1.
J. K. Rowling
–
Joanne Jo Rowling, OBE, FRSL, pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained attention, won multiple awards. There were six sequels, the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Rowling has lived a rags to riches life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to multi-millionaire status within five years. She is the United Kingdoms best-selling living author, with sales in excess of £238M, the 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowlings fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK. Time magazine named her as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, in October 2010, Rowling was named the Most Influential Woman in Britain by leading magazine editors. She has supported charities including Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain, although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, her name, before her remarriage, was simply Joanne Rowling. Anticipating that the audience of young boys might not want to read a book written by a woman. As she had no name, she chose K as the second initial of her pen name. Following her marriage, she has used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business. During the Leveson Inquiry she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling and her entry in Whos Who lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling. Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce aircraft engineer, and Anne Rowling and her parents first met on a train departing from Kings Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964. They married on 14 March 1965, One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish, born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran. Her mothers paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for exceptional bravery in defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during the First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won the Légion dhonneur during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are. in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. Rowlings sister Dianne was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old, the family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four. She attended St Michaels Primary School, a school founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and her headmaster at St Michaels, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore. As a child, Rowling often wrote stories which she frequently read to her sister
2.
Kazu Kibuishi
–
Kazuhiro Kazu Kibuishi is a Japanese–American graphic novel author and illustrator. He is best known for being the creator and editor of the comic anthology Flight and he is also the author and illustrator of the ongoing Amulet series. Kibuishi was born April 8,1978 in Tokyo, Japan and he moved to the United States with his mother and brother in 1982. Kibuishi enrolled at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1996 in pursuit of a film studies degree, while attending UC Santa Barbara, he credits the universitys newspaper, the Daily Nexus, as where his illustration career started. Despite previously drawing for his schools newspaper, all began when I started writing comics for the Nexus. I actually went to UCSB for film, I was trying to quit drawing. He would ultimately serve as the Art Director for the Daily Nexus for three and a half years, and developed his comic Clive and Cabbage during his tenure and he graduated from UC Santa Barbara in 2000 with a B. A. in film studies. Kibuishi started drawing at age five and he has stated that. the sadness that came from no longer having cool robot TV shows like Ultraman around once we came to the States that triggered a lot of my early drawings and projects. He has also noted Garfield and the magazines Mad Magazine, after he graduated from UC Santa Barbara, Kibuishi worked as an animator for Shadedbox Animations for two years. He decided to leave animation to focus on comics, where he could spend time writing. He started producing the monthly comic Copper at his website which ran for seven years, Flight was conceived by Kibuishi as an anthology with contributions coming from friends. The project was promoted at the Alternative Press Expo, where it attracted the attention of Erik Larsen and this caused the project to explode, attracting talent from all over the industry. Image published the first volume in 2004 and the series concluded with the eighth volume in 2011. Following the conclusion of Flight, the Explorer series was Kibuishis anthology for children using many of the contributors to Flight. Seen as a series, Explorer covered three books and concluded with Explorer, The Hidden Doors. Kibuishi is the creator of Amulet, a series of novels which debuted in 2008 with The Stonekeeper. Scholastic won the rights to publish the series after they were victorious in a hotly contested auction. In addition to The Stonekeeper, other titles in the series include The Stonekeepers Curse, The Cloud Searchers, The Last Council, Prince of the Elves, Escape From Lucien, the series is scheduled to run through nine books
3.
Harry Potter
–
Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a wizard, Harry Potter. Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, on 26 June 1997, the series has now been translated into multiple languages including French, Irish, Spanish, German and Swedish to name a few. They have attracted a wide audience as well as younger readers. The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern about the dark tone as the series progressed, as well as the often gruesome. As of May 2013, the books have more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history. The series was published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. The original seven books were adapted into a film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which has become the second highest-grossing film series of all time as of August 2015, in 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. A series of genres, including fantasy, drama, coming of age and the British school story. According to Rowling, the theme is death. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, have built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and his magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, each novel chronicles one year in Harrys life during the period from 1991 to 1998. The books also contain many flashbacks, which are experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve. The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality, the full background to this event and Harry Potters past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potters eleventh birthday, Harrys first contact with the wizarding world is through a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts
4.
Fantasy novel
–
Fantasy literature is the body of written works that employ the motifs, themes, and stylistic approaches expected in the fantasy genre. Historically, most works of fantasy were written pieces of literature, since the 1960s, a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films, television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and painting. Stories involving paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature, homers Odyssey satisfies the definition of the fantasy genre with its magic, gods, heroes, adventures and monsters. Fantasy literature as a distinct type emerged in Victorian times, with the works of such as Mary Shelley, William Morris. J. R. R. Tolkien played a role in the popularization and accessibility of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications The Hobbit. Rarely does one consider modern fantasy without conjuring the memory and image of Tolkien, Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly Beowulf, as well as modern works such as The Worm Ouroboros by E. R. Eddison. Tolkiens close friend C. S. Lewis, author of The Chronicles of Narnia, the tradition established by these predecessors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has continued to thrive and be adapted by new authors. Tolkiens fiction has—particularly over the genre of high fantasy—prompted backlash, at the turn of the millennium, the Harry Potter novels of J. K. Rowling achieved widespread popularity. R. Martin in 2005, and 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2005, authors often engage in worldbuilding, constructing a framework or entire world against which the narrative plays out. Symbolism often plays a significant role in literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that fantasy literature and its archetypes fulfill a function for individuals and society, le Guin, in her essay From Elfland to Poughkeepsie, presented the idea that language is the most crucial element of high fantasy, because it creates a sense of place. She analyzed the misuse of a formal, olden-day style, saying that it was a trap for fantasy writers because it was ridiculous when done wrong. Brian Peters writes that in various forms of fantasy, even the villains language might be inappropriate if vulgar. The fantastical details of the series fade away by the installment, revealing that the wizarding community of the Harry Potter books is just as bad, if not worse. Farah Mendlesohn argues the world of literature is broken up into four categories, the portal quest, the immersive, the intrusive. How the fantastic enters the world is what determines how a story fits into these categories. In a portal quest such as C. S. Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, The Witch, in the intrusion fantasies like Bram Stokers Dracula, the fantastic invades the fictional world. With liminal fantasy, for example Phillip Pullman’s His Dark Materials, The Subtle Knife, tolkiens The Hobbit for example, allows the reader no escape from the fantastic
5.
Bloomsbury Publishing
–
Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British independent, worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. It is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index, the Bloomsbury Academic & Professional division won the Bookseller Industry Award for Academic, Educational & Professional Publisher of the Year in both 2013 and 2014. Imprints and book lists of publishing businesses acquired by Bloomsbury are assigned to the most relevant publishing division, the company was founded in 1986 by Nigel Newton, who had previously been employed by other publishing companies. It was floated as a registered company in 1994, raising £5. 5million. A rights issue of shares in 1998 raised a further £6. 1m, in 1998, Bloomsbury USA was established. Bloomsbury USA Books for Young Readers was established in 2002, and in 2005, Bloomsbury acquired Walker & Co, in December 2008, Bloomsbury opened a branch in Doha, Qatar, under joint-partnership with Qatar Foundation. The publishing house created, called Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing, worked mainly with English, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, an open access, peer review academic publisher, was created in December 2010 as a joint venture with Qatar Foundation. Journal research articles were published through BQFJs website Qscience. com, in 2012, Bloomsbury established a publishing office in India. The companys partnership with Qatar Foundation ended in December 2015 and all of Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing works were incorporated in Qatari-owned HBKU Press, at the time of BQFPs dissolution it had published over 200 books. BQFJs works were incorporated in HBKU Press
6.
Scholastic Corporation
–
Products are distributed to schools and districts, to consumers through the schools via reading clubs and fairs, and through retail stores and online sales. The business has three segments, Children Book Publishing & Distribution, Education, and International, Scholastic holds the perpetual U. S. publishing rights to Harry Potter and The Hunger Games book series. Scholastic is the worlds largest publisher and distributor of childrens books, Scholastic also publishes instructional reading and writing programs, and offers professional learning and consultancy services for school improvement. Clifford the Big Red Dog serves as the mascot for Scholastic, in 1920, Maurice R. Robbie Robinson founded the business he named Scholastic Publishing Company in his hometown of Wilkinsburg, right outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a publisher of magazines, the first publication was The Western Pennsylvania Scholastic. It covered high school sports and social activities and debuted on October 22,1920, in 1926, Scholastic published its first book, Saplings, a collection of selected student writings by winners of the Scholastic Writing Awards. For many years the company continued its focus on serving the market, publishing low-cost magazines. The company continued under the name Scholastic Magazines throughout the 1970s, after World War II, cheap paperback books became available. In 1948, Scholastic entered the book club business with its division T. A. B. or Teen Age Book Club. In 1957, Scholastic established its first international subsidiary in Toronto Scholastic Canada, later moving to Markham, by the 1960s, international publishing locations were added in England, New Zealand and Sydney. In 1974, Richard Dick Robinson, the son of founder M. R. Robinson, named Chief Executive Officer in 1975 and Chairman in 1982, he remains in these positions. Scholastic now publishes 33 classroom magazines including Scholastic News, Action, Scope, Storyworks, SuperScience, Science World, Math and more, classroom Magazines have 15 million subscribers. The EdTech and Services business was sold to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2015 for $575 million and it continues to publish Harry Potter books, each title a best seller. Scholastics growth has continued by acquiring other media companies, in 2015, Scholastic acquired Troubadour, Ltd. in the U. K. During the 2000 presidential election, Scholastic organized the Scholastic News Kids Press Corps, founded in 1923 by Maurice R. These Awards have been the largest source of funding for teenage artists and writers. In the U. S. A, the process begins as young artists, the most outstanding works of art and writing from each region are forwarded to the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers in New York City to be reviewed on a national level. Panels of professional jurors select the award recipients
7.
Raincoast Books
–
Raincoast Books is a Canadian book distribution and wholesale company. Today, Raincoast has over 90 employees and three divisions, Raincoast Distribution, Publishers Group Canada, and BookExpress, Raincoast Distribution provides Canadian representation to general trade and gift publishers from the United States and Canada. Companies distributed by Raincoast include Chronicle Books, Drawn & Quarterly, Hay House, Lonely Planet, Moleskine, Raincoast was awarded Book Distributor of the Year by the Canada Booksellers Association in 2004,2005, and 2006. AMACOM Beginning Press Berrett-Koehler Publishers Bilingual Books, Inc, based in Toronto, Ontario, PGC distributes independently owned book publishing houses including Grove Atlantic, New World Library and Egmont Books in Canada. BookExpress is a wholesale division supplying Canadian bookstores and retailers, BookExpress carries bestselling books from publishers including Random House Canada, Penguin Books Canada, HarperCollins Canada, H. B. Fenn, Andrews McMeel, Scholastic Canada, Diamond Book Distribution, between 1995 and 2008, Raincoast Books was also a Canadian book publisher. The Raincoast publishing program produced a range of fiction and non-fiction titles for both adults and children. Authors who published work with Raincoast included Anne Fleming, Alison Pick, Colin McAdam, Nick Bantock, George Bowering, Paul William Roberts, Naim Kattan, Roy Miki, Amanda K. Hale, and Bill Gaston. As a publisher, the company was noted for using large amounts of recycled paper in its books, on January 7,2008, Raincoast announced that it would cease to publish new books due to the rise in the Canadian dollar. Raincoast also ceased to be the Canadian publisher of J. K, rowlings Harry Potter books in 2010
8.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
9.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
–
Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowlings debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harrys parents, the novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and it has been translated into at least sixty-seven other languages and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels. Most reviews were favourable, commenting on Rowlings imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction. The series has used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis. The most evil and powerful wizard in history, Lord Voldemort, murdered James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappeared after failing to kill their infant son. For ten years, living at number Four Privet Drive, Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs. Shortly before his birthday, a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive. To evade the pursuit of these letters, Vernon first takes the family to a hotel, but when the letters arrive there too, he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island. Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley, where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards and he also finds that his parents inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank. Guided by Hagrid, he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts, a month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys home to catch the Hogwarts Express from Kings Cross railway station. There he meets the Weasley family, who show him how to pass through the wall to Platform 9¾. While on the train, Harry meets two fellow first years, Ron Weasley, who becomes his friend, and Hermione Granger. Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first-year, Draco Malfoy, Draco offers to advise Harry, but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of friendship. At Hogwarts, the first-years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities. While Harry is being sorted, the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards, but when Harry objects, Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor
10.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
–
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. The book follows Harry Potter, a wizard, in his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft. Along with friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, Harry investigates Sirius Black, the book was published in the United Kingdom on 8 July 1999 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 8 September 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Rowling found the book easy to write, finishing it just a year after she had begun writing it, the book sold 68,000 copies in just three days after its release in the United Kingdom, and since has sold over three million in the country. The book won the 1999 Whitbread Childrens Book Award, the Bram Stoker Award, the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, the film adaptation of the novel was released in 2004, grossing more than $796 million and earned notable critical acclaim. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were also released for several platforms, Harry is back at the Dursleys, where he sees on Muggle television that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped. Harry involuntarily inflates Aunt Marge when she comes to visit after she insults Harry and this leads to his running away and getting picked up by the Knight Bus. The night before he is expected to leave for Hogwarts, Harry learns that the prisoner, Sirius Black, is a convicted murderer. On the way to Hogwarts, a Dementor boards the train, causing Harry to faint, Harry, Ron, and Hermione learn that the Dementors will be patrolling the school in an attempt to protect Harry from Black. Later on, Lupins Defence Against the Dark Arts sessions prove far better than those of Gilderoy Lockharts. At Hogwarts, Harry has several problems with the Dementors, including an episode at a Quidditch match, during which he faints and his broom is smashed by the Whomping Willow. Working with Harry outside class, Lupin teaches him the Patronus Charm to repel Dementors, Ron and Hermiones friendship later suffers when Ron believes that Hermiones cat, Crookshanks, ate his rat, Scabbers. At Christmas, Harry receives a present, a late-model Firebolt broom. Fearing it might be cursed, Hermione reports the gift to Professor McGonagall, Ron, Hermione, and Harry join the effort to save Hagrids hippogriff, Buckbeak, from being executed for attacking Draco Malfoy, after Draco provoked him. Their efforts are unsuccessful, but Scabbers reappears shortly after they hear Buckbeak being executed, Ron chases Scabbers, only to be attacked by a big black dog, which Harry has seen several times before. The dog drags Ron through a tunnel under the Whomping Willow into the Shrieking Shack, Harry and Hermione follow, and there is a brief standoff when they find Ron and Sirius, who has transformed from the dog. Lupin enters, and they explain the situation to Harry and his friends, Lupin is a werewolf, which led to his friends James Potter, Sirius Black, and Peter Pettigrew becoming animagi. Lupin explains that Scabbers is Pettigrew in his form, he has been hiding from Black, whom he had framed for the murders of Harrys parents
11.
Harry Potter (character)
–
Harry James Potter is the title character of J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. The majority of the books plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Potter, thus, he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practise magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors. According to Rowling, the idea for both the Harry Potter books and its eponymous character came while waiting for a train from Manchester to London in 1990. She stated that her idea for this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didnt know he was a wizard became more and more real to me, while developing the ideas for her book, she also decided to make Harry an orphan who attended a boarding school called Hogwarts. She explained in a 1999 interview with The Guardian, Harry had to be an orphan—so that hes an agent, with no fear of letting down his parents. Hogwarts has to be a boarding school—half the important stuff happens at night, having a child of my own reinforces my belief that children above all want security, and thats what Hogwarts offers Harry. In a 2000 interview with The Guardian, Rowling also established that the character of Wart in T. H. Whites novel The Once, finally, she established Harrys birth date as 31 July, the same as her own. However, she maintained that Harry was not directly based on any real-life person, Rowling has also maintained that Harry is a suitable real-life role model for children. Harry first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, starting in 1981, when Harry was just one year old, his parents, James and Lily, were murdered by the most powerful Dark Wizard, Lord Voldemort. He attempted to kill Harry too, but was unsuccessful and only left a lightning bolt shaped scar on Harrys forehead, Voldemorts body was destroyed, but his soul was not. Harry later learns that the reason why he survived was because of Lily sacrificing herself for him, according to Rowling, fleshing out this back story was a matter of reverse planning, The basic idea Harry. Didnt know he was a wizard. and so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, when he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harrys parents, and then he tried to kill Harry—he tried to curse him, Harry has to find out, before we find out. And for some reason, the curse didnt work on Harry. So hes left with this lightning-bolt shaped scar on his forehead, as a result, Harry is written as an orphan living with his only remaining family, the Dursleys, who are neglectful and abusive. On his eleventh birthday, Harry learns he is a wizard when Rubeus Hagrid arrives to him that he is to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft. There he learns about the world, his parents. When he is sorted into Gryffindor House, he becomes fast friends with classmates Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, both feuds continue throughout the series
12.
Hogwarts
–
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, shortened Hogwarts, is a fictional British school of magic for students aged eleven to eighteen, and is the primary setting for the first six books in J. K. Hogwarts school was voted as the 36th best Scottish educational establishment in a 2008 online ranking, outranking Edinburghs Loretto School, according to a director of the Independent Schools Network Rankings, it was added to the schools listing for fun and was then voted on. J. K. Rowling says she visualises Hogwarts, in its entirety, to be, A huge, rambling, quite scary-looking castle, with a jumble of towers and battlements. Like the Weasleys house, it isnt a building that Muggles could build, in the novels, Hogwarts is somewhere in Scotland. The school is depicted as having numerous charms and spells on, Muggles cannot see the school, rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger. There is also an owlery, which all the owls owned by the school. Some rooms in the school tend to move around, and so do the stairs in the grand staircase, electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Hermione indicates that due to the levels of magic, substitutes for magic Muggles use such as computers, radar. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity, Hogwarts is on the shore of a lake, sometimes called the Black Lake. In that lake are merpeople, Grindylows, and a giant squid, the giant squid does not attack humans and sometimes acts as a lifeguard when students are in the lake. Hogwarts is a coeducational, secondary boarding school, taking children from eleven to eighteen. Education at Hogwarts is not compulsory, with students being home schooled as stated in the seventh book. Rowling initially said there are one thousand students at Hogwarts. She later suggested around six hundred, while acknowledging that this number was still inconsistent with the number of people in Harrys year. She further explained that this had resulted from her creating only 40 characters for Harrys year, Rowling has said that Hogwarts is a multifaith school. She has further stated on the subject, The only people I never imagined there are Wiccans, in response to the query, o you think there are a lot of LGBT students in modern age Hogwarts. I like to imagine they formed an LGBT club, Rowling replied, according to the novels, admission to Hogwarts is selective, in that children who show magical ability will automatically gain a place, and squibs cannot attend the school as students. A magical quill at Hogwarts detects the birth of children and writes their names into a large parchment book
13.
Ron Weasley
–
Ronald Bilius Ron Weasley is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. His first appearance was in the first book of the series, Harry Potter and he is a member of the Weasley family, a pure blood family, who reside in The Burrow outside Ottery St. Catchpole. Along with Harry and Hermione, he is a member of the Gryffindor house, Ron is present in most of the action throughout the series. According to Rowling, Ron was among the characters she created the very first day, Ron is inspired by Rowlings best friend Sean Harris, but she has clearly stated that she never set out to describe Sean in Ron, but Ron has a Sean-ish turn of phrase. Like Harris is to Rowling, Ron is always there when Harry needs him, some of Rons qualities serve as foils to Harry. While Harry is an orphan with more gold than he needs, Ron comes from a loving but poor family, many of his possessions are hand-me-downs. Harry is famous but would prefer to avoid the spotlight, Ron, in comparison, is perceived as a mere lackey. Finally, Ron is the most mediocre of his siblings, being neither an excellent Quidditch player, All these factors have combined to cause Ron serious insecurities, this inferiority complex, and his need to prove himself, is the main thrust of his character arc. Rowling first introduces Ron with his family in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Harry is lost at Kings Cross railway station and the Weasleys guide him through the barrier of Platform 9¾ into the wizarding world. Ron and Harry share a compartment on the Hogwarts Express, and they begin their friendship, Ron fascinated with the famous Harry, Ron and Harry share the same classes throughout the series, and generally have similar academic successes and disappointments. Ron plays a part in the quest to save the Philosophers Stone. His strategy at Wizards Chess allows Hermione and Harry to proceed safely through a dangerous life-size, during the game, Ron allows his piece to be sacrificed and is subsequently knocked unconscious. These last-minute points help support Gryffindors win of the House Cup, the second instalment, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, takes place the year following the events of the Philosophers Stone. During the summer, Ron attempts to write to Harry several times and he receives no reply because Dobby the house elf is stopping Harrys wizard mail. Ron becomes so concerned that he and his brothers Fred and George fly their fathers enchanted Ford Anglia car to Harrys home at his aunt, Harry spends the next month at the Weasleys home, The Burrow. While attempting to depart from Kings Cross station, Harry and Ron find themselves unable to enter the barrier to access Platform 9¾, with Harry, Ron conceives the idea of taking the flying Ford Anglia to Hogwarts. The plan is successful, but the Anglia loses power at the end of the journey, Ron receives a Howler from his mother, berating him for taking the car. Later Ron is forced to come face-to-face with his worst nightmare, spiders, in the Forbidden Forest, giant spiders nearly devour the two of them, but the Weasley Ford Anglia returns from the Forbidden Forest and rescues the pair
14.
Hermione Granger
–
Hermione Jean Granger is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. She first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, as a new student on her way to Hogwarts. After Harry and Ron save her from a troll in the girls toilets, she becomes best friends with them and often uses her quick wit, deft recall. Rowling has stated that Hermione resembles herself at an age, with her insecurity. Hermione Jean Granger is a Muggle-born, Gryffindor student who becomes best friends with Harry Potter, Rowling states that she was born on 19 September 1979 and she was nearly twelve when she first attended Hogwarts. She is an overachiever who excels academically, and is described by Rowling as a logical, upright. Rowling adds that Hermiones parents, two Muggle dentists, are a bit bemused by their odd daughter but very proud of her all the same and they are well aware of the wizarding world and have visited Diagon Alley with her. Rowling confirmed in a 2004 interview that Hermione is an only child, Rowling has described the character of Luna Lovegood as the anti-Hermione as they are so different. Hermiones foil at Hogwarts is Pansy Parkinson, a based on real-life girls who teased the author during her school days. Rowling stated that the character of Hermione carries several autobiographical influences, I did not set out to make Hermione like me but she is. she is an exaggeration of how I was when I was younger. She recalled being called a little know-it-all in her youth, moreover, she states that not unlike herself, there is a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath Hermiones swottiness. Rowling also states that her feminist conscience is saved by Hermione and her original last name was Puckle, but Rowling felt the name did not suit her at all, and so the less frivolous Granger made it into the books. Hermione first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone when she meets Harry, here Hermione condemns Ron for his inability to perform a spell to turn his rat yellow. She proves just how much she knows by declaring that she memorized all the textbooks by heart and she constantly annoys her peers with her knowledge, so Harry and Ron initially consider her arrogant, especially after she criticises Rons incantation of the Levitation Charm. They heartily dislike her until they rescue her from a troll, for which she is so thankful that she lies to them from punishment. Hermione is the brains behind the plan to enter the place where the Stone is hidden and she responds to Harrys wariness of Professor Severus Snape and is also suspicious of him. She reveals to Harry and Ron that she does a lot of research in the library and she concocts the Polyjuice Potion needed for the trio to disguise themselves as Dracos housemates to collect information about the Heir of Slytherin who has reopened the Chamber of Secrets. Hermione is Petrified by the basilisk after successfully identifying the creature through library research, though she lies incapacitated in the hospital wing, her information is crucial to Harry and Ron in their successful mission to solve the mystery of the Chamber of Secrets
15.
Religious debates over the Harry Potter series
–
Religious debates over the Harry Potter series of books by J. K. Rowling are based on claims that the novels contain occult or Satanic subtexts. A number of Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox Christians have argued against the series, as have some Shia, far from promoting a particular religion, some argue, the Harry Potter novels go out of their way to avoid discussing religion at all. The Orthodox churches of Greece and Bulgaria have also campaigned against the series, the books have been banned from private schools in the United Arab Emirates and criticised in the Iranian state-run press. Religious responses to Harry Potter have not all been negative, most of the criticism of Harry Potter is from Fundamental Evangelical Christian groups, who believe the series depiction of witchcraft is dangerous to children. Harry Potter has been the subject of at least six book burnings in the U. S, in 2002, Chick Publications produced a comic book tract titled The Nervous Witch that declared the Potter books open a doorway that will put untold millions of kids into hell. Later editions incorporated comparisons and contrasts between Harry Potter and the more overtly Christian works of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. If you go to The Chronicles of Narnia and The Lord of the Rings what you see in, story magic and imagination, but if you go to something like Harry Potter, you can find references to astrology, clairvoyance, and numerology. It takes seconds to go into a bookstore or library and get books on that and start investigating it, researching it, for all that do these thing are an abomination unto the LORD. If this were the passage dealing with occultism, it would be enough to forbid all of the practices found in the Harry Potter series. But there are other verses to consider. The debate has inspired at least two satirical Internet urban legends and this article was actually copied into a chain letter and circulated among Christians as proof of their views. J. K. Satan—said that as she sat in a coffee shop one day, wondering what to do with her empty, aimless life, it hit her, Ill give myself, body and soul. And in return, he will give me absurd wealth and power over the weak and this article was also copied into a chain letter and released as truth onto the web. While some evangelical Christians consider Harry Potter related to Satanism, a poll in 2000 indicated that this remains a minority view. Seven percent of Americans who have heard of the books have a view of them, with 52 percent having a positive opinion. This compares with 33 percent of Americans who identify themselves as Evangelical and 39 percent who take the Bible literally, in 2001 the Alamogordo Christ Community Church in New Mexico burned hundreds of copies of the Harry Potter books. Jack Brock, leader of the church, said the books were an abomination because they inspired children to study the occult and he and his followers admitted they have never read any of the books, and tossed in some Stephen King novels. Douglas Taylor in Lewiston, Maine, has several annual gatherings at which he cuts the Potter books up with scissors
16.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
–
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 British-American fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the second instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves, the story follows Harry Potters second year at Hogwarts as the Heir of Salazar Slytherin opens the Chamber of Secrets, unleashing a monster that petrifies the schools denizens. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends Ron Weasley and it is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone and is followed by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The film was released on 15 November 2002 in the United Kingdom and it was very well received critically and commercially, making US$879 million worldwide. It is the film in the Harry Potter series and the 45th-highest-grossing film of all time. It was nominated for three BAFTA Film Awards in 2003, after his first year at Hogwarts, Harry Potter spends the summer without receiving letters from his Hogwarts friends. In his room, Harry meets Dobby, a house-elf who warns him bad things happen if he returns to Hogwarts. Harry chases him downstairs, where Dobby destroys a cake, the Dursleys lock Harry up, but Ron, Fred and George Weasley rescue him in their fathers flying Ford Anglia. Harry also encounters Draco Malfoy and his father Lucius, who slips a book in Ginny Weasleys belongings, when Harry and Ron are blocked from entering Platform Nine and Three-Quarters, they fly to Hogwarts in the Ford Anglia and crash into the hostile Whomping Willow. Rons wand is damaged, and the car throws them out before driving off and they are allowed back into school but face detention. More attacks occur over the course of the year, Harry and Ron suspect Malfoy is the Heir, so Hermione suggests they question him while disguised using polyjuice potion. Their makeshift laboratory is in a disused bathroom haunted by a ghost, when Harry communicates with a snake the school suspects him as the Heir. At Christmas, Harry and Ron learn that Malfoy is not the Heir, but he mentions that a girl died when the Chamber was last opened fifty years ago. Harry finds a diary, owned by a former student named Tom Riddle, which shows him a flashback to fifty years before. When the diary disappears and Hermione is petrified, Harry and Ron question Hagrid, professor Dumbledore, Cornelius Fudge, and Lucius Malfoy come to take Hagrid to Azkaban, but he discreetly tells the boys to follow the spiders. In the Forbidden Forest, Harry and Ron find Aragog, a giant spider who reveals Hagrids innocence, Aragog then sets his colony of Acromantula on the boys, but the now-wild Ford Anglia saves them. A book page in Hermiones hand identifies the monster is a basilisk, a giant serpent that instantly kills those who make eye contact with it
17.
Ford Anglia
–
The Ford Anglia is a compact car which was designed and manufactured by Ford UK. It is related to the Ford Prefect and the later Ford Popular, the Anglia name was applied to various models between 1939 and 1967. A total of 1,594,486 Anglias were produced and it was replaced by the Ford Escort. The first Ford Anglia model, the E04A, was released on 31 October 1939 as smallest model in the UK Ford range and it replaced the Ford 7Y and was a facelifted version of that model. The Anglia was a vehicle aimed at the cheap end of the market. Styling was typically late-1930s, with an upright radiator, there were standard and deluxe models, the latter having better instrumentation and, on pre-war models, running boards. Both front and rear suspensions used transverse leaf springs, and the brakes were mechanical, the two-door Anglia is similar to the longer, four-door, E93A Ford Prefect. A bulge at the back enabled a spare wheel to be removed from its vertical outside stowage on the back of the car and stowed flat on the boot floor, which usefully increased luggage space. Some back seat leg room was sacrificed to the luggage space, the Anglia replaced the 7Y saloon, but the van version of the earlier model continued to be built until 1946, after which some very minor changes sufficed to rebaptize the van the E04C. The domestic market engine was the 933 cc straight-four side-valve engine familiar to drivers of predecessor models since 1933, a minor styling change was made in December 1947, with the name “Anglia” now incorporated in the top of the grille surround. A contemporary road test commended the Anglias ability to pull away from 5 or 6 mph in top gear, compulsory driving tests had only recently been introduced in the UK. Most potential buyers would approach the vehicle without the benefit of formal driving tuition, the cars did have synchromesh between second and top gears, but not between first and second, so many would have sought, wherever possible, to avoid en route changes down to first. Production, hindered by the diversion of Fords factory to production during the Second World War. Initial sales in Britain actually began in early 1940, production was suspended in early 1942, and resumed in mid-1945. The E04A was also built in Australia from 1940 to 1945 and was produced in tourer and roadster body styles, the former had a rear seat and the latter was a two-seater convertible. The Australian-built Anglia A54A used the chassis and front panels of the English E04A and was offered in 4-door sedan, tourer, coupe utility, the 8HP 933cc engine was used and all models featured running boards. Three different types of radiator grille were fitted to A54A models, both the original and the revised E04A grilles were used and a third style, unique to the A54A, was introduced in 1948. This featured a centrally placed vertical chrome strip, the 1949 model, code E494A, was a makeover of the previous model with a rather more 1940s style front-end, including the sloped, twin-lobed radiator grille
18.
Hogwarts staff
–
The following fictional characters are staff members and denizens of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling. The following are notable teachers and staff members who do not have their own articles or who are not listed in other articles, argus Filch is the caretaker of Hogwarts. While he is not a character, he is ill-tempered, which makes him unpopular with the student body. He tends to favour almost sadistically harsh punishments, leading to his alliance with Umbridge and he has an obsessive dislike of mud, animate toys, and all other things that might interfere with his creation of an immaculately clean and orderly Hogwarts. He is also portrayed as having a constant antagonism towards Peeves the poltergeist and he also likes to wander Hogwarts corridors at night, presumably in the hope of catching a student out of bed. Filch is revealed to be a Squib in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets when Harry accidentally discovers that he is trying to teach himself basic magic from a Kwikspell correspondence course. Nonetheless, Filch is at least able to use wizarding devices that have their own magic, such as the Secrecy Sensor used in Harry Potter. It is hinted that his dislike of students may stem from his disappointment, in the Half Blood Prince, Harry and Hermione jokingly suspect that he is in a relationship with Irma Pince, the librarian at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book and he is later seen overseeing the evacuation of younger students. Filch has a cat named Mrs Norris to whom he has a particular and she acts as a hallway monitor or spy for Filch. If she observes students engaging in activity or out of bed after curfew, she finds Filch. She has been known to follow Hagrid everywhere he goes in the school, Rowling, there is nothing particularly magical about Mrs Norris, other than her being just an intelligent cat. Its the ambition of many Hogwarts students to give her a good kick, in the Chamber of Secrets incident, Mrs Norris is temporarily petrified by the Basilisk, which causes Filch extreme distress. David Bradley portrays Filch in the film series, Mrs Norris was played by a Maine Coon cat named Peebles. Filius Flitwick is the Charms Master at Hogwarts and the head of Ravenclaw house and he is described as being a very short, dwarf-like person. He is also mentioned as having been a student and a former duelling champion. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone he uses his skills to help decorate the Great Hall for Christmas. During Harrys second year, Flitwick helps Professor Sinistra carry a petrified Justin Finch-Fletchley to the hospital wing
19.
Basilisk
–
In European bestiaries and legends, a basilisk is a legendary reptile reputed to be king of serpents and said to have the power to cause death with a single glance. It is possible that the legend of the basilisk and its association with the weasel in Europe was inspired by accounts of certain species of Asiatic snakes and their natural predator, the basilisk is called king because it is reputed to have on its head a mitre- or crown-shaped crest. Stories of the show that it is not completely distinguished from the cockatrice. The basilisk is alleged to be hatched by a cockerel from the egg of a serpent or toad, in Medieval Europe, the description of the creature began taking on features from cockerels. One of the earliest accounts of the basilisk comes from Pliny the Elders Natural History and it is produced in the province of Cyrene, being not more than twelve fingers in length. It has a spot on the head, strongly resembling a sort of a diadem. When it hisses, all the other serpents fly from it, and it does not advance its body, like the others, by a succession of folds, but moves along upright and erect upon the middle. It destroys all shrubs, not only by its contact, but those even that it has breathed upon, it burns up all the grass, too, and breaks the stones, so tremendous is its noxious influence. It was formerly a general belief that if a man on horseback killed one of animals with a spear, the poison would run up the weapon and kill, not only the rider. The animal is thrown into the hole of the basilisk, which is known from the soil around it being infected. The weasel destroys the basilisk by its odour, but dies itself in this struggle of nature against its own self, isidore of Seville defined the basilisk as the king of snakes, due to its killing glare and its poisonous breath. The Venerable Bede was the first to attest to the legend of the birth of a basilisk from an egg by an old cockerel, and then other authors added the condition of Sirius being ascendant. Alexander Neckam was the first to say not the glare but the air corruption was the killing tool of the basilisk. Theophilus Presbyter gives a recipe in his book for creating a basilisk to convert copper into Spanish gold. The compound was formed by combining powdered basilisk blood, powdered human blood, red copper, albertus Magnus in the De animalibus wrote about the killing gaze of the basilisk, but he denied other legends, such as the rooster hatching the egg. Geoffrey Chaucer featured a basilicok in his Canterbury Tales, according to some legends, basilisks can be killed by hearing the crow of a rooster or gazing at itself through a mirror. The latter method of killing the beast is featured in the legend of the basilisk of Warsaw, stories gradually added to the basilisks deadly capabilities, such as describing it as a larger beast, capable of breathing fire and killing with the sound of its voice. Some writers even claimed it could not only by touch
20.
Horcrux
–
The following is a list of magical objects used in the Harry Potter series. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hermione Granger creates fake, due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the change to alert the members to look at their coins. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermiones DA coins, which were inspired by Lord Voldemorts use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville Longbottom uses the DAs coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and they then arrive at the Room of Requirement to fight in the Battle of Hogwarts on May 2,1998. A Howler is a letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient. If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smolders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal. In the film version, the Howler folds itself into a set of lips and eyes. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his fathers enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confessed that he once got a Howler from his grandmother, stating that he ignored it, subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor Common Room in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Hermione receives one in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after Rita Skeeter publishes an article about the relationship between Hermione and Harry. In the film Harry receives a Howler from Mafalda Hopkirk to announce he has been expelled from Hogwarts for using magic outside school. A Deluminator is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter and it is used to remove or absorb the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator to darken Privet Drive and it was next seen in Order of the Phoenix where Dumbledore loans the Deluminator to Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys home to Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry, in Deathly Hallows, it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore. After Ron had left his friends in anger, the Deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, Rowling stated that Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione. Within the Harry Potter universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible, all are very rare and expensive, and may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise, magical herbivores that are found in the Far East
21.
Anagram
–
The original word or phrase is known as the subject of the anagram. Any word or phrase that exactly reproduces the letters in order is an anagram. Someone who creates anagrams may be called an anagrammatist, and the goal of a serious or skilled anagrammatist is to produce anagrams that in some way reflect or comment on their subject, Anagrams are often used as a form of mnemonic device. Such an anagram may be a synonym or antonym of its subject, a parody and it sometimes changes a proper noun or personal name into a sentence, such as with William Shakespeare = I am a weakish speller or Madam Curie = Radium came. It can change parts of speech, such as the adjective silent to the verb listen, Anagrams itself can be anagrammatized as Ars magna. Anagrams can be traced back to the time of Moses, as Themuru or changing and they were popular throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, for example with the poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut. They are said to go back at least to the Greek poet Lycophron, in the third century BCE, Anagrams in Latin were considered witty over many centuries. Est vir qui adest, explained below, was cited as the example in Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language, any historical material on anagrams must always be interpreted in terms of the assumptions and spellings that were current for the language in question. In particular, spelling in English only slowly became fixed, there were attempts to regulate anagram formation, an important one in English being that of George Puttenhams Of the Anagram or Posy Transposed in The Art of English Poesie. The origins of these are not documented, Latin continued to influence letter values. There was a tradition of allowing anagrams to be perfect if the letters were all used once. This can be seen in a popular Latin anagram against the Jesuits, Societas Jesu turned into Vitiosa seces, the rules were not completely fixed in the 17th century. When it comes to the 17th century and anagrams in English or other languages, the lawyer Thomas Egerton was praised through the anagram gestat honorem, the physician George Ent took the anagrammatic motto genio surget, which requires his first name as Georgius. James Is courtiers discovered in James Stuart a just master, walter Quin, tutor to the future Charles I, worked hard on multilingual anagrams on the name of father James. Dryden in MacFlecknoe disdainfully called the pastime the torturing of one poor word ten thousand ways, an example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands, where Armand de Richelieu became Ardue main dHercule. Examples from the century are the transposition of Horatio Nelson into Honor est a Nilo. With the advent of surrealism as a movement, anagrams regained the artistic respect they had had in the Baroque period. The German poet Unica Zürn, who made use of anagram techniques, came to regard obsession with anagrams as a dangerous fever
22.
Dumbledore's Army
–
Dumbledores Army is a fictional student organisation in J. K. It was founded in the book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This theory-only approach is widely unpopular among the students, especially those characters like Harry, exams on the subject later in the year. Harry also believes that lack of practical experience makes them vulnerable to Lord Voldemorts forces. This prompts Hermione to suggest founding a student group where Harry would teach practical Defence Against the Dark Arts, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Neville and Luna are distraught due to the fact that the D. A. no longer exists. When Hogwarts is invaded by Death Eaters, they are among the members who join the Order of the Phoenix in the ensuing battle. A, however, Luna is abducted and Ginny leaves school, leaving Neville as the D. A. s leader. The group thereafter hide from the Death Eaters in the Room of Requirement, the D. A. believed that if Harry returned hed lead them in a revolution against Snape and the Carrows and are disappointed when he initially refuses to let them help. In the books climax, the D. A. plays an important role in the Battle of Hogwarts, twenty years later, they still wage hopeless resistance against the all-powerful Voldemort, clandestinely helped by Severus Snape - in this reality still alive and still teaching at Hogwarts. Eventually, these remnants of Dumbledores Army sacrifice themselves to cover the escape of Scorpius Malfoy, Hannah Abbott is a Hufflepuff student in Harrys year, described as pink-faced with blonde hair worn in pigtails. W. L. Exams, and has to be given a Calming Draught and she is among the six D. A. members who prevent Draco Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle from ambushing Harry aboard the Hogwarts Express at the end of the term. The adult Hannah becomes the landlady of The Leaky Cauldron, and has married Neville Longbottom, charlotte Skeoch played Hannah in the film adaptations of Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire, and voiced the character in the Order of the Phoenix video game. Katie Bell is a Gryffindor student who joins the Quidditch team in her year as a Chaser. She nonetheless succeeds in retaining her spot as Chaser alongside newcomers Ginny Weasley, in Half-Blood Prince, Malfoy secretly attempts to use Katie to deliver a fatally-cursed necklace to Dumbledore. Madam Rosmerta, whom he has placed under the Imperius Curse, herself puts Katie under the Imperius Curse, in the Three Broomsticks in Hogsmeade, in order to deliver it. Whilst arguing about the package with her friend Leanne, Katie ends up accidentally touching the necklace through the package and is badly cursed. Katie returns fully healed to participate in Gryffindors Quidditch Cup final win over Ravenclaw, in Deathly Hallows, she reunites with Oliver, Alicia and Angelina to assist the D. A. in the Battle of Hogwarts. Katie was portrayed by Emily Dale in a part in the first two films. Susan Bones is a Hufflepuff student in Harrys year who wears her hair in a long plait down her back
23.
John Grisham
–
John Ray Grisham, Jr. is an American bestselling writer, attorney, politician, and activist best known for his popular legal thrillers. His books have been translated into 42 languages and published worldwide, John Grisham graduated from Mississippi State University before attending the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. He practiced criminal law for about a decade and served in the House of Representatives in Mississippi from January 1984 to September 1990 and his first novel, A Time to Kill, was published in June 1989, four years after he began writing it. As of 2012, his books have sold over 275 million copies worldwide, a Galaxy British Book Awards winner, Grisham is one of only three authors to sell 2 million copies on a first printing. Grishams first bestseller, The Firm, sold more than seven million copies. Eight of his novels have also been adapted into films, The Chamber, The Client, A Painted House, The Pelican Brief, Skipping Christmas, The Rainmaker, The Runaway Jury. Grisham, the second of five siblings, was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, to Wanda Skidmore Grisham and his father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer, while his mother was a homemaker. When Grisham was four years old, his family settled in Southaven, DeSoto County, as a child, Grisham wanted to be a baseball player. Grisham has been a Christian since he was eight years old, after leaving law school, he participated in some missionary work in Brazil, under the First Baptist Church of Oxford. Although Grishams parents lacked formal education, his mother encouraged him to read and he drew on his childhood experiences for his novel A Painted House. Grisham started working for a nursery as a teenager, watering bushes for US$1.00 an hour and he was soon promoted to a fence crew for US$1.50 an hour. He wrote about the job, there was no future in it, at 16, Grisham took a job with a plumbing contractor but says he never drew inspiration from that miserable work. Through a contact of his fathers, he managed to work on a highway asphalt crew in Mississippi at age 17. It was during this time that an unfortunate incident got him serious about college, a fight with gunfire broke out among the crew causing Grisham to run to a nearby restroom to find safety. He did not come out until after the police had detained the perpetrators and he hitchhiked home and started thinking about college. His next work was in retail, as a salesclerk in a department store mens underwear section and he decided to quit but stayed when he was offered a raise. He was given another raise after asking to be transferred to toys, a confrontation with a company spy posing as a customer convinced him to leave the store. By this time, Grisham was halfway through college, planning to become a tax lawyer, he was soon overcome by the complexity and lunacy of it
24.
Tom Clancy
–
Thomas Leo Tom Clancy Jr. was an American novelist and video game designer best known for his technically detailed espionage and military-science story lines set during and after the Cold War. Seventeen of his novels were bestsellers, and more than 100 million copies of his books are in print and his name was also used on movie scripts written by ghost writers, nonfiction books on military subjects, and video games. He was a part-owner of the Baltimore Orioles and vice-chairman of their community activities, Clancys literary career began in 1984 when he sold The Hunt for Red October for $5,000. His works, The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, Clancy died on October 1,2013, of an undisclosed illness. Clancy was born on April 12,1947, at Franklin Square Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland and he was the second of three children to Thomas Clancy, who worked for the United States Postal Service, and Catherine Clancy, who worked in a stores credit department. His mother worked to him to the private Catholic Loyola Blakefield in Towson, Maryland. He then attended Loyola College in Baltimore, graduating in 1969 with a degree in English literature, while at university, he was president of the chess club. He joined the Army Reserve Officers Training Corps, however, he was ineligible to serve due to his nearsightedness, after graduating, he worked for an insurance company in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1973, he joined the O. F. Bowen Agency, in 1980, he purchased the insurance agency from his wifes grandmother and wrote novels in his spare time. While working at the agency, he wrote his debut novel. Clancys literary career began in 1982 when he started writing The Hunt for Red October and she believed Clancy had an innate storytelling ability, and his characters had this very witty dialogue. The publisher requested Clancy to cut numerous technical details, amounting to about 100 pages, Clancy, who had wanted to sell 5,000 copies, ended up selling over 45,000. The book was praised for its technical accuracy, which led to Clancys meeting several high-ranking officers in the U. S. military. All but two of Clancys solely written novels feature Jack Ryan or John Clark, the Cold War epic Red Storm Rising was co-written with fellow military-oriented author Larry Bond. The first NetForce novel, titled Net Force, was adapted as a 1999 TV movie starring Scott Bakula, the first Op-Center novel was released to coincide with a 1995 NBC television miniseries of the same name starring Harry Hamlin and a cast of stars. Though the miniseries did not continue, the series did, but later had little in common with the first TV miniseries other than the title. Clancy wrote several books about various branches of the U. S. He also branded several lines of books and video games with his name that are written by other authors, by 1988, Clancy had earned $1.3 million for The Hunt for Red October and had signed a $3 million contract for his next three books
25.
Terry Pratchett
–
Sir Terence David John Terry Pratchett, OBE was an English author of fantasy novels, especially comical works. He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels, Pratchetts first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971. The first Discworld novel, The Colour of Magic, was published in 1983 and his 2011 Discworld novel Snuff was at the time of its release the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK, selling 55,000 copies in the first three days. His final Discworld novel, The Shepherds Crown, was published in August 2015, Pratchett, with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages, was the UKs best-selling author of the 1990s. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours, in 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents, the first Discworld book marketed for children. He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010, in December 2007, Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimers disease. Pratchett died on 12 March 2015 at age 66, Pratchett was born on 28 April 1948 in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire, England, the only child of David and Eileen Pratchett, of Hay-on-Wye where he attended Holtspur School. Pratchett described himself as a student and, in his Whos Who entry. He collected Brooke Bond tea cards about space, owned a telescope and wanted to be an astronomer and he developed an interest in reading science fiction and began attending science fiction conventions from about 1963–1964, but stopped when he got his first job a few years later. His early reading included the works of H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, and every book you ought to read. Pratchett published his first short story entitled Business Rivals in the High Wycombe Technical School magazine in 1962 and it is the tale of a man named Crucible who finds the Devil in his flat in a cloud of sulphurous smoke. The Hades Business, which was published in the magazine when he was 13 was published commercially when he was 15. Pratchett earned five O-levels and started A-level courses in Art, English, One of these episodic stories contains characters found in his novel, The Carpet People. The stories are part of a project by the Bucks Free Press to make them available online. While on day release he finished his A-Level in English and took a course for journalists. Pratchett had his breakthrough in 1968 when he interviewed Peter Bander van Duren, co-director of a small publishing company. During the meeting, Pratchett mentioned he had written a manuscript, Colin Smythe Ltd published the book in 1971, with illustrations by Pratchett. The book received strong, if few, reviews and was followed by the science fiction novels The Dark Side of the Sun, after various positions in journalism, in 1980 Pratchett became Press Officer for the Central Electricity Generating Board in an area which covered four nuclear power stations
26.
The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
27.
Mandrake
–
The plants from which the root is obtained are also called mandrakes. Mediterranean mandrakes are perennial plants with ovate leaves arranged in a rosette, a thick upright root, often branched. They have been placed in different species by different authors and they are very variable perennial herbaceous plants with long thick roots and almost no stem. The leaves are borne in a rosette, and are very variable in size and shape. They are usually elliptical in shape or wider towards the end. They have long used in magic rituals, today also in contemporary pagan traditions such as Wicca. All species of Mandragora contain highly biologically active alkaloids, tropane alkaloids in particular, the alkaloids make the plant, in particular the root and leaves, poisonous, via anticholinergic, hallucinogenic, and hypnotic effects. Anticholinergic properties can lead to asphyxiation, ingesting mandrake root is likely to have other adverse effects such as vomiting and diarrhea. The alkaloid concentration varies between plant samples, hyperactivity and hallucinations also occurred in the majority of patients. The root is hallucinogenic and narcotic, in sufficient quantities, it induces a state of unconsciousness and was used as an anaesthetic for surgery in ancient times. In the past, juice from the grated root was applied externally to relieve rheumatic pains. It was also used internally to treat melancholy, convulsions, when taken internally in large doses, however, it is said to excite delirium and madness. In the past, mandrake was often made into amulets which were believed to bring fortune, cure sterility. In one superstition, people who pull up this root will be condemned to hell, Therefore, in the past, people have tied the roots to the bodies of animals and then used these animals to pull the roots from the soil. Two references to דודאים —literally meaning love plant—occur in the Jewish scriptures, the Septuagint translates דודאים as μανδραγόρας, and the Vulgate follows the Septuagint. A number of translations into different languages follow Septuagint and use mandrake as the plant as the proper meaning in both the Book of Genesis 30, 14–16 and Song of Songs 7,13. Others follow the example of the Luther Bible and provide a literal translation. In Genesis 30,14, Reuben, the eldest son of Jacob and Leah, Rachel, Jacobs infertile second wife and Leahs sister, is desirous of the דודאים and barters with Leah for them
28.
Stephen King
–
Stephen Edwin King is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have more than 350 million copies, many of which have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television shows. King has published 54 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman and he has written nearly 200 short stories, most of which have been collected in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his state of Maine. His novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was the basis for the movie The Shawshank Redemption which is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. King has received Bram Stoker Awards, World Fantasy Awards, and his novella The Way Station was a Nebula Award novelette nominee. In 2003, the National Book Foundation awarded him the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters and his short story The Man in the Black Suit received the O. Henry Award. In 2015, King was awarded with a National Medal of Arts from the United States National Endowment for the Arts for his contributions to literature, King was born September 21,1947, in Portland, Maine. His father, Donald Edwin King, was born circa 1913 in Peru, Indiana, when Donald was born, his surname was Pollock, but as an adult, he used the surname King. Kings mother, Nellie Ruth, was born in Scarborough, Maine, Donald and Nellie were married July 23,1939, in Cumberland County, Maine. The family moved to De Pere, Wisconsin, Fort Wayne, Indiana, when King was 11, the family returned to Durham, Maine, where his mother cared for her parents until their deaths. She then became a caregiver in a residential facility for the mentally challenged. King was raised Methodist and remains religious as an adult, as a child, King apparently witnessed one of his friends being struck and killed by a train, though he has no memory of the event. His family told him that leaving home to play with the boy, King returned, speechless. Only later did the family learn of the friends death, some commentators have suggested that this event may have psychologically inspired some of Kings darker works, but King makes no mention of it in his memoir On Writing. King related in detail his primary inspiration for writing fiction in his non-fiction Danse Macabre. King compares his uncles successfully dowsing for water using the bough of a branch with the sudden realization of what he wanted to do for a living. King told Barnes & Noble Studios during a 2009 interview, I knew that Id found home when I read that book, King attended Durham Elementary School and graduated from Lisbon Falls High School, in Lisbon Falls, Maine
29.
Graeme Davis (mediaevalist)
–
Graeme Davis is an author, editor and academic researcher, as well as an associate lecturer with The Open University. He is a specialist in mediaeval language and literature, with interests in the Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, Iceland, Greenland, publications include Germanic linguistics and dialectology, mediaeval history of the North Atlantic Region, English literature criticism, and genealogy. Additionally he has supported the development of English studies at the University of Basrah, Basra. Davis received a PhD from University of St. Andrews, and has taught at Manchester Metropolitan University and he and Karl Bernhardt are the editor of the linguistics monograph series Contemporary Studies in Descriptive Linguistics and Studies in Historical Linguistics. The journals were Journal of Language and Learning, Journal of Language and Linguistics and Journal of Language and Literature
30.
Deus ex machina
–
Deus ex machina is a Latin calque from Greek ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός, meaning god from the machine. The term was coined from the conventions of Greek tragedy, where a machine is used to bring actors playing gods onto the stage, the machine could be either a crane used to lower actors from above or a riser that brought actors up through a trapdoor. Preparation to pick up the actors was done behind the skene, the idea was introduced by Aeschylus and was used often to resolve the conflict and conclude the drama. Although the device is associated mostly with Greek tragedy, it appeared in comedies. Aeschylus used the device in his Eumenides, but it was with Euripides that it became a stage machine. More than half of Euripides extant tragedies employ a deus ex machina in their resolution, in Alcestis, the eponymous heroine agrees to give up her own life in order to spare the life of her husband, Admetus. At the end, Heracles shows up and seizes Alcestis from Death, restoring her to life, aristophanes play Thesmophoriazusae parodies Euripides frequent use of the crane by making Euripides himself a character in the play and bringing him on stage by way of the mechane. The effect of the device on Greek audiences was a direct, audiences would have a feeling of wonder and astonishment at the appearance of the gods, which would often add to the moral effect of the drama. Shakespeare used the device in As You Like It, Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Cymbeline and it was also used in John Gays The Beggars Opera where the author uses a character to break the action and rewrite the ending as a reprieve of the hanging of MacHeath. Both in Shakespeares and Gays plays the deus ex machina happens with breaking the illusion often in the form of an episodic narrator exposing the play itself. This is different from the use of the deus ex machina in the ancient examples with the coming from a participant in the action in the form of a god. It is natural for the gods to be considered participants and not outside sources because of their privileged position and it is these attributes that allow the Greek gods to believably wrap up and solve the series of events. During the politically turbulent 17th and 18th centuries, the deus ex machina was sometimes used to make a controversial thesis more palatable to the powers of the day. Aristotle was the first to use deus ex machina as a term to describe the technique as a device to resolve the plot of tragedies and it is generally deemed undesirable in writing and often implies a lack of creativity on the part of the author. In H. G. Wellss The War of the Worlds, in the novel Lord of the Flies, the rescue of the savage children by a passing navy officer is viewed by some critics as a deus ex machina. The abrupt ending conveys the terrible fate that would have afflicted the children if the officer had not arrived at that moment. J. R. R. Tolkien coined the term eucatastrophe to refer to a turn of events that ensures the protagonist does not meet some impending fate. He also referred to the Great Eagles that appear in places in The Hobbit
31.
American Library Association
–
The American Library Association is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world, founded by Justin Winsor, Charles Ammi Cutter, Samuel S. Green, James L. Whitney, Melvil Dewey, Fred B. Perkins, Charles Evans, and Thomas W. Bicknell in 1876 in Philadelphia, in attendance were 90 men and 13 women, among them Justin Winsor, William Frederick Poole, Charles Ammi Cutter, Melvil Dewey, and Richard Rogers Bowker. Attendees came from as far west as Chicago and from England, the aim of the Association, in that resolution, was to enable librarians to do their present work more easily and at less expense. The Association has worked throughout its history to define, extend, protect, during this period, the first Library Bill of Rights was drafted by Forrest Spaulding to set a standard against censorship and was adopted by the ALA in 1939. This has been recognized as the moment defining modern librarianship as a committed to intellectual freedom. The ALA formed the Staff Organizations Round Table in 1936 and the Library Unions Round Table in 1940, the ALA appointed a committee to study censorship and recommend policy after the banning of The Grapes of Wrath and the implementation of the LBR. The committee reported in 1940 that intellectual freedom and professionalism were linked and recommended a permanent committee – Committee on Intellectual Freedom, in 1961, the ALA took a stand regarding service to African Americans and others, advocating for equal library service for all. An amendment was passed to the LBR in 1961 that made clear that an individuals library use should not be denied or abridged because of race, religion, national origin, some communities decided to close their doors rather than desegregate. In 1963, the ALA commissioned a study, Access to Public Libraries, in 1967 some librarians protested against a pro-Vietnam War speech given by General Maxwell D. This group called themselves the Organizing Committee for the ALA Round Table on Social Responsibilities of Libraries and this group drew in many other under-represented groups in the ALA who lacked power, including the Congress for Change in 1969. This formation of the committee was approved in 1969 and would change its name to the Social Responsibilities Round Table in 1971). After its inception, the Round Table of Social Responsibilities began to press ALA leadership to address such as library unions, working conditions, wages. The Freedom to Read Foundation was created by ALAs Executive Board in 1969, the Black Caucus of the ALA and the Office for Literacy and Outreach were set up in 1970. His comments were inappropriate and fell far short of the commitment to diversity. Handlers remarks come at a time when the world has little diversity. Works from authors and illustrators of color make up less than 8 percent of children’s titles produced in 2013, the ALA hopes this regrettable incident will be used to open a dialogue on the need for diversity in the publishing industry, particularly in regards to books for young people. The ALA Archives, including documents, non-current records
32.
Booklist
–
Booklist is a publication of the American Library Association that provides critical reviews of books and audiovisual materials for all ages. Booklist’s primary audience consists of libraries, educators, and booksellers, the magazine is available to subscribers in print and online. Booklist is published 22 times per year, and reviews over 7,500 titles annually, the Booklist brand also offers a blog, various newsletters, and monthly webinars. The Booklist offices are located in the American Library Association headquarters in Chicago’s Gold Coast neighborhood, in 1913, the Booklist offices were moved from Boston to the ALA headquarters in Chicagos McCormick mansion. By the 1930s the reviews had become more in-depth, and the journal began to some articles. Amidst a world crisis, the editor helped library patrons to have their questions answered while presenting various viewpoints, from the 1950s to the 1960s, Booklist reviews were limited to 150 words, generally three long sentences. Reviews were handwritten in pencil on yellow paper, edited and typed up for the printer. Artistic design choices for the magazine were minimal, with the visual change between issues being the plain covers solid colour. The 1970s saw a deal of change in the Booklist offices. As adolescent literature gained popularity, a Young Adult books editor was hired, the publication of such books as Judy Blume’s Forever, Phyllis Reynolds Naylors Alice series, and S. E. Hintons The Outsiders marked a need to evaluate books not meant strictly for children or adults. In 1973, new editor-publisher Paul Brawley was the first to print editions of the magazine with recreated book jackets on the cover, some Booklist subscribers protested the flashy new covers, supposedly claiming they liked the plain covers and the space they afforded for listing potential book orders. Under Brawley’s editorship, beginning with 16mm film strips and spoken-word recordings, Booklist began to accept submissions, during the 1980s and 1990s, Booklist began its Editors’ Choice reviews and its first feature column, “Manley Arts”, by Will Manley. The 1990s issues of Booklist were the first to be composed on in-office computers, the June 2005 issue of Booklist marked the magazine’s 100th anniversary. Currently, the magazine can be online and in print. The Booklist editorial team also creates supplemental products, such as Book Links, webinars, Booklist offices are located in the 50 E. Huron building at the ALA headquarters. Current editor Bill Ott is the seventh to hold the position since Booklist was founded, Reviews include a brief synopsis, plus mention of the most successful elements of style. Most reviews fall between 175 and 225 words, starred Reviews The Booklist star indicates an outstanding title of a particular genre
33.
Scottish Arts Council
–
The Scottish Arts Council was a Scottish public body responsible for the funding, development and promotion of the arts in Scotland. The Council primarily distributed funding from the Scottish Government as well as National Lottery funds received via the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The Scottish Arts Council was formed in 1994 following a restructuring of the Arts Council of Great Britain, in 2010 it merged with Scottish Screen to form Creative Scotland. The Council funded all the areas of the arts, seeking to maintain balance between the many diverse communities of Scotland. In addition, it funded cultural groups and events affiliated with immigrant communities and minorities in Scotland and it sponsored two book awards, The Scottish Arts Council Book of the Year Award, and The Scottish Arts Council Childrens Book of the Year Award. Published in 2004, this document articulated a national strategy to be put in place 2004-2009 and it was crafted through a year of rigorous discussion, thinking, drafting and re-drafting, and has been much informed by consultation with the wider world of education and the arts. In January 2006, it was announced that the Scottish Government would assume responsibility for the main national arts companies. This change was made in response to the report issued by the Cultural Commission chaired by James Boyle, the Scottish Arts Council was replaced by Creative Scotland on 1 July 2010. Arts Council England Arts Council of Northern Ireland Arts Council of Wales Scottish Arts Council
34.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
35.
Magical creatures in Harry Potter
–
Magical creatures are a colourful aspect of the fictional wizarding world contained in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. Throughout the seven books of the series, Harry and his friends come across many of these creatures on their adventures, Rowling has also written Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, a guide to the magical beasts found in the series. Many of these are derived from folklore, primarily Greek mythology, many of the legends surrounding mythical creatures are also incorporated in the books. Know that I didnt invent unicorns, but Ive had to explain frequently that I didnt actually invent hippogriffs, when I do use a creature that I know is a mythological entity, I like to find out as much as I can about it. I might not use it, but to make it as consistent as I feel is good for my plot, many pets in the series are ordinary animals with magical properties. In the Harry Potter series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures, a person who studies Magizoology is known as a magizoologist. There are magizoologists who work in the Ministry of Magic, particularly in the Department for the Regulation, the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures of the Ministry of Magic is responsible for overseeing and regulating magical creatures. It is divided into three divisions, the Beast Division, the Being Division, and the Spirit Division and this includes humans, goblins, hags, Werewolves, and vampires. According to this definition, fairies, pixies, gnomes, Centaurs and merpeople are said to have rejected being status in favour of beast status, as have leprechauns. Their classification is unclear, and offices responsible for werewolves exist in both the Beast and Being Divisions. A number of creatures, such as house-elves, giants, banshees, veelas, dwarfs, affairs related to ghosts come under the auspices of the Spirit Division. According to Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, creatures are also put under danger categories, Creatures that need to be treated with a sophisticated amount of respect, e. g. Centaurs, Unicorns, Phoenixes, and Merpeople, are given a four-x rating. Below is a list of magical creatures mentioned in the Harry Potter universe and those creatures that Rowling took from myth and folklore have links to their mythological articles. The Blast-Ended Skrewt is a hybrid of a crab and manticore. Inferi are neither beasts nor beings, but merely animated corpses with no will of their own, for a list of magical plants mentioned in the series, such as mandrakes and devils snares, see List of fictional plants. Blast-Ended Skrewt – The Blast-Ended Skrewt is the result of a union between a Manticore and a Fire Crab, Skrewts make their debut in Goblet of Fire, as one of the creatures that Hagrid teaches the students about as Professor of Care of Magical Creatures. The first fan to learn of the skrewts was Catie Hoch, bowtruckle – An insect-eating, tree-dwelling wooden creature that is hard to spot. Rowling has written on Pottermore that they are creatures who only inhabit worthy trees
36.
Marquette University
–
Marquette University /mɑːrˈkɛt/ is a private, coeducational Catholic university located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the central United States. Established by the Society of Jesus as Marquette College on August 28,1881, it was founded by John Martin Henni, initially an all-male institution, Marquette became the first coed Catholic university in the world in 1909, when it began admitting its first female students. Marquette is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, the university is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and currently has a student body of about 12,000. Marquette is one of the largest Jesuit universities in the United States, the university also administers classes in suburbs around the Milwaukee area and in Washington, DC. While most students are pursuing degrees, the university has over 50 doctoral. The universitys varsity teams, known as the Golden Eagles, are members of the Big East Conference. In 2014, U. S. News & World Report ranked Marquette 75th among national universities, forbes ranked Marquette 87th among American research universities in 2013. Marquette University was founded 136 years ago on August 28,1881 as Marquette College by John Martin Henni, with funding from Belgian businessman Guillaume Joseph DeBuey, the university was named after 17th-century missionary and explorer Father Jacques Marquette. The highest priority of the newly established college was to provide an affordable Catholic education to the areas emerging German immigrant population, the first five graduates of Marquette College received their bachelor of arts degrees in 1887. Between 1891 and 1906, the college employed one full-time lay professor, by 1906, Marquette had awarded 186 students the bachelor of arts,38 the Master of Arts, and one student with a bachelor of science. Marquette College officially became a university in 1907, after it affiliated with a local medical school. Johnston Hall, which now houses the universitys College of Communication, was the first building erected on the new campus grounds, Marquette University High School, formerly the preparatory department of the university, became a separate institution the same year. In 1908, Marquette opened a college and purchased two law schools, which would ultimately become the foundation of its current law program. Initially an all-male institution, Marquette University became the first coed Catholic university in the world, by 1916 its female students had increased to 375, many other Catholic institutions began adopting similar approaches in their enrollments during the 1910s and 1920s. Marquette acquired the Wisconsin College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1913, during the 1920s and again during the post-World War II years, Marquette rapidly expanded, opening a new library, athletics facilities, classroom buildings and residence halls. The student population increased markedly as well, met by the construction of buildings for the schools of law, business, dentistry, Marquette is credited with offering the first degree program specializing in hospital administration in the United States, and graduated the first two students in 1927. Despite the promising growth of the university, financial constraints led to the School of Medicine separating from Marquette in 1967 to become the Medical College of Wisconsin, Marquettes Golden Avalanche football team was disbanded in December 1960, and basketball became the leading spectator sport at the university. Graduate programs in the arts and sciences, for which planning had begun in the preceding decade, were officially opened in the 1970s
37.
Instant messaging
–
Instant messaging is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted bi-directionally between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select send, some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as chat rooms, where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other. Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users, depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be peer-to-peer or client-server. Instant messaging is a set of technologies used for text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet or other types of networks. Of importance is that online chat and instant messaging differ from other such as email due to the perceived quasi-synchrony of the communications by the users. Some systems permit messages to be sent to users not then logged on, IM allows effective and efficient communication, allowing immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. However IM is basically not necessarily supported by transaction control, in many cases, instant messaging includes added features which can make it even more popular. For example, users may see each other via webcams, or talk directly for free over the Internet using a microphone, many applications allow file transfers, although they are usually limited in the permissible file-size. It is usually possible to save a text conversation for later reference, Instant messages are often logged in a local message history, making it similar to the persistent nature of emails. Initially, some of these systems were used as notification systems for services like printing, as networks developed, the protocols spread with the networks. Some of these used a peer-to-peer protocol, while others required peers to connect to a server, the Zephyr Notification Service was invented at MITs Project Athena in the 1980s to allow service providers to locate and send messages to users. Parallel to instant messaging were early online chat facilities, the earliest of which was Talkomatic on the PLATO system, during the bulletin board system phenomenon that peaked during the 1980s, some systems incorporated chat features which were similar to instant messaging, Freelancin Roundtable was one prime example. The first such general-availability commercial online service was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980, created by CompuServe executive Alexander Sandy Trevor in Columbus. Early instant messaging programs were primarily real-time text, where appeared as they were typed. This includes the Unix talk command line program, which was popular in the 1980s, some BBS chat programs also used a similar interface. Modern implementations of real-time text also exist in instant messengers, such as AOLs Real-Time IM as an optional feature, (Quantum Link later became America Online and made AOL Instant Messenger
38.
Draco Malfoy
–
Draco Lucius Malfoy is a character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. He is a student in Harry Potters year belonging in the Slytherin house and he is frequently accompanied by his two cronies, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, who act as henchmen. Draco is characterised as a bully who manipulates and hurts people to get what he wants, nevertheless. He was played by Tom Felton in the Harry Potter film series, Draco serves as a foil to the hero, Harry Potter and is loosely based on bullies Rowling encountered during her school days. Harry first encounters Dracos snobbish bigotry after their encounter at Madam Malkins. Rowling uses the Malfoys to introduce themes of intolerance and bigotry into a setting where people are judged solely by their blood lineage rather than their good character or accomplishments. Harrys first impression that the Wizarding community is a magical wonderland is instantly shattered, says Rowling, found out that many people in power in the wizarding world are just as corrupt and nasty as they are in our world. Malfoy was originally named Draco Spungen in the earliest drafts of Philosophers Stone, Spungen also appeared on her pre-canon class list, but it was crossed out and replaced with the surname Spinks, while Malfoy was later added after the completion of the list. Philip Nel believes that Malfoy is derived from the French phrase mal foi, in an article published in 2002, Nilsen and Nilsen argue that Draco has connotations with draconian, and that his name starts with mal, a French prefix for bad or evil. Many of Dracos relatives on his mothers side of the family are named for stars or constellations, Draco Malfoy eventually named his son for yet another constellation, Scorpius. Draco Malfoy makes his first appearance in the series when he and Harry meet while being fitted for school robes at Madam Malkins, Harry, however, is alienated by the arrogance of Draco, who asks whether the orphans parents are our kind. Draco then proclaims that the other sort should not be allowed at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the two boys part without introductions, but meet again on the Hogwarts Express. After Draco ridicules Ron Weasleys family, Harry rejects his offer of friendship, demonstrated by a handshake, and their mutual antagonism is born. According to Rowling, Malfoy originally makes an effort to be Harrys friend because it will be cool to turn up at the school being Harry Potters friend, because Harry is so famous. However, Harry did not want Malfoy as a friend because he has been so rude about Rubeus Hagrid and about Ron, who Harry likes so much. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Draco becomes the new Seeker for the Slytherin Quidditch team after his father, Lucius Malfoy, donates new, high-quality Nimbus 2001 broomsticks. When Hermione Granger comments that the Gryffindor players made the team through talent and not bribery and this provokes an immediate, violent response from Ron Weasley. Because of Dracos contempt for Muggle-borns, Harry, Ron, and Hermione suspect that Draco is the Heir of Slytherin, who has recently reopened the Chamber of Secrets
