population density was 568.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 138 housing units at an average density of 293.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 3% White,3. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 5% of the population. 29. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.99. The median age in the city was 42.8 years. 25. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 7% were from 25 to 44,29. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 9% male and 49. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 262 people,108 households, and 65 families residing in the city. The population density was 635.5 people per square mile, there were 120 housing units at an average density of 291.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 24% White,0. 76% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 67% of the population. 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.12
20.
Weston, Idaho
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Weston is a city in Franklin County, Idaho, United States. The population was 437 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was first settled in 1865, Weston is located at 42°2′10″N 111°58′30″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.98 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 437 people,139 households, the population density was 221.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 147 housing units at a density of 74.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 4% White,0. 5% African American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 5% of the population. 18. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.63. The median age in the city was 29 years. 37. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 2% were from 25 to 44,24. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 9% male and 50. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 425 people,118 households, and 105 families residing in the city. The population density was 214.6 people per square mile, there were 129 housing units at an average density of 65.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 18% White,0. 24% Pacific Islander,1. 88% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 29% of the population. 11. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.60 and the average family size was 3.84. In the city, the population was out with 39. 5% under the age of 18,9. 9% from 18 to 24,24. 9% from 25 to 44,17. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 25 years, for every 100 females there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $35,556, and the median income for a family was $35,750. Males had an income of $31,458 versus $17,188 for females
21.
Oxford, Idaho
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Oxford is a city in Franklin County, Idaho, United States. The population was 48 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. Oxford was first settled by Mormons in September 1864 and it is the location Harold B. Lee, a president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is also the location where Jefferson Hunt, a Mormon colonist died, Hunt is buried just behind the hill off the highway at Red Rock Pass. Oxford is located at 42°15′35″N 112°1′13″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.25 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 48 people,17 households, the population density was 192.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 22 housing units at a density of 88.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 8% White and 6. 3% Native American,35. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the family size was 3.82. The median age in the city was 34 years. 41. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,2. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,16. 8% were from 25 to 44,27. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 58. 3% male and 41. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 53 people,18 households, and 14 families residing in the city. The population density was 209.1 people per square mile, there were 23 housing units at an average density of 90.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 34% White and 5. 66% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 66% of the population. There were 18 households out of which 44. 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them,72. 2% were married couples living together, and 22. 2% were non-families. 22. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.50. In the city, the population was out with 35. 8% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,20. 8% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64
22.
Missionary (LDS Church)
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Mormon missionaries may serve on a full- or part-time basis, depending on the assignment, and are organized geographically into missions. The mission assignment could be to any one of the 418 missions organized worldwide, the LDS Church is one of the most active modern practitioners of missionary work, reporting that it had over 74,000 full-time missionaries worldwide at the end of 2015. Most full-time Mormon missionaries are young men and women in their late teens and early twenties. Missionaries are often assigned to serve far from their homes, including in other countries, many missionaries learn a new language at a missionary training center as part of their assignment. Missions typically last two years for males,18 months for females, and 6 to 18 months for older couples, the LDS Church strongly encourages, but does not require, missionary service for young men. All Mormon missionaries serve voluntarily and do not receive a salary for their work, many Latter-day Saints save money during their teenage years to cover their mission expenses. Throughout the churchs history, over one million missionaries have been sent on missions, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said, Every young man should fill a mission. Completing a mission is described as a rite of passage for a young Latter-day Saint. The phrase the best two years of my life is a common cliché among returned missionaries when describing their experience, hinckley had suggested that a mission is not to be a rite of passage, this cultural aspect remains. With the usual starting age of 18–20, a provides a clear event or marker for the traditional age of adulthood. Young men between the ages of 18 and 25 who meet standards of worthiness are strongly encouraged to consider a two-year and this expectation is based in part on the New Testament passage Go ye therefore, and teach all nations. Prior to the announcement, some held that male missionaries may be 18 years old because of educational or military requirements. It was also announced that women may serve beginning at age 19 instead of 21. In 2007, approximately 30% of all 19-year-old LDS men became Mormon missionaries, from LDS families that are active in the church, in cases where an immediate family member dies, the missionary has the choice to travel home for the funeral or to remain on the mission. Missionaries can be sent home for violating rules, and occasionally missionaries choose to go home for health or various other reasons. However, the vast majority of serve the whole two-year or eighteen-month terms. As of 2007, 80% of all Mormon missionaries were young, single men, 13% were young single women, women who would like to serve a mission must meet the same standards of worthiness and be at least 19 years old. Women generally serve as missionaries for 18 months, married retired couples, on the other hand, are encouraged to serve missions, but their length of service may vary from 6 to 36 months depending on their circumstances and means
23.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
24.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
25.
Salt Lake Temple
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The Salt Lake Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints located on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. At 253,015 square feet, it is the largest LDS temple by floor area. Dedicated in 1893, it is the temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete. The Salt Lake Temple is the centerpiece of the 10-acre Temple Square in Salt Lake City, in 1912, the first public photographs of the interior were published in the book The House of the Lord, by James E. Talmage. Since then, various photographs have been published, including by Life magazine in 1938, the temple grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction. Due to its location at LDS Church headquarters and its historical significance, the Salt Lake Temple is also the location of the weekly meetings of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. As such, there are meeting rooms in the building for these purposes, including the Holy of Holies. The official name of the Salt Lake Temple is also unique, in 1999, as the building of LDS temples accelerated, the church announced a formal naming convention for all existing and future temples. For temples located in the United States and Canada, the name of the temple is generally the city or town in which the temple is located, followed by the name of the state or province. For temples outside of the U. S. and Canada, however, for reasons on which the church did not elaborate, the Salt Lake Temple was made an exception to the new guidelines and was not renamed the Salt Lake City Utah Temple. The temple also includes some elements thought to evoke Solomons Temple at Jerusalem and it is oriented towards Jerusalem and the large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen, as was the Molten Sea in Solomons Temple. At the east end of the building, the height of the pinnacle to the base of the angel Moroni is 210 feet, or 120 cubits. The temple is located in downtown Salt Lake City, with mountain peaks close by. Nearby, a stream, City Creek, splits and flows both to the west and to the south, flowing into the Jordan River. There is a wall around the 10-acre temple site, the surrounding wall became the first permanent structure on what has become known as Temple Square. The wall is a uniform 15 feet high but varies in appearance because of the southwest slope of the site. The location for the temple was first marked by Mormon prophet Brigham Young, in 1901 the apostle Anthon H. Lund recorded in his journal that it is said that Oliver Cowderys divining rod was used to located the temple site. The temple site was dedicated on February 14,1853 by Heber C, groundbreaking ceremonies were presided over by Young, who laid the cornerstone on April 6 of that year
26.
Stake (Latter Day Saints)
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A stake is an administrative unit composed of multiple congregations in certain denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. The name stake derives from the Book of Isaiah, enlarge the place of thy tent, stretch forth the curtains of thine habitation, spare not, lengthen thy cords, a stake is sometimes referred to as a stake of Zion. The first Latter Day Saint stake was organized at church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio on February 17,1834, the second stake was organized in Clay County, Missouri, later that year on July 3, with David Whitmer as president. The Missouri stake was relocated to Far West, Missouri, in 1836, a stake was organized at Adam-ondi-Ahman in 1838 and abandoned later that year due to the events of the Mormon War. In 1839, the churchs central stake was established at Nauvoo, Illinois, additional stakes were established in the area around Nauvoo in 1840. Immediately after the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, there was a schism in the Latter Day Saint movement. In 1846, all of the stakes, including the Nauvoo Stake, were discontinued as a result of the exodus of the majority of the Latter Day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement, after the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young assumed the leadership of the church and led its members to the Salt Lake Valley. The first stake established there was the Salt Lake Stake, established October 3,1847, at the time of Youngs death in 1877, there were 20 stakes in operation with a total of approximately 250 wards. New stakes are created when the congregations in existing stakes or districts have grown sufficiently to support a stake, districts may be elevated to stakes and are then no longer presided over by a mission president. New stakes are also formed by dividing an existing stake. In addition to the size and number of congregations, the creation of a new stake also requires sufficient Melchizedek priesthood holders to fill the required leadership positions. At times the absence of available leadership constrains the creation of new stakes, the geographical area encompassed by a stake varies between countries and regions based on membership density. In Utah, a stake might encompass a few miles in area. In contrast, a stake in another part of the world might require thousands of miles to comprise a sufficient number of members. In December 2012, Jeffrey R. Holland organized the 3, 000th stake in Freetown, at the end of 2015, there were 3,174 stakes in the LDS Church. The stake is a level in the organizational hierarchy of the LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a congregation, is known as a ward or branch
27.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
28.
Bishop's storehouse
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A bishops storehouse in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints usually refers to a commodity resource center that is used by bishops of the church to provide goods to needy individuals. The storehouses stock basic foods and essential household items, as of January 2010 there are 138 bishops storehouses in operation. The first bishops storehouse was established in Bishop Newel K. Whitneys store in Kirtland, most of the goods in the storehouse are purchased with fast offering funds or produced on church-owned agricultural property. The storehouses are staffed by volunteers or church service missionaries, persons in need, whether members of the church or not, can access the storehouse by approaching a bishop or local Relief Society president. The bishop decides whether or not the person will be given assistance, the usual practice is to ask the recipient to work or render some form of service in exchange for the good given them. Bishops storehouses are not commercial entities and goods are not for sale to the public through them. There are buildings owned throughout the world serve as bishops storehouses. This may also be done when the recipient has special dietary needs not catered to through the storehouse, the bishop can also draw on the storehouse of church members available time, talents, and abilities to assist the needy. Fast Sunday Humanitarian Services LDS Philanthropies Tithe barn Lehi Ward Tithing Barn-Centennial Hall LDS Church, providing in the Lords Way, A Leaders Guide to Welfare R. Quinn Gardner, Bishops storehouse in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, pp. 123–125. Garza, Jennifer, Storehouse of Faith, For Mormons, being prepared for any emergency is nothing new, Sacramento Bee, pure Religion, The Story of Church Welfare Since 1930 Janet I. Tu, Mormon canneries preserve the spirit of self-reliance, Seattle Times, 2008-11-08 Bishops Storehouses, Mormon wiki
29.
Ezra Taft Benson
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Born on a farm in Whitney, Idaho, Benson was the oldest of eleven children. He was the great-grandson of Ezra T. Benson, who was appointed by Brigham Young a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1846, Benson began his academic career at Utah State Agricultural College, where he first met his future wife, Flora Smith Amussen. Benson alternated quarters at USAC and work on the family farm, Benson served an LDS Church mission in Britain from 1921 to 1923. On his mission, he served as president of the Newcastle Conference, after his mission, Benson studied at Brigham Young University and finished his bachelors degree there in 1926. That year he married Flora Smith Amussen, shortly after her return from a mission in Hawaii and they became the parents of six children. Benson received his masters degree from Iowa State University, several years later, he did preliminary work on a doctorate at the University of California at Berkeley, but never completed it. Just after receiving his masters degree, Benson returned to Whitney to run the family farm and he later became the county agriculture extension agent for Oneida County, Idaho. He later was promoted to the supervisor of all county agents, while in Boise, Benson also worked in the central state extension office connected with the University of Idaho Extension Service. He also founded a farmers cooperative, Benson was superintendent of the Boise Stake Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association and later a counselor in the stake presidency. In 1939, he became president of the Boise Idaho Stake, later that year, he moved to Washington, D. C. to become Executive Secretary of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, and became the first president of a new church stake in Washington. In August 1989, Benson received the Presidential Citizens Medal from President George H. W. Bush, in 1943, Benson went to Salt Lake City to ask church leaders for advice on whether to accept a new job. They unexpectedly told him that he would join them, on October 7,1943, both Benson and Spencer W. Kimball became members of the churchs Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, filling two vacancies created by the deaths of apostles that summer. Because Kimball was ordained first, he was given seniority over Benson in the Quorum, upon Kimballs death in 1985, Benson became the president of the church in his place. Bensons interest in politics could be seen in the subjects he chose for his biannual addresses at General Conference, in 1967, for example, he asked David O. McKay for permission to speak on how the Communists are using the Negros to. Foment trouble in the United States, while McKay allowed Benson to speak on this subject, other church apostles were opposed to Bensons positions. When Joseph Fielding Smith became church president, Benson was no longer given permission to promote his political opinions, Bensons teachings as an apostle were the 2015 course of study in the LDS Churchs Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes. In 1948, Republican presidential nominee Thomas E. Dewey approached Benson before the election that year becoming the United States Secretary of Agriculture. Benson accepted with the permission and encouragement of church president David O. McKay, Benson therefore served simultaneously in the United States Cabinet and in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
30.
Mark E. Petersen
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Mark Edward Petersen was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1944 until his death. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, he filled the vacancy in the Quorum caused by the excommunication of Richard R. Lyman, Petersen had become managing editor of the church-owned Deseret News in 1935 and editor in 1941. As a young boy, Petersen was a carrier. Later, he attended the University of Utah and served a mission for the LDS Church in Nova Scotia. In pursuing a career, he became a reporter for the Deseret News and continued working for the paper for sixty years, advancing to the position of president, Petersen wrote numerous editorials and published more than forty books and many pamphlets used in the church’s missionary effort. In April 1944, while serving as manager of the Deseret News. In his calling as an apostle, he directed the public information programs. He was an adviser to the Relief Society, the Indian Affairs Committee, and he served as president of the West European Mission for more than six years. Petersen was also involved in community affairs. He was closely associated with the Boy Scouts of America and was a recipient of the Silver Antelope Award. In 1959, in response to a rash of arrests of gay men in Utah and Idaho, church president David O. McKay assigned apostles Spencer W. Kimball and Petersen to work on curing gays within the church. At Brigham Young University on August 27,1954, at the Convention of Teachers of Religion on the College Level, Petersen delivered the speech, the speech outlined the religious underpinnings of racial segregation and supported its continued practice as it related to intermarriage between blacks and whites. In the 1940s, Petersen coined the term Mormon fundamentalist to describe people who had left the LDS Church to practice plural marriage, Petersen died from longstanding complications of cancer after entering Cottonwood Hospital in Murray, Utah, and undergoing surgery. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book. Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book, Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book. Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book, Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book. Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book, Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book. Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book, Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book
31.
David O. McKay
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David Oman McKay was an American religious leader and educator who served as the ninth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1951 until his death in 1970. Ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, McKay was an authority for nearly 64 years, longer than anyone else in LDS Church history. The third child of David McKay and Jennette Eveline Evans McKay, David was born on his father’s farm in Huntsville, Utah Territory, McKays mother was a Welsh immigrant from Merthyr Tydfil, and his father was a Scottish immigrant from Caithness. In 1880, after McKay’s two older sisters died, his father was called on an LDS mission to his native Scotland, in his fathers absence, McKay had additional family responsibilities and helped his mother. McKays grandmother bequeathed $5,000 to McKays mother upon her death, be used for the education of the children. This money allowed McKay, his brother Thomas McKay, and their two sisters to attend the University of Utah, McKay graduated in 1897 as valedictorian and class president. Immediately afterward, he was called on a mission to Great Britain, like his father, he presided over the Scottish district of the church. Early in his mission, he was impressed by a motto he saw inscribed on a building in Stirling, What Eer Thou Art and this message became a source of inspiration throughout his life. Upon his return in fall 1899, McKay taught at the school level at LDS Weber Stake Academy. He married Emma Ray Riggs in the Salt Lake Temple on January 2,1901 and they eventually had seven children, one dying as a young child. For his first three years at Weber, McKay taught mainly religion and literature classes, on April 17,1902, McKay was appointed principal of Weber, succeeding the founding principal, Louis F. Moench, who had resigned after nine years in the position. One of his first actions as principal was to organize a school paper, McKay also oversaw the inauguration of sports programs at Weber, with mens and womens basketball teams organized during McKays tenure. In 1905, they won their game against the University of Utah. With three vacancies, George F. Richards, Orson F. Whitney, and McKay were called as apostles in the LDS Churchs April 1906 general conference, McKay was 32 at the time. Prior to this appointment to service, McKay had planned on career in education. Even after his appointment, McKay stayed active in education, continuing as principal of the Weber Stake Academy until 1908, McKay stayed at Weber Stake Academy to see the completion of some new building projects that he had begun. He also served on the Weber schools board of trustees until 1922, McKay enjoyed a long, personal friendship with John F. Fitzpatrick, publisher of the Salt Lake Tribune. They met weekly for breakfast to discuss the betterment of Utah, in October 1906, McKay became an assistant to the superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union
32.
Hugh B. Brown
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Hugh Brown Brown was an attorney, educator, author and leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was a member of the churchs Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, born in Utah, Brown held both American and Canadian citizenship. Brown was a speaker, and was well known for conveying religious principles. His grandson, Edwin B. Brown was born in Granger, Utah Territory, to Homer Manley Brown and he later recorded the event of his birth, It is alleged that I was born in Granger, Utah, in 1883, on the 24th of October. I was there but do not remember the event, however, my mother was an honest woman and I must take her word. His father had a farm and orchard. When Brown was fourteen, Homer Brown left Utah with his oldest son to establish a farm in Spring Coulee, in western Canada. Brown was the oldest son left in Salt Lake City, and he and his sister Lillie, eighteen months his senior, took care of the farm, Brown was fifteen when his family moved to southern Alberta, which was then part of the Northwest Territories. Shortly after his birthday, he traveled to Logan, Utah. Brown also attended Utah State Agricultural College, dr. John A. Widtsoe suggested a career in agriculture for Brown. After a brief period at the college, Brown was called to England as a missionary for the LDS Church, upon his return, Brown married Zina Young Card, a childhood friend whom he married in 1908. They settled in Alberta and the first six of the eight children were born there. In 1912, Canadian leaders of the LDS Church asked Brown to go to Calgary, the reserve cavalry unit was established in 1914, with the outbreak of World War I, and became part of the Thirteenth Overseas Mounted Rifles in 1915. By 1917, Brown had achieved the rank of major in the Canadian military and he would have attained a higher rank were it not for the prejudice that existed in the British Empire against the LDS Church. Brown suffered other injustices from the establishment, including being forced by a superior officer to sell a beloved horse. The Imperial military significantly influenced Brown, as shown in accounts of his service in his later writing, after returning to Canada, Brown was employed as a cowboy, farmer, and businessman. He renewed an interest in the study of law, which he began at the Law Society of Alberta prior to his service, by working with Z. W. Jacobs. Brown completed the five-year apprenticeship while working a farm he had purchased near Cardston, after passing the bar examination at the University of Alberta, he was admitted to the bar in 1921
33.
Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
34.
N. Eldon Tanner
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Nathan Eldon Tanner was a teacher, municipal and provincial politician from the Canadian province of Alberta, and a leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, but soon after his birth his family moved to Aetna outside of Cardston, Alberta, where he was raised. Tanner served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1935 to 1952 sitting with the Social Credit caucus in government, Tanner was born on May 9,1898, in Salt Lake City, Utah. His family had a farmstead just south of Cardston, Alberta and he grew up in southern Alberta, attending grade school in the town of Aetna and high school at Knight Academy in Raymond and receiving some post-secondary education at Calgary Normal School. Tanner began his life at a grocery store and butcher shop. He obtained a job teaching at a school in Hill Spring in 1919. He met his wife, Sara Isabelle Merrill, at the school. In addition to teaching, Tanner established his own store to supplement his family income. The store was successful enough that he left his first teaching job in Hill Spring to run the store full-time, Tanner eventually became a high school teacher in Cardston. He got his start in the political arena serving as a councillor on Cardston Town Council, Tanner was drafted to run for a seat to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for the first time in the 1935 Alberta general election. He ran as a Social Credit candidate in the district of Cardston. He won the race, easily defeating incumbent United Farmers MLA George Stringam. He filled that role until 1937 when he was appointed as a cabinet minister, Premier William Aberhart appointed Tanner to the Executive Council of Alberta as the Minister of Lands and Mines on January 5,1937. He ran for a term in office in the 1940 Alberta general election with ministerial advantage. Tanner barely kept his seat, winning a hotly contested race against independent candidate S. H. Nelson. Tanner ran for a term in office in the 1944 Alberta general election. He faced a race and won easily despite his popular vote dropping slightly from the previous election. The popular vote of the opposition candidates collapsed, the 1948 Alberta general election would see Tanner run for his fourth term in office
35.
Harold B. Lee Library
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The Harold B. Lee Library, located in Provo, Utah, is the main academic library of Brigham Young University, the largest religious and private university in the United States. The library has approximately 98 miles of shelving for the more than 6 million items in its various collections, as well as a seating capacity for 4,600 people. With over 10,000 patrons entering the building each day, The Princeton Review consistently ranks the HBLL in the nations Top Ten University Libraries–#1 in 2004 and #3 in 2012. Lee, former president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the HBLL began with the books Karl G. Maeser kept in his office during his time as principal of then-Brigham Young Academy. The small library was formed from donations and free materials from the U. S. government, when Maesers office was destroyed by a fire in 1884, his library collection went with it. In 1892 the new Education Building included a library on the second floor, the academy later became a university, which spurred the librarys growth until it filled the third floor and much of the second floor of the Education building. In July 1924, the association reported that $125,000 were set aside to construct a new library building on University Hill. The new Heber J. Grant Library was subsequently dedicated on October 15,1925 with 40,000 books and 35,000 pamphlets, alice Louise Reynolds, a popular English professor, helped raise funds to purchase over 1,000 books for the library. She was faculty chairperson of a committee to establish the library from 1906 to 1925 and her fan club donated over 10,000 volumes in the 1930s. By 1950, the large collection no longer fit in the Grant Library, the Physical Science Library was housed in the Eyring Science Center from the opening of that building in 1950. In 1957 when the Joseph F. Smith Family Living Center was opened, it contained the life science library on the first floor, the pre-1940 bound periodicals were being stored in the basement of BYUs Joseph Smith Memorial Building. The reserve library was located in the David O. McKay Building, while the attics of the Maeser Building and the womens gymnasium used for storage as well as a warehouse in downtown Provo. As a result of a study by a faculty committee in January 1953, in 1961, the Clark Libary housed 300,000 volumes, although the building was not dedicated until October 10,1962. The new library was designed by Lorenzo Snow Young with Keyes D. Metcalf and it was built by the Garff, Ryberg, and Garff Construction Company. Another key figure in the planning and building of the library was S. Lyman Tyler, with the expansion of the library building came the expansion of the library collection. In 1971 the library celebrated the acquisition of their millionth volume with a conference on library acquisition for donors. In 1973, the name of the J. Reuben Clark Library was changed to the Harold B. Lee Library, in honor of the former president of the LDS Church. In order to keep up with the needs of the academic community and this addition was occupied in the summer of 1976 and dedicated March 15,1977
36.
Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus
37.
Teachings of Presidents of the Church
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Teachings of Presidents of the Church is a series of books published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Each book of the series briefly compiles the teachings and sermons of one of the men who has served as president of the LDS Church, the series is not complete, with 15 books having been released by August 2016. The text of book is not limited to sermons preached while the person was President of the Church. The series began in 1997, with the release of the Brigham Young edition, the books are not being issued in the same order in which presidents served. The books are not intended to be a collection of the words, sermons. Church members are encouraged to save the books and make a collection in their homes, the books serve as a basis for many of the lessons presented in weekly church Relief Society and adult priesthood meetings. Each book is used as class curriculum for one or two years, depending on the length of the book. The copyright in the books is held by Intellectual Reserve, in 2010 and 2011, the LDS Church temporarily ceased using this series for communal study at Sunday meetings and instead used a newly revised Gospel Principles manual. Sunday study of the Teachings of Presidents of the Church series resumed in 2012, no edition has been published for Thomas S. Monson, the current president of the church
38.
Relief Society
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The Relief Society is a philanthropic and educational womens organization and an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was founded in 1842 in Nauvoo, Illinois, United States, the Relief Society is often referred to by the church and others as one of the oldest and largest womens organizations in the world. The motto of the Relief Society, taken from 1 Corinthians 13,8, is Charity never faileth, Relief Society accomplishes these purposes through Sunday gospel instruction, other Relief Society meetings, visiting teaching, and welfare and compassionate service. In the spring of 1842 Sarah Granger Kimball and her seamstress, Margaret A. Cook and they determined to invite their neighbors to assist by creating a Ladies Society. Kimball asked Eliza R. Snow to write a constitution and by-laws for the organization for submission to President of the Church Joseph Smith for review, after reviewing the documents, Smith called them the best he had ever seen but said, this is not what you want. Tell the sisters their offering is accepted of the Lord, I will organize the women under the priesthood after a pattern of the priesthood. Twenty women gathered on Thursday, March 17,1842 in the meeting room over Smiths Red Brick Store in Nauvoo. Smith, John Taylor, and Willard Richards sat on the platform at the end of the room with the women facing them. The Spirit of God Like a Fire Is Burning was sung, Smith also proposed that the women elect a presiding officer who would choose two counselors to assist her. Emma Hale Smith was elected unanimously as president and she chose Sarah M. Cleveland and Elizabeth Ann Whitney as her two counselors. John Taylor was appointed to ordain the women and he did so and it was proposed that the organization go by the name Benevolent Society and with no opposition the vote carried. However, Emma Smith made a point of objection, after discussion, it was unanimously agreed that the fledgling organization be named The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo. Joseph Smith then offered five dollars in gold to commence the funds of the Society, Eliza R. Snow was unanimously elected as secretary of the Society with Phebe M. Wheeler as Assistant Secretary and Elvira A. Coles as Treasurer. Emma Smith remarked that each member should be ambitious to do good and seek out, several female members then made donations to the Society. The men returned, and Taylor and Richards also made donations, after singing Come Let Us Rejoice, the meeting was adjourned to meet on the following Thursday at 10 oclock. Taylor then gave a closing prayer, E feel convinced that with their concentrated efforts, the condition of the suffering poor, of the stranger and the fatherless will be ameliorated. The new organization was popular and grew so rapidly that finding a place for such a large group proved difficult. Under Emma Smiths direction, the Society was divided for the purpose of meeting according to each of the four municipal wards
39.
Deseret News
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The Deseret News is a newspaper published in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is Utahs oldest continuously published daily newspaper and has the largest Sunday circulation in the state, the News is owned by Deseret News Publishing Company, a subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation, a holding company owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The newspaper is printed by the Newspaper Agency Corporation, which it co-owns with The Salt Lake Tribune under a joint operating agreement, in 2006, combined circulation of the two papers was 151,422. The Church News includes news of the LDS Church and has published since 1931, while the Mormon Times is about the people, faith. Since 1974 the Deseret News has also published the Church Almanac, the editorial tone of the Deseret News is usually described as moderate to conservative, and is often assumed to reflect the values of its owner, the LDS Church. For example, the newspaper does not accept advertising that violates church standards, Phelps left Winter Quarters sometime in May, and went to Boston by way of the former Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, Illinois. In Boston, with the help of William I, appleby, the president of the Churchs Eastern States Mission, and Church member Alexander Badlam, Phelps was able to procure a wrought iron Ramage hand-press, type, and other required equipment. He returned to Winter Quarters on November 12,1847, with the press, due partly to its size and weight, the press and equipment would not be taken to Salt Lake City until 1849. By that time many of the Mormon pioneers had left Winter Quarters, in April 1849 the press and other church property was loaded onto ox drawn wagons, and traveled with the Howard Egan Company along the Mormon Trail. The wagon company, with the press, arrived in the Salt Lake Valley August 7,1849, the press was moved into a small adobe building that also served as a coin mint for the settlers. The press was at first used to print the necessary documents used in setting up the provisional State of Deseret, the first issue of the Deseret News was published June 15,1850, and was 8 pages long. Because it was meant to be the voice of the State of Deseret, it was called the Deseret News and it was at first a weekly Saturday publication, and published in pamphlet form in hopes that readers would have the papers bound into volumes. Subscription rate was $2.50 for six months, a jobs press, usually called the Deseret News Press, was also set up so the News could print books, booklets, handbills, broadsides, etc. for paying customers and other publishers. From the beginning paper shortages were a problem for the News staff, starting with the October 19,1850 issue—only four months after publication began—the paper had to be changed to a bi-weekly publication. Even so, many times in the 1850s there were periods when the News could not be published for lack of paper. The publishers asked everyone to donate old paper and cloth to the venture, in the summer of 1854 the first issues of the News were published on homemade paper that was very thick, and grayish in color. Even with paper shortages, occasionally a News extra would be published, during a turbulent time period, later known as the Utah War, the News presses and equipment were moved to the central and southern parts of the state. As armed forces of the United States camped just outside the state at Fort Bridger, Cannon was assigned to take some presses and equipment to Fillmore while Henry McEwan was to take the remainder to Parowan
40.
Deseret Book Company
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Deseret Book is the largest Latter-day Saint book publisher and also owns a chain of LDS bookstores in the Western United States. Over 150 people work in its Salt Lake City headquarters, Deseret Book is a wholly owned subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation, the holding company for business firms owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Deseret Book is a corporation registered in Utah. The Deseret Book Company was created in 1919 from a merger of the Deseret News Bookstore, both of these Utah bookstores trace their roots to George Q. Cannon, a Latter-day Saint General Authority, Deseret is a word from the Book of Mormon that is said to mean honeybee. Cannon published the first issue of Juvenile Instructor magazine in 1866, Cannon & Sons bookstore in 1867 to sell the magazine and other publications of an uplifting nature. Cannon believed that secular novels did not reflect Latter-day Saint values, in the 1880s, Cannon expanded with a branch in Ogden, Utah. It is not known how many books Cannon & Sons actually published itself, in this era, authors commonly self-published their books, which were then distributed by others. However, Cannon & Sons distributed several important books through their stores, the company had extensive ties to the LDS Church-owned newspaper, the Deseret News. Five of Cannons sons held important positions in the paper, Cannon & Sons book was printed on the Deseret News press. Cannon sold the bookstore to the LDS Church in 1900, near the end of his life, the church combined the two businesses, and the remaining Salt Lake City bookstore became Deseret News Bookstore. By 1906, Deseret News press had a Linotype machine and dedicated book press, many significant volumes were published and distributed through the Deseret News Bookstore. Of these, the most successful was James E. Talmages Jesus the Christ, published in 1915, the book quickly went through numerous printings as the First Presidency of the LDS Church authorized its use in its Sunday School program. Meanwhile, the Deseret Sunday School Union, still publishing the money-losing Juvenile Instructor struggled to maintain its distribution center, aimed at church supply, the Sunday School Bookstore sold textbooks, minutes ledgers, sacrament trays, as well as popular books. Since 1891 the non-profit Union asked for yearly five-cent contributions from Sunday school pupils on Nickel Sunday, facing over $12,000 in debt in 1914, requested donations increased to ten cents, and 1919 a committee formed to study the organizations solvency. Led by Talmage, the committee recommended consolidation of the Sunday School Bookstore with the Deseret News Bookstore, by 1920, both antecedent bookstores were closed and a single new Deseret Book Company building was constructed in downtown Salt Lake City at site of the former ZCMI Center Mall. Ownership of Deseret Book was split between the Deseret News and the Deseret Sunday School Union, however, the Union would manage the bookstore until 1932 when Deseret Book was incorporated for-profit as the Utah Company. Deseret News Press printed nearly all Deseret Book publications until the 1960s when the company began seeking competitive bids
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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