Harry J. Anslinger

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Harry Jacob Anslinger
Harry Jacob Anslinger.jpg
1st Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
In office
August 12, 1930 – May 1962
PresidentHerbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Succeeded byHenry Giordano
Personal details
Born
Harry Jacob Anslinger

(1892-05-20)May 20, 1892
Altoona, Pennsylvania
DiedNovember 14, 1975(1975-11-14) (aged 83)
Altoona, Pennsylvania
Spouse(s)Martha Kind Denniston

Harry Jacob Anslinger (May 20, 1892 – November 14, 1975) was a United States government official who served as the first commissioner of the U.S. Treasury Department's Federal Bureau of Narcotics. He was a supporter of prohibition and the criminalization of drugs, and played a pivotal role in cannabis prohibition.[1][2]

Anslinger held office an unprecedented 32 years in his role as commissioner until 1962. He then held office two years as U.S. Representative to the United Nations Narcotics Commission. The responsibilities once held by Anslinger are now largely under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy.

Early life and marriage[edit]

Harry Anslinger's father, Robert J. Anslinger, was a barber by trade who was born in Bern, Switzerland. His mother, Rosa Christiana Fladt, was born in Baden, Germany. The family emigrated to the United States in 1881. Robert Anslinger worked in New York for two years, then moved to Altoona, Pennsylvania. In 1892, the year Harry was born, Anslinger went to work for the Pennsylvania Railroad.

After attending local schools, Harry Anslinger enrolled at Altoona Business College at the age of 17. He followed his father in going to work for the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1913, he was granted a furlough so he could enroll at Pennsylvania State College, where he studied in a two-year associate degree program in business and engineering.[citation needed]

Rise to prominence[edit]

Anslinger gained notoriety early in his career. At the age of 23 (in 1915), while working as an investigator for the Pennsylvania Railroad,[3] he performed a detailed investigation that found the $50,000 claim of a widower in a railroad accident to be fraudulent. He saved the company the payout and was promoted to captain of railroad police.

From 1917 to 1928, Anslinger worked for various military and police organizations on stopping international drug trafficking. His duties took him all over the world, from Germany to Venezuela to Japan. He is widely credited with shaping not only America's domestic and international drug policies but influencing drug policies of other nations, particularly those that had not debated the issues internally.

By 1929, Anslinger returned from his international tour to work as an assistant commissioner in the United States Treasury Department's Bureau of Prohibition. Around this time, corruption and scandal gripped prohibition and narcotics agencies.[citation needed] The ensuing shake-ups and re-organizations set the stage for Anslinger, perceived as an honest and incorruptible figure, to advance not only in rank but to great political stature.

In 1930, the 38 year-old Anslinger was appointed the founding commissioner of the Treasury's Federal Bureau of Narcotics.[4] Just as today, the illegal trade in alcohol (then still under Prohibition) and illicit drugs were targeted by the Treasury not primarily as social evils - that fell, if anywhere, under other government purview - but as losses of revenue since they could not be taxed. Appointed by department Secretary Andrew W. Mellon, his wife's uncle, Anslinger was given a budget of $100,000 and turned loose.

The campaign against marijuana (cannabis) 1930–1937[edit]

Main article: Legal history of marijuana in the United States

Restrictions on cannabis (Cannabis indica, often called "Indian Hemp" in documents before the 1940s) as a drug started in local laws in New York in 1860. This was followed by local laws in many other states and by state laws in the 1910s and 1920s.[5] The federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 regulated the labeling of patent medicines that contained "cannabis indica". In 1925 United States supported regulation of "Indian hemp" as use as a drug, in the International Opium Convention.[6] Recommendations from the International Opium Convention inspired the work with the Uniform State Narcotic Act between 1925 and 1932.

Anslinger had not been active in this process until approximately 1930.[7][8] Prior to the end of alcohol prohibition, Anslinger had claimed that cannabis was not a problem, did not harm people, and "there is no more absurd fallacy"[citation needed] than the idea it makes people violent. His critics argue he shifted not due to objective evidence but self-interest due to the obsolescence of the Department of Prohibition he headed when alcohol prohibition ceased - campaigning for a new Prohibition against its use. Anslinger collected dubious anecdotes of marijuana causing crime and violence, and ignored contrary evidence such as doctor Walter Bromberg, who pointed out that substance abuse and crime are heavily confounded and that none of a group of 2,216 criminal convictions he examined were clearly done under marijuana's influence,[9] or a discussion forwarded to him by the American Medical Association in which 29 of 30 pharmacists and drug industry representatives objected to his proposals to ban marijuana. One such statement claimed that the proposal was "Absolute rot. It is not necessary. I have never known of its misuse.", although only the single dissenter (who noted he had once encountered a doctor who had been addicted to marijuana) was preserved in Bureau files.[10]

Anslinger sought and ultimately received, as head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, an increase of reports about smoking of marijuana in 1936 that continued to spread at an accelerated pace in 1937. Before, smoking of marijuana had been relatively slight and confined to the Southwest, particularly along the Mexican border.

The Bureau first prepared a legislative plan to seek from Congress a new law that would place marijuana and its distribution directly under federal control. Second, Anslinger ran a campaign against marijuana on radio and at major forums.[11][12] His view was clear, ideological and judgmental:

By the tons it is coming into this country — the deadly, dreadful poison that racks and tears not only the body, but the very heart and soul of every human being who once becomes a slave to it in any of its cruel and devastating forms. ... Marihuana is a short cut to the insane asylum. Smoke marihuana cigarettes for a month and what was once your brain will be nothing but a storehouse of horrid specters. Hasheesh makes a murderer who kills for the love of killing out of the mildest mannered man who ever laughed at the idea that any habit could ever get him. ...[13]

By using the mass media as his forum (receiving much support from yellow journalism publisher William Randolph Hearst), Anslinger propelled the anti-marijuana sentiment from state level to a national movement. He used what he called his "Gore Files" - a collection of quotes from police reports - to graphically depict offenses caused by drug users. They were written in the terse and concise language of a police report. His most infamous story in The American Magazine concerned Victor Licata who killed his family:[14]

An entire family was murdered by a youthful addict in Florida. When officers arrived at the home, they found the youth staggering about in a human slaughterhouse. With an axe he had killed his father, mother, two brothers, and a sister. He seemed to be in a daze ... He had no recollection of having committed the multiple crimes. The officers knew him ordinarily as a sane, rather quiet young man; now he was pitifully crazed. They sought the reason. The boy said that he had been in the habit of smoking something which youthful friends called "muggles," a childish name for marijuana.[15]

The story is one of 200 violent crimes that were documented in Anslinger's "Gore Files" series.[14] However, it has since been proved that Licata never murdered his family because of cannabis use; the youth actually had a severe mental illness.[14] Researchers have now proved that Anslinger wrongly attributed 198 of the "Gore Files" stories to marijuana usage and the remaining "two cases could not be disproved, because no records existed concerning the crimes."[14] During the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act hearings, Anslinger rehashed the 1933 Licata killings while giving testimony to congress.[16]

In the 1930s Anslinger's articles often contained racist themes in his anti-marijuana campaign:[17]

Colored students at the Univ. of Minn. partying with (white) female students, smoking [marijuana] and getting their sympathy with stories of racial persecution. Result: pregnancy.[18][19]

Two Negros took a girl fourteen years old and kept her for two days under the influence of hemp. Upon recovery she was found to be suffering from syphilis.[19]

Reefer makes darkies think they're as good as white men.[20]

One night, in 1939, Billie Holiday stood on stage in New York City and sang Strange Fruit and was instructed to stop singing the same song; it was provocation of Holiday's self-defence, to justify the existence and budget of Anslinger's Federal Bureau of Narcotics. When Anslinger was interviewed in 1954 about drug abuse, however, he mentioned nothing about race or sex. In his book The Protectors (1964), Anslinger has a chapter called "Jazz and Junk Don't Mix" about black jazz musicians Billie Holiday (who he had handcuffed on her death bed due to suspicion of drug use and possession[21]) and Charlie Parker, who both died after years of illegal heroin and alcohol abuse:

Jazz entertainers are neither fish nor fowl. They do not get the million-dollar protection Hollywood and Broadway can afford for their stars who have become addicted – and there are many more than will ever be revealed. Perhaps this is because jazz, once considered a decadent kind of music, has only token respectability. Jazz grew up next door to crime, so to speak. Clubs of dubious reputation were, for a long time, the only places where it could be heard. But the times bring changes, and as Billie Holiday was a victim of time and change, so too was Charlie Parker, a man whose music, like Billie's, is still widely imitated. Most musicians credit Parker among others as spearheading what is called modern jazz.[22]

Anslinger hoped to orchestrate a nationwide dragnet of jazz musicians and kept a file called "Marijuana and Musicians."[23]

Critics of Anslinger believe the campaign against marijuana had a hidden agenda.[17] For example, the E. I. DuPont De Nemours And Company industrial firm, petrochemical interests, and William Randolph Hearst conspired together to create the highly sensational anti-marijuana campaign to eliminate hemp as an industrial competitor to synthetic materials. However, the DuPont Company and industrial historians have disputed this link between development of nylon and changes in the laws for hemp (marijuana); the success for nylon was huge from start.[24][25] It was not until 1934, and the fourth year in office, that Anslinger considered marijuana to be a serious threat to American society (Wallace Carothers first synthesized nylon on February 28, 1935). The League of Nations had already implemented restrictions for marijuana in the beginning of the 1930s and restrictions started in many states in the U.S years before Anslinger was appointed. Both president Franklin D. Roosevelt and his attorney general publicly supported this development in 1935.[26][27] Anslinger was part of a larger movement aimed at alarming the public as part of the government's broader push to outlaw all recreational drugs.[26]

The La Guardia Committee, promoted in 1939 by New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, was the first in-depth study into the effects of smoking marijuana. It systematically contradicted claims made by the U.S. Treasury Department that smoking marijuana resulted in insanity, and determined that '"the practice of smoking marihuana does not lead to addiction in the medical sense of the word."[28] Released in 1944, the report infuriated Anslinger, who was campaigning against marijuana, and he condemned it as unscientific.[29]

Later years[edit]

Later in his career, Anslinger was scrutinized for insubordination by refusing to desist from an attempt to halt the ABA/AMA Joint Report on Narcotic Addiction, a publication edited by the sociology Professor Alfred R. Lindesmith of Indiana University. Lindesmith wrote, among other works, Opiate Addiction (1947), The Addict and the Law (1965), and a number of articles condemning the criminalization of addiction. Nearly everything Lindesmith did was critical of the War on Drugs, specifically condemning Anslinger's role. The AMA/ABA controversy is sometimes credited[according to whom?] with ending Anslinger's position of commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.[citation needed]

Anslinger was surprised to be re-appointed by President John F. Kennedy in February 1961. The new President had a tendency to invigorate the government with more youthful civil servants, and by 1962, Anslinger was 70 years old, the mandatory age for retirement in his position. In addition, during the previous year he had witnessed his wife Martha's slow and agonizing death due to heart failure, and had lost some of his drive and ambition.[citation needed] He submitted his resignation to President Kennedy on his 70th birthday, May 20, 1962. Since Kennedy did not have a successor, Anslinger stayed in his $18,500 a year ($145,733 when adjusted for inflation in 2014 dollars) position until later that year. He was succeeded by Henry Giordano. Following that, he was the United States Representative to the United Nations Narcotics Commission for two years after which he retired.

By 1973, Anslinger was completely blind, had a debilitatingly enlarged prostate gland and suffered from angina.

On November 14, 1975, at 1 p.m., Anslinger died of heart failure at the former Mercy Hospital (now known as Bon Secours Hospital Campus of the Altoona Regional Health System) in Altoona, Pennsylvania.[1][30] He was 83.

He was survived by his son, Joseph Leet Anslinger, and a sister. According to John McWilliams's 1990 book, The Protectors: Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1930–1962), Anslinger's daughter-in-law Bea at that time still lived in Anslinger's home in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania.

In the media[edit]

Career timeline, recognition[edit]

  • 1913–1915: student, Pennsylvania State University, State College PA
  • 1917–1918: Member, Efficiency Board, Ordinance Division, War Department
  • 1918–1921: Attached to American Legation, The Hague
  • 1921–1923: Vice-Consul, Hamburg, Germany
  • 1923–1925: Consul, La Guaira, Venezuela
  • 1926: Consul, Maracaibo, Venezuela
  • 1926: Delegate of US to Conference on Suppression of Smuggling, London
  • 1926–1929 : Chief Division of Foreign Control, US Treasury Department
  • 1927: Delegate of U.S. to Conference on Suppression of Smuggling, Paris
  • 1928: International Congress against Alcoholism, Antwerp, Belgium
  • 1928: Conference to Revise Treaty with US, Ottawa, Canada
  • 1929–1930 : Assistant Commissioner of Prohibition
  • 1930: LL.B., Washington College of Law
  •  ? : LL.D., University of Maryland
  • 1930–1962: Commissioner of Federal Bureau of Narcotics
  • 1931: Conference of Limitation of Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs
  • 1932–34, 1936–39 : Co-Observer of US at League of Nations Opium Advisory Commission
  • 1936: U.S. delegation International Conference for Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, League of Nations, Geneva
  • 1952: U.S. representative commission on Narcotic Drugs of UN Recipient Pennsylvania Ambassador, Proctor Gold Medal Awards
  • 1958: One of 10 outstanding career men, Federal Government, National Civil Service League
  • 1959: Alumni Recognition Award, American University
  • 1959: Distinguished Alumnus award, Pennsylvania State University
  • 1962–1963: U.S. Representative to United Nations Narcotics Commission
  • 1964: Retirement
  • 1975: Death
  • Alexander Hamilton Medal
  • Remington Medal
  • Presidential Citation
  • Member, Commission Drug Addiction NRC
  • Honorable Member, Terre Haute Academy of Medicine
  • Associate Member, International Police Chief Association
  • Member, Advisory Committee, International Cooperation Common Law, American Bar Association
  • Life Member, Pennsylvania and Blair County Pharm. Association
  • Diplomatic and Consular Officers Reg. (board of governors)
  • Sigma Nu Phi

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Harry J. Anslinger Dies at 83. Hard-Hitting Foe of Narcotics. U.S. Commissioner 32 Years Advocated Harsh Laws to Abolish Pushers, Users". New York Times. November 18, 1975. Retrieved 2014-01-07. Harry J. Anslinger, an implacable, hard-hitting foe of drug pushers and users during the 32 years he was the Treasury Department's Commissioner of Narcotics, died Friday in Hollidaysburg, Pa. His age was 83.
  2. ^ John C. McWilliams (1990). The Protectors: Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1930–1962). University of Delaware Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0874133523.
  3. ^ Rowe, Thomas C. (2006). Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7890-2808-2.
  4. ^ Filan, Kenaz. The Power of the Poppy: Harnessing Nature's Most Dangerous Plant Ally. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-59477-399-0.
  5. ^ "Senate". New York Times. New York City. February 15, 1860.
  6. ^ Willoughby, W.W. (1925). "Opium as an International Problem". The Johns Hopkins Press. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  7. ^ "The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937: Statement of Harry J. Anslinger". Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  8. ^ "The Marihuana Tax Act, Additional Statement Of H. J. Anslinger". Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  9. ^ pg44-46 of Sloman, Reefer Madness
  10. ^ pg38-41 of Sloman, Reefer Madness
  11. ^ Anslinger, Harry J.; Oursler, Will (1961). The Murderers, the story of the narcotic gangs. pp. 541–554. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  12. ^ Erlen, Jonathon; Spillane, Joseph F. (2004). Federal Drug Control: The Evolution of Policy and Practice. Binghamton, N.Y. [u.a.]: Pharmaceutical Products Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7890-1892-2.
  13. ^ "Reefer Madness: Revisited" (PDF). Doug Snead. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d "Victor Licata's Strange Legacy". Thursday Review. May 30, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  15. ^ "Victor Licata". Uncle Mike's Library. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  16. ^ "Research for Victor Licata". www.druglibrary.org. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  17. ^ a b Herrer, Jack (1985). "4 & 5". The Emperor Wears No Clothes (11th ed.). USA: Ah Ha Publishing, Quick American Archives. p. 330. ISBN 0-9524560-0-1.
  18. ^ Gray, Michael (1998). Drug Crazy: How We Got Into this Mess and How We Can Get Out. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43533-6.
  19. ^ a b Inciardi, James A. (1986). The War on Drugs: Heroin, cocaine, crime, and public policy. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Company. p. 231. ISBN 0-87484-743-5.
  20. ^ David E. Newton (2017). Marijuana: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition (Contemporary World Issues) 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. ISBN 978-1440850516.
  21. ^ Hari, Johann. "The Hunting of Billie Holiday". Politico Magazine. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  22. ^ Anslinger, Harry Jacob. The protectors: the heroic story of the narcotics agents, citizens, and officials in their unending, unsuing battles against organized crime in America and abroad. New York: Farrar, Straus. p. 157. LCCN 64016944. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
  23. ^ Winter, Jessica (May 6, 2003). "Pot, Porn, and Strawberries". Village Voice.
  24. ^ Wolfe, Audra J. (2008). "Nylon: A Revolution in Textiles". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 26 (3). Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  25. ^ "Lyster Hoxie Dewey: Fiber production in the western hemisphere". United states printing office Washington. September 1, 1943. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  26. ^ a b "Roosevelt Asks Narcotic War Aid". The New York Times. March 22, 1935. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  27. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt 35 - Letter to the World Narcotic Defense Association". Gerhard Peters - The American Presidency Project. March 21, 1935.
  28. ^ The LaGuardia Report - Conclusions
  29. ^ HARRY J. ANSLINGER: The Murderers THE STORY OF THE NARCOTIC GANGS, 1962
  30. ^ Jonnes, Jill (1999). Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with Illegal Drugs. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-8018-6165-9.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Preceded by
 Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
1930 – 1962 		Succeeded by
Henry Giordano
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