1.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
2.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
3.
Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission
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The commission served for ten years, from 2000 to 2010. Its official successor organization, announced in 2011 with an expanded board, the ALBC was established by the passage of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Act in 2000. The Commissioners were appointed by the President, the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate, with input from the governors of Illinois, Indiana, eileen R. Mackevich served as Executive Director from 2006 to 2010. Established by the United States Congress, the ALBC aims to celebrate the life and legacy of Lincoln while reinvigorating his thoughts, ideals and spirit throughout America and around the world. The commissions goals highlight numerous projects and cultural events including nine signature events, The National Opening Ceremony - Louisville, Kentucky and Hodgenville, the Mothers Day Celebration - Lincoln City, Indiana. Birthday Tribute and Wreath-Laying Ceremony in Washington, D. C, the Lincoln Memorial Rededication Series - Washington, D. C. Bicameral Celebration of Abraham Lincolns Birthday, A Congressional Tribute - United States Capitol rotunda, Exhibition - With Malice Toward None, The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Exhibit - Washington, DC National Teach-In - National Archives, Washington, DC. Howard University Conference, Emancipation and Race in the Age of Lincoln - April 16–18,2009, the Global Lincoln, A Conference Examining the Global Legacy of Abraham Lincoln - St. Catherines College, University of Oxford - July 3–5,2009. Other ALBC tributes included, New penny redesign series featuring four new pennies, four United States Postal Service commemorative Lincoln stamps. Ten town hall meetings around the United States. C, September 22,2008, an international symposium in Paris, France. Forever Free, Abraham Lincolns Journey to Emancipation Traveling Exhibit, governor-appointed liaisons from each state made up the ALBCs Governor Council. These liaisons served as contact points between the national ALBC and their state, and coordinate their own Bicentennial programs and events, an advisory board included more than 150 historians, scholars, civic leaders and Lincoln enthusiasts. Among them were Michael Beschloss, David Blight, Ken Burns, Richard Carwardine, David Herbert Donald, John Hope Franklin, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Dr. Allen C. Guelzo, James M. McPherson, Douglas Wilson, Orville Vernon Burton, Mario M. Cuomo, Dr. Roger Wilkins, Jack Kemp, in conjunction with the Library of Congress, the ALBC created an interactive exhibit titled With Malice Toward None. The 2009–2010 traveling exhibit highlighted Lincolns life and featured speeches, letters, photos. On February 11–12,2008, the ALBC launched its two-year celebration of Lincolns 200th birthday, the two-day event began in Louisville at the historic Henry Clay Hotel. That evening, The Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts hosted A Kentucky Salute to Abraham Lincoln, popular radio journalist and Louisville native, Bob Edwards served as master of ceremonies. Performances included the Louisville Orchestra and opera soprano Angela Brown, film producer Jerry Bruckheimer and his wife Linda Bruckheimer, a Kentucky native, welcomed the audience
4.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
5.
New-York Historical Society
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The New-York Historical Society presents exhibitions, public programs, and research that explore the rich history of New York and the nation. The New-York Historical Society Museum & Library has been at its present location since 1908, the granite building was designed by York & Sawyer in a classic Roman Eclectic style. Louise Mirrer has been the president of the Historical Society since 2004 and she was previously Executive Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs of the City University of New York. Beginning in 2005, the museum presented a groundbreaking exhibit on Slavery in New York. It included an art exhibit by artists invited to use museum collections in their works, the Society generally focuses on the developing city center on Manhattan Island, and the Long Island Historical Society was founded in 1863. It was later renamed as the Brooklyn Historical Society, located in the borough across the East River and this borough was consolidated into the City of Greater New York in 1898. The BHS also has materials pertaining to the city and its region. The New-York Historical Society holds a collection of historical artifacts, works of American art. Grant, Tiffany designer Clara Driscol, and the history of the Constitution, the New-York Historical Society’s museum is the oldest in New York City and predates the founding of the Metropolitan Museum of Art by nearly 70 years. Its art holdings comprise more than 1.6 million works, the Historical Society also holds an important collection of paintings and drawings by marine artist James Bard. Its research library contains more than three books, pamphlets, maps, atlases, newspapers, broadsides, music sheets, manuscripts, prints, photographs. Grant’s terms of surrender for Robert E, the Society operates a website showing many images from its collection. In 2015 it announced the digitization and posting of over a thousand negatives by photographer Robert L. Bracklow from the late 19th, the Historical Society was founded on November 20,1804, largely through the efforts of John Pintard. He was for some years secretary of the American Academy of Fine Arts and he was also among the first to agitate for a free school system. The first meeting comprised 11 of the citys most prominent citizens, at the meeting, a committee was selected to draw up a constitution, and by December 10, the Historical Society was officially organized. It had already collected the start of a collection, several oil portraits and 38 engraved portraits. The Historical Society suffered under heavy debt during its early decades, in 1809, it organized a celebration of the 200th anniversary of the arrival of Henry Hudson in New York Harbor. Inspired by the event, the Historical Society petitioned and later obtained an endowment from the New York State Legislature, the failure of the lottery resulted in a debt that forced the Society to mortgage some of its books, which were not redeemed until 1823
6.
Yeshiva University
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Yeshiva University is a private university in New York City, with four campuses in New York City. Founded in 1886, it is a research university, while the majority of students at the University are of the Jewish faith, many students, especially at School of Law and the School of Business, are not Jewish. Yeshiva University is an independent institution chartered by New York State and it is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and by several professional agencies. It conferred 1,822 degrees in 2007 and offers community service projects serving New York, Jewish communities, the university has run an operating deficit for seven consecutive years. In 2014 it lost $84 million, and in 2013 suffered a loss of $64 million, in March 2015, the faculty of Yeshiva College passed a no-confidence motion against Richard Joel, the university president. A1928 plan to build a spacious Moorish Revival campus around several gardens, building continued after the Depression in modern style and by the acquisition of existing neighborhood buildings. It has campuses and facilities in Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, the Yeshiva University Museum is a teaching museum and the cultural arm of Yeshiva University. The Brookdale Center in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of downtown Manhattan contains the Benjamin Cardozo School of Law, law clinics and office, the Center for Jewish History, which includes the Yeshiva University Museum along with other institutions, is nearby in the Chelsea neighborhood. The Azrieli School has classes on campus as well. The Wilf Campus is centered around the area of Amsterdam Ave, Yeshiva Universitys main office is located within the Wilf Campus, at 500 185th St. and Wilf is considered the main campus. The high school for girls is located in the Holliswood neighborhood of eastern Queens, the universitys building in Jerusalem, in the Bayit VeGan neighborhood, contains a branch of the rabbinical seminary and an office coordinating the S. While studying in Israel, students study Jewish subjects while learning firsthand about Israels land, people, history, Yeshiva University Israel advisers visit each school regularly to offer academic guidance, career planning, and personal counseling. In addition, the program sponsors lectures and activities students can gather under the auspices of Yeshiva University. Yeshiva University also cosponsors events for American students in Israel, such as the Battle of the Bands and Inter-Seminary Choir Competition, the program is headquartered at the Student Center at Yeshiva Universitys Israel Campus in the Bayit Vegan neighborhood of Jerusalem. Mrs. Stephanie Strauss serves as director of the program, clubs and activities are maintained by the students in each school, generally under the auspices of a student government. Activities are funded by a student activities fee collected by the school, each graduate school maintains a student council, such as the Student Bar Association at Cardozo, which, in turn, supports the many clubs and publications in each school. At the undergraduate level, there are separate student governments on the two campuses, although the two student governments are separate, they work closely in coordinating joint events. There are also individual councils for each class, council committees, a Student Court, on the Wilf Campus, the Yeshiva Student Union, run by Aryeh Minsky oversees most of student life on campus
7.
Steven Spielberg
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Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE, OMRI is an American director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered one of the pioneers of the New Hollywood era. He is also one of the co-founders of DreamWorks Studios, in a career spanning more than four decades, Spielbergs films have spanned many themes and genres. His other films include Jurassic Park, A. I, artificial Intelligence, and War of the Worlds. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindlers List and Saving Private Ryan, three of Spielbergs films—Jaws, E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial, and Jurassic Park—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide and his personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to an Orthodox Jewish family and his mother, Leah Posner, was a restaurateur and concert pianist, and his father, Arnold Spielberg, was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s, in 1950, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey when his father took a job with RCA. Three years later, the moved to Phoenix, Arizona. Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis, as a child, Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with. It isnt something I enjoy admitting, he said, but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me. I was embarrassed by the perception of my parents Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times, Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying, In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. His first home movie was of a wreck involving his toy Lionel trains. Throughout his early teens, and after entering school, Spielberg continued to make amateur 8 mm adventure films. In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to an interviewer, My dads still-camera was broken. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western, I made it and got my merit badge
8.
Lincoln (film)
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Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln. The film also features Sally Field, David Strathairn, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, James Spader, Hal Holbrook, the film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator Kathleen Kennedy, through their respective production companies, Amblin Entertainment and the Kennedy/Marshall Company. Filming began October 17,2011, and ended on December 19,2011, Lincoln premiered on October 8,2012 at the New York Film Festival. The film was co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Participant Media, the film was distributed by Fox in international territories. Lincoln received widespread acclaim, with major praise directed to the acting, especially Day-Lewis performance. In December 2012, the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director for Spielberg and winning Best Actor for Day-Lewis. At the 85th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director, it won for Best Production Design, the film was also a commercial success, grossing over $275 million at the box office. In January 1865, President Abraham Lincoln expects the Civil War to end soon – perhaps within a month – with the defeat of the Confederate States. Lincoln feels it is imperative to pass the amendment before that, even if all of them are ultimately brought on board, the amendment will still require the support of several Democratic congressmen if it is to pass. Lincoln, however, remains adamant about having the amendment in place and the issue of slavery settled before the war is concluded, therefore, in return for his support, Blair insists that Lincoln allow him to immediately engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations. Unable to proceed without Blairs support, however, Lincoln reluctantly authorizes Blairs mission, in the meantime, Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward work on the issue of securing the necessary Democratic votes for the amendment. Furthermore, those members will soon be in need of employment, and Lincoln will have many federal jobs to fill as he begins his second term, which he sees as a tool he can use to his advantage. Meanwhile, Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace, a rumor of their mission circulates, prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote on the amendment. But in a carefully worded statement, Lincoln denies that there are envoys in Washington, black visitors to the gallery celebrate, and Stevens returns home to his housekeeper and lover, a mixed-race woman. On April 3, Lincoln visits the battlefield at Petersburg, Virginia, six days later, Grant receives General Robert E. Lees surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. The next morning at the Petersen House, Lincoln dies, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declares, Lincoln is seen again delivering his second inaugural address. His performance as Abraham Lincoln earned him his third Academy Award for Best Actor, Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd LincolnField was first announced to join the cast as early as September 2007, but officially joined the cast in April 2011. Field said, To have the opportunity to work with Steven Spielberg and Daniel Day-Lewis and to one of the most complicated
9.
C-SPAN
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C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
10.
A&E (TV channel)
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The channel originally focused programming on biographies, documentaries, and drama series but has later expanded to include reality television programming. As of July 2015, the A&E network is available to approximately 95,968,000 pay television households in the United States, the U. S. version of the channel is shown in Canada while international versions exist for Australia, Latin America, and Europe. A&E launched on February 1,1984, initially available to 9.3 million cable television homes in the U. S. the network is a result of the 1984 merger of Hearst/ABCs Alpha Repertory Television Service and RCA-owned The Entertainment Channel. When A&E debuted, the took over the satellite transponder timeslot that ARTS occupied from its launch in 1981. Childrens television channel Nickelodeon signed off just before 9 p. m. Eastern Time, and A&E took over at 9 p. m. with a programming block. However, some cable providers continued to carry Nickelodeon and A&E on the same channel and it was not until the early 1990s that these companies found separate channels for both networks. A&E was envisioned as a counterpart to PBS, and in its early days focused on such PBS-style programming as the Leonard Bernstein Fidelio. By 1990, A&Es original programming accounted for 35 to 40 percent of the program content. The comedy series An Evening at the Improv built a young audience in the late 80s. Also, Comedy On the Road won a CableACE Award, both series were produced by Larry ODaly, A&Es signature show was Biography, a one-hour documentary series that A&E revived in 1987. In 1994, airings of Biography went from weekly broadcasts to airing five nights a week, the nightly series became A&Es top-rated show and one of cable televisions most notable successes. Biography received Primetime Emmy Awards in 1999 and 2002, in its first decade, A&E had limited advertising, with fewer commercials at the time, mostly for A&E programs and its magazine. Beginning in the mid-90s, advertising was increased substantially on the channel, in May 1995, the channels name officially changed to the A&E Network, to reflect its declining focus on arts and entertainment. By 1996, the network had branded itself as simply A&E, even the arts patron often finds arts on TV not as satisfying as it should be. And the word entertainment is too vague, therefore, much like ESPN uses its letters rather than what they stand for – Entertainment Sports Network – we decided to go to just A&E. The network created two original weekly series, Sidney Lumets 100 Centre Street and Nero Wolfe, both of which lasted from 2001 to 2002. In May 2003, A&E launched a campaign with the networks new tagline. In addition, A&E had garnered favorable notice for true-crime documentary series such as Cold Case Files, American Justice, City Confidential, Investigative Reports, the network also cut back on its broadcasts of Biography from originally twice daily to weekend mornings only
11.
History (U.S. TV network)
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The channel originally broadcast documentary programs and historical fiction series. More recently, it has mostly broadcast various reality series such as Pawn Stars, Ax Men. As of February 2015, approximately 96,149,000 American households receive History, International localized versions of History are available, in various forms, in India, Canada, Europe, Australia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The first European version was launched in Scandinavia in 1997 by Viasat which now operates their own channel, History was launched on January 1,1995 as The History Channel, its original format focused entirely on historical series and specials. On February 16,2008, a new logo was launched on the U. S. network as part of a rebranding effort, while the trademark H was kept, the triangle shape on the left acts as a play button for animation and flyouts during commercials and shows. On March 20,2008, as part of that same rebranding effort, The History Channel dropped The, on June 1,2015, the History logo was slightly updated, completely removing the triangle shape on the left. Programming on History has covered a range of historical periods and topics. Programming also includes mainstream reality television-style shows involving truck drivers, alligator hunters, pawn stores, antique and collectible pickers, car restorers, photography, occasionally some programs compare contemporary culture and technology with that of the past. On March 3,2013, History channel premiered its first original series, during the 1990s, History was jokingly referred to as The Hitler Channel for its extensive coverage of World War II. Much of its programming has been shifted to its sister network Military History. The network has also criticized for having a bias towards US history. The network was criticized by Stanley Kutner for airing the series The Men Who Killed Kennedy in 2003. Kutner was one of three historians commissioned to review the documentary, which the channel disavowed and never aired again, programs such as Modern Marvels have been praised for their presentation of detailed information in an entertaining format. Some of the series, including Ice Road Truckers, Ax Men. Senator Chuck Grassley is a critic of the channel and its lack of historical or educational programming, showing disdain for Ax Men. In his book 2012, Its Not the End of the World, Peter Lemesurier describes the channels Nostradamus series, in which he was invited to participate, as largely fiction, the History Channel was also singled out for ridicule by Smithsonian magazine. The article took issue with the show Ancient Aliens for postulating the idea that caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The online magazine Cracked also lampooned the channel for its definition of history
12.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
13.
Emancipation Proclamation
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The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1,1863. It purported to change the legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from slave to free. It had the effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government, by running away or through advances of federal troops. Eventually it reached and liberated all of the designated slaves and it was issued as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch of the United States. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in ten states, because it was issued under the Presidents authority to suppress rebellion, it necessarily excluded areas not in rebellion – it applied to more than 3 million of the 4 million slaves at the time. The Proclamation was based on the constitutional authority as commander in chief of the armed forces. The Proclamation was issued in January 1863 after U, the Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not outlaw slavery, and did not grant citizenship to the ex-slaves. It made the eradication of slavery a war goal, in addition to the goal of reuniting the Union. Around 20,000 to 50,000 slaves in regions where rebellion had already been subdued were immediately emancipated. Prior to the Proclamation, in accordance with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, also specifically excluded were some regions already controlled by the Union army. On September 22,1862, Lincoln issued a warning that he would order the emancipation of all slaves in any state that did not end its rebellion against the Union by January 1,1863. None of the Confederate states restored themselves to the Union, and Lincolns order was signed, the Emancipation Proclamation outraged white Southerners who envisioned a race war. It angered some Northern Democrats, energized anti-slavery forces, and undermined elements in Europe that wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy, the Proclamation lifted the spirits of African Americans both free and slave. It led many slaves to escape from their masters and get to Union lines to obtain their freedom, the Emancipation Proclamation broadened the goals of the Civil War. While slavery had been an issue that led to the war. The Proclamation made freeing the slaves an explicit goal of the Union war effort, establishing the abolition of slavery as one of the two primary war goals served to deter intervention by Britain and France. The Emancipation Proclamation was never challenged in court, to ensure the abolition of slavery in all of the U. S. Lincoln pushed for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Congress passed it by the necessary two-thirds vote on January 31,1865, the United States Constitution of 1787 did not use the word slavery but included several provisions about unfree persons
14.
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
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The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is a research library of the New York Public Library and an archive repository for information on people of African descent worldwide. It is named for Afro-Puerto Rican scholar Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, in addition to research services, the center hosts readings, discussions, art exhibitions, and theatrical events. It is open to the general public, later in 1901 Carnegie formally signed a contract with the City of New York to transfer his donation to the city to then allow it to justify purchasing the land to house the libraries. McKim, Mead & White were chosen as the architects and Charles Follen McKim designed the library building at 103 West 135th Street in the Italian Renaissance Palazzo mode. At its opening on July 14,1905, the library had 10,000 books, in 1920, Ernestine Rose, a white woman born in Bridgehampton in 1880, became the branch librarian. She quickly integrated the library staff. Catherine Allen Latimer, the first African-American librarian hired by the NYPL, was sent to work with Rose as was Roberta Bosely months later, some time later Sadie Peterson Delaney became employed at the branch. Together, they created a plan to assist integrating reading into the lives of the attendees and cooperated with schools. In 1921, the hosted the first exhibition of African-American art in Harlem. The library became a point to the burgeoning Harlem Renaissance. On May 8,1925, it operating as the Division of Negro Literature, History and Prints. In 1926, Schomburg was interested in selling his collection of African-American literature because he wanted it to be available to the general public, Rose and the National Urban League convinced the Carnegie Foundation to pay $10,000 to Schomburg and then donate the books to the library. In 1926, the collection won acclaim with the addition of Schomburgs personal collection. By donating his collection, Schomburg sought to show that people had a history. About 5,000 objects in Schomburgs collection were donated, in 1929, Anderson was desirous of a promotion and enlisted the help of W. E. B. Du Bois and Walter Francis White when she was being discriminated against by not being promoted. After letters of intervention on her behalf by Du Bois and White, by 1930, the Center had 18,000 volumes. In 1932, Schomburg became the first curator of his collection, in 1935, the Center developed a project to deliver books once a week to those handicapped severely enough that they could not make it to the library
15.
Sam Waterston
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Samuel Atkinson Sam Waterston is an American actor, producer and director. He has been nominated for multiple Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, BAFTA and Emmy awards, having starred in over eighty film and he has also starred in numerous stage productions. AllMovie historian Hal Erickson characterized Waterston as having cultivated a following with his quietly charismatic. Waterston received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 and was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 2012, Waterston, the third of four siblings, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His mother, Alice Tucker, a painter, was of English ancestry. His father, George Chychele Waterston, was an immigrant from Leith, Scotland, Waterston attended both the Brooks School, a boarding school in North Andover, Massachusetts, where his father taught, and the Groton School in Groton, Massachusetts. He entered Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, on a scholarship in 1958, after graduating from Yale, he attended the Clinton Playhouse for several months. Waterston also attended the Sorbonne in Paris and the American Actors Workshop, the classically trained Waterston has numerous stage credits to his name. For example, he played an award-winning Benedick in Joseph Papps production of William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and he continues live theater work during the summers, often seen acting at places like Long Wharf Theatre and the Yale Repertory Theatre in New Haven. Waterston made his debut in 1965s The Plastic Dome of Norma Jean. He starred as Tom in a 1973 television film adaptation of Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie, the film also featured Michael Moriarty, whom Waterston later replaced as the Executive Assistant District Attorney on Law & Order. One of his roles was opposite Jeff Bridges in the western comedy Rancho Deluxe in 1975. Other films include Savages, The Great Gatsby, Journey Into Fear, Capricorn One, Heavens Gate, Hopscotch, in 1985, he co-starred in Robert Prestons final television film with Mary Tyler Moore, Finnegan Begin Again. Also with Moore, Waterston played the role in Lincoln. Other roles include Assault at West Point with Samuel L. Jackson, Mindwalk, The Man in the Moon, Waterston is a six-time Emmy Award nominee, as well as a winner of the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards. Aside from Law & Order, other roles include D. A. Forrest Bedford in Ill Fly Away. He also had a role in an episode segment on the TV series Amazing Stories called Mirror Mirror. In 1994, Waterston debuted as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy in the season of the television series Law & Order
16.
Liam Neeson
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Liam John Neeson, OBE, is an actor from Northern Ireland. In 1976, he joined the Lyric Players Theatre in Belfast for two years and he then acted in the Arthurian film, Excalibur. Between 1982 and 1987, Neeson starred in five films, most notably alongside Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins in The Bounty and Robert De Niro and he landed a leading role alongside Patrick Swayze in Next of Kin. He rose to prominence when he starred in the role in Steven Spielbergs 1993 Oscar winner Schindlers List. Empire magazine ranked Neeson among both the 100 Sexiest Stars in Film History and The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time. Neeson was born in Ballymena, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, the son of Katherine Kitty Neeson, a cook, and Bernard Barney Neeson and he was raised as a Roman Catholic and was named Liam after the local priest. He said growing up as a Catholic in a predominately Protestant town made him cautious, the third of four siblings, he has three sisters, Elizabeth, Bernadette and Rosaleen. At age nine, Neeson began boxing lessons at the All Saints Youth Club, Neeson first stepped on stage at age 11 after his English teacher offered him the lead role in a school play, which he accepted because the girl he was attracted to was starring in it. He continued to act in school productions over the following years, Neesons interest in acting and decision to become an actor was also influenced by minister Ian Paisley, into whose Free Presbyterian church Neeson would sneak. Neeson has said of Paisley, He had a magnificent presence and it was acting, but it was also great acting and stirring too. In 1971, Neeson was enrolled as a physics and computer science student at Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, at Queens, he discovered a talent for football and was spotted by Seán Thomas at Bohemian F. C. There was a trial in Dublin and Neeson played one game as a substitute against Shamrock Rovers F. C. After leaving the university, Neeson returned to Ballymena where he worked in a variety of casual jobs and he also attended teacher training college for two years in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, before again returning to his hometown. In 1976, Neeson joined the Lyric Players Theatre in Belfast where he performed for two years and he got his first film experience in 1977, playing Jesus Christ and Evangelist in the religious film Pilgrims Progress. Neeson moved to Dublin in 1978 after he was offered a part in Ron Hutchinsons Says I, Says He and he acted in several other Project productions and joined the Abbey Theatre. In 1980, filmmaker John Boorman saw him on stage as Lennie Small in Of Mice and Men and offered him the role of Sir Gawain in the Arthurian film, Excalibur. After Excalibur, Neeson moved to London, where he continued working on stage, in small budget films and he lived with the actress Helen Mirren at this time, whom he met working on Excalibur. Between 1982 and 1987, Neeson starred in five films, most notably alongside Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins in 1984s The Bounty and Robert De Niro and Jeremy Irons in 1986s The Mission
17.
Richard Dreyfuss
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Dreyfuss won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1977 for The Goodbye Girl, and was nominated in 1995 for Mr. Hollands Opus. Dreyfuss was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Geraldine Dreyfus, a peace activist, and Norman Dreyfus, an attorney and restaurateur and he has commented that he grew up thinking that Alfred Dreyfus and are from the same family. His father disliked New York, and moved the family first to Europe, and later to Los Angeles, California, Dreyfuss attended Beverly Hills High School. Dreyfuss began acting in his youth, at Temple Emanuel of Beverly Hills Arts Center and he debuted in the TV production In Mamas House, when he was fifteen. During this time, he acted in a few small TV roles on shows, Peyton Place, Gidget, That Girl, Bewitched, during the late 1960s and early 1970s, he also performed on stage on Broadway, Off-Broadway, repertory, and improvisational theater. Dreyfuss appeared in the play The Time of Your Life, which was revived on March 17,1972 at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles, dreyfusss first film role was a small, uncredited appearance in The Graduate. He had one line, Shall I get the cops and he was also briefly seen as a stage hand in Valley of the Dolls, in which he had a few lines. In 1973 he starred in the CBS pilot Catch-22 and he appeared in the subsequent Dillinger, and landed a role in the 1973 hit American Graffiti, acting with other future stars such as Harrison Ford and Ron Howard. Dreyfuss played his first lead role in the Canadian film The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, receiving positive reviews, Dreyfuss went on to star in the box office blockbusters Jaws and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, both directed by Steven Spielberg. This record stood for 25 years until it was broken in 2003 by Adrien Brody and he entered rehabilitation and eventually made a Hollywood comeback with the films Down And Out In Beverly Hills in 1986 and Stakeout the following year. Dreyfuss also starred in the Rob Reiner movie, Stand by Me, Dreyfuss plays the elder Gordie Lachance, who narrates the film. In 1988, he reunited with director Paul Mazursky to star in the political farce Moon Over Parador, in 1989, Dreyfuss reunited with Spielberg on Always, a remake of A Guy Named Joe in which he co-starred with Holly Hunter. He had a role opposite Bill Murray in the 1991 comedy What About Bob. as a psychiatrist who goes crazy while trying to cope with a particularly obsessive new patient. That same year, Dreyfuss produced and starred as Georges Picquart in Prisoner of Honor and he recited Kaddish as part of a performance of Leonard Bernsteins Third Symphony with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of Gilbert Levine. Dreyfuss was nominated for an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his performance as Glenn Holland in Mr. Hollands Opus, since then, he has continued working in the movies, television and the stage. In 2001/2002, he played Max Bickford in the television drama The Education of Max Bickford, in April 2004, he appeared in the revival of Sly Fox on Broadway. Dreyfuss recorded the voiceover to the Apple, Inc. then Apple Computer, think Different ad campaign in 1997. In November 2004, he was scheduled to appear in The Producers in London, both he and his assistant for the production stated that Dreyfuss was accumulating injuries that required him to wear physical therapy supports during rehearsals
18.
Stephen Lang
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Stephen Lang is an American actor and playwright. He started in Broadway theatre, but is widely known for his film roles in Gods and Generals, Avatar. From 2004 to 2006, he was a director of the Actors Studio. Lang was born in New York City, the youngest child of Theresa and Eugene Lang, langs mother was of German and Irish Catholic descent, while his father is Jewish. Langs paternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Hungary and he has two elder siblings - Jane, an attorney and activist, and David, who served as an executive at REFAC, the company their father founded in 1952. Langs father has donated much of his net worth to charity and will not leave an inheritance to his children, Lang attended school in Jamaica Estates, Queens. For high school, he attended George School, a Quaker boarding school in Newtown and he wouldve graduated in 1970, but he graduated from there early in 1969. His youngest son, Noah, received his bachelors degree during the same ceremony and he also holds an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Jacksonville University and was an artist in residence at Northeastern University in 2011. In the fall of 2015, Lang served as a Jury Member for the Woodstock Film Festival, Lang has been married to Kristina Watson, a costume designer and teacher, since June 1,1980. He played attorney David Abrams in the television series Crime Story and he played the title role in the NBC movie Babe Ruth. He later played the One Armed Man in the 2000 revival of The Fugitive starring Tim Daly, the series was a modest success but lasted only one season because of its large production budget. In 1992, he was nominated for a Tony Award for his role in The Speed of Darkness. His film role in Last Exit to Brooklyn garnered him critical acclaim. On stage, he was the first to play the role of Colonel Nathan Jessup in A Few Good Men and he is the winner of over half a dozen theatre awards including the Drama Desk and Helen Hayes awards. In films, he played Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett in Gettysburg and he considers Gods and Generals to be his finest performance. Arguably, his most famous role, before Avatar, was his portrayal of the villainous Ike Clanton in the successful Western Tombstone with Kurt Russell. Shortly before Arthur Millers death in February 2005, Lang appeared in his friends last play. Lang also performed Beyond Glory, a show, for troops deployed overseas
19.
Holly Hunter
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Holly Hunter is an American actress and producer. She was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for Broadcast News, a seven-time Emmy Award nominee, Hunter won Emmys for Roe vs. Wade and The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom. She also starred in the TNT drama series Saving Grace and her other film roles include Raising Arizona, Always, Copycat, Crash, O Brother, Where Art Thou. The Incredibles and Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice, Hunter was born in Conyers, Georgia, the daughter of Opal Marguerite, a housewife, and Charles Edwin Hunter, a farmer and sporting-goods manufacturers representative. She eventually moved to New York City and roomed with fellow actress Frances McDormand, Hunter, in 2008, described living in The Bronx at the end of the D train, just off 205th Street, on Bainbridge Avenue and Hull Avenue. It was very Irish, and then you could go just a few blocks away and it was like the beginning of 1982. It was on 49th Street between Broadway and Eighth, on the south side of the street, Hunter recalled in an interview. We actually had a nice conversation and it was just the two of us. Hunter made her debut in the 1981 horror movie The Burning. After moving to Los Angeles in 1982, Hunter appeared in TV movies before being cast in a role in 1984s Swing Shift. Hunter went on to star in the comedy-drama Home for the Holidays and she also appeared in David Cronenbergs Crash and as a sardonic angel in A Life Less Ordinary. The following year, she played a recently divorced New Yorker in Richard LaGraveneses Living Out Loud, starring alongside Danny DeVito, Queen Latifah, and Martin Donovan. Hunter rounded out the 1990s with a role in the independent drama Jesus Son. Following a supporting role in the Coens O Brother, Where Art Thou, Hunter took top billing in the same years television movie Harlan County War, an account of labor struggles among Kentucky coal-mine workers. The following year found Hunter in the redemption drama Levity, also in 2003, Hunter had the role of a mother named Melanie Freeland, whose daughter is troubled and going through the perils of being a teenager in the film Thirteen. The film was critically acclaimed along with Hunter and her co-stars and earned her nominations for the Academy Award, in 2005, Hunter starred alongside Robin Williams in the black comedy-drama The Big White. Hunter became a producer, and helped develop a starring vehicle for herself with the TNT cable-network drama Saving Grace. For her acting, she received a Golden Globe Award nomination, on May 30,2008, Hunter received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
20.
Annette Bening
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Annette Carol Bening is an American actress. She began her career on stage with the Colorado Shakespeare Festival company in 1980 and she was nominated for the 1987 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her Broadway debut in Coastal Disturbances. She is a four-time Academy Award nominee, for the films The Grifters, American Beauty, Being Julia, in 2006, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. After her film debut in the 1988 film The Great Outdoors, she starred in Valmont, Bugsy, The American President, The Siege, Open Range, Bening was born in Topeka, Kansas, the daughter of Shirley Katherine and Arnett Grant Bening. Her mother was a singer and soloist, and her father was a sales training consultant. Her parents, natives of Iowa, were practicing Episcopalians and conservative Republicans and she is of mostly German and English descent. Bening has one sister, Jane, and two brothers, Bradley and Byron, the family moved to Wichita, Kansas in 1959, where she spent her early childhood. In 1965, her father took a job with a company in San Diego, California and she began acting in junior high school, playing the lead in The Sound of Music. She graduated in 1975 from Patrick Henry High School, where she studied drama and she then spent a year working as a cook on a charter boat taking fishing parties out on the Pacific Ocean, and scuba diving for recreation. Bening attended San Diego Mesa College, then completed a degree in theatre arts at San Francisco State University. Bening began her career on stage with the Colorado Shakespeare Festival company in 1980 and she was a member of the acting company at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco while studying acting as part of the Advanced Theatre Training Program. There, she starred in productions as Shakespeares Macbeth as Lady Macbeth. Bening also starred in productions of Pygmalion and The Cherry Orchard at the Denver Center Theatre Company during the 1985–86 season and she made her Broadway debut in 1987, garnering a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in Coastal Disturbances. Bening made her debut in The Great Outdoors. Her second film appearance was as the Marquise de Merteuil in Valmont and her breakthrough role was in The Grifters, which starred John Cusack and Anjelica Huston, and earned Bening a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 1991, she portrayed Virginia Hill in Barry Levinsons biopic Bugsy, later, she appeared in Regarding Henry with Harrison Ford. In 1994, Bening and Beatty starred in Love Affair, which also featured Katharine Hepburn, in 1995, Bening appeared in The American President, followed by Tim Burtons sci-fi spoof Mars Attacks. In 1998, she co-starred with Denzel Washington and Bruce Willis in The Siege, the biggest critical and commercial success of her career thus far was the 1999 film American Beauty, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and was directed by Sam Mendes
21.
Alec Baldwin
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Alexander Rae Alec Baldwin III is an American actor, writer, producer, and comedian. A member of the Baldwin family, he is the oldest of the four Baldwin brothers, Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama Knots Landing, in the role of Joshua Rush. His performance in the 2003 romantic drama The Cooler garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Baldwin co-starred in Mission, Impossible – Rogue Nation, the fifth installment of the Mission, Impossible series, released on July 31,2015. He is also a columnist for The Huffington Post, since 2016, he has been the host of Match Game. He has three brothers, Daniel, William, and Stephen, who also became actors. He also has two sisters, Beth and Jane, Alec and his siblings were raised as Roman Catholics. They are of English, Irish, Scottish, French-Canadian, Baldwin attended Alfred G. Berner High School in Massapequa and played football there under Coach Bob Reifsnyder. In New York City, Baldwin worked as a busboy at the disco Studio 54, from 1976 to 1979, he attended George Washington University, afterward transferring to New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts. There he studied with, among others, Geoffrey Horne and Mira Rostova at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, Later, Baldwin made his Broadway debut in 1986 in a revival of Joe Ortons Loot alongside Zoë Wanamaker, Željko Ivanek, Joseph Maher, and Charles Keating. This production closed after three months, Baldwin also received an Emmy nomination for the 1995 television version of the production, in which both he and Jessica Lange reprised their roles, alongside John Goodman and Diane Lane. In 1998, Baldwin played the role in Macbeth at The Public Theater alongside Angela Bassett. In 2004, Baldwin starred in a revival of Twentieth Century with Anne Heche, on June 9,2005, he appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall. He starred as Luther Billis, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie, the production was taped and telecast by PBS on April 26,2006. In 2006, Baldwin made theater news in Roundabout Theatre Companys Off-Broadway revival of Joe Ortons Entertaining Mr. Sloane. In 2010, Baldwin starred opposite Sam Underwood in an acclaimed revival of Peter Shaffers Equus, directed by Tony Walton at Guild Hall in East Hampton. Baldwin has returned to Broadway as Harold in Orphans, the show, which opened April 18,2013, was also to have starred Shia LaBeouf as Treat, but LaBoeuf left the production in rehearsals and was replaced by Ben Foster. Baldwins first acting role was as Billy Aldrich in the NBC daytime soap opera The Doctors from 1980 to 1982, in fall 1983, he starred in the short-lived television series Cutter to Houston. He went on to appear as the brother of Valene Ewing, in 1986, Baldwin starred in Dress Gray, a four-hour made-for-television miniseries, as an honest cadet sergeant who tries to solve the mystery of a murdered gay classmate
22.
F. Murray Abraham
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F. Murray Abraham is an American actor. He became widely known during the 1980s after winning the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Antonio Salieri in Amadeus and he is also known for his television and theatre work and is now a regular cast member on the award-winning television series Homeland. Abraham was born as Murray Abraham on October 24,1939 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Fahrid Fred Abraham, a mechanic, and his wife Josephine. His father was Assyrian and emigrated from Syria at age 5 during the 1920s famine and his mother, one of 14 children, was Italian American, and the daughter of an immigrant who worked in the coal mines of Western Pennsylvania. He had two brothers, Robert and Jack, who were killed in car accidents. Abraham was raised in El Paso, Texas, near the Mexican border and he attended Vilas Grammar School, and graduated from El Paso High School in 1958. He was a member during his teenage years. He attended Texas Western College, where he was given the best actor award by Alpha Psi Omega for his portrayal of the Indian Nocona in Comanche Eagle during the 1959–60 season. He attended the University of Texas at Austin, then studied acting under Uta Hagen in New York City and he began his acting career on the stage, debuting in a Los Angeles production of Ray Bradburys The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit. Abraham added F. to his name in honor of his father. He has stated Murray Abraham just doesnt seem to say anything and it just is another name, so I thought Id frame it. Abraham made his debut as an usher in the George C. Scott comedy They Might Be Giants. By the mid-1970s, Murray had steady employment as an actor, doing commercials, Abraham can be seen as one of the undercover police officers along with Al Pacino in Sidney Lumets Serpico, and in television roles including the bad guy in one third-season episode of Kojak. He played a cabdriver in the version of The Prisoner of Second Avenue, a mechanic in the theatrical version of The Sunshine Boys. Despite these small roles, Abraham continued to do commercials and voice-over work for income, but in 1978, he decided to give them up. Frustrated with the lack of roles, Abraham said, No one was taking my acting seriously. I figured if I didnt do it, then Id have no right to the dreams Ive always had and his wife, Kate Hannan, went to work as an assistant and Abraham became a house husband. He described, I cooked and cleaned and took care of the kids and it was very rough on my macho idea of life
23.
Dianne Wiest
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Dianne Evelyn Wiest is an American actress. Wiest has won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress twice, for Hannah and Her Sisters and Bullets over Broadway and she appeared in three other of Allens films, The Purple Rose of Cairo, Radio Days and September. She also starred in Ron Howards Parenthood, for which she received her second Oscar nomination, Wiest also received two Screen Actors Guild Awards and one BAFTA Award nomination. For her work on television, she has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, Wiest was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Her mother, Anne Stewart, was a nurse and her father, Bernard John Wiest, was a college dean and former psychiatric social worker for the U. S. Army. Her mother was Scottish, while her father was an American of Croatian and German descent, Wiest has two brothers named Greg and Don. Her original ambition was to be a ballerina, but switched her goal to theatre in her year at Nurnberg American High School. Wiest graduated from the University of Maryland in 1969 with a degree in Arts, Wiest studied theatre at the University of Maryland, leaving after her third term to tour with a Shakespearean troupe. Later, she had a role in a New York Shakespeare Festival production of Ashes. She also acted at the Yale Repertory Theatre in New Haven, CT and she was an understudy both off-Broadway and on Broadway, in Kurt Vonneguts Happy Birthday, Wanda June in 1970. She made her Broadway debut in Robert Andersons Solitaire/Double Solitaire, taking over in the role of the daughter in 1971 and she toured the USSR with the Arena Stage. In 1976, Wiest attended the Eugene ONeill National Playwrights Conference and starred in leading roles in Amlin Grays Pirates, at Joe Papps Public Theater she took over the lead in Ashes, and played Cassandra in Agamemnon, directed by Andrei Şerban. In 1979, she originated the role of Agnes in Agnes of God in its first production in Waterford and she appeared in two plays by Tina Howe, Museum and The Art of Dining. (She played opposite Lithgow again in the Herbert Ross film Footloose, as Wiest became established as a film actress through her work in Woody Allens films, she was less frequently available for stage roles. However, she did appear onstage during the 1990s, in In the Summer House, Square One, Cynthia Ozicks The Shawl, in 2003, she appeared with Al Pacino and Marisa Tomei in Oscar Wildes Salome. In 2005, she starred in Kathleen Tolans Memory House and she also starred in a production of Wendy Wassersteins final play Third at Lincoln Center. Her early screen roles include roles in Its My Turn and Im Dancing as Fast as I Can. In 1984, she starred in Footloose, as the reverends wife, under Woody Allens direction, Wiest won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Hannah and Her Sisters in 1987 and Bullets over Broadway in 1995
24.
Norm Lewis
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Norm Lewis is a Tony Award nominated American actor and baritone singer. He has appeared in Europe, on Broadway, in film, television, recordings, Productions that he has been involved in include Dessa Rose, Miss Saigon, The Wild Party, and several others. Lewis has been credited as having an impressive Broadway resumé by Playbill, Lewis was born in Tallahassee, Florida and grew up in Eatonville, Florida. He graduated in 1981 from Edgewater High School, Orlando and he worked at the Orlando Sentinel prior to his acting career. Lewis credits the kickoff of his career to Ralph Petillo, who ran the Theater on Park in Orlando, Lewis was featured as Agwe in the Gateway Playhouse production of Once on This Island in 1992. Lewis made his Broadway debut in The Whos Tommy and he was a replacement in Miss Saigon as John. In 1997 he played Jake in Side Show and he also appeared in Michael John LaChiusas Broadway musical, The Wild Party, as Eddie. Lewis was in Michel Legrands short-lived musical Amour in 2002, which also featured Melissa Errico, Malcolm Gets and he played the racketeer Eddie Satin in the New York City Center Encores. Staged concert of Golden Boy in March 2002 and he played Billy Flynn in the Broadway revival of Chicago in February 2004 and March 2004. He performed in benefit concerts, including Dreamgirls, Chess. In 2005, Lewis starred in the Public Theaters Shakespeare in the Park revival of a version of Two Gentlemen of Verona. He played the role of Nathan in the Lincoln Center 2005 production of Dessa Rose, Lewis has played Javert in the musical Les Misérables several times. He first starred in the role in the 2006 Broadway revival and he later reprised it in the West End production. At Londons O2 Arena, he sang the role in the 25th anniversary concert of the show, Lewis again reprised the role in The Muny, St. Louis production from July 15–21,2013. In 2007 he originated the role of King Triton in the Broadway production of The Little Mermaid and he went on to sing as King Triton on the original Broadway cast recording. In regional theatre, he played the role in Sweeney Todd. He had previously played this role at the Signature Theatre in 1999, Lewis was featured in the musical revue Sondheim on Sondheim, which premiered in the Roundabout Theatres Studio 54 in 2010. The production, conceived and directed by James Lapine, also featured Barbara Cook and his rendition of Being Alive was one of the evenings outstanding highlights
25.
Century Association
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The Century Association is a private club in New York City. It was originally intended to have a membership of 100 men. However, by the middle 1850s, the membership consisted of merchants, businessmen. The Century possesses a notable art collection, including important works by Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty and it is also an important venue for the exhibition of contemporary art created by its members. The club agreed to start admitting women members in 1989, after a legal battle. The Century Association resulted from the merger of two private clubs for men of similar social standing or shared interests. The Sketch Club had focused on literature and the arts, while the Column Club had been a Columbia University alumni organization. The initial invitation for the club was sent to one hundred men. The club rented a variety of locations in Manhattan, gravitating to the area around Union Square. Among these locations were over Del Vecchios picture store at 495 Broadway,435 Broome Street, over a shop at 575 Broadway. Rapid growth in membership to 250 led the club to incorporate, the clubs first permanent headquarters was an existing two and one-half story residence located at 42 East 15th Street, later redesignated 109-111, between Union Square East and Irving Place. Built in about 1847 and purchased by the Century Association in 1857 for $24,000, the first time was immediately upon purchase under the direction of New York architect Joseph C. Continuing its growth in membership and programs during and after the Civil War, the Century Association required larger facilities. Although it considered relocating, financial constraints led them in 1867 to ask member, the rear extension was promptly completed, but for reasons no longer understood the rest of work was delayed until 1869. By the time construction began again, Gambrill had replaced his previous partner, post, with noted young architect Henry Hobson Richardson, who had recently returned from his architectural training in France and joined the Century Association. The 1869 remodeling cost $21,000, and included an expansion into a mansard-covered third floor. Completely eliminating the prior palazzo feel, it featured a unified neo-Grec style, in 1878, Gambrill and Richardson dissolved their partnership, and in the same year Richardson made yet further modifications to the clubhouse. The building is the oldest surviving clubhouse in Manhattan, and has been a New York City landmark since 1993, as of 2006 it is the New York production facility for Trinity Broadcasting Network, a religious television company
26.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
27.
Clinton Presidential Center
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The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States. It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, the main building cantilevers over the Arkansas River, echoing Clintons campaign promise of building a bridge to the 21st century. The archives are the largest as well, containing 2 million photographs,80 million pages of documents,21 million e-mail messages, the Clinton Library is also the most expensive, with all funding coming from 112,000 private donations. The museum showcases artifacts from Clintons two terms as president and includes full-scale replicas of the Clinton-era Oval Office and Cabinet Room, preliminary planning for the library began in 1997, while groundbreaking for the complex occurred on December 5,2001. Early estimates put the librarys cost at about $125 million, in 2001, the Clinton Foundation hoped to gather $200 million in donations to cover project costs. Fund-raising for the center was led by Terry McAuliffe, a friend of Clintons who had contributed heavily to the Clinton-Gore campaign in 1995. Clinton himself was prohibited by law from personally soliciting donations for the center, there were no other legal restrictions on donations, and the Clinton Foundation was able to accept unlimited private donations, all of which were tax deductible. Approximately $10 million of contributions came from Saudi Arabia, however, the Clinton Foundation declined to release a full donor list, similar to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Donations exceeding $1 million were given from various other foreign governments. Various American organizations also contributed millions of dollars to the foundation, the Clinton Presidential Center was dedicated on November 18,2004. Although it was raining, the ceremony was attended by approximately 30,000 people and included a 20-minute speech made by Clinton, who had recently undergone bypass surgery. It also included performances by Bono, the African Drum Ballet, four U. S. presidents were on the same stage together. All three other presidents spoke at the event as well, overall, the ceremony lasted two hours and featured six speakers. On November 17,2009, the fifth anniversary saw Clinton giving a speech to approximately 1,000 people, urging for the passage of health-care reform. He specifically mentioned the center and school as places where discussion on such topics could take place, the five-story main building comprises 20,000 square feet of exhibition space, the Great Hall, Forty Two, and classrooms. A2, 000-square-foot executive apartment used by Clinton is located on the top floor of the main building, one level above the public museum area. The organization of the exhibits within the building was inspired by the famous Long Room in the Old Library at Trinity College, Dublin. The Cadillac One used during Clintons presidency is housed on the first floor, on the second floor, the main gallery houses a 110-foot timeline, representing each of Clintons years as President
28.
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
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Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is a 16. 3-acre complex of buildings in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It hosts many notable performing arts organizations, which are nationally and internationally renowned, including the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, and the New York City Ballet. Respected architects were contracted to design the buildings on the site. Rockefeller was Lincoln Centers inaugural president from 1956 and became its chairman in 1961, the centers three buildings, David Geffen Hall, David H. Koch Theater and the Metropolitan Opera House were opened in 1962,1964 and 1966, respectively. While the center may have been named because it was located in the Lincoln Square neighborhood, the name was bestowed on the area in 1906 by the New York City Board of Aldermen, but records give no reason for choosing that name. There has long been speculation that the name came from a local landowner, City records from the time show only the names Johannes van Bruch, Thomas Hall, Stephan de Lancey, James de Lancey, James de Lancey, Jr. and John Somerindyck as area property owners. One speculation is that references to President Lincoln were omitted from the records because the mayor in 1906 was George B, mcClellan, Jr. son of General George B. McClellan, who was general-in-chief of the Union Army early in the American Civil War, Architects who designed buildings at the center include, Max Abramovitz, David Geffen Hall Pietro Belluschi, The Juilliard School. Koch Theater Eero Saarinen, Vivian Beaumont Theater Davis, Brody and Associates, The Samuel B. the centers cultural institutions also make use of facilities located away from the main campus. In 2004, the center was expanded through the addition of Jazz at Lincoln Centers newly built facilities, in March 2006, the center launched construction on a major redevelopment plan that modernized, renovated, and opened up its campus. Redevelopment was completed in 2012 with the completion of the Presidents Bridge over West 65th Street, when it was first announced in 1999, Lincoln Centers campuswide redevelopment was to cost $1.5 billion over 10 years and radically transform the campus. Among the architects that have been involved were Frank Gehry, Cooper, Robertson & Partners, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Beyer Blinder Belle, Fox & Fowle, Olin Partnership, and Diller & Scofidio. Additionally, Alice Tully Hall was modernized and reopened to critical and popular acclaim in 2009, topped by a sloping lawn roof, the film center is part of a new pavilion that also houses a destination restaurant named Lincoln, as well as offices. Subsequent projects were added which addressed improvements to the main plazas, under the direction of the Lincoln Center Development Project, Diller Scofidio + Renfro in association with FXFOWLE Architects and Beyer Blinder Belle Architects provided the design services. Additionally, Turner Construction Company and RCDolner, LLC were the managers for the projects. April 21,1955, Lincoln Square designated for urban renewal, june 22,1956, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Inc. incorporated. May 14,1959, Ground-breaking ceremony with U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower September 23,1962, a two-hour live CBS special, Opening Night at Lincoln Center, preserved the event on videotape. April 6,1964, Lincoln Center Fountain opened, renamed the Revson Fountain April 23,1964, New York State Theater opened
29.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
30.
Ford's Theatre
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Fords Theatre is a theater in Washington, D. C. used for various stage performances beginning in the 1860s. It is also the site of the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14,1865, after being shot, the mortally wounded president was carried across the street to the Petersen House, where he died the next morning. The theater was used as a warehouse and office building. It was renovated and re-opened as a theater in 1968, during the 2000s, it was renovated again, opening on February 12,2009, in commemoration of the bicentennial of Lincolns birth. A related Center for Education and Leadership museum experience opened February 12,2012 next to Petersen House, Fords Theatre is located at 511 10th Street, NW. The site was originally a house of worship, constructed in 1833 as the meeting house of the First Baptist Church of Washington. In 1861, after the congregation moved to a built structure. Ford bought the church and renovated it into a theater. He first called it Fords Athenaeum, the famous actor John Wilkes Booth, desperate to aid the dying Confederacy, stepped into the box where the presidential party was sitting and shot Lincoln. Booth then jumped onto the stage, and cried out Sic semper tyrannis just before escaping through the back of the theater, between 1866 and 1887, the theater was taken over by the U. S. In 1887, the building became a clerks office for the War Department. On June 9,1893, the front part of the building collapsed, killing 22 clerks and this led some people to believe that the former church turned theater and storeroom was cursed. The building was repaired and used as a government warehouse until 1911, in 1928, the building was turned over from the War Department Office to the Office of Public Buildings and Parks of the National Capital. A Lincoln museum opened on the first floor of the building on February 12. In 1933, the building was transferred to the National Park Service, hildreth first suggested to Young the need for its restoration in 1945. Through extensive lobbying of Congress, a bill was passed in 1955 to prepare a study for the reconstruction of the building. In 1964 Congress approved funds for its restoration, which began that year and was completed in 1968, on January 21,1968, Vice President Hubert Humphrey and 500 others dedicated the restored theater. The theater reopened on January 30,1968, with a gala performance, the theater was again renovated during the 2000s
31.
United States Capitol
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The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill at the end of the National Mall in Washington. Though not at the center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the Districts street-numbering system. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors. In 2014, scaffolding was erected around the dome for a project scheduled to be completed by early 2017. All exterior scaffolding was removed by the end of summer 2016, prior to establishing the nations capital in Washington, D. C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, and a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21,1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4,1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a capital for ten years, until the nations capital in Washington. Pierre Charles LEnfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city, in reviewing LEnfants plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the Capitol rather than Congress House. The word Capitol comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the Presidents House. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City, the most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallets designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, a late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31,1793, to much praise for its Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the portion of the design
32.
Mario Cuomo
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Mario Matthew Cuomo was an American Democratic politician. He served as the 52nd Governor of New York for three terms, from 1983 to 1994, Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1979 to 1982, and Secretary of State of New York from 1975 to 1978. Cuomo was known for his views and public speeches, particularly his keynote speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention where he criticized Ronald Reagans policies. His legacy as a reluctant standard-bearer for the Democrats in presidential elections led to him being dubbed Hamlet on the Hudson, Cuomo was defeated for a fourth term as governor by George Pataki in the Republican Revolution of 1994, and he subsequently retired from politics. He was the father of five, including Andrew Cuomo, the current Governor of New York and he died of natural causes due to heart failure in Manhattan, New York City, on New Years Day,2015. Cuomo was born in the Briarwood section of the New York City borough of Queens to a family of Italian origin and his father, Andrea Cuomo, was from Nocera Inferiore, and his mother, Immacolata, was from Tramonti, Campania. The family owned a store in South Jamaica, Queens, in New York City, Cuomo attended New York City P. S. 50 and St. Johns Preparatory School, batting helmets were not yet required equipment, and Cuomos injury was severe enough that he was hospitalized for six days. After his recovery, Cuomo gave up baseball and returned to St. Johns, deciding on a legal career, Cuomo attended St. Johns University School of Law, from which he graduated tied for first in his class in 1956. Cuomo clerked for Judge Adrian P. Burke of the New York Court of Appeals, in addition to practicing law, Cuomo was an adjunct professor at St. Johns Law School. He later represented another Queens residents group, the Kew Gardens–Forest Hills Committee on Urban Scale, Cuomo described his experience in that dispute in the book Forest Hills Diary, and the story was retold by sociologist Richard Sennett in The Fall of Public Man. After Carey and Krupsak were elected, the new governor appointed Cuomo Secretary of State of New York in January 1975, two years later, Cuomo ran for Mayor of New York City at Careys urging. Incumbent Mayor Abraham Beame was very unpopular and Cuomo was one of five major challengers to Beame in the Democratic primary, in a close and highly fractured election, U. S. Representative Ed Koch finished first with 19. 81% of the vote, as no candidate cleared 40% of the vote, Koch and Cuomo advanced to a runoff. Koch emerged victorious with 54. 94% of the vote to Cuomos 45. 06%, during the mayoral campaign, placards appeared saying, Vote for Cuomo, not the homo in reference to rumors about Kochs sexuality. Cuomo ran on his opposition to the penalty, which backfired amongst New Yorkers as crime was very high. Cuomo then went negative with ads that likened Koch to unpopular former mayor John Lindsay, meanwhile, Koch backers accused Cuomo of antisemitism and pelted Cuomo campaign cars with eggs. Cuomo was also defeated by Koch in the election, taking 40. 97% to Kochs 49. 99%
33.
Bella Abzug
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Bella Savitsky Abzug, nicknamed Battling Bella, was an American lawyer, U. S. Representative, social activist and a leader of the Womens Movement. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists such as Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, Abzug declared, This womans place is in the House—the House of Representatives, in her successful 1970 campaign. Bella Savitzky was born on July 24,1920 in New York City, both of her parents were Russian Jewish immigrants. Her mother, Esther, was a homemaker, and her father, Emanuel Savitzky, ran the Live, even in her youth, she was competitive and would beat everyone, including the boys in all sorts of competitions. When her father died, Abzug, then 13, was told that her orthodox synagogue did not permit women to say the Kaddish, since that rite was reserved for sons of the deceased. However, because her father had no sons, she went to the synagogue every morning for a year to recite the prayer and she then went on to do further post-graduate work at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Abzug was admitted to the New York Bar in 1947, and started practicing in New York City at the firm of Pressman, Witt & Cammer and she became an attorney in the 1940s, a time when very few women practiced law. Early on, she took on civil cases in the South. Abzug lost the appeal and the man was executed, Abzug was an outspoken advocate of liberal causes, including the failed Equal Rights Amendment, and opposition to the Vietnam War. Years before she was elected to the House of Representatives, she was a co-founder of Women Strike for Peace and her political stands placed her on the master list of Nixon political opponents. Nicknamed Battling Bella, in 1970, she challenged the 14-year incumbent and she defeated Farbstein in a considerable upset, and then defeated talk show host Barry Farber in the general election. In 1972, her district was eliminated via redistricting and she chose to run against William Fitts Ryan, Ryan, although seriously ill, defeated Abzug. However, Ryan died before the election and Abzug defeated his widow, Priscilla. In the general election Priscilla Ryan challenged Abzug on the Liberal Party line, in the general election she was reelected easily in 1974. For her last two terms, she represented part of The Bronx as well and she chaired historic hearings on government secrecy. She was chair of Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights and she was voted by her colleagues the third most influential member of the House as reported in U. S. News & World Report. Often recognized by these vibrant hats, Bella reminded all who admired them, moynihan would go to serve four terms in that office. Abzug was defeated in a primary race for the Senate in 1976 by less than one percent
34.
National Humanities Medal
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The annual Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities was established in 1988 and succeeded by the National Humanities Medal in 1997. The initial design for the National Humanities Medal was created by a 1995 Frankel Prize winner, David Macaulay, in June 2013, the agency announced that a design by Paul C. Balan of Illinois had been selected as the winner, the final medal will be unveiled in Washington D. C. in November 2013. The new design was used for the first time for the 2013 National Humanities Medals, Medals are conferred once annually, usually by the U. S. President, to as many as twelve living candidates and existing organizations nominated early in the calendar year. The President selects the winners in consultation with the National Endowment for the Humanities, NEH asks that nominators consult the list of previous winners and consider the National Medal of Arts to recognize contributions in the creative or performing arts. Medalists are listed by year, then alphabetically, wood, historian 2009 Robert Caro Annette Gordon-Reed David Levering Lewis William H. McNeill Philippe de Montebello Albert H. Knox David Van Tassel Ethyle R. Wolfe 1989 Patricia L. Bates Daniel Boorstin Willard L. Boyd Clay Jenkinson Américo Paredes
35.
Springfield, Illinois
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Springfield is the capital of the U. S. state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County. The citys population of 116,250 as of the 2010 U. S. Census makes it the sixth most populous city. It is the largest city in central Illinois, present-day Springfield was settled by European Americans in the late 1810s, around the time Illinois became a state. The most famous resident was Abraham Lincoln, who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861. The city lies on a flat plain that encompasses much of the surrounding countryside. Hilly terrain lies near the Sangamon River, lake Springfield, a large artificial lake owned by the City Water, Light & Power company, supplies the city with recreation and drinking water. Weather is fairly typical for middle latitude locations, with hot summers, spring and summer weather is like that of most midwestern cities, severe thunderstorms are common. Tornadoes hit the Springfield area in 1957 and 2006, the city is governed by a mayor–council form of government. The city proper is also the Capital Township governmental entity, in addition, the government of the state of Illinois is also based in Springfield. State government entities include the Illinois General Assembly, the Illinois Supreme Court, there are three public and three private high schools in Springfield. Public schools in Springfield are operated by District No.186, Springfields economy is marked by government jobs, and the medical field, which account for a large percentage of the citys workforce. Springfields original name was Calhoun, after Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, the land that Springfield now occupies was originally settled by trappers and traders who came to the Sangamon River in 1818. The settlements first cabin was built in 1820, by John Kelly and it was located at what is now the northwest corner of Second Street and Jefferson Street. In 1821, Calhoun became the county seat of Sangamon County due to fertile soil, settlers from Kentucky, Virginia, and as far as North Carolina came to the city. By 1832, Senator Calhoun had fallen out of the favor with the public, at that time, Springfield, Massachusetts was comparable to modern-day Silicon Valley—known for industrial innovation, concentrated prosperity, and the celebrated Springfield Armory. Most importantly, it was a city that had built itself up from frontier outpost to national power through ingenuity – an example that the newly named Springfield, Illinois, sought to emulate. Kaskaskia was the first capital of the Illinois Territory from its organization in 1809, continuing through statehood in 1818, vandalia was the second state capital of Illinois from 1819 to 1839. Springfield became the third and current capital of Illinois in 1839, the designation was largely due to the efforts of Abraham Lincoln and his associates, nicknamed the Long Nine for their combined height of 54 feet
36.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
37.
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
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The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is one of the professional graduate schools of Columbia University. Located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of New York City, it is the journalism school in the Ivy League and one of the oldest in the United States. The school was founded by Joseph Pulitzer in 1912, and offers Master of Science, in addition to graduate degree programs, the Journalism School houses the Pulitzer Prizes and directly administers several prizes, including the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award. It also co-sponsors the National Magazine Awards and publishes the Columbia Journalism Review, the Journalism School was founded with a bequest from Joseph Pulitzer. In 1892, Pulitzer offered Columbia Universitys president, Seth Low, the university initially turned down the money. Lows successor, Nicholas Murray Butler was more receptive to the plan and it took the university many years to act on Pulitzers $2 million gift and pitch for a journalism school. Classes began on September 30,1912, with a student body of about 100 undergraduate and graduate students from 21 countries, the building was still under construction at the time. In 1935 Dean Carl Ackerman led the transition to become the first graduate school of journalism in the United States. Classes of 60 students dug up stories in New York City during the day and drafted articles in a single, students choose from one of four specializations, newspaper, magazine, broadcast, or new media. Some students interested in reporting are part of Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism. The M. S. program is offered on a part-time basis. The school also offers dual-degree programs with Sciences Po in Paris, the nine-month master of arts program is for experienced journalists interested in focusing on a particular subject area, politics, science, business, or the arts. M. A. students work closely with Journalism School professors as well as professors from other departments at Columbia. The Ph. D. program draws upon the resources of Columbia University in an approach to the study of communications. The Journalism School administers many professional awards, a tradition that Joseph Pulitzer began when he established the school, until then, the boards decisions were ratified by the Universitys trustees. Prior to its divestiture in 1950, the board was charged with administrative oversight of the School of Journalism. Since 1976, the incumbent dean of the Journalism School has served as an ex member of the board. Professor Emeritus of Professional Practice in Magazine Journalism Charles Ornstein, adjunct associate professor Michael Schudson, professor Choire Sicha, Pulitzers School, Columbia Universitys School of Journalism, 1903-2003
38.
Frank J. Williams
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Frank J. Williams is a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island, a notable Abraham Lincoln scholar and author, and a Justice on the Military Commission Review Panel. Frank Williams was born in Richmond, Rhode Island in 1940 to Italian immigrants and he graduated from Cranston East High School, Boston University and Boston University School of Law, and he received masters in taxation from Bryant University. From 1962 to 1967, he served as a captain in the U. S. Army and was stationed in Germany and he served as town moderator of Richmond, Rhode Island, and town solicitor. Governor Lincoln Almond appointed Williams to the Supreme Court in 1995 and he was elevated to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 2001. In 2003, President Bush appointed Williams through the Secretary of Defense to be a member of the United States Court of Military Commission Review, as of July 2007, he replaced Griffin Bell as the Chief Judge. He served as Chief Judge of the US Court of Military Commissions until December 2009 and he was a member of the U. S. Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and co-founded and for 16 years has chaired The Lincoln Forum, Williams was President of The Abraham Lincoln association and The Lincoln Group of Boston, and currently serves as President of The Ulysses S. Grant Association. In 2010 Williams was elected to the board of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation, Williams was inducted as a Laureate of The_Lincoln_Academy_of_Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln by the Governor of Illinois in 2009 as a Bicentennial Laureate. Frank J. Williams is also an accomplished chef, having appeared as a guest on the cooking show, Ciao Italia. Frank J. Williams was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois, official Secretary of State site Interview with Justice Williams about his life and literary work Appearances on C-SPAN Booknotes interview with Williams on Judging Lincoln, November 10,2002
