1.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
2.
Singer-songwriter
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Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition, singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. Singer-songwriter is used to define popular music artists who write and perform their own material, such an artist performs the roles of composer, lyricist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and often self-manager. Most records by artists have a similarly straightforward and spare sound that placed emphasis on the song itself. The term has also used to describe songwriters in the rock, folk, and pop music genres including Henry Russell, Aristide Bruant, Hank Williams. Song topics include political protest, as in the case of the Almanac Singers, Pete Seeger, the concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument, after the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving and this developed into the singer-songwriting traditions of folk culture. The term singer-songwriter in North America can be traced back to singers who developed works in the blues and folk music style. Early to mid-20th century American singer-songwriters include Lead Belly, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker, Blind Willie McTell, Lightnin Hopkins, Son House, the tradition of writing topical songs was established by this group of musicians. This focus on social issues has greatly influenced the singer-songwriter genre, artists who had been primarily songwriters, notably Carole King, Townes Van Zandt, and Neil Diamond, also began releasing work as performers. In contrast to the approach of most prior country and folk music. The adjectives confessional and sensitive were often used singer-songwriter style, in the rock band era, members were not technically singer-songwriters as solo acts. However, many were singer-songwriters who created songs with band members. Many others like Eric Clapton found success as singer-songwriters in their later careers, there were hints of cross-pollination, but rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with different audiences. An early attempt at fusing elements of folk and rock was highlighted in the Animals House of the Rising Sun, dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter. In the mid- to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art/music scene. Lotti Golden, in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle, chronicled her life in NYCs East Village in the late 60s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity, kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style
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Teacher
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A teacher is a person who helps others to acquire knowledge, competences or values. Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone, in some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family, rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching, in most countries, formal teaching is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed, as their role, to teach others in a formal education context. A teachers role may vary among cultures, Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills. Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, a teachers professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline, Teaching is a highly complex activity. This is in part because teaching is a practice, that takes place in a specific context. Factors that influence what is expected of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, so the competences required by a teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models, the teacher as manager of instruction, the teacher as caring person, the teacher as expert learner, some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such a common understanding. Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings, knowledge craft skills and dispositions and it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the materials on a daily basis. One of the challenges facing teachers is that they may have covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didnt show much enthusiasm for the course materials, Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom, students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom. There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation, teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teachers enthusiasm may contribute to the expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning
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20th Century Fox Records
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20th Century Fox Records, also known as 20th Fox Records and 20th Century Records, was a wholly owned subsidiary of film studio 20th Century Fox. The history of the label actually covers three distinct 20th Century Fox-related operations in the era, ranging chronologically from about 1938 to 1981. 20th Century Fox Film Corporation was formed through the merger of Darryl F. Zanucks Twentieth Century Pictures with the Fox Film Corporation on May 31,1935, before the merger, Fox Film Corporation tried out a couple of short-lived record labels in conjunction with its Movietone sound system. Although Movietone was a dedicated system, in 1929-30 Fox produced some soundtracks on disc to accompany features shown in theaters not yet equipped for optical sound. Between 1933 and 1937, a record label called Fox Movietone was produced starting at F-100. It featured songs from Fox movies, first using material recorded and issued on Victors Bluebird label and these scarce records were sold only at Fox Theaters. In 1938 20th Century Fox began a new, semi-private line of records employing white labels with typed, or mimeographed, information. Matrix numbers are variable, but the earliest known records in this series correspond to the picture Sally, Irene and Mary and the latest ones to The Gangs All Here. These discs were limited exclusively to studio properties recorded on 20th Century Fox soundstages and were used for purposes and as giveaways to staff. 20th Fox Records was established in 1958 with Henry Onorati at its head and it became a Christmas standard in short order and put the label on a sound footing. 20th Fox albums often appeared in deluxe packaging, and sometimes the film albums featured narration, or were bridged with dialog from the films. Other releases, such as those featuring Glenn Miller, George Gershwin, 20th Fox also featured new albums by veteran artists such as Eubie Blake, Claude Hopkins and Stuff Smith, Hugo Winterhalter made his debut as a leader on 20th Fox. In 1962, Onorati resigned from 20th Fox and went back to Dot, Onorati was replaced by Basil J. Bova. Upon assuming the top job at 20th Fox, Basil Bovas first order of business was to quell rumors that the label planned to merge with Cameo-Parkway Records. In May 1963, Bova renamed 20th Fox Records as 20th Century-Fox Records, Bova felt that the soundtrack album for Cleopatra would be the blockbuster of them all. Appearing before the release by about two months in June 1963, the soundtrack debuted at #2 on the Billboard album chart. But the film opened to losses so great that belt-tightening was felt throughout the studio structure, 20th Century Fox Records enjoyed one more hit album with the soundtrack to Valley of the Dolls, though it did not contain Dionne Warwicks version of the films theme. They also released the soundtrack to Hello Dolly, starring Barbra Streisand, in 1970, the 20th Century Fox studio shut down the record label, though ABC Records still continued to distribute stock on The Little Drummer Boy, a repackaging of Sing We Now of Christmas
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Helen Reddy
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Helen Maxine Lamond Reddy is an Australian singer, actress, and activist. In the 1970s, she enjoyed success, especially in the United States. Six made the Top 10 and three reached No,1, including her signature hit I Am Woman. She is often referred to as the Queen of 70s Pop, Reddy placed 25 songs on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart,15 made the Top 10 and eight reached No. In 1974, at the inaugural American Music Awards, she became the first artist to win the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and she was the first Australian to have three No.1 hits in the same year. In television, she was the first Australian to host her own weekly primetime variety show on an American network. Reddy retired from performance in 2002, returned to university in Australia and earned her degree. In 2011, after singing Breezin Along with the Breeze with her sister, Toni Lamond, for Tonis birthday and her song I Am Woman played a large role in popular culture and became an anthem for second-wave feminism. She came to be known as a feminist poster girl or a feminist icon, in 2011, Billboard named her the No.28 adult contemporary artist of all time. Helen Reddy was born into a well-known Australian show business family in Melbourne and her mother, Stella Campbell, was an actress, and her father, Maxwell David Max Reddy, was a writer, producer, and actor. Her half-sister, Toni Lamond, and her nephew, Tony Sheldon, are actor-singers and she has Irish, Scottish and English ancestry. Her great grandfather, Scotsman Thomas Lamond, was a mayor of Waterloo, New South Wales, whose patron was Hercules Robinson. Her maternal grandmother, Stella Lamond, sang and danced in small parts at the Majestic Theatre in Sydney, patsy Reddy, New Zealands Governor-General, is a distant cousin. Reddy was born during World War II, six weeks before the bombing of Pearl Harbor and her father was a sergeant in the Australian Army with a unit of entertainers, he served alongside one of his actor friends, Peter Finch. They were serving together in New Guinea at the time of Helens birth and her father returned to service during the Korean War. At age four, she joined her parents on the Australian vaudeville circuit, singing and dancing, she recalled, It was instilled in me, so between the ages of 12 and 17, I got rebellious and decided this was not for me. I was going to be a housewife and mother, despite possessing only $200 and a return ticket to Australia, she elected to remain in the United States with 3-year-old Traci and pursue a singing career. Reddy recalled her 1966 appearance at the Three Rivers Inn in Syracuse, Wald recalled that he and Reddy married three days after meeting and, along with daughter Traci, the couple took up residence at the Hotel Albert in Greenwich Village
6.
Vikki Carr
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Vikki Carr is an American vocalist and humanitarian who has had a singing career for over four decades. She established the Vikki Carr Scholarship Foundation in 1971, cardona was born in El Paso, Texas. After taking the stage name Vikki Carr, she signed with Liberty Records in 1962 and her first single to achieve success was Hes a Rebel, which in 1962 reached #5 in Australia and #115 in the United States. Producer Phil Spector heard Carr cutting the song in the studio, in 1966, Carr toured South Vietnam with actor/comedian Danny Kaye to entertain American troops there. The following year her album It Must Be Him was nominated for 3 Grammy Awards, the title track reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States in 1967, sold over 1 million copies, and received a gold disc. She had two other songs make the US Top 40, 1968s The Lesson and 1969s With Pen in Hand, around this time, Dean Martin called her the best girl singer in the business. Carr had 10 singles that made the US pop charts and 13 albums that made the US pop-album charts, in 1968 she taped six specials for London Weekend TV. She appeared on television programs, such as ABCs The Bing Crosby Show in the 1964–1965 season. In 1970, she was named Woman of the Year by the Los Angeles Times and she guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in 1973. Carr married Michael Nilsson, a paint company executive, on August 20,1979 and she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1981. Carr also achieved the feat of singing for five presidents during her career, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George Bush. She also received Grammy nominations for the discs Brindo a La Vida, Al Bolero, A Ti and her numerous Spanish-language hit singles include Total, Discúlpame, Déjame, Hay Otro en Tu Lugar, Esos Hombres, Mala Suerte and Cosas del Amor. The last song spent more than two months at No.1 on the US Latin charts in 1991, her biggest Spanish-language US hit and her Spanish-language albums have been certified gold and platinum in Mexico, Chile, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Colombia and Ecuador. She also voiced Georgette in the Latin American dub of Disneys Oliver, in 1999 she taped a PBS TV special, Vikki Carr, Memories, Memorias, in which she performed popular bilingual tunes from the 1940s and 1950s. Her guests were Pepe Aguilar, Arturo Sandoval, and Jack Jones, in 2001, she released a bilingual holiday album, The Vikki Carr Christmas Album. In 2002, she appeared to acclaim in a Los Angeles production of the Stephen Sondheim musical Follies, which also featured Hal Linden, Patty Duke. In 2006, Carr made a appearance in a straight-to-video thriller called Puerto Vallarta Squeeze. In 2008, Carr hosted a PBS TV special, Fiesta Mexicana, later that year, she was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Latin Recording Academy
7.
Smokey Robinson
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William Smokey Robinson, Jr. is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and former record executive. Robinson was the founder and front man of the Motown vocal group the Miracles, Robinson led the group from its 1955 origins as the Five Chimes until 1972 when he announced a retirement from the group to focus on his role as Motowns vice president. However, Robinson returned to the industry as a solo artist the following year. Following the sale of Motown Records in 1988, Robinson left the company in 1990 and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. Robinson was awarded the 2016 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music. Smokey Robinson was born to an African-American father and a mother of African-American and his uncle Claude gave him the nickname Smokey Joe when he was a child. He attended Northern High School, where he was above average academically, at one point, he and Diana Ross lived several houses from each other on Belmont, he once said he has known Ross since she was about eight. Robinson said his interest in music started after hearing the groups Nolan Strong & the Diablos and Billy Ward, Robinson later listed Barrett Strong, a Detroit native, as a strong vocal influence. In 1955, he formed the first lineup of the Five Chimes with childhood friend Ronald White and classmate Pete Moore, two years later, in 1957, they were renamed the Matadors and included Bobby Rogers. Another member, Emerson Rogers, was replaced by Bobbys cousin Claudette Rogers, the groups guitarist, Marv Tarplin, joined them sometime in 1958. The Matadors began touring Detroit venues around this time and they later changed their name to the Miracles. In August 1957, Robinson and the Miracles met songwriter Berry Gordy after an audition for Brunswick Records. At that time during the audition, Robinson had brought along with him a Big 10 notebook with 100 songs he wrote while in high school, Gordy was impressed with Robinsons vocals and even more impressed with Robinsons ambitious songwriting. With his help, the Miracles released their first single, Got a Job and it was the beginning of a long and successful collaboration. During this time, Robinson attended college and started classes in January 1959, Robinson dropped out after only two months following the Miracles release of their first record. Gordy formed Tamla Records which was reincorporated as Motown. The Miracles became one of the first acts signed to the label, in point of fact, they had actually been with Gordy since before the formation of Motown Records. In late 1960, the recorded their first hit single, Shop Around
8.
Roberta Flack
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Roberta Cleopatra Flack is an American singer and musician. Flack lived with a family, born in Black Mountain, North Carolina to parents Laron LeRoy and Irene Flack a church organist, on February 10,1939 and raised in Arlington. Her interests in performing were inspired when she discovered the work of Mahalia Jackson, when Flack was nine, she started taking an interest in playing the piano, and during her early teens, Flack so excelled at classical piano that Howard University awarded her a full music scholarship. By age 15, she entered Howard University, making her one of the youngest students ever to enroll there and she eventually changed her major from piano to voice, and became an assistant conductor of the university choir. Her direction of a production of Aida received an ovation from the Howard University faculty. Flack is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and was made a member of Tau Beta Sigma by the Eta Delta Chapter at Howard University for her outstanding work in promoting music education. Roberta Flack became a student teacher at a school near Chevy Chase, before becoming a professional singer-songwriter, Flack returned to Washington, D. C. and taught at Browne Junior High and Rabaut Junior High. She also taught piano lessons out of her home on Euclid St. NW. During this period, her career began to take shape on evenings and weekends in Washington. At the Tivoli Club, she accompanied opera singers at the piano, during intermissions, she would sing blues, folk, and pop standards in a back room, accompanying herself on the piano. Later, she performed several nights a week at the 1520 Club, around this time, her voice teacher, Frederick Wilkie Wilkerson, told her that he saw a brighter future for her in pop music than in the classics. She modified her repertoire accordingly and her reputation spread, Flack began singing professionally after being hired to perform regularly at Mr. Henrys Restaurant, on Capitol Hill, Washington, DC in 1968. Mr. Henry’s was owned by Henry Yaffe and it is still in operation at 6th and Pennsylvania Ave, SE. The atmosphere in Mr. Henry’s was welcoming and the club turned into a showcase for the music teacher. Her voice mesmerized locals and word spread, a-list entertainers who were appearing in town would come in late at night to hear her sing. As Yaffe recalled, “She told me if I could give her work there three nights a week, she would quit teaching. ”To meet Roberta’s exacting standards, Yaffe transformed the apartment above the bar into the Roberta Flack Room. “I got the oak paneling from the old Dodge Hotel near Union Station, I put in heavy upholstered chairs, sort of a conservative style from the 50s and an acoustical system designed especially for Roberta. Les McCann discovered Flack singing and playing jazz in a Washington nightclub and he later said on the liner notes of what would be her first album First Take noted below, Her voice touched, tapped, trapped, and kicked every emotion Ive ever known
